流利说_懂你英语_Level4_Unit2

Level 4 unit 2 part1ListeningThe earth was formed by about billion years ago.The first life appeared about a billion years later.The first plaints didn’t appear until around 2 billion years ago.Until about 580 million years ago, life forms were small and microscopic. Since that time, life has evolved into many different types or species. However, scientists estimate that more than 99% of them are now extinct.-When did the first plant appear on earth?–about 2 billion years ago.There have been several extinction events in the history of the Earth.In an extinction event, many life forms, or species of life, die out.The causes of mass extinction events are unsolved mysteries.These events are not predictable, and can happen at any time. Scientists think that some of them were started by asteroid impacts or volcanic eruptions.Events like this can change the global conditions that life depends on.-What happens in an extinction event?–Many species of life become extinct.One major extinction event happened about 66 million years ago.That event may have been started by a large asteroid that hit the Earth. As a result, the dinosaurs and about half of all species on the planet, died out.When the asteroid hit the Earth, it started a chain of events.A chain of events is a series of events linked together, like a chain.-What may have caused the extinction of the dinosaurs?–An asteroid hit the earth and started a chain of events.This particular chain of events happened over a period of months and years.When the asteroid hit the Earth, it caused a huge cloud of dust to enter the atmosphere.This cloud of dust blocked the sun and darkened the Earth for many months.Without enough sunlight, plants and plant-eating animals quickly died. With the deaths of so many plants and animals, the food chain collapsed This led to the deaths of many more species.-What caused the food chain to collapse?–The deaths of many plants and plant-eating animals.Mass extinction events have played an important part in the evolution of life.In fact, some extinction events have helps to accelerate evolution.For example, some mammals lived through the age of the dinosaurs, but they couldn’t compete.When the dinosaurs were removed, the mammals were able to compete more successfully.Once they could compete, mammals evolved to higher state.Without extinction events, perhaps we wouldn’t be here today.-What may accelerate the evolution of mammals?–the extinction of dinosaurs.Mammals couldn’t compete successfully with the dinosaurs, so their evolution was blocked.Scientists estimated that there had been at least 5 mass extinctions in the last 540 million years.They also believed that we have entered a new extinction event. Species are becoming extinct at a much faster rate than before. Instead of the asteroid or volcanic eruptions, the current event is a resultof human activities.Human activities, for example, have led to global warming.-What is causing the current mass extinction event?–human activities-What do scientists believe has already started?–a new extinction event.Global warming is a result of an increasing in carbon gases in out atmosphere.These gases trap heat from the sun, so the Earth is getting warmer.As a result, sea levels are rising, and weather patterns are changing.In addition, we humans are destroying the habitats of many plants and animals.Cutting down forests, and polluting rivers destroys the habitats of many forms of life.-Why are sea levels rising?–With the rise in temperature, the polar icecaps are melting.There is no longer any doubt that this is happening.Species of life are disappearing at an increasing rate.Global temperatures are rising and weather patterns are changing. Scientists are warning us that fast action is necessary to save our future. If we don’t act, we may go the way of the dinosaurs.This new extinction event is caused by humans.VocabularyThe body’s circulatory system includes the heart and blood vessels. The heart pumps blood to all parts of the body through a network of arteries and veins.The digestive system breaks down and absorbs food into the body.It supplies the energy that the body needs for growth and repair.After digestion, excess food is turned into waste and eliminated from the body.The nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.This is your body’s control system.It controls your muscles and organs, including your circulatory and digestive systems.The respiratory system includes the nose and lungs.It brings air and oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide.The lungs are where oxygen enters the bloodstream and carbon dioxide is removed.The immune system protects the body against infections and diseases. Sneezing and fever are examples of how the immune system works.If an infection invades the body, the immune system attacks it.The nervous system regulates your heartbeat and digestion.For some diseases, the immune system uses white blood cells and antibodies to attack it.The digestive system is where food is broken down and absorbed into the body.The controlled use of fire allowed people to cook food and survive in colder climates.Fire provided light so that people could work and socialize for longer hours.With the invention of agriculture people could grow food and settle into communities.By growing food, people could spend less time hunting and more time for other things such as art.The domestication of animals allowed people to raise and use animals for food and work.By raising herds of animal such as sheep, humans had a regular supply of meat and clothing.The strength of animals such as horse and ox was used for workingtransportation.The development of tools and machines has resulted into more efficient manufacture and construction.With better tools and machines work can be done with fewer people at much lower cost.The development of science and engineering has improved many things including communications.With understanding of electricity, telephones and radios allow people to communicate over long distances.Science and engineering breakthroughs are rapidly changing the way we live our lives.Science and engineering have changed the way we communicate with each other.The use of machines has reduced the number of people needed to make things.With the development of agriculture, people had more time for other activities.The ability to raise herds of animals gave human a regular supply of meat and clothingDialogueM: I took a vocation last night.W: What are you talking about? Where did you take your vocation?M: I didn’t go anywhere. I just spent an evening without my smartphone. W: How was it?M: It was great. I got a real magazine and read it with no interruption.It was very peaceful.W:Yes, I haven’t done that in a long time.-If someone is interrupted, they have to…-stop what they are doing.-What hasn’t she done in a long time?–She hasn’t spent time without her smartphone.-What made the evening different?–He didn’t use his smartphone.M: You know what? I’m beginning to hate smartphones.W: Really? But you can’t live without one, right?M: Yes, that’s the problem. These things are changing the way people live.-What can’t people live without?–People can’t live without smartphones.-How does he feel about smartphones?–He’s beginning to hate them.W: Yes, I just saw a documentary about that. A husband was complaining to his wife that she was spending toomuch time on her smartphone.-What happened to the couple?–They got a divorce.-What was the wife spending too much time doing?–playing on her smartphone.M: It’s a bit ironic. Don’t you think? Smartphones were supposed to bring people together, but they are pullingpeople apart.W: Yes, you’re right.M: Hey, just a minute. I’ve got a message on my smartphone and it can’t wait.-What do they think is ironic about smartphones?–Instead of bringing people together, they are pulling them apart.Boss: Hey, wake up and get back to work. What’s wrong with you? Employee: I’m on my break, sir. And I have a bad headache.Boss: Well, we’re not paying you to sleep. If you’re going to sleep, sleep someplace else.Employee:Yes, sir. Sorry. It won’t happen again.Boss: You had better not.-How did the employee treat the manager?–respectfully.Employee: Just a minute. Don’t talk to me like that.Boss: What did you say?Employee: You hurt me. You don’t have to treat people like that. Boss: Well, if you don’t like it, I suggest you leave.Employee: OK, I will. I‘ve had enough of you. I’ll get a job somewhere else.-How does the employee feel?–angry.Level 4 unit 2 part2ListeningThis man is holding a piece of fruit in his hand.The piece of fruit is either an orange or an apple.We can’t see which it is because we can’t see inside the box.The probability that it is an orange is equal to the probability that it is an apple.It may be an apple and it may be an orange.It’s got to be one or the other.It can’t be anything else.-What’s the probability that it’s a banana?–The probability is 0%.It may be an apple but it can’t be a banana.Now let’s look at it from the man’s point of view.From his point of view, the probabilities are different.From his point of view, the probability that he has an orange is 100% or 0%.That’s because he knows what he has.For him, there is no uncertainly.If he has an orange, the probability is 100%.If he doesn’t have an orange, the probability is 0%.He either has it, or he doesn’t.-From our point of view, what’s the probability that it’s an orange?-50%.From our point of view, the probability that he has an orange is 50%. From his point of view, the probability that he has an orange is 100% or 0%. Sothe probability depends on your point of view.-What’s the probability that it’s a banana?–a 0% probability.The probability depends on your point of view, or how much you know. People see things from different points of view.This often leads to arguments between people.Here are some examples.From this man’s point of view, he is relaxing.He needs to relax because he has been working too hard.He hasn’t been getting enough sleep.-If his wife shouts at him and tells him to get up and do something…-he may shout back and refuse to help her.His wife sees things differently.She isn’t aware of how hard he has been working.From her point of view, he is doing nothing.However, she knows what needs to be done around the house. Itisn’t fair that she had to work while he does nothing.-If he gets up and helps her…-She may not appreciate his help.-From the husband’s point of view, what’s he doing?–He is relaxing.When people see things from different points of view, they often come to different conclusions.These differences can cause real communication problems.People often argue with each other because they see things from a different point of view.VocabularyEarthquakes are caused by forces deep within the earth.When the earth shakes, buildings can collapse, and people can be buried inside.An explosion is a rapid, violent, release of energy.Explosions can be caused by chemical reactions, such as inside an engine.A spark can ignite mixture of gases, and release energy for good or destructive purposes.Accidents are often caused by people doing foolish things, or by not being careful.One major cause of accidents is driving too fast.Accidents with fire can be very serious and can result in very painful injuries.Epidemics are the rapid spread of diseased such as the flue or Ebola. Throughout history, epidemics have killed millions of people.Storms are caused by changes in the atmosphere, results in high winds and heavy rains.Thunderstorms are caused by electric charges in the atmosphere that produce lighting, which can cause forest fires.Some storms cause flooding, and major damage to homes and cities. To reduce the danger of an explosion, it’s important to prevent gas leaks inside the home.Many forest fires are caused by lightning.Epidemics have killed more people than all wars and natural disasters. Followers of the Islam religion are called Moslems (Muslims).These Moslems are praying inside mosque.Moslems are called to prayer five times a day, beginning just before sunrise.Christianity is based on the teachings of Jesus Christ, Who lived more than 2000 years ago.Christians believe that Jesus is the son of God.Christians often gather in churches or cathedrals to worship.Follower of the Judaism are somewhere called Jews.These Jews are meeting inside synagogue, which is a place of worship and study.Judaism was founded over 3500 years ago, in the Middle East. Judaism was based on the teachings of Moses, who they believed is the most important prophet. Buddhismbegan in India, and is based on the teachings of the Buddha.The religion is about 2500 years old.Some Buddhists practice a form of the meditation in which they empty their mind of any thought.Hinduism is the world’s third most popular religion and is the main religion of India.Hinduism has no founder, and is the mixture of many beliefs.Some Hindus believe in the cycle of birth, life, death and rebirth.Jews believe that Moses is the most important prophet.DialogueW: Do you have any more information about the location of the missing aircraft?M: No, we don’t. The only information we have is that it disappeared. W: What about the last communication with the aircraft?M: The last communication was about 15 minutes before it disappeared. W: Was there anything unusual in the communication?M: No, there wasn’t anything unusual. Nothing pointed to any kind of problem.W: Anyway, we are confident that we’ll find it. It’s a large aircraft so it shouldn’t be difficult to find.M: How many countries are helping with the search?W: Right now we have search teams from 3 countries starting the search. M: It’s a big area to search, so can you give us an estimate about how long it will take?W: Yes, it’s a big area, so it might take a long time. But we won’t give up. We’ll search until we find it.