2021春?大学英语4?综合复习资料I. Reading ComprehensionPassage 1For ages, sailors have said that it is good luck to see dolphins swimming alongside boats. Their presence meant that land was near, which would be vital information if a boat and her crew were in danger. Some dolphins have even protected shipwrecked sailors from sharks. It is no wonder that these unique and fascinating creatures have long been known as our friends.You may think dolphins are fish, but they are actually mammals. They are related to whales and porpoises, and they evolved around 10 million years ago. Dolphins breathe air, give birth to live young, and feed them milk. They are social animals, living together in groups ranging in size of up to 12.In places rich in food, many schools can combine together to form schools of up to 1,000 dolphins.Dolphins are thought to be intelligent animals because of their playfulness, curiosity, and quick ability to learn. They seem to communicate with each other through a combination of squeaks, whistles, and clicks. While scientists don't know what they are going on about, it is thought that dolphins are telling each other that food is nearby, or warning each other of approaching danger. Dolphins use sonar to discover an object's size, shape, and location. By sending out a series of clicks and receiving the echo that bounces off the object, they can differentiate between a shark and a boat.Unfortunately, dolphins have faced increasing danger in recent years. Fishermen in pursuit of profitable tuna may accidentally trap dolphins in their nets, killing them in the process. These intelligent mammals of the sea deserve our protection and respect.1. Dolphins have been human's friends because of _______D_____.A. sailors may know that the land is not far awayB. some dolphins protect sailors from shark attacksC. sailors can communicate with themD. both A and B2. Which of the following statement about dolphin is not true? AA. Dolphins lay eggs under the sea.B. Dolphins can communicate with each other by sending out sounds.C. Dolphins have abilities to learn.D. Dolphins prefer to live in groups up to hundreds.3. How do dolphins communicate with one another? DA. Through radio waves.B. By sending out gases.C. By clapping their fins together.D. Through various noises.4. According to the article, what makes a threat to dolphins? DA. Whales.B. Tuna.C. Sailors.D. Fishermen.5. What is the main idea of the last paragraph? BA. Fishermen accidentally trap dolphins.B. We should take some actions to stop killing dolphins.C. Dolphins often live with tunas.D. More and more dolphins are in danger in the recent years.Passage 2The city has always been an engine of intellectual life, from the 18th-century cafes of London, where citizens gathered to discuss chemistry and politics, to the Left Bank bars of modern Paris, where Picasso talked about modem art. Without the metropolis, we might not have had the great art of Shakespeare.And yet, city life isn’t easy. Now scientists have begun to examine how the city affects the brain, and the results are depressing. Just being in an urban environment, they have found, impairs (损害) our basic mental processes. After spending a few minutes on a crowded city street, the brain is less able to hold things in memory, and suffers from reduced self-control. While it’s long been recognized that city life is exhausting, this new research suggests that cities actually dull our thinking, sometimes dramatically so.One of the main forces at work is a complete lack of nature, which is surprisingly beneficial for the brain. Studies have demonstrated, for instance, that hospital patients recover more quickly when they can see trees from their windows, and that women living in public housing are better able to focuswhen their apartments overlook a lawn. Even these glimpses of nature improve brain performance, it seems, because they provide a mental break from the urban life.This research arrives just as humans cross an important milestone (里程碑). For the first time in history, the majority of people live in cities. Instead of inhabiting wide-open spaces, we’re crowded into concrete jungles, surrounded by traffic and millions of s trangers. In recent years, it’s become clear that such unnatural surroundings have important implications for our mental and physical health, and can powerfully alter how we think.6. Which of the following is the main idea of this passage? BA. The city inspires talented people.B. The city hurts your brain.C. The city has many pleasures and benefits.D. The city seriously affects the natural balance.7. The word “metropolis〞in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to___C____.A. citizenB. natureC. cityD. stress8. People have just come to realize that____D___.A. human attention is a scarce resourceB. city life can make people very tiredC. the city is an engine of intellectual lifeD. an urban environment is damaging to the brain9. What is the factor mentioned in the third paragraph that helps the hospital patients recover more quickly? AA. Nature.B. Better treatment.C. Experienced doctors.D. Good medicine.10. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE? CA. Different aspects (方面) of an urban environment, such as the crowded streets, can lead to an increase in self-control.B. Small changes in urban design cannot reduce the negative side effects of city life.C. For the first time in history, the earth’s population is more urban than rural.D. A walk down a busy city street will improve brain performance.Passage 3Your success in your studies will also depend upon your motivation〔动机〕. This need or desire to achieve a certain goal can make the difference between success and failure. Motivation can come from two sources: from inside of you or from outside of you. In the first case, motivation comes from your hopes and expectations, from your desire to do something or to be someone. Study purposes that result from personal inner desires are individual, and various. If you have not already done so, you should think carefully about what you hope to gain from your studies, and why. You should set a goal and direct all your study efforts toward reaching it. A goal of this kind is important because it will determine the direction and degree of your motivation for study.Not everyone is highly motivated from within and no one is continuously motivated from within. Fortunately there is another source of motivation：from outside. In education the most obvious kind of outside motivation is grades. For many students, course grades are an immediate, short-range motivation for study. This is one of the reasons for examinations and grades, but they must not become a goal in themselves. Grades help to motivate you from day to day, but they are only small, artificial steps to your ultimate goal. It would be wrong to set grades as your only ambition.A textbook like this cannot provide you with motivation；that must come from yourself. But as an encouragement, it is useful to know that good study habits depend upon good motivation. And good study habits are important because they help you get more done in less time. It is not a matter of how much you study；more important is how well you study.11. Inside motivation comes from______D______.A. your need and desireB. your hopes and expectationsC. your desire to do something or to be someoneD. both B and C12. Study purposes_____A_______.A. are different from person to personB. are personal inner desiresC. share some common pointsD. should be carefully made13. If you haven't set a goal in your studies,______C______.A. you will most probably become a failureB. you will never be a good studentC. you may lose direction and lack motivationD. you won't have good study habits14. According to the passage, why are examinations and grades necessary in education? BA. Because they can make the difference between success and failure.B. Because they can motivate many students to study harder.C. Because they can check what you have gained from your studies.D. Because they are small, artificial steps to an ultimate goal.15. If you want to be an efficient learner, you must_____D_______.A. have clear study purposesB. be always motivated from both inside and outsideC. set grades as your ambitionD. have good study habitsPassage 4Ask three people to look out the same window at a busy street corner and tell you what they see. Chances are that you will receive three different answers. Each person sees the same scene, but each perceives something different about it.Perceiving goes on in our minds. Of the three people who look out the window, one may say that he sees a policeman giving a motorist a ticket. Another may say that he sees a rush-hour traffic jam at the intersection. The third may say that he sees a woman trying to cross the street with four children in tow. For perception is the mind’s interpretation of what the senses — in this case our eyes — tell us.Many psychologists today are working to try to determine just how a person experiences or perceives the world around him. Using a scientific approach, these psychologists set up experiments in which they can control all of the factors. By measuring and charting the results of many experiments, they are trying to find out what makes different people perceive totally different things about the same scene.16. What does the passage mainly tell us? BA. Perceiving has nothing to do with seeing.B. Perceiving differs from seeing.C. Seeing is closely connected to perceiving.D. Seeing has much to do with perceiving.17. The phrase "with four children in tow" in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to "_____A______".A. with four children following closely behind herB. with four children tied to each other with a ropeC. with four children dragging a rope held by herD. with four children dragged in a small cart18. According to the passage, perceiving is an action _____C______.A. that tells us information through our eyesB. that gives us senses in the mindC. that explains what our senses tell usD. that makes our mind different19. The psychologists are trying to draw their conclusion____D_______.A. by asking different people to tell how they perceive the same sceneB. by using a scientific approach in setting up their experimentsC. by determining how a person experiences the world around himD. by measuring and charting the results of many experiments20. Which of the following statements is NOT true? CA. Different people may perceive the same scene in a different way.B. That a policeman gives a motorist a ticket means the motorist is fined.C. No people share the same perception when they are asked to see the same scene.D. The psychologists can control all of the factors in their experiments.Passage 5To understand how Americans think about things, it is necessary to understand "the point". Americans mention it often："Let's get right to the point", "My point is ...","What's the point of all this?"The "point" is the idea or piece of information that Americans suppose is, or should be, at the center of people's thinking, writing, and spoken comments. Speakers and writers are supposed to "make their points clear", meaning that they are supposed to write clearly the idea or piece of information they wish to express.People from many other cultures have different ideas about "the point". Africans traditionally tell stories that express the thoughts they have