谈化妆品说明书的翻译

化妆品说明书中英文化妆品说明书中英文篇一：化妆品说明书英文翻译Prduct characteristics: It replenishes sufficient ater t creat a misturizing andater-lcking membrane n the skin t maintain the nrmal ater cntent f the cuticle ,banlance the PH value f the skin and keep the skin healthier. Cntaining rich fibrin extract and varirties f valued herbal essences,it strengthens the hitening functin as ell as tne the dark plexin and sften the cticle t build sparking,hite ,bright,hydrus and transparent skin. 活肌盈白滋润爽肤水产品特点：外界的污染，日光的照射，生活和工作的压力另肌肤干燥粗糙，色素沉浊，暗沉无光泽，各种肌肤问题也随之而来，需要及时为肌肤补充大量水分，促进美白营养成分的吸收。

活肌盈白滋润爽肤水触感清爽、柔滑，为肌肤注入充足的水分，并形成保湿锁水薄膜，维持角质层正常含水量，平衡皮肤酸碱值，另肌肤更健康；富含蚕丝蛋白、甘草、海藻精华，提升肌肤美白原动力，改善暗沉肤色，软化角质，重塑肌肤的盈白亮丽，水凝通透。

prduct characteristics: Being refreshing,it slers the xidatin caused by free radicals and blcks kinds f radiatin t strengthen the resistivity f the skin. Cntaining rich fibrin extract and varieties f valued herbal essences, it strengthens the hitening funtin as ell as cncealing the dark and rugh state f the skin and marking it hite, smth and fine naturally. 活肌盈BB霜产品特点：偏黄，暗沉等肌肤问题给生活带来尴尬，需要咋打造清新裸妆的同时给肌肤提供一层保护伞，让你时刻保持自信妆容。

Product characteristics:It replenishes sufficient water to creat a moisturizing and water-locking membrane on the skin to maintain the normal water content of the cuticle ,banlance the PH value of the skin and keep the skin healthier. Containing rich fibroin extract and varirties of valued herbal essences,it strengthens the whitening function as well as tone the dark complexion and soften the coticle to build sparking,white ,bright,hydrous and transparent skin.活肌盈白滋润爽肤水产品特点：外界的污染，日光的照射，生活和工作的压力另肌肤干燥粗糙，色素沉浊，暗沉无光泽，各种肌肤问题也随之而来，需要及时为肌肤补充大量水分，促进美白营养成分的吸收。

活肌盈白滋润爽肤水触感清爽、柔滑，为肌肤注入充足的水分，并形成保湿锁水薄膜，维持角质层正常含水量，平衡皮肤酸碱值，另肌肤更健康；富含蚕丝蛋白、甘草、海藻精华，提升肌肤美白原动力，改善暗沉肤色，软化角质，重塑肌肤的盈白亮丽，水凝通透。

product characteristics:Being refreshing,it slowers the oxidation caused by free radicals and blocks kinds of radiation tostrengthen the resistivity of the skin.Containing rich fibroin extract and varieties of valued herbal essences, it strengthens the whitening funtion as well as concealing the dark and rough state of the skin and marking it white, smooth and fine naturally.活肌盈BB霜产品特点：偏黄，暗沉等肌肤问题给生活带来尴尬，需要咋打造清新裸妆的同时给肌肤提供一层保护伞，让你时刻保持自信妆容。

目的论视觉下化妆品说明书的英汉翻译IntroductionAudience AwarenessAccuracy and ClarityAnother objective of translating cosmetic product instructions is to maintain accuracy and clarity. Cosmetic instructions often contain technical terms and specific usage guidelines. Translators must accurately convey the intended meaning of these terms in Chinese to avoid confusion or misinterpretation. Moreover, the translation should be clear and unambiguous to eliminate any potential misunderstandings. This involves choosing appropriate words and expressions that accurately reflect the original meaning.Cultural AdaptationTranslating cosmetic product instructions requires cultural adaptation to meet the needs and expectations of Chinese consumers. Cosmetic usage and preferences may vary across cultures, so it is important to translate the instructions in a way that aligns with the Chinese cultural norms and practices. This may involve adjusting the tone, style, and even the product claims to suit the preferences of the Chinese audience.Tailoring for Marketing PurposesWhile the main focus of translating cosmetic product instructions is on accuracy and clarity, translators should also consider the marketing aspect. The translation shouldeffectively convey the brand image, values, and benefits to the Chinese audience. This involves adapting the instructions to align with the marketing strategy of the brand, emphasizing the unique selling points, and highlighting the benefits of the product. The translation should be persuasive and engaging to encourage potential customers to purchase and use the product.Conclusion。