-How long do they plan to search for it?–They plan to search for it until they find it.M1: Have they found the wreckage yet?M2: What are you talking about?M1: You know, the airplane that disappeared last year.M2: Oh yes. Now I know what’s you’re referring to. Yes, they found some pieces of it.-How much of the airplane have they found?–some pieces.M1: What about the black boxes?M2: No, they still haven’t found the black boxes.M1: It’s hard to believe they still don’t know what happened.M2: Perhaps they’ll never know, especially if they don’t find the black boxes.M1: Whatever happen to it, there is no good reason why a modern airline is allowed to disappear.M2:I agree with you.Level 4 unit 2 part3ListeningAlcatraz is a small island in San Francisco Bay, miles from San Francisco. From Alcatraz, you can see the famous Golden Gate Bridge.Alcatraz is also famous, and is now a major tourist attraction.Tourists can reach the island by boat from the city.-What can people see from Alcatraz?–The Golden Gate Bridge.Alcatraz has often appeared in movies, including Escape from Alcatraz, which was made in 1979.One reason it’s famous is because it used to be a prison, a very special prison.It was designed for prisoners who were causing trouble in other prisons, such as trying to escape.It was a maximum security prison, so escape was almost impossible. The waters around it are cold and only very strong swimmers can swimfrom the island to San Francisco.-What kind of prisoners was it designed for?–prisoners who were troublemakers.-Why is it famous?–It used to be a very special prisonThe first group of prisoners arrived in 1934.There were 137 prisoners including bank rubbers and murderers. They came by train from another prison in the state of Kansas.During that trip, there was heavy security.The prisoners were under guard and handcuffed.Nobody wanted them to escape.-Where do the first group of prisoners come from?–They came from Kansas.The prison was designed to hold up to 336 prisoners.However, the average population was only about 270.Although there were several notorious inmate such as Al Capone, most of the inmates were not well known.Many had tried to escape from other prisons or working setter to violent.If a man did not behave at another prison, he could be sent to Alcatraz. At Alcatraz, there was just one inmate in each prison cell.-Why were prisoners usually sent to Alcatraz?–They caused trouble at other prisons.-A notorious inmate is one who…-is very well known.Prison life at Alcatraz was highly structured and boring.It was designed to teach prisoners to follow rules.They had four rights: food, clothing, shelter and medical care.Everything else was a privilege that had to be earned.Privileges included working, visits from family members and access to the prison library.There were also activities such as painting and music.Once a prisoner showed that he could follow the rules, he could be transferred back to another prison to finish his sentence.Alcatraz was used as a prison for 29 years.During that time, no prisoners escaped successfully.There were 14 escape attempts, involving 36 prisoners.23 were caught alive and 6 were shot and killed.2 men tried to escape twice.2 drowned and 5 were listed as missing and presumed drowned.The most violent escape attempt occurred on May 2nd 1946,when 6 prisoners tried to escape.That event is called the battle of the Alcatraz.-How many prisoners escaped?–none.While it was in use, Alcatraz had some of the most notorious criminals in American history, such as Al Capone.Al Capone was a crime boss, who built his career in Chicago.The prison was finally closed in 1963.It was closed because it was too expensive to operate.-Why was the prison finally closed?–It was too expensive to operate.No prisoners ever escaped from Alcatraz.VocabularyA bar graph uses rectangle bars of different lengths to show and compare data.The lengths of the bars are proportional to the values they represent. The bars can be vertical, up and down, or horizontal.A circle graph, often called a pie graph, is shaped like a circle.It is divided into segments that look like pieces of a pie.Percentage are used to compare the segments, which are ordered from biggest to smallest.Line graphs are used to show the relationship between 2 variables such as time and distance.These variables are plotted on 2 axis, the x axis and the y axis.The x axis often shows time, while the y axis shows how quantities, such as distance, temperature, or profits,change with time.A flow chart is a type of graph that shows how a process or project flows from start to finish.A flow chart consists of start points, inputs, outputs and decision points. An organizational chart or org chart shows the structure of company.It shows how people and department within the company are connected.It defines the roles and responsibilities of people and departments within the company.Line graphs are very good at showing how things change over time.An org chart shows how people and departments within a company are connected.A line graph uses connected points to show how things are related to each other.Laws are rules that people are supposed to follow.A system of laws governs the behavior of people within the country. Criminals are people who break the law.People who commit a crime are called criminals.Some criminals are very dangerous and need to be put in jail.A jail or prison is a place where criminals were lock behind bars, sometimes for many years.Prisons are designed to keep criminals away from other people.A court house is where someone charge with committing a crime goes on trial.In court evidence is present to show the guilty or innocent person on trial.When someone breaks the law, they may be arrested by the police.To arrest someone means to take and hold them until they go on trial. When a person is charged with breaking a law, they are tried in a court of law.An action that is against the law is an illegal action.An action that is follow the law is a legal action.Someone who is found guilty of committing a crime is sent to prison.DialogueW: May I help you sir?M: I’d like to change some US dollars into Japanese yen please.W: Yes, certainly, sir. How much would you like to change?M: I’d like to change 500 dollars.W: May I see your passport, please?M: I don’t have it with me, but I do have my driver’s license.Would that be ok?W: No, I’m sorry, sir. I need to see your passport. It’s the law.M: Look, I’m not asking for a loan. I just want to convert my dollars into yen. Why do I need my passport?W:I understand your frustration, sir. But that’s the law. I cannot do something that is illegal.-Why does the customer need his passport?–It’s required by law.M: Ok, do you have any suggestions?W: Sure, the easiest thing for you to do is to use a machine in one of thehotels near here. You can borrow someone’s passport and then do the conversion.M: So the machine doesn’t check my figureprints or anything like that? W: No, sir. But there’s a limit as how much you can change at one time. You also have to pay a higherfee. M: Thanks for your help. W: You’re welcome, sirLevel 4 unit 2 part1ListeningAl Capone was one of the most famous criminals in American history.He came from an immigrate family.His parents came from Italy and his father was a barber.As a boy, he belonged to a street gangs.He quit school after finishing the 6th grade.-Where were his parents from?–They were from Italy.He built his career as a crime boss in Chicago.He became boss at 26 when the previous leader was nearly killed.His crime organization made a lot of money, more than 100 million dollars a year.Most the money came from illegal activities, especially the sales of illegal liquor.His organization was also involved in gambling and prostitution.-What kind of illegal activities was his organization involved with?–Gambling and prostitution.-Liquor includes…-alcoholic drinks such as whiskey and vodka.Capone was flashy dresser who enjoyed being famous.He protected himself by bribing police and public officials.Though he was involved in the deaths of many, he was never convicted of a serious crime.When he was finally arrested, it was for minor crimes.In 1929, he and his body guard were arrested for carrying deadly weapons.For that, they were sentenced to a year in prison.Capone was released nine month for good behavior.-Why were he and his body guard arrested and sent to prison?–They were caught carrying deadly weapons.-What kind of person was he?–violent and self-centered.In 1930, Capone was public enemy in Chicago.A year later, he was arrested for failed to pay taxes.The government had finally found a way to catch him.After a trail, he was found guilty and sentenced to 11 years in prison. He spent the first 2 years of his sentence at a prison in Atlanta joja.. Then he was sent to Alcatraz, the country’s most famous prison.-Why was he sentenced to prison for 11 years?–He was found guilty of tax evasion.At Alcatraz, he was diagnosed with a disease that began to take over his brain.As a result, he spent much of his time in the prison hospital.By the time he was released from the prison in 1939, he was no longer able to lead his organization.He died of a stroke and pneumonia in 1947.-Why did he spend much of his time in the prison hospital?–He had a serious disease.VocabularyIncome is money received from work or from investments.For a company to survive, its income needs to be more than its expenses.People who earned a good salary can buy what they need to survive.A receipt is given to you after you have paid for something.A receipt is proof that you have paid for something.A receipt shows that something has been paid for.After paying for something, be sure to get a receipt.An invoice is a request for payment.An invoice lists the prices and the products being bought.To invoice someone means to give them a bill for the products or services.Once an invoice is paid, it can be used as a receipt.Taxes are what we pay to the government for the government services. Taxespay for many services, such as education, police and health care.An income tax is a tax on your income.In some countries, income taxes are very high.Interest is what we pay to lenders when we borrow money.If someone lends you money, you pay interest for the use of that money. Emotional people often show their feelings and have a bad temper. They make decisions based on their feelings more than facts. Sometimes these people make bad decisions because of their emotions. Leaders are people who take responsibility and are trusted by others. Good leaders make good decisions and get things down.In many situations, others look to them for leadership.Loyal people can be depended on to follow their leader.They will support and protect their leaders and friends.A strong team needs a good leader and loyal followers.Independent people can do things on their own.They often prefer working by themselves.Sometimes they have difficulty working in a group.Creative people come up with new ideas and ways of doing things. They often have a good imagination and can see things in different ways. Manyartists and musicians are very creative.Independent people may want to do things their own way.People don’t like to work for people who are too emotional.Someone with a bad temper gets angry easily and shouts at others.DialogueW: Congratulations, Lisa.Lisa: Congratulations for what?W: We just heard the news.Lisa: What news? Don’t keep me in suspense.W: QuickServe has accepted your video proposal.Lisa: Already? I just submitted it a week ago.W: Maybe so, but they liked it so much that they made a quick decision. They want you to get started on it as soon as possible.-What did Lisa do a week ago?–She summited her proposal.Lisa: That’s great news. But I’m still working on some other projects. They need to be finished first.W: Can’t you delay some of our other projects?Lisa: I’m not sure. How important is this project?W: They are putting a lot of pressure on us now especially since they read your proposal. They really like it.It’s a very creative way of presenting their company. It had everybody laughing.Lisa: Yes, that was the idea. It was fun to do and our whole team thought it was funny.百度文库-让每个人平等地提升自我W:Well, great job. I think it’s the best work your team has ever down. -What may need to be delayed?–Some of their other projects.-To delay something means to…-postpone it.W: When can you get started on the project?Lisa: Are they going to pay extra? In my proposal, I said the earliest start date would be one month after signing the contract.W: Was that in the proposal?Lisa: Yes, it was. Have they signed the contract yet?W: No, they haven’t. But I’m sure they will right away.-When do the contract say the project will begin?-one month after signing the contract.-Why does she think they should pay extra?–They want to get started earlier than what was in the proposal.The proposal said that the earliest start date would be one month after signing the contract.Lisa: They’ll also need to make an advance payment. That was in the proposal too.We can’t stop everything else just because they are excited.W: OK, I’ll get back to them and let them know.Lisa: Yes, please do. I’ve been though these kinds of thing before.-What are they going to ask for from QuickServe?–an advance payment and an extra fee to start the project early.-To get back to them means…-to contact them22。

