2010008 机械设计基础1(中英文)(2011)
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2010008机械设计基础1(中英文)(2011)天津大学《机械设计基础1》课程教学大纲课程编号:2010008课程名称:机械设计基础1学时:80 学分: 5学时分配:授课:80上机:实验:6实践:实践(周):授课学院:机械工程学院适用专业:近机类先修课程:工程图学,材料力学,理论力学一、课程的性质与目的机械设计基础是一门培养学生具有一定机械设计能力的技术基础课。
本课程在教学内容方面着重基本知识、基本理论和基本方法,在培养实践能力方面着重设计技能和创新能力的基本训练。
本课程的主要目的和任务是培养学生:1)掌握常用机构的工作原理、运动特性和动力特性,具有分析和设计常用机构的基本能力,并初步具有机械运动方案设计的能力;2)掌握通用机械零部件的工作原理、特点、选用和设计计算的基本知识,并具有设计简单机械及通用机械传动装置的基本能力;3)具有应用计算机进行辅助设计的能力;4)具有应用标准、规范、手册、图册等有关资料的能力;5)能通过实验巩固和加深对理论的理解, 获得实验技能的基本训练。
二、教学基本要求1、要求掌握的基本知识机械设计的一般知识。
熟悉机构和机械零件的主要类型、性能、特点和应用,熟悉机械零件的常用材料、标准和结构,熟悉摩擦、磨损、润滑和密封的一般知识。
2、要求掌握的基本理论和方法熟悉机构的组成、主要类型、工作原理和运动特性,具有分析和设计常用机构的能力,能进行简单机构的分析与综合。
掌握机械动力学的基本原理,了解机械的调速、刚性回转件的平衡。
熟悉机械零件的工作原理、受力分析、应力状态、失效形式等。
熟练掌握机械零件的设计计算准则:强度、刚度、耐磨性、寿命、热平衡及经济性等。
能进行简化计算,掌握当量法,试算法等。
了解改善载荷和应力分布不均匀的方法,提高零件疲劳强度的措施,改善摩擦性能的途径。
3、要求掌握的基本技能绘制机构运动简图,熟悉零部件的设计计算,能进行零件工作图的绘制,具有查阅技术资料,编写技术文件及应用计算机的技能。
第一章概论§1.1 本课程研究的对象、内容一、机械设计基础课程的重要性:工业生产中,机械工程科学是最基本的技术科学之一,机械设计学科又是机械工程科学的基础。
二、本课程的研究对象:机械:是机器和机构的总称。
举例:内燃机,课本图1.1 机器包含三种机构:曲柄滑块机构,将活塞的往复移动转化为曲柄的连续转动;齿轮机构,改变转速大小和转向;凸轮机构,将凸轮的连续转动转变为推杆往复移动。
1. 机器与机构:机器可视为若干机构的组合机器:既能实现确定的机械运动,又能做有用的机械功,或者能传递或转换能量、物料、信息等。
如内燃机——转换能量;车床——实现确定的机械运动,又作有用的机械功;机械手——传递物料;照相机——传递信息机构:仅能传递运动和动力。
如齿轮机构——传递运动;摇头风扇—连杆机构;齿轮机构;凸轮机构——转换运动2、机器的特征(共性)1)人为的实物组合——由人工组合的构件系统2)各实物间具有确定的相对运动如:活塞—缸体:往复运动;曲轴—缸体:转动;连杆—曲轴:摆动;刨头—床身:往复直线3)实现能量转换或完成有效的机械功如:内燃机:热能→机械能;发电机:机械能→电能;电动机:电能→机械能具有以上三个特征——机器;只具有机器的前两个特征——机构如:牛头刨主体机构:把回转运动→直线运动——作机械功凸轮机构(配气机构):把回转→直线运动——作机械功曲柄滑块机构:将活塞的直线运动→曲柄的回转运动可见,机器与机构的关系:机器是由一种或多种机构组成的。
机构仅考虑运动问题,不考虑能量问题。
3、构件和零件构件:组成机器的各个相对运动的实物。
是机构的基本运动单元,由一个或几个零件组成如:单一零件——曲轴,多个零件的刚性组合——连杆零件是组成机器最基本的单元,机械中不可拆的制造单元体。
专用零件:特定机器中所使用的零件,如活塞、曲轴、叶片通用零件:各类机器中普遍使用的零件,如齿轮、轴、螺栓等构件是机械中运动的单元体,零件是机械中制造的单元体。
《机械设计基础》第1章机械设计基础概述在我们的日常生活和工业生产中,机械产品无处不在。
从简单的工具如螺丝刀、扳手,到复杂的机器如汽车、飞机,机械的应用涵盖了各个领域。
而要理解和创造这些机械产品,就需要掌握机械设计的基础知识。
机械设计是一门综合性的学科,它融合了工程力学、材料科学、机械制造技术、自动化控制等多个领域的知识。
其目的是设计出能够满足特定功能要求、工作可靠、成本合理、操作方便的机械产品。
在机械设计的过程中,需要考虑许多因素。
首先是功能需求,即机械产品要完成什么样的任务。
例如,一台洗衣机需要能够洗净衣物,同时还要具备节约用水、节能、低噪音等特点。
其次是性能要求,这包括机械的精度、强度、刚度、稳定性、耐久性等方面。
例如,机床需要有很高的加工精度,起重机需要有足够的强度来吊起重物。
材料的选择也是机械设计中的一个重要环节。
不同的材料具有不同的性能特点,如强度、硬度、韧性、耐磨性、耐腐蚀性等。
在选择材料时,需要根据机械零件的工作条件和要求来综合考虑。
例如,对于承受重载和高冲击的零件,通常会选择高强度的合金钢;而对于一些需要防锈和防腐蚀的零件,则可能会选择不锈钢或铝合金。
机械零件的结构设计也是至关重要的。
一个合理的结构设计不仅能够保证零件的功能和性能,还能够便于制造、安装和维修。
在设计结构时,需要考虑零件的受力情况、加工工艺、装配关系等因素。
例如,为了减少应力集中,零件的截面形状通常会设计成圆形、椭圆形或流线型;为了便于装配,会在零件上设计定位基准和装配基准。
机械运动方案的设计是机械设计的核心内容之一。
它决定了机械的工作原理、运动方式和动力传递方式。
在设计运动方案时,需要根据机械的功能要求和工作条件,选择合适的机构和传动方式。
例如,对于需要实现往复直线运动的机械,可以选择曲柄滑块机构或凸轮机构;对于需要实现较大传动比和精确传动的机械,可以选择齿轮传动或蜗杆传动。
机械设计还需要考虑标准化和系列化的问题。
第一章机械设计概述第一节本课程的性质和研究对象一、课程概述机械设计是根据社会需求所提出的机械设计任务,综合应用当代各种先进技术成果,运用各种适用的设计方法,设计出满足使用要求,技术先进、经济合理、外形美观、综合性能好,并能集中反映先进生产力的产品;也可能是在原有的机械设备基础上作局部改进,以优化结构,增大机械的工作能力,提高效率,降低能耗,减少污染等,这些都是机械设计范畴应该考虑的问题。
