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专题一名词和冠词常考点掌握名词的可数和不可数性、可数名词的复数、名词作定语以及名词的所有格形式的用法。
特别注意名词词义辨析和名词固定短语的运用。
近些年考查名词的题目，在设问方面更趋精细化。
冠词主要考查牢固的基础知识和灵活使用冠词的能力。
冠词的用法复杂，要弄清句子中的单数名词、复数名词或不可数名词的泛指、特指、类指、专指的概念。
做题时，首先要搞清名词是单数还是复数，是特指还是泛指，注意复数名词、不可数名词表示泛指不用任何冠词，单数名词前要加不定冠词。
名词1名词的数1. 单数名词变为复数名词常考点：①以－o结尾的名词变为复数时，常在词尾加－s，但是下列以－o结尾的名词要加－es：hero，tomato，potato，Negro(黑人)。
②以－f或－fe结尾的名词变为复数时，一般直接加－s，但下列以－f或－fe结尾的名词变为复数时，需把f或fe去掉，加－ves：half，－self，wife，life，knife，shelf，wolf，thief，leaf，loaf。
③合成名词构成复数时，通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数，如果没有主体名词，则将最后一部分变为复数。
如：passers－by，go－betweens，lookers－on，mothers－in－law。
2. 下列名词通常作不可数名词：fun，advice，progress，information，equipment，luggage，weather，furniture等。
3. 有些名词的复数形式可表示特别的意义。
如：waters(水域)，sands(沙滩)，manners(礼貌)，times(时代)，spirits(情绪；烈酒)，contents(目录)，customs(海关)，lines(台词)，arms(武器)，looks(容貌)。
4. 单复数同形的名词。
如： Chinese，Japanese，sheep，deer，series，means，works。
专题一冠词重难点分析冠词是一种虚词，没有词义，不能单独使用，放在名词的前面，帮助说明名词的含义。
冠词主要分为定冠词、不定冠词和零冠词。
历年高考试题对冠词的考查涉及到冠词的位置、不定冠词、定冠词、零冠词及固定搭配中的冠词等各个方面。
下面我们以表格的形式对前四个方面进行梳理总结。
一、冠词的位置考点示例1 such/what/many/rather/quite + a(n) +形容词+单数可数名词quite a small house, such a little boy2 how/however/so/too/as/that/this+形容词+a(n) +单数可数名词so nice a girl3 both/all/half/twice/double + the+名词twice the size of the room4 half a(n)或a half+单数可数名词half an hour / a half hour二、不定冠词考点示例1 表示泛指，与any同义 A square has four sides. 正方形有四边。
2 表示数量“一”，与one同义，但其数的概念不如one强烈He will be back in a week. 一周后，他就会回来了。
3 表示一类人或东西，与the same同义Bird of a feather flock together. 物以类聚，人以群分。
4 表示“每一个”，与every, each, per同义I visit my father once a month. 我一个月见一次我爸爸。
5 表示“某一”，与a certain同义 A Mr. Smith is waiting to see you. 一位斯密斯先生在等着要见你。
6 表示“像……似的”，与like同义He is a Lei Feng in our class. 他是我们班上的雷锋。
7 用在某些物质名词前表示“一种、一阵、一份或一场”等We had a heavy rain last night. 我们昨晚遇到了一场大雨。
专题一：名词和冠词I. Nouns1. 可数名词的复数形式:a. 单复同形: sleep, deer, fish , means, works, aircraft, Japanese, Swiss, Chinese, Yuan/Jin/Lib. 规则变化:①-fe: thieves, shelves, leaves, lives, knives; gulfs, roofs, proofs, safes, chief, beliefs,②-o: photos, pianos, zoos, bamboos, radios, studios, videos, kilos, heroes, Negroes, tomatoes, potatoes, volcanoesc.不规则变化: feet, men, women, mice, teeth, geese, bacterium( bacteria), children, penny(pence), ox(oxen),crisis( crises),d. 只有复数形式 trousers, glasses, goods, clothes, thanks, contents, . compasses(圆规),remains （遗迹，残余物）, scales(天平)，scissors （剪刀）, ,data （数据，资料）, media,e. 复合名词复数：grown-ups, lookers-on, sisters-in-law, film-goers, passers-by, story-tellers, best-sellers, student-teachers （实习教师）, go-betweens （中间人）, men/women engineersf. 某些名词复数的特殊意义：woods, glasses, manners, times, drinks, wishes, regards, customs, waters, goods, contents （目录）, papers(论文，试卷，报纸), sands( 沙滩), spirits(情绪，酒精), arms(武器), conditions(环境 ), greens(青菜), forces(军队)2. 不可数名词的具体化：加a/an 表示“一场、一份、一种” eg. a rain/snow, a tea/beer/drink3．抽象名词具体化:1).前加a/an2). 复数4. 某些典型的不可数名词不能具体化：news, information, advice, progress, fun, homework,housework, furniture, luggage/baggage, weather, with pleasure/difficulty/hope, for/have fun5. 名词的格：通常冠词与所有格相互排斥。