Level4 Unit2 Part1 Listening - Extinction Events 1The Earth was formed about 4.6 billion years ago.The first life appeared about a billion years later.The first plants didn't appear until around 2 billion years ago.Until about 580 million years ago, life forms were small and microscopic.Since that time, life has evolved into many different types, or species.However, scientists estimate that more than 99% of them are now extinct.There have been several extinction events in the history of the Earth.In an extinction event many life forms, or species of life, die out. The causes of mass extinction events are unsolved mysteries.These events are not predictable and can happen at any time.Scientists think that some of them were started by asteroid impacts or volcanic eruptions.Events like these can change the global conditions that life depends on.One major extinction event happened about 66 million years ago.That event may have been started by a large asteroid that hit the Earth.As a result, the dinosaurs and about half of all species on the planet died out.When the asteroid hit the earth, it started a chain of events.A chain of events is a series of events linked together, like a chain.This particular chain of events happened over a period of months and years.When the asteroid hit the Earth, it caused a huge cloud of dust to enter the atmosphere.This cloud of dust blocked the sun and darkened the Earth for many months.Without enough sunlight, plants and plant-eating animals quickly died.With the deaths of so many plants and animals, the food chain collapsed.This led to the deaths of many more species.Mass extinction events have played an important part in the evolution of life.In fact, some extinction events have helped to accelerate evolution.For example, some mammals lived through the age of the dinosaurs, but they couldn't compete.When the dinosaurs were removed, the mammals were able to compete more successfully.Once they could compete, mammals evolved to a higher state.Without extinction events, perhaps we wouldn't be here today.Level4 Unit2 Part1 Listening - Extinction Events 2Scientists estimate that there have been at least 5 mass extinctions in the last 540 million years.They also believe that we have entered a new extinction event.Species are becoming extinct at a much faster rate than before.Instead of asteroids or volcanic eruptions, the current event is the result of human activities.Human activities, for example, have led to global warming.Global warming is the result of an increase in carbon gases in our atmosphere.These gases trap heat from the sun, so the Earth is getting warmer.As a result, sea levels are rising and weather patterns are changing.In addition, we humans are destroying the habitats of many plants and animals.Cutting down forests and polluting rivers destroys the habitats of many forms of life.There is no longer any doubt that this is happeningSpecies of life are disappearing at an increasing rate.Global temperatures are rising and weather patterns are changing.Scientists are warning us that fast action is necessary to save our future.If we don't act, we may go the way of the dinosaurs.(This new extinction event is caused by humans.)Level4 Unit2 Part1 Vocabulary - Body SystemsThe body's circulatory system includes the heart and blood vessels.The heart pumps blood to all parts of the body through a network of arteries and veins.The digestive system breaks down and absorbs food into the body.It supplies the energy that the body needs for growth and repair.After digestion, excess food is turned into waste and eliminated from the body.The nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord and nerves.This is your body's control system.It controls your muscles and organs, including your circulatory and digestive systems.The respiratory system includes the nose and lungs.It brings air and oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide.The lungs are where oxygen enters the bloodstream and carbon dioxide is removed.The immune system protects the body against infections and diseases.Sneezing and fever are examples of how the immune system works.If an infection invades the body, the immune system attacks it.(The blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart are called arteries.)(The digestive system is where food is broken down and absorbed into the body.)(The nervous system regulates your heartbeat and digestion.)Level4 Unit2 Part1 Vocabulary - Great DiscoveriesThe controlled use of fire allowed people to cook food and survive in the colder climates.Fire provided light so that people could work and socialize for longer hours.With the invention of agriculture, people could grow foodand settle into communities.By growing food, people could spend less time hunting and more time for other things such as art.The domestication of animals allowed people to raise and use animals for food and work.By raising herds of animals such as sheep, humans had a regular supply of meat and clothing.The strength of animals such as horses and oxen was used for work and transportation.The development of tools and machines has resulted in moreefficient manufacturing and construction.With better tools and machines, work can be done with fewer people and at much lower costs.The development of science and engineering has improved many things, including communications.With an understanding of electricity, telephones and radios allow people to communicate over long distances.(Science and engineering have changed the way we communicate with each other.)(With the development of agriculture, people had more time for other activities.)(The use of machines has reduced the number of people needed to make things.)Level4 Unit2 Part1 Dialogue - Smartphone Addiction I took a vacation last night.What are you talking about?Where did you take your vacation?I didn't go anywhere.I just spent an evening without my smartphone.How was it?It was great. I got a real magazine and read it with no interruption.It was very peaceful.Yes, I haven't done that in a long time.You know what?I'm beginning to hate smartphones.Really? but you can't live without one, right?Yes, that's the problem.These things are changing the way people live.Yes, I just saw a documentary about that.A husband was complaining to his wife that she was spending too much time on her smartphone.What happened? Did they get a divorce?You guessed it. In the end, they got a divorce.It's a bit ironic, don't you think?Smartphone were supposed to bring people together, but they are pulling people apart.Yes, you are right.Hey, just a minute. I've got a message on my smartphone, and it can't wait.Level4 Unit2 Part1 Dialogue - Rude BossHey, wake up and get back to work.What's wrong with you?I'm on my break sir, and I have a bad headache.Well, we are not paying you to sleep.If you're going to sleep, sleep someplace else.Yes, sir, sorry, it won't happen again.It had better not.Just a minute.Don't talk to me like that.What did you say?You hurt me. you don't have to treat people like that.Well, if you don't like it, I suggest you leave.OK, I will. I've had enough of you.I'll get a job somewhere else.(The manager treats the employees in a threatening manner.)(The employee treats the manager respectfully.)Level4 Unit2 Part2 Listening - Point of View 1This man is holding a piece of fruit in his hand.The piece of fruit is either an orange or an apple.We can’t see which it is because we can’t see inside the box.The probability that it is an orange is equal to the probability that it is an apple.It may be an apple, and it may be an orange.It’s got to be one or the other.It can’t be anything else.Now let’s look at it from the man’s p oint of view.From his point of view, the probabilities are different.From his point of view, the probability that he has an orange is 100% or 0%.That’s because he knows what he has.For him there is no uncertainty.If he has an orange, the probability is 100%.If he doesn’t have an orange, the probability is 0%.He either has it or he doesn’t.From our point of view, the probability that he has an orange is 50%.From his point of view, the probability that he has an orange is 100% or 0%.So the probability depends on your point of view.Level4 Unit2 Part2 Listening - Point of View 2People see things from different points of view.This often leads to arguments between people.Here are some examples.From this man’s point of view, he is relaxing.He needs to relax because he has been working too hard.He hasn’t been getting enough sleep.His wife sees things differently.She isn’t aware of how hard he has been working.From her point of view, he is doing nothing.However, she knows what needs to be done around the house.It isn’t fair that she has to work while he does nothing.When people see things from different points of view, they often come to different conclusions.These differences can cause real communication problems.Level4 Unit2 Part2 Vocabulary – DisastersEarthquakes are caused by forces deep within the Earth.When the earth shakes, buildings can collapse and people can be buried inside.An explosion is a rapid, violent release of energy.Explosions can be caused by chemical reactions, such as inside an engine.A spark can ignite a mixture of gases, and release energy for good or destructive purposes.Accidents are often caused by people doing foolish things or by not being careful.One major cause of accidents is driving too fast.Accidents with fire can be very serious, and can result in very painful injuries.Epidemics are the rapid spread of a disease, such as the flu or ebola.Throughout history, epidemics have killed millions of people.Storms are caused by changes in the atmosphere resulting in high winds and heavy rain.Thunderstorms are caused by electric charges in the atmosphere that produce lightning, which can cause forest fires.Some storms cause flooding, and major damage to homes and cities.Followers of the islam religion are called Muslims.These Muslims are praying inside a mosque.Muslims are called to prayer 5 times a day, beginning just before sunrise.Christianity is based on the teaching of Jesus Christ, who lived more than 2000 years ago.Christians believe that Jesus is the son of god.Christians often gather in churches or cathedrals to worship. Followers of Judaism are called Jews.These Jews are meeting inside the synagogue, which is a place of worship and study.Judaism was founded over 35 hundred years ago, in the middle east.Judaism is based on the teaching of Moses, who they believe is the most important prophet.Buddhism began in India and is based on the teachings of the Buddha.The religion is about 25 hundred years old.Some Buddhists practice a form of meditation in which they empty their minds of any thought.Hinduism is the world’s third most popular religion and is the main religion of India.Hinduism has no founder and is a mixture of many beliefs.Some Hindus believe in the cycle of birth, life, death and rebirth.Level4 Unit2 Part2 Vocabulary – ReligionsvFollowers of the islam religion are called Muslims.These Muslims are praying inside a Mosque.Muslims are called to prayer 5 times a day, beginning just before sunrise.Christianity is based on the teaching of Jesus Christ, who lived more than 2000 years ago.Christians believe that Jesus is the son of god.Christians often gather in churches or cathedrals to worship. Followers of Judaism are called Jews.These Jews are meeting inside a synagogue, which is a place of worship and study.Judaism was founded over 35 hundred years ago in the Middle East.Judaism is based on the teachings of Moses, who they believe is the most important prophet.Buddhism began in India and is based on the teachings of the Buddha. The religion is about 25 hundred years old.Some Buddhists practice a form of meditation in which they empty their minds of any thought.Hinduism is the world’s third most popular religion and is the main religion of India.Hinduism has no founder and is a mixture of many beliefs.Some Hindus believe in the cycle of birth, life, death and rebirth.Level4 Unit2 Part2 Dialogue - Missing AircraftDo you have any more information about the location of the missing aircraft?No, we don’t. The only information we have is that it disappeared. What about the last communication with the aircraft?The last communication was about 15 minutes before it disappeared. Was there anything unusual in the communication?No, there wasn't anything unusual.Nothing pointed to any kind of problem.Anyway, we