化妆‎品英‎文说‎明书‎‎篇一‎：‎化妆‎品说‎明书‎英文‎翻译‎P r‎d u‎c t‎c‎h a‎r a‎c t‎e r‎i s‎t i‎c s‎:‎I t‎r‎e p‎l e‎n i‎s h‎e s‎s‎u f‎f i‎c i‎e n‎t‎a t‎e r‎t‎c‎r e‎a t‎a‎m‎i s‎t u‎r i‎z i‎n g‎a‎n d‎a‎t e‎r-‎l c‎k i‎n g‎m‎e m‎b r‎a n‎e‎n‎t h‎e‎s k‎i n‎t‎m‎a i‎n t‎a i‎n‎t h‎e‎n r‎m a‎l‎a t‎e r‎c‎n t‎e n‎t‎f ‎t h‎e‎c u‎t i‎c l‎e‎,b‎a n‎l a‎n c‎e‎t h‎e‎P H‎v‎a l‎u e‎f‎t‎h e‎s‎k i‎n‎a n‎d‎k e‎e p‎t‎h e‎s‎k i‎n‎h e‎a l‎t h‎i e‎r.‎C‎n t‎a i‎n i‎n g‎r‎i c‎h‎f i‎b r‎i n‎e‎x t‎r a‎c t‎a‎n d‎v‎a r‎i r‎t i‎e s‎f‎v‎a l‎u e‎d‎h e‎r b‎a l‎e‎s s‎e n‎c e‎s,‎i t‎s‎t r‎e n‎g t‎h e‎n s‎t‎h e‎h‎i t‎e n‎i n‎g‎f u‎n c‎t i‎n‎a s‎e‎l l‎a‎s‎t n‎e‎t h‎e‎d a‎r k‎p‎l e‎x i‎n‎a n‎d‎s f‎t e‎n‎t h‎e‎c t‎i c‎l e‎t‎b‎u i‎l d‎s‎p a‎r k‎i n‎g,‎h i‎t e‎,‎b r‎i g‎h t‎,h‎y d‎r u‎s‎a n‎d‎t r‎a n‎s p‎a r‎e n‎t‎s k‎i n‎.‎活肌‎盈白‎滋润‎爽肤‎水‎产品‎特点‎：‎外界‎的污‎染，‎日光‎的照‎射，‎生活‎和工‎作的‎压力‎另肌‎肤干‎燥粗‎糙，‎色素‎沉浊‎，暗‎沉无‎光泽‎，各‎种肌‎肤问‎题也‎随之‎而来‎，需‎要及‎时为‎肌肤‎补充‎大量‎水分‎，促‎进美‎白营‎养成‎分的‎吸收‎。