机械设计是一门综合的技术,是一项复杂、细致和科学性很强的工作,涉及许多方面,要设计出合格的产品,必须兼顾众多因素。
下面简述几个与机械设计有关的基本问题。
1、机械设计应满足的基本要求使用要求——具有可靠稳定的工作性能,达到设计要求。
使用要求包括功能要求和可靠性要求。
经济要求——要达到机器本身成本低,用该机器生产的产品成本也要低。
外观要求——保证人身安全,操作方便、省力。
此外还有:噪音、起重、运输、卫生、防腐蚀、防冻等方面的要求。
二、机械零件的失效形式和设计准则1、零件的失效形式失效——零件失去设计时指定的效能称为零件失效。
失效和破坏不是一回事,失效并不等于破坏,也就是说有些零件理论上是失效了,如齿轮的齿面点蚀、胶合、磨损等失效形式出现后,零件还可以工作,只不过是工作的状况不如原来的好,可能会出现噪声等。
一般情况下零件破坏后就不能再工作了,也可以说破坏是绝对的失效,如齿轮的轮齿折断是失效,也是破坏。
2、常见的零件失效形式有:强度失效、刚度失效、磨损、失稳和其他。
具体的失效形式有①整体断裂;②过大的残余变形;③零件表面破坏(腐蚀、磨损、接触疲劳)。
失效尤以腐蚀、磨损、疲劳破坏为主(有资料介绍再1378项机械零件的失效中,腐蚀、磨损、疲劳破坏占73.88%断裂仅占4.79%)。
三、本课程的基本要求和学习方法1、本课程的基本要求本课程的任务是使学员掌握常用机构和通用零件的基本理论和基本知识,初步具有分析、设计能力,并获得必要的基本技能训练,同时培养学生正确的设计思想和严谨的工作作风。
一、在下列各题中选择正确的答案填空(单选,每小题3分,共12分)1、下列各机构中23kB B a 不为零的机构是( )(a ) (b ) (c )(1)(a )与(b ) (2)(a )与(c ) (3)(b )与(c ) (4)(b )2、图示铰链四杆机构为( )3、凸轮机构常用的从动件运动规律有:(a )等速运动;(b )等加等减速运动;(c )余弦加速度运动;(d )正弦加速度运动。
其中仅适用于低速运动的有( )。
(1)(a ) (2)(a )与(b ) (3)(a )、(b )与(c ) (4)(d )4、下列说法正确的是( )。
(1)机械的运转速度不均匀系数许用值[δ]选得越小越好,因为这样可以是机械的速度波动较小; (2)在结构允许的情况下,飞轮一般装在高速轴上; (3)在结构允许的情况下,飞轮一般装在低速轴上;(4)装飞轮是为了增加机械的重量,从而使机械运转均匀。
5、有一对渐开线直齿圆柱齿轮传动,其变位系数分别为x 1、x 2。
如它们作无侧隙的传动,则有( )。
(a) x 1 + x 2 =0的零传动时,其安装中心距( )标准中心距; (b) x + x 0的正传动时,其安装中心距( )标准中心距。
(1)大于,小于 (2)小于,等于 (3)等于,小于 (4)等于,大于6、铰链四杆机构中存在曲柄时,曲柄( )是最短构件。
(1)一定 (2)不一定 (3)一定不7、轴 颈1与 轴 承2 组 成 转 动 副, 细 实 线 的 圆 为 摩 擦 圆, 轴 颈1 受 到 外 力( 驱 动 力 ) Q的 作 用, 则 轴 颈1 应 作 ( )运 动。
(1)加 速 (2)等 速 (3)减 速 (4)不一定8、汽车发动机的曲轴在加工后,需要( )。
(1)先静平衡,再动平衡 (2)先动平衡,再静平衡 (3)只需要静平衡 (4)只需要动平衡9、用同一把齿轮滚刀加工具有相同齿数的斜齿圆柱齿轮和直齿圆柱齿轮,有( )。
机械设计Mechanical Designing机械设计基础Basis of Mechanical Designing机械设计课程设计Course Exercise in Mechanical Design机械设计原理Principle of Mechanical Designing机械式信息传输机构Mechanical Information Transmission Device机械原理Principle of Mechanics机械原理和机械零件Mechanism & Machinery机械原理及机械设计Mechanical Designing机械原理及应用Mechanical Principle & Mechanical Applications机械原理课程设计Course Exercise of Mechanical Principle机械原理与机械零件Mechanical Principle and Mechanical Elements机械原理与机械设计Mechanical Principle and Mechanical Design机械噪声控制Control of Mechanical Noise机械制造概论Introduction to Mechanical Manufacture机械制造工艺学Technology of Mechanical Manufacture机械制造基础Fundamental of Mechanical Manufacture机械制造基础(金属工艺学) Fundamental Course of Mechanic Manufacturing (Meta机械制造系统自动化Automation of Mechanical Manufacture System机械制造中计算机控制Computer Control in Mechanical Manufacture机械制图Mechanical Drawing可编程序控制技术Controlling Technique for Programming金工实习Metal Working Practice毕业实习Graduation Practice理论力学Theoretical Mechanics材料力学Material Mechanics数字电子电路Fundamental Digital Circuit机械控制工程Mechanical Control Engineering可靠性工程Reliability Engineering机械工程测试技术Measurement Techniques of Mechanic Engineering计算机控制系统Computer Control System机器人技术基础Fundamentals of Robot