are confident that we will find it.It’s a large aircraft so it shouldn’t be difficult to find.How many countries are helping with the search.Right now, we have search teams from 3 countries starting the search.It’s a big area to search, so can you give us an estimate about how long it will take.Yes, it’s a big area so it might take a long time.But we won’t give up.We will search until we find it.Have they found the wreckage yet?What are you talking about?You know, the airplane that disappeared last year.Oh, yes, now I know what you are referring to.Yes, they found some piece of it.What about the black boxes?No, they still haven’t found the black boxes.It’s hard to believe they still don’t know what happened.Perhaps they’ll never know, especially if they don’t fin d the black boxes.Whatever happened to it, there is no good reason why a modern airline is allowed to disappear.I agree with you.Level4 Unit2 Part3 Listening - Alcatraz 1Alcatraz is a small island in San Francisco Bay, 1.5 miles from San Francisco.From Alcatraz, you can see the famous Golden Gate Bridge.Alcatraz is also famous and is now a major tourist attraction.Tourists can reach the island by boat from the city.Alcatraz has often appeared in movies, including "Escape from Alcatraz" which was made in 1979.One reason it’s famous is because it used to be a prison, a very special prison.It was designed for prisoners who were causing trouble in other prisons, such as trying to escape.It was a maximum security prison, so escape was almost impossible.The waters around it are cold, and only very strong swimmers can swim from the island to San Francisco.The first group of prisoners arrived in 1934.There were 137 prisoners, including bank robbers and murderers.They came by train from another prison in the state of Kansas.During that trip there was heavy security.The prisoners were under guard and handcuffed.Nobody wanted them to escape.Level4 Unit2 Part3 Listening - Alcatraz 2The prison was designed to hold up to 336 prisoners.However the average population was only about 270.Although there were several notorious inmates, such as Al Capone, most of the inmates were not well-known.Many had tried to escape from other prisons or were considered violent.If a man did not behave at another prison, he could be sent to Alcatraz.At Alcatraz there was just one inmate in each prison cell.Prison life at Alcatraz was highly structured and boring.It was designed to teach prisoners to follow rules.They had four rights: food, clothing, shelter, and medical care.Everything else was a privilege that had to be earned.Privileges included working, visits from family members, and access to the prison library.There were also activities such as painting and music.Once a prisoner showed that he could follow the rules, he could be transferred back to another prison to finish his sentence.Alcatraz was used as a prison for 29 years.During that time, no prisoner escaped successfully.There were 14 escape attempts, involving 36 prisoners.Twenty-three were caught alive, and six were shot and killed.2 men tried to escape twice.2 drowned and 5 were listed as missing and presumed drowned.The most violent escape attempt occurred on May 2nd, 1946 when 6 prisoners tried to escape.That event is called the "Battle of Alcatraz."While it was in use, Alcatraz held some of the mostnotorious criminals in American history, such as Al Capone.Al Capone was a crime boss who built his career in Chicago.The prison was finally closed in 1963.It was closed because it was too expensive to operate.(No prisoner ever escaped from Alcatraz.)Level4 Unit2 Part3 Vocabulary - Graphs & ChartsA bar graph uses rectangular bars of different lengths to show and compare data.The lengths of the bars are proportional to the values they represent.The bars can be vertical, up and down, or horizontal.A circle graph, often called a pie graph, is shaped like a circle.It is divided into segments that look like pieces of a pie.Percentages are used to compare the segments, which are ordered from biggest to smallest.Line graphs are used to show the relationship between two variables, such as time and distance.These variables are plotted on 2 axes, the X-axis and the Y-axis.The X-axis often shows time while the Y-axis shows how quantities, such as distance, temperature or profits change with time.A flowchart is a type of graph that shows how a process or project flows from start to finish.A flow chart consists of start points, inputs, outputs and decision points.An organizational chart, or org chart shows the structure of a company.It shows how people and departments within a company are connected.It defines the roles and responsibilities of people and departments within a company.(Line graphs are very good at showing how things change over time.)(A flowchart shows how a process or project flows from start to finish.)Level4 Unit2 Part3 Vocabulary - Legal TermsLaws are rules that people are supposed to follow.A system of laws governs the behavior of people within a country. Criminals are people who break the law.People who commit a crime are called criminals.Some criminals are very dangerous and need to be put in jail.A jail or prison is a place where criminals are locked behind bars, sometimes for many years.Prisons are designed to keep criminals away from other people.A courthouse is where someone charged with committing acrime goes on trial.In court, evidence is presented to show the guilt or innocence of the person on trial.When someone breaks the law, they may be arrested by the police.To arrest someone means to take and hold them until they go on trial.(An action that is against the law is an illegal action.)(Someone who commits a crime may be sent to prison.)(When a person is charged with breaking a law ,they are tried in a court of law.)(An action that follows the law is a legal action.)Level4 Unit2 Part3 Dialogue - Currency Exchange May I help you, sir?I’d like to change some US dollars into Japanese yen, please.Yes, certainly sir.How much would you like to change?I’d like to change 500 dollars.May I see your passport please?I don’t have it with me, but I do have my driver’s license.Would that be OK?No, I'm sorry, sir.I need to see your passport, it’s the law.Look, I’m not asking for a loan.I just want to convert my dollars into yen.Why do I need my passport?I understand your frustration sir, but that’s the law.I can not do something that is illegal.OK, do you have any suggestions?Sure, the easiest thing for you to do is to use a machine in one of the hotels near here.You can borrow someone’s passport and then do the conversion.So the machine doesn’t check my fingerprints or anything like that?No, sir. But there is a limit as to how much you can change at one time.You also have to pay a higher fee.Thanks for your help.You’re welcome, sir.Level4 Unit2 Part4 Listening - AI Capone 1AI Capone was one of the most famous criminals in American history.He came from an immigrant family.His parents came from Italy, and his father was a barber.As a boy, he belonged to a street gang.He quit school after finishing the 6th grade.He built his career as a crime boss in Chicago.He became boss at 26 when the previous leader was nearly killed.His crime organization made a lot of money, more than 100 million dollars a year.Most of the money came from illegal activities, especially the sale of illegal liquor.His organization was also involved in gambling and prostitution.Capone was a flashy dresser who enjoyed being famous.He protected himself by bribing police and public officials.Though he was involved in the deaths of many, he was never convicted of a serious crime.When he was finally arrested, it was for minor crimes.In 1929, he and his bodyguard were arrested for carrying deadly weapons.For that they were sentenced to a year in prison.Capone was released in nine months for good behavior.(When he went out,he loved to be the center of attention.)(The largest portion of its income was from the illegal sales of liquor.)Level4 Unit2 Part4 Listening - AI Capone 2In 1930, Capone was Public Enemy No.1 in Chicago.A year later he was arrested for failure to pay taxes.The government had finally found a way to catch him.After a trial, he was found guilty and sentenced to 11 years in prison.He spent the first two years of his sentence at a prison in Atlanta, Georgia.Then he was sent to Alcatraz, the country's most famous prison.At Alcatraz, he was diagnosed with a disease that began to take over his brain.As a result, he spent much of his time in the prison hospital.By the time he was released from prison in 1939, he was no longer able to lead his organization.He died of a stroke and pneumonia in 1947.Level4 Unit2 Part4 Vocabulary - Economic Terms Income is money received for a work or from investments.For a company to survive, its income needs to be more than its expenses.People who earn a good salary can buy what they need to survive.A receipt is given to you after you have paid for something.A receipt is proof that you have paid for something.A receipt shows that something has been paid for.After paying for something, be sure to get a receipt.An invoice is a request for payments.An invoice lists the prices and products being bought.To invoice someone means to give them a bill for products or services.Once an invoice is paid, it can be used as a receipt.Taxes are what we pay to the government for government services.Taxes pay for many services, such as education, police, and health care.An income tax, is a tax on your income.In some countries, income taxes are very high.Interest is what we pay to lenders when we borrow money.If someone lends you money, you pay interest for the use of that money.（People pay taxes to pay for government services.）Level4 Unit2 Part4 Vocabulary - Personality Types Emotional people often show their feelings and have a bad temper. They make decisions based on the feelings more than facts. Sometimes these people make bad decisions because of their emotions. Leaders are people who take responsibility and are trusted by others. Good leaders make good decisions and get things done.In many situations, others look to them for leadership.Loyal people can be depended on to follow their leader.They will support and protect their leaders and friends.A strong team needs a good leader and loyal followers.Independent people can do things on their own.They often prefer working by themselves.Sometimes they have difficulty working in a group.Creative people come up with new ideas and ways of doing things.They often have a good imagination and can see things in different ways.Many artists and musicians are very creative.(Independent people may want to do things their own way.)(Loyal people will act to support the decisions of the group.)Level4 Unit2 Part4 Dialogue - A Video Project 1 Congratulations Lisa!Congratulations for what?We just heard the news.What news? Don't keep me in suspense.QuickServe has accepted your video proposal.Already？I just submitted it a week ago.Maybe so, but they like it so much that they made a quick decision. They want you to get started on it as soon as possible.That's great news. But I'm still working on some other projects.They need to be finished first.Can't you delay some of our other projects?I'm not sure, how important is this project?They are putting a lot of pressure on us now, especially since they read your proposal.They really like it.It's a very creative way of presenting their company.It had everybody laughing.Yes, that was the idea.It was fun to do, and our whole team thought it was funny.Well, great job.I think it's the best work your team has ever done.(She submitted her proposal a week ago.)(Everything depends on how important the project is.)(To delay something means to postpone it.)Level4 Unit2 Part4 Dialogue - A Video Project 2 When can you get started on the project?Are they going to pay extra?In my proposal, I said the earliest start date would be one month after signing the contract.Was that in the proposal?Yes, it was. Have they signed the contract yet?No, they haven't, but I'm sure they will right awayThey'll also need to make an advance payment.That was in the proposal, too.We can't stop everything else just because they are excited. OK, I'll get back to them and let them know.Yes, please do, I've been through this kind of thing before. (They want to get started earlier than what was in the proposal.)（注：可编辑下载，若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!）。