护肤: skin care洗面奶: facial cleanser/face wash(Foaming,milky,cream,Gel)爽肤水: toner/astringent紧肤水：firming lotion柔肤水：toner/smoothing toner （facial mist/facial spray/complexion mist）护肤霜: moisturizers and creams保湿：moisturizer隔离霜，防晒：sun screen/sun block美白：whitening露：lotion，霜：cream日霜：day cream晚霜：night cream眼部GEL: eye gel面膜: facial mask/masque眼膜: eye mask护唇用：Lip care口红护膜：Lip coat磨砂膏: facial scrub去黑头: (deep) pore cleanser/striper pore refining去死皮: Exfoliating Scrub润肤露（身体）: body lotion/moisturizer护手霜: hand lotion/moisturizer沐浴露: body wash2 护肤专业术语Acne/Spot（青春痘用品）Active（活用）After sun（日晒后用品）Alcohol-free（无酒精）Anti-（抗、防）Anti-wrinkle（抗老防皱）Balancing（平衡酸硷）Clean-/Purify-（清洁用）Combination（混合性皮肤）Dry（干性皮肤）Essence（精华液）Facial（脸部用）Fast/Quick dry（快干）Firm（紧肤）Foam（泡沫）Gentle（温和用）Hydra-（保湿用）Long lasting（持久性）Milk（乳）Mult-（多元）Normal（中性皮肤）Nutritious（滋养）Oil-control（抑制油脂）Oily（油性皮肤）Pack（剥撕式面膜）Peeling（敷面剥落式面膜）Remover（去除、卸妆）Repair（修护）Revitalite（活化）Scrub（磨砂式(去角质)）Sensitive（敏感性皮肤）Solvent（溶解）Sun block（防晒用）Toning lotion（化妆水）Trentment（修护）Wash（洗）Waterproof（防水）3 化妆工具及其他术语工具: cosmetic applicators/accessories彩妆: cosmetics遮瑕膏: concealer修容饼：Shading powder粉底: foundation (compact,stick)粉饼: pressed powder散粉：loose powder闪粉：shimmering powder/glitter眉粉: brow powder眉笔：brow pencil眼线液（眼线笔）：liquid eye liner, eye liner眼影: eye shadow睫毛膏: mascara唇线笔: lip liner唇膏: lip color/lipstick（笔状lip pencil，膏状lip lipstick，盒装lip color/lip gloss）唇彩: lip gloss/lip color腮红: blush卸装水: makeup remover卸装乳: makeup removing lotion帖在身上的小亮片: body art指甲: manicure/pedicure指甲油: nail polish/color/enamel去甲油：nail polish remover护甲液：Nail saver发: hair products/accessories洗发水: shampoo护发素: hair conditioner锔油膏: conditioning hairdressing/hairdressing gel /treatment 摩丝: mousse发胶: styling gel染发: hair color冷烫水: perm/perming formula卷发器: rollers/perm rollers粉刷: cosmetic brush, face brush粉扑: powder puffs海绵扑: sponge puffs眉刷: brow brush睫毛夹: lash curler眼影刷: eye shadow brush/shadow applicator口红刷: lip brush胭脂扫: blush brush转笔刀: pencil sharpener电动剃毛器: electric shaver-for women电动睫毛卷: electric lash curler描眉卡: brow template纸巾: facial tissue吸油纸: oil-Absorbing Sheets化装棉: cotton pads棉签: Q-tips化装包: cosmetic bag。

化妆品说明‎书翻译化‎妆品说明书‎翻译‎‎篇‎一：‎化妆品‎说明书英文‎翻译Prd‎u ct c‎h arac‎t eris‎t ics:‎Itr‎e plen‎i shes‎suff‎i cien‎t ate‎r t c‎r eat ‎a mis‎t uriz‎i ng a‎n dat‎e r-lc‎k ing ‎m embr‎a ne n‎the ‎s kin ‎t mai‎n tain‎the ‎n rmal‎ater‎cnte‎n t f ‎t he c‎u ticl‎e ,ba‎n lanc‎e the‎PH v‎a lue ‎f the‎skin‎and ‎k eep ‎t he s‎k in h‎e alth‎i er. ‎C ntai‎n ing ‎r ich ‎f ibri‎n ext‎r act ‎a nd v‎a rirt‎i es f‎valu‎e d he‎r bal ‎e ssen‎c es,i‎t str‎e ngth‎e ns t‎h e hi‎t enin‎g fun‎c tin ‎a s el‎l as ‎t ne t‎h e da‎r k pl‎e xin ‎a nd s‎f ten ‎t he c‎t icle‎t bu‎i lds‎p arki‎n g,hi‎t e ,b‎r ight‎,hydr‎u s an‎d tra‎n spar‎e nt s‎k in. ‎活肌盈白滋‎润爽肤水‎产品特点：‎外‎界的污染，‎日光的照射‎，生活和工‎作的压力另‎肌肤干燥粗‎糙，色素沉‎浊，暗沉无‎光泽，各种‎肌肤问题也‎随之而来，‎需要及时为‎肌肤补充大‎量水分，促‎进美白营养‎成分的吸收‎。

活肌盈‎白滋润爽肤‎水触感清爽‎、柔滑，为‎肌肤注入充‎足的水分，‎并形成保湿‎锁水薄膜，‎维持角质层‎正常含水量‎，平衡皮肤‎酸碱值，另‎肌肤更健康‎；富含蚕丝‎蛋白、甘草‎、海藻精华‎，提升肌肤‎美白原动力‎，改善暗沉‎肤色，软化‎角质，重塑‎肌肤的盈白‎亮丽，水凝‎通透。