Techniques最优化技术Techniques of Optimum工程测试与信号处理Engineering Testing & Signal Processing金属工艺及设计Metal Technics & Design机械工业企业管理Mechanic Industrial Enterprise Management机械零件课程设计Course Design of Machinery Elements投资经济学Investment Economics现代企业管理Modern Enterprise Administration市场营销学Market Selling生产实习Production Practice课程设计Course Exercise有限元法FInite Element金工实习Metalworking Practice液压传动Hydraulic Transmission微机原理及接口技术Principle & Interface Technique of Micro-computer 微机原理及接口技术Principle & Interface Technique of Micro-computer数控技术Digit Control Technique活塞膨胀机Piston Expander活塞式制冷压缩机Piston Refrigerant Compreessor活塞式压缩机Piston Compressor活塞式压缩机基础设计Basic Design of Piston Compressor活塞压缩机结构强度Structural Intensity of Piston Compressor活赛压机气流脉动Gas Pulsation of Piston Pressor货币银行学Currency Banking基本电路理论Basis Theory of Circuit基础写作Fundamental Course of Composition机床电路Machine Tool Circuit机床电器Machine Tool Electric Appliance机床电气控制Electrical Control of Machinery Tools机床动力学Machine Tool Dynamics机床设计Machine Tool design机床数字控制Digital Control of Machine Tool机床液压传动Machinery Tool Hydraulic Transmission机电传动Mechanical & Electrical Transmission机电传动控制Mechanical & electrical Transmission Control机电耦合系统Mechanical & Electrical Combination System机电系统计算机仿真Computer Simulation of Mechanic/Electrical Systems机电一体化Mechanical & Electrical Integration机构学Structuring机器人Robot机器人控制技术Robot Control Technology机械产品学Mechanic Products机械产品造型设计Shape Design of Mechanical Products机械工程控制基础Basic Mechanic Engineering Control机械加工自动化Automation in Mechanical Working机械可靠性Mechanical Reliability机械零件Mechanical Elements机械零件设计Course Exercise in Machinery Elements Design机械零件设计基础Basis of Machinery Elements Design互换性与技术测量Elementary Technology of Exchangeability Measurement焊接方法Welding Method焊接方法及设备Welding Method & Equipment焊接检验Welding Testing焊接结构Welding Structure焊接金相Welding Fractography焊接金相分析Welding Fractography Analysis焊接冶金Welding Metallurgy焊接原理Fundamentals of Welding焊接原理及工艺Fundamentals of Welding & Technology焊接自动化Automation of Welding工程材料的力学性能测试Mechanic Testing of Engineering Materials 工程材料及热处理Engineering Material and Heat Treatment工程材料学Engineering Materials工程测量Engineering Surveying工程测试技术Engineering Testing Technique工程测试实验Experiment on Engineering Testing工程测试信息Information of Engineering Testing工程动力学Engineering Dynamics工程概论Introduction to Engineering工程概预算Project Budget工程经济学Engineering Economics工程静力学Engineering Statics工程力学Engineering Mechanics工程热力学Engineering Thermodynamics工程项目评估Engineering Project Evaluation工程优化方法Engineering Optimizational Method工程运动学Engineering Kinematics工程造价管理Engineering Cost Management工程制图Graphing of Engineering电机学Electrical Motor 电机学及控制电机Electrical Machinery Control & Technology。