懂你英语Level4Unit2Part3L4-U2-P3 英语流利说4-2-3 懂你英语Level4 Unit2 Part3L4-U2-P3-1 Listening : Alcatraz 1Alcatraz is a small island in San Francisco Bay , 1.5 miles from San Francisco.From Alcatraz, you can see the famous Golden Gate Bridge.Alcatraz is also famous and is now a major tourist attraction.Tourists can reach the island by boat from the city.What can people see from Alcatraz?- the Golden Gate Bridge Alcatraz has often appeared in movies, including 'Escape from Alcatraz' which was made in 1979.One reason it’s famous is because it used to be a prison, a very special prison.It was designed for prisoners who were causing trouble in other prisons, such as trying to escape.It was a maximum security prison, so escape was almost impossible.The waters around it are cold, and only very strong swimmers can swim from the island to San Francisco.What kind of prisoners was the prison designed for?-prisoners who were troublemakersOne reas on it’s famous is because it used to be a prison, a very special prison.The first group of prisoners arrived in 1934.There were 137 prisoners, including bank robbers and murderers.They came by train from another prison in the state of Kansas.During that trip, there was heavy security.The prisoners were under guard and handcuffed.Nobody wanted them to escape.Where did the first group of prisoners come from? -They came from Kansas.Nobody wanted them to escape, so there was heavy security.Tourists can reach the island by boat from the city.During that trip, there was heavy security.One reason it’s famous is because it used to be a prison, a very special prison.L4-U2-P3-2 Listening : Alcatraz 2The prison was designed to hold up to 336 prisoners.However, the average population was only about 270.Although there were several notorious inmates, such as Al Capone, most of the inmates were not well-known.Many had tried to escape from other prisons or were considered violent.If a man did not behave at another prison, he could be sent to Alcatraz.At Alcatraz, there was just one inmate in each prison cell.If a man did not behave at another prison, he could be sent to Alcatraz.Prison life at Alcatraz was highly structured and boring.It was designed to teach prisoners to follow rules.They had four rights: food, clothing, shelter and medical care.Everything else was a privilege that had to be earned.Privileges included working, visits from family members, and access to the prison library.There were also activities such as painting and music.Once a prisoner showed that he could follow the rules, he could be transferred back to another prison to finish his sentence.Everything else was a privilege that had to be earned.It was designed to teach prisoners to follow rules.Everything else was a privilege that had to be earned.Many had tried to escape from other prisons or were considered violent.At Alcatraz, there was just one inmate in each prison cell.Alcatraz was used as a prison for 29 years.During that time, no prisoner escaped successfully.There were 14 escape attempts, involving 36 prisoners.Twenty-three were caught alive, and six were shot and killed.Two men tried to escape twice.Two drowned and five were listed as missing and presumed drowned.The most violent escape attempt occurred on May 2nd, 1946 when six prisoners tried to escape.That event is called the 'Battle of Alcatraz'.(1) Alcatraz was used as a prison for 29 years.(2) During that time, no prisoner escaped successfully.(3) There were 14 escape attempts, involving 36 prisoners.(4) Twenty-three were caught alive, and six were shot and killed.There were 14 escape attempts, involving 36 prisoners.While it was in use, Alcatraz held some of the most notorious criminals in American history, such as Al Capone.Al Capone was a crime boss who built his career in Chicago.The prison was finally closed in 1963.It was closed because it was too expensive to operate.Al Capone was a crime boss who built his career in Chicago.It was closed because it was too expensive to operate.Alcatraz was used as a prison for 29 years.Two drowned and five were listed as missing and presumeddrowned.Once a prisoner showed that he could follow the rules, he could be transferred back to another prison to finish his sentence.L4-U2-P3-3 Vocabulary : Graphs & ChartsA bar graph(柱状图) uses rectangular bars of different lengths to show and compare data.The lengths of the bars are proportional to the values they represent.The bars can be vertical, up and down, or horizontal .A circle graph(圆形图，扇面图), often called a pie graph, is shaped like a circle.It is divided into segments that look like pieces of a pie.Percentages(百分率，百分比) are used to compare the segments which are ordered from biggest to smallest.Line graphs(曲线图，线状图) are used to show the relationship between two variables, such as time and distance.These variables are plotted on 2 axes, the x-axis and the y-axis.The x-axis often shows time while the y-axis shows how quantities, such as distance, temperature or profits change with time.A flowchart(流程图) is a type of graph that shows how a process or a project flows from start to finish.A flowchart consists of start points, inputs, outputs and decision points.An organizational chart(组织结构图), or org chart, show the structure of a company.It shows how people and departments within a company are connected.It defines the roles and responsibilities of people anddepartments within a company.Which type of graph shows the relationship between two variables, such as time and distance？-Line graphsWhat shows how people and departments within a company are connected? -Organizational chart.Which type of graph has segments that look like pieces of a pie?-Circle graph.What type of graph has vertical or horizontal bars?-Bar graph.Which type of graph includes decision points? -Flowchart.The lengths of the bars are proportional tothe values they represent.The x-axis often shows time while the y-axisshows how quantities, such as distance, temperature orprofits change with time.A flowchart is a type of graph that shows how a process or a project flows from start to finish.A circle graph, often called a pie graph, is shaped like a circle.A flowchart shows how a process or a project flows from start to finish.A line graph uses connected points to show how things are related to each other.In a flowchart, a decision point shows what happens when a decision is made.L4-U2-P3-3 Vocabulary : Legal TermsLaws are rules that people are supposed to follow.A system of laws governs the behavior of people within a country.Criminals are people who break the law.People who commit a crime are called criminals.Some criminals are very dangerous and need to be put in jail.A jail or prison is a place where criminals are locked behind bars, sometimes for many years.Prisons are designed to keep criminals away from other people.A courthouse is where someone charged with committing acrime goes on trial.In court, evidence is presented to show the guilt or innocence of the person on trial.When someone breaks the law, they may be arrested by the police.To arrest someone means to take and hold them until they go on trial.When is someone sentenced to break the law? -When someone breaks the law, they may be arrested and put on trial.Who are often dangerous and need to be put in jail? -CriminalsWhen do someone go to stand on trial?-A courthouse is where someone charged with committing a crime goes on trial.What may happen to someone who breaks the law? -If someone breaks the law, they may be arrested and put on trial.What governs and helps people are supposed to act? -A system of laws governs the behavior of people within a country.If someone breaks the law, they may be arrested and puton trial.An action that is against the law is an illegal action.People who commit a crime are called criminals.An action that is against the law is an illegal action.Someone who commits a crime may be sent to prison.People who commit a crime are called criminals.When a person is charged with breaking a law, they are triedin a court of law.A jail or prison is a place where criminals are locked behind bars, sometimes for many years.L4-U2-P3-5 Dialogue : Currency ExchangeW: May I help you, sir?M: I’d like to change some US dollars into Japanese yen, please.W: Yes, certainly sir. How much would you like to change?M: I’d like to change 500 dollars.W: May I see your passport please?M: I don’t have it with me, but I do have my driver’s license. Would that be OK?W: No, I'm sorry, sir. I need to see your passport, it’s the law.M: Look, I’m not asking for a loan. I just want to convert my dollars into yen. Why do I need my passport?W: I understand your frustration sir, but that’s the law.I can not do something that is illegal.If something is illegal, it is against the law.If someone is frustrated they are a bit irritated.M: OK, do you have any suggestions?W: Sure, the easiest thing for you to do it is to use a machine in one of the hotels near here. You can borrow some one’s passport and then do the conversion.M: So the machine doesn’t check my fingerprints or anything like that?W: No, sir. But there is a limit as to how much you can change at one time. You also have to pay a higher fee.M: Thanks for your help.W: You’re welcome, sir.(1) May I help you, sir?(2) I’d l ike to change some US dollars into Japanese yen, please.(3)Yes, certainly sir. How much would you like to change?(4) I’d like to change 500 dollars.(1) Look, I’m not asking for a loan. I just want to convert my dollars into yen.(2) Why do I need my passport?(3) I understand your frustration sir, but that’s the law.(4) I can not do something that is illegal.May I see your passport please?Look, I’m not asking for a loan.OK, do you have any suggestions?I don’t have it with me, but I do have my driver’s license.I’d like to change some US dollars into Japanese yen, please.。