英文化妆品说明书的汉译研究摘要随着经济不断发展，中国市场上的国外商品数量越来越多，国外化妆品是其中比较重要的商品，受到了消费者的欢迎。

化妆品说明书是介绍化妆品基本信息的一种文字，是一种专业性、实用性很强的文体。

化妆品说明书涵盖产品的成分、使用方法、注意事项等。

消费者在使用国外化妆品时，首先会查看化妆品说明书翻译。

因此高质量的化妆品说明书，直接触及顾客的心理，增加其对该产品的兴趣，更好地满足消费者的需求。

本文研究旨在英文化妆品说明书汉译进行分析研究，从化妆品说明书的语言特点出发，将其词汇特点和语句特点进行分析。

从汉译方法入手，探讨汉译问题，寻求更有效的方法使化妆品说明书的汉译达到其预期的效果和目的，从而使国内消费者，尤其是女性消费者，能够更好的了解产品，进而提高化妆品的使用率和使用效果。

关键词：化妆品；说明书；汉译；方法；特点ABSTRACTWith the continuous development of the economy, the number of foreign products in the Chinese market is increasing, and foreign cosmetics are one of the most important commodities, which are welcomed by consumers.Cosmetic instruction is a kind of text that introduces the basic information of cosmetics. It is a kind of professional and practical writing style. Cosmetic instructions cover ingredients, usage, precautions, etc. When consumers use foreign cosmetics, they will first check the translation of the cosmetics instructions. Therefore, high-quality cosmetic instructions directly touch the psychology of customers and increase their interest in the product, better meet the needs of consumers.The purpose of this paper is to analyze the Chinese translation of English cosmetic instructions. Starting from the language characteristics of cosmetic instructions, the characteristics of vocabulary and sentence are analyzed. Starting from the methods of Chinese translation, this paper discusses the Chinese translation problems, and seeks more effective methods to make the Chinese translation of cosmetics instructions achieve its expected effects and purposes, so that domestic consumers, especially female consumers, can better understand the products, and then improve the utilization rate and use effect of cosmetics.Key Words：cosmetics; instructions;Chinese translation;method;characteristicChapter One IntroductionThe cosmetics instructions is an important part of the cosmetics, which mainly records the relevant information of the cosmetics, which affects the use of consumers. Cosmetic instructions belong to the category of science and technology style, with the general characteristics of science and technology style. Cosmetic instructions have the dual attributes of advertising style and scientific style, and have their own unique genre style.At the same time, cosmetic instructions have the function of advertising, which is a practical style with commercial value.Cosmetic translation is not a simple translation work. It is not only necessary to ensure the accuracy of translation, but also to stimulate customers’desire to buy and achieve the purpose of product promotion. With the development of the times, there are more and more types of cosmetics, and the difficulty of translating cosmetics manuals is also increasing.Over the past few decades, more and more foreign cosmetics have entered China Chinese market and increasingly by domestic consumers, especially women Favor. In this process, the translation of English cosmetic instructions into .It is an urgent task for Chinese translators. Such as The translation of the instructions is of high quality and caters to the tastes of Chinese consumers.Then the cosmetics may have a firm foothold in the Chinese market. The cosmetic instructions themselves are advertising carriers and the link between producers and consumers. Good cosmetic instructions can stimulate consumers’desire to buy. Therefore, whether translating cosmetics instructions into English or Chinese, the characteristics of the two languages should be fully considered.Generally speaking, cosmetic instructions mainly introduce the ingredients, efficacy use the methods and precautions, production date, expiration date, manufacturer. As a platform for manufac turers to promote their products, cosmetic instructions have two main purposes: first, to provide con sumers with detailed and true product information as much as possible. Second, to attract customers to buy, to achieve the ultimate goal of selling products. That is to say, the language in the cosmetic instructions has both the function of presentation and appeal.There are many kinds of cosmetic products on the market. A correct understanding of the English cosmetic instructions will help consumers make better choices and use the products better, and help businesses better use the product instructions to promote the products.Chapter Two Language Characteristics of English Cosmetic InstructionsCosmetic instructions are a special style and have their own unique writing style. If translators can carefully study the linguistic features of cosmetic instructions, they will be more aware of what words and sentence patterns are more appropriate in a specific situation. Ji Mingyang proposed that “when translating cosmetic instructions, translators must also be familiar with the linguistic features and stylistic structure of cosmetic instructions, understand thedifferences in language expression habits between English and Chinese, and thedifferences between Chinese and Western cultures, and adopt certain translationmethods.”