《机械设计基础》常用单词中英文对照- common words in Basis of Mechanical Designing一画1.V带V belt2.力force3.力矩moment4.工作载荷serving load5.干摩擦dry friction6.飞轮flier, flywheel7.内圈inner ring8切向键tangential key9.切应力tangential stress10.切削cutting11.双头螺柱stud12.尺寸dimension13.尺寸公差dimensional tolerance14.计算载荷calculating load15.主动轴drive shaft16.凸轮cam17.加工working18.半圆键half round key19.外圈outer ring.20.失效failure21.尼龙nylon22.平键flat key23.打滑slippage24.正火normalizing treatment25.正应力normal stress26.优化设计optimum design27.冲压punching28.动平衡dynamic balance29动载荷moving load30.压力pressure31.压应力compressive stress32压强pressure intensity33.压缩compress34.压缩应力compressive stress35.合金钢alloy steel36.向心轴承centripetal stress37.向心推力轴承centripetal thrust bearing38.导向键guide key39.导轨guide track40当量动载荷equivalent dynamic load41.曲柄 crank42.曲轴crank axle43.曲率半径curvature radius44.有色金属non ferrous metal45.机构mechanism46.机架framework47.机座machine base48.机械machine49.机械加工mechanical working50.机械零件machine element51.机器machine52.灰铸铁gray cast iron53.自锁self locking54.行星轮系planetary gear train55.许用应力allowable stress56.防松locking57.刨削planning58.寿命life59.应力stress60.应力集中stress concentration61.应变strain62.扭转torsion63扭转角angle of torsion64.抗压强度compression strength65抗拉强度tensile strength66.抗弯强度bending strength67.材料material68.极限应力limit stress69.极惯性矩polar moment of inertial70.花键spline71.连杆connecting rod72.周转轮系epicyclic gear train73.屈服强度yield strength74.底板base plate75.底座underframe76.径向力radial force77.径向当量动载荷radial equivalent dynamic load78.径向轴承journal bearing79.径向基本额定动载荷radial elementary rated life80.性能performance81.承载量load carrying capacity82.拉力pulling force83.拉伸tension84.拉伸应力tensile stress85.油膜oil film86.泊松比Poisson’s ratio87.直径diameter88.空心轴hollow axle89.空气轴承air bearing90表面处理surface treatment91.表面淬火surface quenching92转矩torque93.金属材料metallic material94.青铜合金bronze alloy95.非金属材料non metallic material96.齿轮gear97.齿轮模数module of gear teeth98.齿数tooth number99.保持架holding frame100.变应力dynamic stress101.变形deflection, deformation102.变载荷dynamic load103.轮系gear train104.垫片shim105.垫圈washer106.复合材料composite material107.带传动belt driving108.弯曲bend109.弯曲应力bending stress110.弯曲强度bending strength111.弯矩bending moment112.挡圈retaining ring113.残余应力residual stress114.残余变形residual deformation115.点蚀pitting116.相对运动relative motion117.相对滑动relative sliding118.相对滚动relative rolling motion119.矩形花键square key120.结构structure121.结构设计structural design121.结构钢structural steel122.耐磨性wearing quality123.脉动循环应力repeated stress124.轴shaft125.轴瓦bushing126.轴向力axial force127.轴向当量动载荷axial equivalent dynamic load 128.轴向基本额定动载荷axial elementary rated life129.轴承bearing130.轴承合金bearing metal131.轴承油沟grooves in bearing132.轴承衬bearing bush133.轴承座bearing block134.轴承盖bearing cap135.轴环axle ring136.轴肩shaft neck137.轴套shaft sleeve138.退刀槽tool escape139.钢材steel140.钩头楔键gib head key150.钩头螺栓gib head bolt151.挺杆tappet, tapper152.