in mind, rather than stating "the point" clearly. Japanese traditionally speak indirectly, leaving the listener to figure out what the point is. Thus, while an American might say to a friend, "I don't think that coat goes very well with the rest of your outfit", a Japanese might say, "Maybe this other coat would look even better than the one you have on." Americans value a person who "gets right to the point". Japanese are likely to consider such a person insensitive if not rude.The Chinese and Japanese languages are characterized by vagueness and ambiguity〔模糊〕. The precision〔准确〕and directness Americans associate with "the point" cannot be achieved, at least not with any grace, in Chinese and Japanese. Speakers of those languages thus have to learn a new way of reasoning and expressing their ideas if they are going to communicate satisfactorily with Americans.21. By “the point〞,Americans mean_____B_______.A. the idea or information in their mindB. the most important idea or informationC. what they think, write and speakD. what they wish to express22. Compared with people from many other cultures, Americans are_____A_______.A. direct and honestB. clear and talkativeC. impolite and rudeD. traditional and silent23. A typical American seems to be ___D___to a typical Japanese.A. sensitive and rudeB. insensitive but not rudeC. sensitive instead of rudeD. insensitive and even rude24. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage? DA. You are expected to state your idea clearly when speaking to an American.B. Telling stories to express their ideas is a traditional way of Africans.C. Japanese often imply their disapproval with polite words.D. Chinese and Japanese languages are hard to understand because they are not clear.25. A conclusion can be made that_____C_______.A. Americans and Africans cannot communicate satisfactorilyB. Africans and Japanese cannot communicate satisfactorilyC. Misunderstanding may arise when Americans communicate with ChineseD. Chinese and Japanese will certainly get on well with each otherPassage 6The only certainties I’ve found in life are death and change. One is an end, the other a beginning. Change is life. Without change the re would be no growth, no understanding, no relating and no surprises. We are by nature changing beings. Still, we seem to fear and resist it more than any other aspect of life.Healthy human beings welcome the opportunity to adapt to new experiences. In fact they are quite comfortable in a constant state of change. They know about the possibility of becoming someone new each moment. Only habit and indifference prevent the rest of us from having the same outlook.When we don’t care, or submit ourselves to patterns and routines, we begin to stagnate. We are inclined to accept the comfort able illusion that life is a series of habits and conditioned responses. In reality this is a comfort more like a disease, which leads to a kind of intellectual and emotional death. We can allow ourselves and dynamic world to go to waste. Ellen Glasgow, an American novelist, said, “The only differences between a rut〔车辙〕and a grave are their dimensions.〞To accept new ideas and give up old values and habits is not always comfortable. It is often easier for us to deny that there may be more appropriate, more creative possibilities for our lives. We fail to understand that when we resist potentialities, life becomes at best a continual struggle; at worst, it passes us by and we are left alone and lonely.26. Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the first paragraph? CA. Change is as inevitable as death.B. Some of us fear change because it leads to death.C. Change is characteristic of the life of human beings.D. Death is the inevitable result of change.27. Which of the following is NOT true? AA. All human beings want to be healthy by adapting to new experiences.B. Some people do not welcome change as a result of habit and indifference.C. Constant change results in comfort for some people.D. Healthy human beings are not subjected to habit and indifference, and keep on trying to become someone new.28. According to the passage, “The only differences between a rut and a grave are their dimensions〞suggests that __A____.A. if we regard life as a series of habits and conditioned responses, our life actually endsB. some people die a kind of intellectual and emotional deathC. death is inevitableD. too much comfort often results in death29. The word “stagnate〞in paragraph 3 means ___B___.A. stop working hardB. stop developingC. become weakD. fall ill30. The author’s main purpose in writing the last paragraph is ___C___.A. to tell us that if we resist change, we’ll suffer from loneliness in lifeB. to show the reason why some people do not accept new ideas or give up old values and habitsC. to come to the conclusion that if we go against the law of change, it will be impossible for us to enjoy lifeD. to show that it is because of our desire to seek comfort that we tend to deny our livesPassage 7Many of us believe that a person’s mind becomes less active as he grows older. But this is not true, according to Dr. Lissy F. Jarvik, professor of psychiatry (精神病学) at the university of California, Los Angeles, and a board member of the New Center for Aging at the Veterans Hospital. She has studied the mental functioning of aging persons for several years. For example, one of her studies concern 136 pairs of identical twins, who were first examined when they were already 60 years old. As Dr. Jarvik continued the study of the twins into their 70s and 80s, their minds did not generally decline as was expected.However, there was some decline in their psycho-motor speed. This means that it took them longer