[1]87Therefore, it is particularly important for translators to study stylistic features at different levels of cosmetic instructions.2.1 Vocabulary CharacteristicsThe register is closely related to the choice of word, so the translator should choose the most suitable word when conveying the idea. Because the choice of words depends on the context of the text and the intended audience. In a given context, a word can be translated into its general meaning or its associative meaning. Words are the basic components of language and the use of words also reflects the difference of register. Therefore, the stylistic features of words play an important role in the use of language.Words are the basic components of language and the use of words also reflects the difference of register. Therefore, the stylistic features of words play an important role in the use of language.2.1.1 InitialismCosmetic instructions are usually printed on the outer packaging, product bottle/bottom or appendix. In view of its large amount of information and small printable space, abbreviations are frequently used.Acronym: refers to the retention of the initials of each word, which is common in professional terms. This kind of can save space, so that consumers can avoid reading Measures the professional vocabulary to make the information pass quickly, such as: SPF 30(防晒指数), UV(紫外线), MSH(促黑素细胞激素), TWEL(经皮水分流失), etc. These technical terms show the technological advantages of the product and establish the high-end image of the product, thus stimulating consumers’ curiosity and desire to buy.2.1.2 Compound WordBy two or more orders Composition of word combination, it can highlight the important information of the two words synthesised, that is, the intention of the manufacturer. The content emphasised. For example: sunblock Cream; Oil-free formula.The use of compound words is also a feature of cosmetic instructions. The use of compound words in cosmetic instructions, such as “AVON 3-in-1”, can not only save a lot of space, but also break the rules in the writing, showing the difference. Therefore, the flexible use of some compound words can play a more encouraging effect.2.1.3 AdjectiveThe instruction manual is full of common words. From the part of speech, the most commonly used is the adjective.In addition to the introduction of product ingredients, performance, characteristics and use methods, but also the role of advertising. In order to win the psychological identity of consumers, the cosmetic instructions are used to show the good quality and special effect of the products, in order to comply with the consumer psychology of beauty. Only when you impress consumers with beautiful words can you increase sales and market share. The choice and arrangement of words will help you achieve these goals.2.1.4 Proper NounIn the English instructions, there are a large number of terms associated with the use of cosmetics such as Essence, Primer, Blush, Highlighter, Eye cream, Cleanser, Moisturizer, Scrub. These terms indicate that the English description of cosmetics is technical.It's also a relatively unfamiliar concept to the uninitiated, as these terms are only used in cosmetics. Therefore, in order to accurately convey product information, it is inevitable to use such terms in cosmetic instructions. To some extent, the use of technical terms reflects the innovation of science and technology and highlights the characteristics of products, thus catering to consumers’pursuit of fashion and high-tech consumer psychology.2.2 Sentence CharacteristicsThe cosmetic manual is a text composed of multiple sentences, including a variety of sentence patterns. The translator should keep the complete sentence pattern when translating the cosmetics manual, so that the information to be expressed in the manual can be accurately translated. The characteristics of sentence patterns are mainly manifested in two aspects: the first aspect is that there are many declarative sentences. The declarative sentence pattern is the most basic sentence pattern in the translation of cosmetics. For example, the composition of cosmetics and the role of cosmetics are used in declarative sentences. Statements can let consumers understand the actual productinformation and increase consumers’ trust in cosmetics. Translators should use more statements in the translation process, so as to improve consumers’ satisfaction with the translation of cosmetics manuals.Cosmetic instructions belong to the category of practical science and technology style. Like other product instructions, it plays an important role in introducing the performance, function, production process, use method and other information of the product to consumers. Its purpose is to comprehensively introduce and publicize the product. It can be seen from the case study that cosmetic instructions have both generality and particularity in style. Firstly, as a type of practical science and technology style, it has the characteristics of general science and technology style, such as language specification, formal tone, pay attention to grammar and so on. At the same time, as a specification, it also has the language characteristics of general explanatory text, such as concise, clear, light and so on.2.2.1 Simple SentenceOn the one hand, the use of simple sentences can make the language of the product specification concise and clear, the hierarchy is clear. On the other hand, the use of simple sentences is easy to read and makes the reader quickly grasps the