圆柱销cylindrical pin153.圆锥销cone pin154.圆螺母circular nut155.流体动力润滑hydrodynamic lubrication 156.流体静力润滑hydrostatic lubrication 157.润滑lubrication158.润滑油膜lubricant film159.热处理heat treatment160.热平衡heat balance161.疲劳fatigue162.疲劳失效fatigue failure163.疲劳寿命fatigue Life164.疲劳强度fatigue strength165.疲劳裂纹fatigue cracking166.离合器clutch167.紧定螺钉tightening screw168.胶合seizing of teeth169.能量energy170.脆性材料brittle material171.调质钢quenched and tempered steel 172.载荷load173.载荷谱load spectrum174.通用零件universal element175.速度velocity176.部件parts177.铆接riveting178.陶瓷ceramics179.预紧pretighten180.高速传动轴high speed drive shaft181.偏心载荷eccentric load182.偏转角deflection angle183.减速器reductor184.剪切应力shearing stress185.剪切应力shear stress186.基本额定动载荷elementary rated dynamic load 187.基本额定寿命elementary rated life188.密封seal189.密度density190.弹性变形elastic deformation191.弹性流体动力润滑elastohydrodynamic lubrication 192.弹性啮合elastic engagement193.弹性滑动elastic slippage194.弹性模量modulus of elasticity195.弹簧spring196.弹簧垫圈spring washer197.惯性力inertial force198.惯性矩moment of inertia199.接触应力contact stress200.接触角Contact Angle201.推力轴承thrust bearing202.断裂break203.液压hydraulic pressure204.混合润滑mixed lubrication205.渐开线花键involute spline206.焊接welding207.球形阀globe valve208.球墨铸铁nodular cast iron209.粗糙度roughness210.铜合金copper alloy211.铝合金aluminum alloy212.铰链hinge213.黄铜brass214.剩余预紧力residual initial tightening load215.喷丸sand blast216.强度strength217.强度极限ultimate strength218.最小油膜厚度minimum film thickness219.棘轮传动ratchet wheel220.滑动轴承sliding bearing221.滑块slide block222.滑键slide key223硬度hardness224.联轴器coupling225.装配assembly226.铸件casting227.铸钢cast steel228.铸造cast229.铸铁cast iron230.铸铝cast aluminum231.链chain232.链轮chain wheel233.销pin234.销钉联接pin connection235.塑性材料ductile material236.塑性变形plastic deformation 237.塑料plastics238.摇杆rocker239.楔键wedge key240.滚动体Rolling Body241.滚动轴承rolling bearing242.滚压rolling243.滚珠丝杆ball leading screw 244.锡青铜tin bronze245.锥形阀cone valve246.键key247.键槽keyways248.碳化carbonization249.碳素钢carbon steel250.稳定性stability251.腐蚀corrosion252.锻件forged piece253.锻钢forged steel254.锻造forging255.静压轴承hydrostatic bearing 256.静应力steady stress257.静载荷/应力static load/stress 258.摩擦friction259.摩擦力friction force260.摩擦功friction work261.摩擦系数friction coefficient 262.摩擦角friction angle263.摩擦学tribology264.槽轮sheave wheel265.橡胶rubber266.箱体box267.磨削grinding268.磨损wear269.磨损过程wear process270.螺母nut271.螺纹screw272.螺纹threads273.螺纹联接threaded and coupled 274.螺钉pitch275.螺栓bolt276.螺栓联接bolting277.