to complete mental tasks than it used to. But when speed was not a factor, they lost very little intellectual ability over the years. In general, Dr. Jarvik’s studies have shown that there is no decli ne in knowledge or reasoning ability. This is true not only into the 30s and 40s, but into the 60s and 70s as well.As for learning new things, and ability to remember, studies by Dr. Jarvik and others show that the old are equal to the young. It is true that older people themselves often complain that their memory is not as good as it once was. However, much of what we call “loss of memory〞is not that at all. There usually was incomplete learning in the first place. For example, the older person perhaps had trouble hearing, or poor vision, or inattention, or was trying to learn the new thing at too fast a pace.In the cases where the older person’s mind really seems to decay (衰退), it is not necessarily a sign of a decay due to old age. Often it is simply a sign of a depressed emotional state. This depression usually can be counteracted by counseling, a medical treatment with a psychologist, which fights depression. In American society, when an older person loses something, we tend to call him or her “senile〞. But notice that when a younger person loses something, he does not blame it on senility or loss of memory. He finds some other excuse!31. According to Dr. Jarvik’s studies, middle-aged and older persons should expect to ___D___.A. remember lessB. reason betterC. learn fewer new thingsD. lose little ability to remember, reason or learn32. A long term study of 136 pairs of twins showed that the only factor that declined over the years was _____B_____.A. the reasoning abilityB. the psycho-motor speedC. the decline in knowledgeD. the loss of intellectual ability33. Both younger and older persons should realize that _____D_______.A. a sign of a decay due to old age is a natural lawB. mental decay due to aging is closely related to one’s health conditionsC. a good emotional state can ensure a longer lifeD. mental decay due to aging is much less common than most of us believe34. What is the probable meaning of “counteract〞from the context? BA. convincedB. lessenedC. addedD. rewarded35. Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage? AA. People, either young or old, tend to view their mental decay incorrectly.B. With ageing, one’s emotional state is on the decline.C. Old people are not well educated and are thus slow to pick up new things.D. The decline of intellectual ability is usually accompanied by the drop in psycho-motor speed.Passage 8The only certainties I’ve found in life are death and change. One is an end, the other a beginning. Change is life. Without c hange there would be no growth, no understanding, no relating and no surprises. We are by nature changing beings. Still, we seem to fear and resist it more than any other aspect of life.Healthy human beings welcome the opportunity to adapt to new experiences. In fact they are quite comfortable in a constant state of change. They know about the possibility of becoming someone new each moment. Only habit and indifference prevent the rest of us from having the same outlook.When we don’t care, or submit ourselves to patterns and routines, we begin to stagnate. We are inclined to accept the comfort able illusion that life is a series of habits and conditioned responses. In reality this is a comfort more like a disease, which leads to a kind of intellectual and emotional death. We can allow ourselves and dynamic world to go to waste. Ellen Glasgow, an American novelist, said, “The only differences between a rut〔车辙〕and a grave are their dimensions.〞To accept new ideas and give up old values and habits is not always comfortable. It is often easier for us to deny that there may be more appropriate, more creative possibilities for our lives. We fail to understand that when we resist potentialities, life becomes at best a continual struggle; at worst, it passes us by and we are left alone and lonely.36. Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the first paragraph? CA. Change is as inevitable as death.B. Some of us fear change because it leads to death.C. Change is characteristic of the life of human beings.D. Death is the inevitable result of change.37. Which of the following is NOT true?A. All human beings want to be healthy by adapting to new experiences. AB. Some people do not welcome change as a result of habit and indifference.C. Constant change results in comfort for some people.D. Healthy human beings are not subjected to habit and indifference, and keep on trying to become someone new.38. According to the passage, “The only differences between a rut and a grave are their dimensions〞suggests that ___A___.A. if we regard life as a series of habits and conditioned responses, our life actually endsB. some people die a kind of intellectual and emotional deathC. death is inevitableD. too much comfort often results in death39. The word “stagnate〞in paragraph 3 means ___B___.A. stop working hardB. stop developingC. become weakD. fall ill40. The author’s main purpose in writing the last paragraph is ___C___.A. to tell us that if we resist change, we’ll suffer from loneliness in lifeB. to show the reason why some people do not accept new ideas or give up old values and habitsC. to come to the conclusion that if we go against the law of change, it will be impossible for us to enjoy lifeD. to show that it is because of our desire to seek comfort that we tend to deny our livesPassage 9The old familiar song, “The Green, Green Grass of Home〞, used to bring a smile, but the current drought in Florida is turning so many green lawnsinto burned, brown fields ready for a fire to explode from a lightning strike or careless cigarette.The situation is serious, but there are ways to solve the problem. According to Marshall McLuhan, a famous Canadian educator, “Our age of anxiety is, in great part, the result of trying to do today’s job with yesterday’s tools ― with yesterday’s concepts.