information contained in it. At the same time, they can be very easy to engage readers and arouse their interest in such products.2.2.2 Imperative SentenceImperative sentences are characterized by such that the reader is thus able to obtain the corresponding in a short time Information. At the same time, the purpose of cosmetic instructions is to persuade and accept it products, which conform to the imperative function of cosmetic instructions, that is, affect the consumer’s line for, for example: Use twice a week for best results.Keep out of reach of children.In addition, cosmetics instructions also use negative imperative sentences, intended to tell consumers or readers what they should and should not do. These negative imperatives .The sentence often appears in the cosmetics instructions of the quality, warning, attention and other matters. Case for example: Don’t leave in contact with skin for long periods of time. Can not use it on whole face.Imperative sentences are characterized by such that the reader is thus able to get the corresponding information in a short time. At the same time, the purpose of cosmetic instructions is to persuade consumers to accept the product, which is in line with the imperative function of cosmetic instructions, that is, to influence consumer behavior.2.2.3 Exclamatory SentenceExclamatory sentences are always used to express the strong tone of the speaker and the use of exclamation marks can attract consumers’attention. For instance: Love the skin you are in! It expresses the manufacturer is very confident, but also suggests that consumers quality, excellent results, trustworthy. Make consumers believe that their products are the best choice, such as: Text: Plump and moisturize skin for a smoother appearance with our hydrating serum!Translation: 用我们的保湿精华液使皮肤丰满滋润，让皮肤看起来更光滑!This sentence is paraphrased. For the Chinese, choose these words to express efficacy in purchase.Consumers read the use method and matters needing attention by exclamatory sentences,‚ feels there is a skin care specialist in the face of the face to do skin care for himself on to enhance confidence in the correct use of cosmetics in order to achieve the desired effect increases the credibility of products.Chapter Three Chinese Translation of English Cosmetic InstructionsWhen translating cosmetics instructions, the translator must also be familiar with the language features and stylistic structure of cosmetics instructions, adopt certain translation methods, pay attention to Chinese language habits, consider the application of vocabulary and syntax, and faithfully express the original text on the basis of the translation. Fluently and coherently present the meaning of the original text.The translation of English cosmetic instructions into Chinese is a kind of transnational cultural communication activities, whose ultimate purpose is to sell products. In order to achieve the target of commodity sales, translators can flexibly choose various appropriate translation methods in Chinese translation.3.1 Literal TranslationLiteral translation refers to the original translation of the original .The original meaning of the text sentence, maintain the original style form, including the original structure of the original sentence, sentence.In this way, the target language readers can easily and happily understand the real meaning of the original text.Literal translation is the most common, direct and simple method used in Chinese-English translation, that is, on the premise of not violating the grammatical norms of the translation, to ensure that the content and the form of the words are completely consistent and corresponding. The literal translation method is not only faithful to the content of the original text, but also faithful to the form of the original text, which can ensure the national language and cultural characteristics of the original text to the greatest extent and avoid the interference of other subjective factors.3.1.1 Literal Translation of Compound WordIn business English, the lexical meanings of the components of compound words are closely combined to form the meaning of new words with parallel structure and neat symmetry. These new words play a unique role in the expression of new ideas and new things. Most of the e-commerce English compound words are literal translation, that is, the literal translation of the meaning of the two compound morphemes into a partial combination. These compound words have strong register characteristics and purposive features, with stereotyped combination structure and communicative purposive features.Most compound words adopt a literal translation.For example: Makeup(化妆品), Lipstick(口红), Eyeliner(眼线); Some use hyphenates such as ultra-moisturizing, post-sun(晒后), oil-free(无油的), non-acnegenic(不会引起痤疮的); You can use separate words like Foam Cleanser(洗面奶), Night Repair(夜间修护露), etc.3.1.2 Literal Translation of Imperative sentenceImperative sentences are widely used in Chinese cosmetic instructions, especially in the use methods or warnings, almost every sentence. The translation is still translated into imperative sentences, for example:(1)Text: Insist on using it for two courses, and there are more changes in your facial skin.Translation: 坚持使用两个疗程, 面部皮肤会有更多改善。