螺旋传动screw-driven机械设计名词术语中英对照机械设计名词术语中英文对照表Chinese English阿基米德蜗杆Archimedes worm安全系数safety factor; factor of safety安全载荷safe load凹面、凹度concavity扳手wrench板簧flat leaf spring半圆键woodruff key变形deformation摆杆oscillating bar摆动从动件oscillating follower摆动从动件凸轮机构cam with oscillating follower 摆动导杆机构oscillating guide-bar mechanism摆线齿轮cycloidal gear摆线齿形cycloidal tooth profile摆线运动规律cycloidal motion摆线针轮cycloidal-pin wheel包角angle of contact保持架cage背对背安装back-to-back arrangement背锥back cone ;normal cone背锥角back angle背锥距back cone distance比例尺scale比热容specific heat capacity闭式链closed kinematic chain闭链机构closed chain mechanism臂部arm变频器frequency converters变频调速frequency control of motor speed变速speed change变速齿轮change gear ; change wheel变位齿轮modified gear变位系数modification coefficient标准齿轮standard gear标准直齿轮standard spur gear表面质量系数superficial mass factor表面传热系数surface coefficient of heat transfer 表面粗糙度surface roughness并联式组合combination in parallel并联机构parallel mechanism并联组合机构parallel combined mechanism并行工程concurrent engineering并行设计concurred design, CD不平衡相位phase angle of unbalance不平衡imbalance (or unbalance)不平衡量amount of unbalance不完全齿轮机构intermittent gearing波发生器wave generator波数number of waves补偿compensation参数化设计parameterization design, PD残余应力residual stress操纵及控制装置operation control device槽轮Geneva wheel槽轮机构Geneva mechanism ;Maltese cross 槽数Geneva numerate槽凸轮groove cam侧隙backlash差动轮系differential gear train差动螺旋机构differential screw mechanism差速器differential常用机构conventional mechanism; mechanism in common use车床lathe承载量系数bearing capacity factor承载能力bearing capacity成对安装paired mounting尺寸系列dimension series齿槽tooth space齿槽宽spacewidth齿侧间隙backlash齿顶高addendum齿顶圆addendum circle齿根高dedendum《机械设计基础》常用单词中英文对照寿命life应力stress应力集中stress concentration应变strain扭转torsion扭转角angle of torsion抗压强度compression strength抗拉强度tensile strength抗弯强度bending strength材料material极限应力limit stress极惯性矩polar moment of inertial花键spline连杆connecting rod周转轮系epicyclic gear train屈服强度yield strength底板base plate底座underframe径向力radial force径向当量动载荷radial equivalent dynamic load 径向轴承journal bearing径向基本额定动载荷radial elementary rated life 性能performance承载量load carrying capacity拉力pulling force拉伸tension拉伸应力tensile stress油膜oil film泊松比Poisson’s ratio直径diameter空心轴hollow axle空气轴承air bearing表面处理surface treatment表面淬火surface quenching转矩torque金属材料metallic material青铜合金bronze alloy非金属材料non metallic material齿轮gear齿轮模数module of gear teeth齿数tooth number保持架holding frame变应力dynamic stress变形deflection, deformation变载荷dynamic load。
天津大学《机械设计基础1》课程教学大纲课程编号:2010008课程名称:机械设计基础1学时:80 学分: 5学时分配:授课:80上机:实验:6实践:实践(周):授课学院:机械工程学院适用专业:近机类先修课程:工程图学,材料力学,理论力学一、课程的性质与目的机械设计基础是一门培养学生具有一定机械设计能力的技术基础课。
本课程在教学内容方面着重基本知识、基本理论和基本方法,在培养实践能力方面着重设计技能和创新能力的基本训练。
本课程的主要目的和任务是培养学生:1)掌握常用机构的工作原理、运动特性和动力特性,具有分析和设计常用机构的基本能力,并初步具有机械运动方案设计的能力;2)掌握通用机械零部件的工作原理、特点、选用和设计计算的基本知识,并具有设计简单机械及通用机械传动装置的基本能力;3)具有应用计算机进行辅助设计的能力;4)具有应用标准、规范、手册、图册等有关资料的能力;5)能通过实验巩固和加深对理论的理解, 获得实验技能的基本训练。
二、教学基本要求1、要求掌握的基本知识机械设计的一般知识。
熟悉机构和机械零件的主要类型、性能、特点和应用,熟悉机械零件的常用材料、标准和结构,熟悉摩擦、磨损、润滑和密封的一般知识。
2、要求掌握的基本理论和方法熟悉机构的组成、主要类型、工作原理和运动特性,具有分析和设计常用机构的能力,能进行简单机构的分析与综合。
掌握机械动力学的基本原理,了解机械的调速、刚性回转件的平衡。