英语语法专题一冠词英语的冠词有三个(a, an, the),a和an是不定冠词；the是定冠词。
（一）不定冠词一、知识测练填上恰当的不定冠词。
1.She thinks that English is _______ useful subject and she spends more than _______ hourspeaking it every day.2.I bought _______ new handbag. There was _______ "s" on the corner.3.There is _______ orange and _______ banana on your desk. They are for you.4.Is Germany _______ European country or _______ Asian country?5.They have made quite _______ few friends since they lived in this place.二、知识归纳不定冠词a和an的基本用法：不定冠词a和an都是修饰_________（可数、不可数）名词的单数，表示“一个”的惑思，一般指人或物中的某一个或某一类。
(1)a用在_________（辅音、元音）开头的单词前（注意：辅音不是辅音字母）。
如：a man, a beautiful flower, a heavy bag, a university, a European country(2)an用在_________（元音、辅音）开头的单词前（注意：元音不是元音字母）。
如：an orange, an hour, an honest boy, an unhappy girl, an Asian country, an unusual tree三、知识过关单项选择1.That's not _______ apple. It's _______ pear.A. a, aB. the, aC. an, aD. a, the2.Walk down the road for half _______ hour, you'll see _______ university in front of you.A. a, aB. an, anC. an, aD. a, an3._______ tiger is stronger than _______ sheep.A. A, anB. An. AC. The, /D. A, a4.There's _______ "s" and _______ "u" in the word "use".A. the, theB. an, aC. an, anD. a, an5.China is _______ Asian country, but England is _______ European country.A. an, anB. an, aC. a, anD. a, a6.Is this _______ useful book?—Yes. And it's also _______ interesting book.A. a, aB. a, anC. an, aD. an, an7.I looked down and saw _______ policeman and an old lady, one of David's neighbours.A. aB. theC. anD. 不填8.How far is it from our school to _______ seaside?It is _______ eight-kilometre walk from here.A. the, anB. /, anC. the, aD. /, a（二）定冠词一、知识测练在需要的地方填上定冠词。
专题一冠词和名词知识清单常考点清单一冠词一、冠词在句中的位置及分类冠词主要放在名词之前，说明名词所表示的人或物，它不能离开名词而单独存在。
冠词有两种：a和an为不定冠词，the为定冠词。
二、冠词的泛指和特指用法泛指是指首次提到的、不限定的人或物。
特指是指上文已提到的人或物，或是指被限制性修饰语在其后加以限定的人或物，也可以是指说话者双方心目中所默认的特定的人或事物。
冠词的特指和泛指用法可归纳为下表：单一，每一，任一事物a(n)上文提到过的人或事物可数名词前一定要用冠词被限制性修饰语所限定的人或事物特指说话双方所默认的人或事物世上独一无二的事物the指类别the特指被限制性修饰语所限定的人或事物复数可数名词说话双方所默认的人或事物不可数名词前泛指人或事物零冠词指类别三、不定冠词的用法1. 在叙述时用于第一次提到的某人或某物。
This is a book. 这是一本书。
2. 泛指人或事物的某一类别，以区别其他种类。
A plane is a machine that can fly. 翻译：___3. 泛指某人或某物。
A girl is waiting for you. 翻译：___4. 用于表示时间、速度、价格等意义的名词之前，有“每一”的意思，相当于every。
80 kilometers an hour,_______________ five lessons a week _______________ twice a month____5. 用在某些物质名词或抽象名词前，表示“一阵，一份，一类，一场”等。
There’ll be a strong wind in South China. 翻译：___6. 用于某些固定词组中。
a few/ little / bit (一点儿), have a swim / walk / talk / look / drink / rest = swim/ walk / talk / look / rest,have a cold (感冒), have a good time (玩得高兴), in a hurry (匆忙), for a while (一会儿), keep a diary (写日记), do sb a favor (帮助某人)7. 用于可视为一体的两个名词前。
英语语法步步高讲义【专题一】冠词、名词【考情分析】1．冠词在高考中的考查重点：冠词虽小，只有a，an和the三个，但却是历年各地高考必考语言点之一。
就考查题型而言，以单项选择为主，有时在完形填空和短文改错中出现。