懂你英语Level4Unit2Part4L4-U2-P4 英语流利说4-2-4 懂你英语Level4 Unit2 Part4L4-U2-P4-1 Listening : Al Capone 1AI Capone was one of the most famous criminals in American history. He came from an immigrant family.His parents came from Italy, and his father was a barber.As a boy, he belonged to a street gang.He quit school after finishing the 6th grade.Where were his parents come from?-They came from Italy.He built his career as a crime boss in Chicago.He became boss at 26 when the previous leader was nearly killed.His crime organization made a lot of money, more than $100 million a year.Most of the money came from illegal activities, especially the sale of illegal liquor.His organization was also involved in gambling and prostitution. Gambling and prostitution are both illegal activities.How did his crime organization made its money? -They were involved in many illegal activities.Capone was a flashy dresser who enjoyed being famous.He protected himself by bribing police and public officials.Though he was involved in the deaths of many, he was never convicted of a serious crime.When he was finally arrested, it was for minor crimes.In 1929, he and his bodyguard were arrested for carrying deadly weapons.For that they were sentenced to a year in prison.Capone was released in nine months for good behavior.Why wasn't he ever convicted of a serious crime?-He bribed police and public officials.Why were he and his bodyguard arrested and sentenced to prison?-They were caught carrying deadly weapons.He came from an immigrant family.Capone was a flashy dresser who enjoyed being famous.AI Capone was one of the most famous criminals in American history.He protected himself by bribing police and public officials.L4-U2-P4-2 Listening : Al Capone 2In 1930, Capone was Public Enemy No.1 in Chicago.A year later he was arrested for failure to pay taxes.The government had finally found a way to catch him.After a trial, he was found guilty and sentenced to 11 years in prison.He spent the first two years of his sentence at a prison in Atlanta, Georgia.Then he was sent to Alcatraz, the country's most famous prison.The government had finally found a way to catch him.At Alcatraz, he was diagnosed with a disease that began to take over his brain.As a result, he spent much of his time in the prison hospital.By the time he was released from prison in 1939, he was no longer able to lead his organization.He died of a stroke and pneumonia in 1947.What began to take over his brain? - a serious disease(1) At Alcatraz, he was diagnosed with a disease that began to take over his brain.(2) As a result, he spent much of his time in the prisonhospital.(3) By the time he was released from prison in 1939, he was no longer able to lead his organization.(4) He died of a stroke and pneumonia in 1947.A year later he was arrested for failure to pay taxes.He was sent to prison for tax evasion.At Alcatraz, he was diagnosed with a disease that began to take over his brain.When he went out, he wanted to the center of attention.L4-U2-P4-3 Vocabulary : Economic T ermsIncome is money received for work or from investments.For a company to survive, its income needs to be more than its expenses.People who earn a good salary can buy what they need to survive.A receipt is given to you after you have paid for something.A receipt is proof that you have paid for something.A receipt shows that something has been paid for.After paying for something, be sure to get a receipt.An invoice is a request for payment.An invoice lists the prices and products being bought.To invoice someone means to give them a bill for products or services.Once an invoice is paid, it can be used as a receipt.Taxes are what we pay to the government for government services.Taxes pay for many services, such as education, police and health care.An income tax is a tax on your income.In some countries, income taxes are very high.Interest is what we pay to lenders when we borrow money.If someone lends you money, you pay interest for the use of that money.What do people get for doing work?-Income.What do you get to show that you have paid for something?-A receipt.What is the request for payment?-An invoice.What do government collect to pay for their services?-T axes.What do people have to pay when they when they gat aloan?-Interest.For a company to survive, its income needs to be more than its expenses.An invoice lists the prices and products being bought.Taxes pay for many services, such as education, police and health care.A receipt is proof that you have paid for something.An invoice is a request for payment.Once an invoice is paid, it can be used as a receipt.Income is money received for a work or from investments.Taxes are what we pay to the government for government services.People pay taxes to pay for government services.L4-U2-P4-4 Vocabulary : Personality TypesEmotional people often show their feelings and have a bad temper. They make decisions based on the feelings more than facts. Sometimes these people make bad decisions because of their emotions. Leaders are people who take responsibility and are trusted by others. Good leaders make good decisions and get things done.In many situations, others look to them for leadership.Loyal people can be depended on to follow their leader.They will support and protect their leaders and friends.A strong team needs a good leader and loyal followers. Independent people can do things on their own.They often prefer working by themselves.Sometimes they have difficulty working in a group.Creative people come up with new ideas and ways of doing things.They often have a good imagination and can see things in different ways.Many artists and musicians are very creative.What kind of people have special imagination?-Creative people. What kind of people will always support and protect their leader and group?-Loyal people.What kind of people prefer working alone? -Independent people.What kind of people can't control their emotions?-Emotional people.What kind of people do people like to follow?-Leaders.Emotional people often show their feelings and have abad temper.Good leaders make good decisions and get things done.Loyal people can be depended on to follow their leader. Good leaders make good decisions and get things done.They will support and protect their leaders and friends. Independent people can do things on their own.Emotional people often show their feelings and have a bad temper. Leaders are people who take responsibility and are trusted by others.L4-U2-P4-5 Dialogue : A Video Project(M: Manager L: Lisa)M: Congratulations, Lisa!L: Congratulations for what?M: We just heard the news.L: What news? Don't keep me in suspense.M: Quick Serve has accepted your video proposal.L: Already? I just submitted it a week ago.M: Maybe so, but they like it so much that they made a quick decision. They want you to get started on it as soon as possible.Why is Lisa being congratulated?-Her proposal was accepted.L: That's great news. But I'm still working on some other projects. They need to be finished first.M: Can't you delay some of our other projects?L: I'm not sure, how important is this project?M: They are putting a lot of pressure on us now, especially since they read your proposal. They really like it. It's a very creative way of presenting their company. It had everybody laughing.L: Yes, that was the idea. It was fun to do, and our whole team thought it was funny.M: Well, great job.L: I think it's the best work your team has ever done.What may need to be delayed?-Some of their other projects What does the schedule depend on?-It depends on how important the project is.They are putting a lot of pressure on us now,especially since they read your proposal.Can't you delay some of our other projects?It's a very creative way of presenting their company.She submitted her proposal a week ago.They want you to get started on it as soon as possible.I think it's the best work your team has ever done.L4-U2-P4-6 Dialogue : A Video Project 2M: When can you get started on the project?L: Are they going to pay extra? In my proposal, I said the earliest start date would be one month after signing the contract.M: Was that in the proposal?L: Yes, it was. Have they signed the contract yet?M: No, they haven't, but I'm sure they will right away.The proposal said that the earlieststart date would be one month after signing the contract.L: They'll also need to make an advance payment. That was in the proposal, too. We can't stop everything else just because they are excited.M: OK, I'll get back to them and let them know.L: Yes, please do, I've been through this kind of thing before.To get back to them means to contact them.Are they going to pay extra?I've been through this kind of thing before.They'll also need to make an advanced payment.We can't stop everything else just because they are excited.They want to get started earlier than what was in the proposal.。