熟悉机械零件的工作原理、受力分析、应力状态、失效形式等。
熟练掌握机械零件的设计计算准则:强度、刚度、耐磨性、寿命、热平衡及经济性等。
能进行简化计算,掌握当量法,试算法等。
了解改善载荷和应力分布不均匀的方法,提高零件疲劳强度的措施,改善摩擦性能的途径。
3、要求掌握的基本技能绘制机构运动简图,熟悉零部件的设计计算,能进行零件工作图的绘制,具有查阅技术资料,编写技术文件及应用计算机的技能。
三、教学内容1、绪论1)了解本课程的研究对象、研究内容及本课程的性质;2)了解机械设计的基本要求和一般过程。
2、平面机构的自由度及机构运动简图1)掌握平面机构运动副及其分类和机构运动简图的绘制;2)掌握机构自由度的定义、自由度计算和机构具有确定运动的条件。
3、平面连杆机构1)掌握平面四杆机构的基本类型,掌握曲柄存在条件及传力和运动特性;2)了解平面四杆机构的演化;3)掌握铰链四杆机构设计的图解法。
4、凸轮机构1)掌握凸轮机构的应用、分类及从动件运动规律;2)掌握图解法设计盘形凸轮轮廓;3)掌握滚子半径、压力角及基圆半径对凸轮机构的受力及廓线的影响。
5、齿轮机构1)了解齿轮机构的分类、应用和齿轮啮合基本定律,熟悉渐开线特性及渐开线齿轮传动的特点;2)掌握渐开线直齿圆柱齿轮的参数及其几何尺寸计算;3)理解标准齿轮传动正确啮合的条件、连续传动条件及标准中心距的概念;4)了解渐开线齿轮加工原理,最少齿数和变位齿轮的概念;5)掌握斜齿圆柱齿轮的参数、几何尺寸计算和当量齿数概念;6)熟悉锥齿轮齿廓曲线形成特点及锥齿轮几何参数。
6、轮系1)了解轮系的类型和应用;2)掌握定轴轮系传动比计算方法;3)掌握行星轮系和混合轮系的传动比计算。
7、间歇运动机构1)了解棘轮机构、槽轮机构的特点及应用;2)熟悉槽轮机构运动参数的设计。
8、机械零件设计概论1)了解机械零件设计的基本准则及一般步骤;2)掌握机械零件的疲劳强度概念及影响疲劳强度的因素;3)熟悉机械零件的常用材料及选择原则,了解零件的标准化概念。
9、联接1)熟悉螺纹常用类型、参数和应用特点;掌握螺旋副的受力、效率和自锁;2)掌握螺纹连接基本类型、结构和应用特点,了解预紧和防松的意义及方法;3)掌握单个螺栓连接强度计算的方法,了解提高螺栓连接强度的措施;4)掌握滑动螺旋传动的设计特点;5)掌握键连接类型、工作原理、应用特点及平键连接的强度计算方法。
综合设计大作业:“牵曳钩螺纹联接”和“螺旋千斤顶”可任选1个。
10、带传动1)了解带传动的类型、工作原理、特点及应用;2)掌握带传动力及应力分析与应力分布图,弹性滑动和打滑的基本理论;3)掌握带传动的失效形式、设计准则、以及V带传动的设计计算方法;4)熟悉V带和V带轮的结构、标准和基本尺寸,了解带传动的安装使用和维护要求。
综合设计大作业:可选作“立式搅拌机带传动”大作业一个。
11、链传动1)了解链传动的类型、特点和应用,熟悉滚子链的结构和参数;2)掌握滚子链传动的运动特性及受力分析;3)掌握链传动的失效形式、设计计算方法及参数选择;4)了解链传动的布置、张紧和润滑要求。
12、齿轮传动1)掌握齿轮传动的失效形式及设计计算准则;2)熟悉齿轮常用材料及热处理方法;3)掌握齿轮传动的受力分析方法(包括力的作用点、大小、方向);4)掌握直齿圆柱齿轮传动齿面接触疲劳强度和齿根弯曲疲劳强度计算的力学模型、力作用点、理论依据、应力种类和变化特性,掌握强度计算方法;5)掌握斜齿圆柱齿轮传动和锥齿轮传动强度计算特点;6)掌握齿轮传动主要参数的选择;7)掌握齿轮的结构设计。
13、蜗杆传动1)了解蜗杆传动的类型特点及应用;2)掌握普通圆柱蜗杆传动的主要参数和选择原则及几何尺寸计算;3)掌握蜗杆传动的失效形式、设计准则,熟悉材料选用原则及结构形式;4)掌握蜗杆传动的受力分析(作用点、方向及大小)和运动方向分析;5)掌握蜗杆传动强度计算方法,了解效率计算和热平衡计算的意义和方法。
14、轴1)了解轴的功用和分类,掌握各类轴的受力特点和应力特点;2)了解轴的材料和选用原则,掌握轴设计的基本要求和一般步骤;3)掌握轴结构设计的要求和方法;4)掌握轴的强度计算方法,了解提高疲劳强度的措施。
15、滑动轴承1)了解摩擦的类型和基本特点;2)熟悉滑动轴承的分类、结构及特点和应用;3)掌握滑动轴承材料的基本要求和常用轴瓦材料;4)掌握混合润滑轴承的失效形式、设计准则和计算方法;5)了解滑动轴承的润滑方法、润滑剂种类及其主要性能指标;6)了解流体润滑的基本概念。
16、滚动轴承1)熟悉滚动轴承的构造、常用类型的结构、应用特点和代号;掌握类型选用原则;2)掌握滚动轴承失效形式、设计准则和寿命计算方法;3)掌握滚动轴承组合设计要求和方法;4)了解滚动轴承的润滑和密封的意义和方法。
17、联轴器与离合器1)了解联轴器、离合器的功能和区别;2)掌握联轴器的分类、两轴相对位移的补偿方式及选用方法;3)熟悉联轴器主要类型的结构和工作原理,了解离合器的主要类型及工作原理。
18、弹簧1)了解弹簧功用、分类、材料及许用应力的确定;2)掌握圆柱螺旋弹簧的主要几何参数、示性线及设计计算方法;19、单缸内燃机拆装实验了解单缸内燃机的组成和工作原理,弄清及其各部分的功能及相互之间的运动配合关系,熟悉主要零部件的结构、安装和连接方式;对机器的组成和装配过程有初步认识,对机构及其形式有初步认识,对主要零部件的组成、形状和功用有初步认识。
20、机械传动效率实验在掌握实验原理的基础上,由学生自行设计一种机械传动的性能测试实验装置,并由学生自行完成实验系统的组装、参数测试及编写实验报告。
21、轴系结构设计实验熟悉常用轴系零部件的结构;掌握轴的结构设计基本要求;掌握轴承组合结构设计的基本方法。