2．名词在高考中的考查重点：一般在单项选择以及完型填空和短文改错中出现, 绝大多数是考查名词词义辨析, 名词和表示数量词结合的考查, 以及主谓一致的考查以及在具体语境中的理解和应用也将占有一席之地。
【知识交汇】冠词1. 以考查冠词的基础用法为重点（特指，类指，泛指）, 熟记定冠词和零冠词的特殊用法；2. 和某些抽象名词连用，使其具体化将成为考查重点；3. 理解有无冠词意义不同的词组；4. 对冠词的灵活运用即一些固定短语，特殊句式将仍旧会出现在高考试卷中。
名词1.熟记近义名词的辨析2.熟记常见的不可数名词, 单复数同形的名词, 形单义复的名词和集合名词表示单复数的情况, 如：advice, furniture, equipment; means, works (工厂), series; police, cattle；family, audience等等3.掌握名词的抽象化和具体化4.掌握名词的所有格5.注意(复合)名词作定语时可单可复6.熟记名词与动词的固定搭配使用【思想方法】冠词考点例析：2011全国卷,33It is generally accepted that boy must learn to stand up and fight like man.A.a; aB.a; theC.the; theD.a; 不填答案 A考点考查冠词的用法。
解析句意为“人们普遍认为,男孩子必须学会做一个男子汉，能挺身而出，勇于战斗。
”a boy和a man 都是泛指，表示一类人。
单数可数名词泛指应在名词前加不定冠词a。
因此选A。
2011全国卷II,16As he reached front door, Jack saw strange sight.A. the;不填B. a; theC.不填aD. the; a答案 D考点考查冠词在具体语境中的用法。
专题一冠词重难点分析冠词是一种虚词，没有词义，不能单独使用，放在名词的前面，帮助说明名词的含义。
冠词主要分为定冠词、不定冠词和零冠词。
历年高考试题对冠词的考查涉及到冠词的位置、不定冠词、定冠词、零冠词及固定搭配中的冠词等各个方面。
下面我们以表格的形式对前四个方面进行梳理总结。
一、冠词的位置二、不定冠词三、定冠词四、零冠词五、英语中含有冠词的词组辨析英语中有不少词组，从形式看好像只有冠词之差，而实际上却是意义完全不同的词组。
1. in front of 在……（外）的前面；in the front of在……（内）的前面There is a garden in front of the classroom. 教室前面有一个花园。
（外）There is a blackboard in the front of the classroom. 教室前面有一块黑板。
（内）2. in charge of 掌管、负责；in the charge of 在……负责之下An experienced worker is in charge of the project. 一位有经验的个人负责这个项目。
The project is in the charge of an experienced worker. 这个项目由一位经验丰富的工人负责。
3. at table 在进餐、吃饭时；at the table 在桌旁He seldom talks at table. 吃饭时他很少说话。
They sat at the table, talking and laughing. 他们坐在桌旁，边说边笑。
4. by day 白天、日间；by the day 按日计He works in an office by day. 他白天在办公室工作。
Cleaning women in big cities get paid by the day. 大城市的清洁女工按日获得报酬。
5. take place 发生、举行；take the place (of) 代替、接替When did this conversation take place? 这次谈话什么时候进行的？Electric trains have now taken the place of steam trains in our country. 在我们国家，电力火车已经取代了蒸汽火车。
6. in words 用语言；in a word 总之Please express your thoughts in words. 请用言语表达你的想法。
In a word, I don’t trust you. 总之，我不相信你。
7. at times 有时、不时；at a time 一次I do feel a little nervous at times. 有时我确实感到有些紧张。
Pass me the bricks two at a time. 每次递给我两块砖。
8. little 少、不多的；a little 一些、一点儿Hurry up, there is little time left. 快点，时间不多了。
Don’t hurry, you still have a little time. 不用急，你还有时间。
9. few 很少、几乎没有的；a few 有些、几个He is a man of few words. 他是一个少言寡语的人。
Only a few of the children can read. 只有几个孩子会阅读。
10. a most interesting 非常有趣的；the most interesting 最有趣的（形容词的最高级）This is a most interesting story. 这是一个非常有趣的故事。
This is the most interesting story of the three. 这是三个故事中最有趣的一个。
11. a doctor and nurse 一位医生兼护士；a doctor and a nurse 一位医生和一位护士A doctor and nurse is standing there. 一位兼护士的医生正站在那儿。
A doctor and a nurse are standing there. 一位医生和一位护士正站在那儿。
12. a number of 许多、好些；the number of ……的数目（后面的谓语动词用单数）A number of students are in the classroom. 许多学生在教室里。
The number of students in the classroom is forty. 教室里有40个学生。
考点练透一、单句填空用适当的冠词填空，不需要的划“/”。