L4——U2——1/4listeningEarth forms and extinctionA1.The earth was formed about four point six billion (46亿) yearsago.2.The first life appeared about a billion(10亿) years later.3.The first plant-like didn’t appear until around two billion(20亿) years ago.4.Until about five hundred eighty million(五亿八千万) years agolife forms were small and microscopic(极小的，微小的).5.Since that time, life has evolved(进化) into many different typesor species.6.However scientists estimate(估计) that more than ninety ninepercent（99%） of them are now extinct(灭绝的).B1.There have been several extinction(绝种) events in the history ofthe earth.2.In an extinction events many life forms or species of life dieout.3.The causes of mass extinction events are unsolved mysteries(未解之谜).4.These events are not predictable(预告) and can happen at anytime.5.Scientists think that some of them were started by asteroidimpacts(影响，碰击或者装机) or volcanic eruptions(火山爆发).6.Events like this, can change the global conditions that lifedepends on.C1.One major extinction event happened about sixty-six million(6600万) years ago.2.That event may have been started by a large asteroid that hit theearth.3.As a result, the dinosaurs and about half of all species(物种，种类，类型) on the planet die out.4.When the asteroids hit the earth, it started a chain of events.5. A chain of events is a series of events linked together like achain.D1.This particular chain of events happened over a period of monthsand years.2.When the asteroid hit the earth, it caused a huge cloud of dustto enter the atmosphere.3.This cloud of dust blocked the Sun and darkened the Earth formany months.4.Without enough sunlight, plants and plant-eating animals quicklydied.5.With the deaths of so many plants and animals, the food chaincollapsed.6.This led to the deaths of many more species.E1.Mass extinction events have played an important part in theevolution (演变，发生，进化论) of life.2.In fact, some extinction events have helped to accelerate(加快，加速) evolution.3.For example, some mammals(哺乳动物) lived through the age of thedinosaurs, but they couldn’t compete(竞争).4.When the dinosaurs were removed, the mammals were able to competemore successfully.5.Once they could compete, mammals evolved to a higher state.6.Without extinction events, perhaps we wouldn’t be here today. Existence(存在)F1.Scientists estimate(估计，预测) that there have been at leastfive mass extinctions(五次大灭绝) in the last five hundred forty million years.2.They also believe that we have entered a new extinction events.3.Species are becoming extinct at a much faster rate than before.4.Instead of asteroids or volcanic eruptions the current(最近的)events is the result of human activities.5.Human activities for example have led to global warming.G1.global warming is the result of an increase in carbon gases(含碳气体) in our atmosphere.2.These gases trap heat(阻碍热量排放) from the sun, so the Earth isgetting warmer.3.As a result, sea levels are rising and weather patterns(气候模式)are changing.4.In addition(另外), we humans are destroying the habitats(动物的栖息地) of many plants and animals.5.Cutting down forests and polluting rivers destroy the habitats ofmany forms of life.H1.There is no longer any doubt that this is happening.2.Species(物种，类型) of life are disappearing at an increasingrate.3.Global temperatures are rising and weather patterns are changing.4.Scientists are warning us that fast action is necessary to saveour future.5.If we don’t act, we may go the way of the dinosaurs.练：1.(读)this new extinction event is caused by humans.2.It’s when an asteroid collides w ith something.3.An asteroid hit the Earth and started a chain of events.4.With the rise in temperature. The polar icecaps are melting.L4——U2——1/4vocabularyBody organ 2 and human being evolution(进化)A1.The body’s circulatory(循环的) system includes the heart andblood vessels(血管).2.The heart pumps blood to all parts of the body through anetwork(网络，网状物) of arteries(动脉) and veins(静脉).3.The digest system(消化系统) breaks down(分解) and absorbed(吸收)food into the body.4.It supplies the energy that the body needs for growth and repair.5.After digestion, excess(超重，超量) food is turned into waste andeliminated(排除，消除) from the body.6.The nervous systems include the brain, spinal(脊柱的) cord(脊髓)and nerves.7.This is your bodies control system.8.It controls your muscles(肌肉) and organs(器官) including yourcirculatory(循环) and digest(消化) system.9.The respiratory(呼吸的) system includes the nose and lungs.10.It brings air and oxygen into the body and removes carbondioxide(二氧化碳).11.The lungs are where oxygen enters the bloodstream(血流，体内循环的血液) and (二氧化碳)carbon dioxide(二氧化物) is removed.12.The immune(免疫的) system protects the body against infections(传染，感染，传染病) and diseases.13.Sneezing(打喷嚏) and fever are example of how the immune systemworks.14.If an infection invades(侵入) the body the immune systemattacks(攻击) it.练：1. The blood vessels(血管) that carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart are called arteries(动脉).2. The nervous system regulates(控制，管理，调节) your heartbeat and digestion.3. For some diseases, the immune system uses white blood cells and antibodies (抗体) to attack it.4. The digest system is where food is broken down and absorbed into the body.B1.The controlled use of fire allowed people to cook food andsurvive in colder climates.2.Fire provided light so that people could work and socialize forlonger hours.3.With the invention of agriculture(农耕，农业) people could growfood in settle into communities.4.By growing food, people can spend less time hunting(打猎) andmore time for other things, such as art.5.The domestic(家庭的，家的，国内的，驯养的) action of animalsallowed people to raise and use animals for food and work.6.By raising herds(放牧) of animals such as sheep, humans had aregular supply of meat and clothing.7.The strength of animals such as horses or oxen was used for workand transportation.8.The development of tools and machines has resulted in moreefficient(有效率的) manufacturing(制造业) and construction(建筑物，建造业).9.With better tool and machines, work can be done with fewer peopleand at much lower cost.10.The development of sciences and engineering has approved(经核准的，被认可的) many things, including communications.11.With understanding of electricity, telephones and radios allowpeople to communicate over long distances.练：1.(听) the use of machines has reduced the number of people neededto make things.2.(听)Science and engineering have changed the way we communicatewith each other.3.(听) science and engineering breakthroughs are rapidly changingthe way we live our lives.4.(听) with the development of agriculture(农耕，农业), people hadmore time for other activities.5.(填) The ability to raise herds of animals such as sheep humanshad a regular supply of meat and clothing.6.The ability to raise herds of animals gave humans a regularsupply of meat and clothing.L4——U2——1/4dialogueAbout smartphoneA1.I took a vacation last night.2.What are you talking about?3.Where did you take your vacation?4.I didn’t go anywhere.5.I just spend an evening without my smartphone.6.How was it?7.It was great! I got a real magazine and read it with nointerruption.8.It was very peaceful.9.Yes, I haven’t done that in a long time.B1.You know what?2.I’m beginning to hate smartphones.3.Really, but you can’t live without one, right?4.Yes, that’s the problem.5.These things are changing the way people live.C1.Yes, I just saw a documentary about that.2. A husband was complaining to his wife that she was spending toomuch t ime on her smart phone.3.What happened? Did they get a divorce(离婚)?4.You guessed it. In the end, they got a divorce.D1.It’s big I running, don’t you think?2.Smartphones were supposed to bring people together, but they arepulling people apart.3.Yes, you are right.4.Hi, just a minute, I have got a message on my smartphone and itcan’t wait.E1.Hey, wake up and get back to work.2.What’s wrong with you?3.I’m on my break, sir. And I have a bad headache.4.Well, we’re not paying you to sleep.5.If you going to sleep, sleep some place s else.6.Yea, sir. Sorry, it won’t happen again.7.It had better not.F1.Just a minute.2.Don’t talk to me like that.3.What did you s ay?4.You hurt me, you don’t have a treat people like that.5.Well, if you don’t like it. I suggest you leave.6.Ok, I will. I’ve ha d enough of you.7.I’ll get a job somewhere else.练：1.If someone is interrupted, they have to stop what they are doing.2. Instead of bringing people together, they are pulling them apart.L4——U2——2/4listeningSee things from different point of viewA1.This man is holding a piece of fruit in his hand.2.The piece of fruit is either an orange or an apple.3.We can’t see which it is because we can’t see inside the box.4.The probability that it is an orange is equal to the probabilitythat it is an apple.5.It may be an apple and it maybe an orange6.It’s got to be one or the other.7.It can’t be anything else.B1.Now, let’s look at it from the man’s point of view.2.From his point of view the probabilities is different.3.From his point of view, the probability that is an orange is onehundred percent or zero percent.4.That’s because he knows what he has.5.For him, there is no uncertainty(不确定性).6.If he has an orange, the probability is one hundred percent.7.If he doesn’t have an orange, the probability is zero percent.8.He either has it or he doesn’t.C1.From our point of view the probability that he has an orange isfifty percent.2.From his point of view, the probability that there’s an orangeis one hundred percent or zero percent.3.So the probability depends on your point of view.D1.People see things from different points of view.2.This often leads to arguments between people.3.Here are some examples.4.From this man’s point of view, he is relaxing.5.He needs to relax, because he has been working too hard.6.He hasn’t been getting enough sleep.E1.His wife sees things differently.2.She isn’t aware of how hard he has been working.3.From her point of view, he is doing nothing.4.However, she knows what needs to be done around the house.5.It isn’t fair that she has to work while he does nothing.F1.When people see things from different points of view, they oftencome to different conclusions.2.These differences can cause real communication problems.练：1.She’ll be angry because it isn’t fair that she does all thework.2.I t may be an apple but it can’t be a banana.3.If his wife shouts at him and tells him to get up and dosomething, he may shout back and refuse to help her.4.It may be an apple and it may be an orange.5.If his wife asks him to get up and help her he probably won’t behappy.6.If he refuses to get up and help her, she will be angry at him.7.If he gets up and helps her she may not appreciate his help.8.The probability depends on your point of view, or how much youknow.9.I f his wife doesn’t ask him to get up and help her, he willappreciate her understanding.L4——U2——2/4vacabularySerious event and religion(宗教)A1.Earthquakes are caused by forces deep within the earth.2.When the earth shake, buildings can collapse and people can beburied inside.3.An explosion is a rapid violent release(释放) of energy.爆炸是一种快速的猛烈的能量释放4.Explosion can be caused by chemical reactions such as inside anengine.5. A spark can ignite(着火，燃烧，点燃) a mixture of gases andreleases energy for good or destructive(有害的，破坏性的)purposes(目的).一个火花可以点燃一种气体的混合物，并释放能量，以达到良好或破坏的目的6.Accidents are often caused by people doing foolish things or bynot being careful.7.One major cause of accidents is driving too fast.8.Accidents with fire can be very serious and can result in verypainful injuries.9.Epidemics(流行病) are the rapid spread(传播) of a disease such asthe flu or Ebola(埃博拉病毒).10.Throughout history, epidemics have killed millions of people.11.Storms are caused by changes in the atmosphere, resulting(导致，应..而发生) in high winds and heavy rain.12.Thunderstorms are caused by electric charges in the atmospherethat produce lightning, which can cause forest fires.13.Some storms cause flooding and major damage to homes and cities. 练习：1.To reduce the danger of an explosion, it’s important to preventgas leaks(漏出，渗透) inside the home.2.Epidemics have killed more people than all wars and naturaldisasters.3.Many forest fires are caused by lightning.B1.Followers of Islam(伊斯兰) religion are called Muslims（穆斯林，回族）.2.This Muslims are praying inside a mosque(清真寺).3.Muslims are called to prayer five times a day, beginning justbefore sunrise.4.Christianity(基督教义) is based on the teaching of Jesus(耶稣)Christ(基督) who live more than two thousand years ago.5.Christians(基督教徒) believe that Jesus is the son of God.6.Christians often gather in churches or cathedrals(总教堂，大教堂)to worship.7.Followers of Judaism(犹太教) are called Jews(犹太教徒).8.This Jews are meeting inside synagogue(犹太人教堂，犹太集会)which is a place of worship(敬奉，信奉) in study.9.Judaism was founded over thirty-five hundred years ago in themiddle east.犹太人的象征：白色、蓝色、大卫王之星，是广泛分布于世界各国的一个族群。