〞Santa Barbara in California was faced with the same danger some years ago and the city officials called a meeting of the city engineers and water department to find new tools ― new concepts to save lawns.The solution was gray water. The term gray water is given to the water we use when we wash our hands at the sink, take showers, wash clothes, etc. That water is going into the sewer (下水道) or septic tanks (化粪池) at an alarming rate.The water can save lawns and trees without any harm. Santa Barbara developed an attachment that could be installed on the plumbing (管道设备) of the city homes for as little as $50 that would permit this valuable water to save lawns and landscaping from drying up without risk to the citizens. The city water department in Santa Barbara arranged to install the units and bill homeowners the small cost added to their low monthly payments until it was paid out.The only gray water that is a threat is the water used in the washing machine and even that is safe to use on the lawn if you’re careful about what kind of soap you use.41. The writer mentions the old song “The Green, Green Grass of Home〞at the beginning of the passage in order to ___D___.A. remind people of the good old daysB. create a kind of holiday atmosphereC. make people aware of the harmfulness of smokingD. set off by contrast the seriousness of the present draught in Florida42. To solve many of our problems we are faced with today, the writer suggests that we ___B___.A. make full use of yesterday’s toolsB. rely on new concepts to handle toda y’s problemsC. invent new tools and apply them in our workD. combine yesterday’s concepts with new ones43. Gray water refers to __C____.A. water that is gray in colorB. water that exists in natureC. water that usually flows out of our homes after being usedD. water that we usually use to irrigate our gardens44. The people in Santa Barbara could have gray-water units installed on the plumbing of their homes ___D___.A. for freeB. For $50, which should be paid before the installationC. for less than $50D. for $50, which would be paid on a monthly basis45. This passage was probably written ___A___.A. to suggest the installation of gray-water units in FloridaB. to describe the seriousness of drought in FloridaC. to call for a new concepts of doing our jobs in generalD. to give a clear definition of the term “gray water〞II. Vocabulary and Structure1. The teacher’s lecture on American history was three hours long, and Mary felt very __B___.A. upsetB. boredC. disturbedD. neglected2. Fever is a ______D______of many illnesses.A. sickB. sicknessC. symptomD. disease3. Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, __A___obtaining water is not the least.A. of whichB. for whatC. asD. whose4. We must do well ______B______the boss assigns us to do.A. thatB. whateverC. whicheverD. those5. Her mind was so ___D__ by the disease that she could not remember what she had done.A. actedB. influencedC. effectedD. affected6. Cattle ____A_____to graze on the village common.A. are allowedB. is allowedC. allowsD. allow7. She saw him coming but she ______D______him.A. neglectedB. looked downC. looked aroundD. ignored8. If we had known that she had planned to go abroad today, we __B___ at the airport.A. will see her offB. would have seen her offC. would see her offD. must have seen her off9. Mary is the only one of the team members ____A___to be transferred.A. who is goingB. who are goingC. who have been goingD. who has been going10. The question _____D____finally, we went home.A. to be settledB. settlingC. having settledD. settled11. To some extent, unemployment as well as taxes______A______ votes.A. influencesB. influenceC. have influencedD. has influences12. The village ____C___my mother grew up in is not far from the city.A. whatB. whereC. whichD. wherever13. Every boy and girl ___A__ not to swim in the lake, for it is polluted.A. has been warnedB. have been warnedC. has warnedD. have warned14. She heard a terrible noise, ___C__ brought her heart into her mouth.A. itB. thisC. whichD. that15. Liu Fang studies much better than __B_____student in his class.A. anyB. any otherC. the otherD. other16. If we __B___ early tomorrow morning, we will reach the coast before dark.A. take offB. set offC. set upD. take up17. It __A__ that the jewels had been stolen by a traveler.A. turned outB. turned upC. turned onD. turned over18. So many people ___A___ the meeting had to be put off.A. being absentB. to be absentC. were absentD. had been absent19. Sixty per cent of television viewers chose her as their __D___ actress.A. fortunateB. preferredC. preferableD. favourite20. A good teacher must know how to ____A____ his ideas.A. conveyB. displayC. consultD. Confront21. Please give Jim the schedule for tomorrow’s conference when he C back. He is to chair the conference.A. will comeB. comeC. comesD. came22. We often advise him not to drink more C is good for his health.A. asB. thatC. thanD. but23. Tom’s father, as well as his mother, __D___ in New York for a few days more.A. asks he would stayB. asks he staysC. ask he to stayD. asks him to stay24. A lot of people mistake John for Bill because they ___D__ each other in appearance too much!A. weaveB. utilizeC. revealD. resemble25. I don’t care ____B____ or not she will apologize to me.A. ifB. whetherC. whatD. which26. He has such ____A____ that he is quick at learning anything.。