1. —hello, could I speak to Mr. Smith?—Sorry, wrong number. There isn’t __________ Mr. Smith here.2. I know you don’t like __________ music very much. But what do you think of __________ music in the film we saw yesterday?3. —I knocked over my coffee cup. It went right over __________ keyboard.—You shouldn’t put drinks near __________ computer.4. Of all __________ reasons for my decision to become a university professor, my father’s advice was __________ most important one.5. According to __________ World Health Organization, health-care plans are needed in all big cities to prevent __________ spread of AIDS.6. For him __________ stage is just __________ means of making a living.7. I think if really __________ honor for me to speak here.8. This lab used to be in __________ charge of Mr. Wang.9. I know there is __________ Mr. Smith next door, who has gone on __________ business.10. He devotes most of his time to __________ football. And I am sure he promises __________ excellent footballer.11. Don’t lose heart. Please have __________ second try.12. Those who are rich should help __________ poor.13. In some factories workers get paid by __________ piece.14. John is __________ university student from __________ European country.15. Teachers play __________ active and important part in building up students’ character.16. __________ Zhangs live on the second floor.17. It is known to us all that __________ light travels faster than __________ sound.18. A tower is seen in __________ distance.19. In case of fire, please press __________ red button.20. Shenzhen has __________ population of more than 10 million.21. __________ days I spent with Mary in Shanghai were so wonderful.22. My brother was born in __________ spring of 1990.23. How sweetly she sings! I have never heard __________ better voice.24. Beijing is __________ second largest city in China.25. My trip to Tibet was really __________ unforgettable experience.二、语篇填空在括号中填入适当的冠词。
There once was a king who offered 1 prize to 2 artist who would paint 3 best picture of peace. Many artists tried. The king looked at all 4 pictures. But there were only two he really liked, and he had to choose between them.One picture was of a calm lake. The lake was a perfect mirror for peaceful high mountains all around it. Overhead was a blue sky with fluffy (绒毛状的) white clouds. All who saw this picture thought it was 5 perfect picture of peace.The other picture had mountains, too. But these were rugged and bare. Above was 6 angry sky, from which rain fell and in which lightning played. Down 7 side of the mountain tumbled (翻腾) a foaming waterfall. This did not look peaceful at all.But when the king looked closely, he saw behind 8 waterfall a tiny bush growing in a crack in the rock. In the bush 9 mother bird had built her nest. There, in the midst of the bush of angry water, sat the mother bird on her nest — in perfect peace.The king chose 10 second picture.三、语法填空阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