Lv4 Unit 2 Part1听地球是大约46亿年前形成的。

第一次生命出现在大约十亿年后。

第一批原告直到20亿年前才出现。

直到大约5.8亿年前，生命形式都是微小的和微观的。

从那时起，生命进化成许多不同的类型或种类。

然而，科学家估计超过99%的物种已经灭绝。

第一株植物是什么时候出现在地球上的？–大约20亿年前。

地球历史上曾发生过几次灭绝事件。

在一次灭绝事件中，许多生命形式或生命物种都会消亡。

大规模灭绝事件的原因尚未解开。

这些事件是不可预测的，随时都可能发生。

科学家认为其中一些是由小行星撞击或火山爆发引起的。

这样的事件可以改变生活所依赖的全球环境。

-灭绝事件会发生什么？许多种类的生物都灭绝了。

大约6600万年前发生了一次大灭绝事件。

这一事件可能是由一颗撞击地球的大型小行星引发的。

结果，恐龙和地球上大约一半的物种灭绝了。

当小行星撞击地球时，它引发了一连串的事件。

事件链是一系列事件连接在一起，就像一个链。

-是什么导致了恐龙的灭绝？一颗小行星撞击地球，引发一连串事件。

这种特殊的事件链发生在几个月和几年的时间里。

当小行星撞击地球时，它引起了一团巨大的尘埃进入大气层。

这团灰尘挡住了太阳，使地球黑暗了好几个月。

没有足够的阳光，植物和以植物为食的动物很快死亡。

随着如此多的动植物的死亡，食物链的崩溃导致了更多物种的死亡。

-是什么导致了食物链的崩溃？许多植物和以植物为食的动物的死亡。

大灭绝事件在生命进化中起着重要作用。

事实上，一些灭绝事件有助于加速进化。

例如，一些哺乳动物生活在恐龙时代，但它们无法竞争。

当恐龙被移除后，哺乳动物能够更成功地进行竞争。

一旦它们能够竞争，哺乳动物就进化到更高的状态。

如果没有灭绝事件，也许我们今天不会在这里。

-什么可以加速哺乳动物的进化？——恐龙的灭绝。

哺乳动物无法与恐龙竞争，因此它们的进化受到了阻碍。

科学家估计，在过去的5.4亿年中，至少有5次大规模灭绝。

他们还认为我们已经进入了一个新的灭绝事件。

流利说商务英语Level4 Unit2 Part3 Networking TipsHere are some tips to help you interact with people at networking events.(1)Give a firm handshakeWhen you meet someone for the first time, give a firm handshake.Avoid gripping their hand too loosely or squeezing it too hard.(2)Remember people's nameIt can be hard to remember the names of everyone you meet at a networking event. One way to do this is to repeat someone's name after they tell it to you.And when you get their business card, you can write something on it to help you remember them.Remembering people's names shows your interest in them.(3)Keep an open postureKeep an open posture in order to appear friendly and approachable.This means you should keep your back straight and avoid crossing your arms.A closed posture can show shyness or unfriendliness.(4)Be briefIt's good to begin a conversation with small talk, but don't take too long to get to the point.People lose interest quickly, so be specific and avoid giving too many details.(5)Maintain your social media profileYour social media profile is an essential networking tool.Like your business card, it shows your personal brand.After an event, people may look at your social media profile to learn about your professional skills and experiences.So make sure that it is updated and reflects the best side of yourself.。

流利说商务英语Level4 Unit2 Part4 How to Behave at WorkA first impression reveals only a small part of who you are, but it can determine how people think about you.When you make a good impression, people will be more open to working with you. (1)Have a good office etiquette.Office etiquette refers to how well you behave in the office.This involves keeping your desk clean, being polite and respecting your co-workers. Having proper office etiquette will help you make a good impression on people. (2)Take responsibility for mistakes.How you handle a mistake will influence your manager's opinion of you.When you make a mistake, don't ignore the problem, place the blame on others, or try to hide it.Instead, take responsibility and find a solution to it.Facing up to problems shows you have a positive attitude.When you make a mistake, take responsibility for it.(3)Manage your timePeople with good time management skills know how to divide their time between tasks.Keeping a schedule and setting priorities can help you stay organized and avoid wasting time.(4)Take the initiativeWhen you take the initiative, it shows that you can work without being told what to do.When you finish an assignment, show you are willing to shoulder more responsibilities.Take the initiative and ask for more work.It not only shows you are proactive but also gives you the confidence to lead.(5)Be a team playerMany businesses today are structured around teams, so it is important to be a team player.Helping your colleagues and working together builds team spirit.If you're a new employee, learning your co-worker's name quickly shows that you're interested in getting to know them.。

流利说商务英语Level4 Unit2 Part3 Common MistakesHere are some mistakes people make at networking events and tips on how to avoid them.Don’t dominate the conversation.Networking is about developing mutually beneficial relationships.So don’t talk about yourself all the time.By listening, you will not only gain more information about others, but also make them feel valued.Listening to people makes them feel valued.End conversations politelyIf you end a conversation abruptly, people may think you’re rude.You can politely end a conversation by telling someone that it was nice to meet them. For example, it was great talking to you, but I really need to say hello to a few other people, talk to you soon.Don’t drink too muchMost networking events provide alcohol, but you should avoid drinking too much. It’s generally better to limit yourself to one or two drinks at the very most.Reach out to new peopleIt’s normal to feel nervous at networking events, but reach out to new people.When meeting someone new, you can appear confident with strong eye contact and a firm handshake.You should try to reach out to new people.。

流利说商务英语Level4 Unit2 Part1 Developing a Product Transforming ideas into sellable products is challenging.Build the prototypeStart by building a prototype of your product.A prototype is the first version of a product, and is used to develop its future forms. Building a prototype helps you estimate the development costs, time frame, and resources needed.Test the prototypeOnce a prototype has been built, it should be tested to evaluate the quality of its design.Feedback on its appearance, function and user friendliness can be collected from potential customers.Improve the prototypeA prototype should be improved based on its feedback.Once its original issues have been fixed, another round of testing will be conducted. The testing will continue until the product is ready for the market.Develop marketing strategiesWhen the product is ready, it will be made available for sale.A company will develop a strategy to build demand for its product.This may include a launch event, advertisements, and social media marketing. Monitor the productAfter the product is launched, a company monitors how the product performs in the market.Sales figures, profitability and customers' feedback should be monitored. Furthermore, expect changes in the market and always be prepared to improve your product.。