四、学时分配五、评价与考核方式本课程采用百分制、多元化成绩综合评价体系,总成绩的组成如下:1)期末考试 75%~80%2)大作业与平时作业 10%~15%3)实验教学 10%六、教材与主要参考资料《机械设计基础》(第四版),范顺成等主编,机械工业出版社,2007TU Syllabus for Machine Design Fundamentals 1Code: 2010008 Title: Machine DesignFundamentals 1 Semester Hours: 80 Credits: 5Semester Hour Structure Lecture:74Computer Lab:Experiment:6Practice:Practice (Week):Offered by: School of Mechanical Engineeringfor: Closely related to Mechanical EngineeringPrerequisite: Engineering Graphics, Mechanics of Materials, Theoretical Mechanics1. ObjectiveMechanical Design Fundamentals is a basic technology course to foster the mechanical design capacity of students. The course has its teaching content focused on basic knowledge, basic theory and basic methods, and has its practical training focused on the basic training of design skills and innovative design capability.The purpose and task of this course is to train students: 1) to master the common working principle, the motion characteristics and the dynamic features of common mechanisms, and obtain the basic ability to the analysis and design of common mechanisms, and obtain preliminarily the ability to the motion scheme design of mechanical systems; 2) to master the working principle of general mechanical parts, their features, and the basic knowledge on the selection and design calculation of such parts. And to build up the basic skills for the design of simple machinery and general machinery drives; 3) to achieve capabilities for applying computer-aided design; 4) to be able with the use of standards, specifications, manuals, drawings, and other relevant technical information; 5) to obtain through the experiments a consolidation and deepening of the understanding of the theory, and a basic training of the experimental skills.2. Course Description1) The basic knowledge required to masterMaster the general knowledge of mechanical design. Get familiar with the main types of mechanisms and mechanical parts, their performances, features and applications. Get familiar with the common materials, standards and structure of the mechanical parts, and get familiar with the general knowledge of friction, wear, lubrication and sealing.2) The basic theories and methods required to masterGet familiar with the composition, the main types, the working principle and the motion features of mechanisms. Obtain the capacity for the analysis and design of common mechanisms, and be able to carry out the analysis and synthesis of simple mechanisms. Master the basic principles of mechanical dynamics, and understand the mechanical speed control, the balance of rigid rotating parts. Get familiar with the working principle, force analysis, stress state, and failure mode etc. of mechanical parts. Be proficient in the design and calculation criteria of the mechanical parts: including strength, stiffness, wear resistance, lifetime, thermal balance, the economical efficiency and so on. Be able to do simplified calculation, and master the method of equivalent weight and the test algorithms. Understand the approaches for improving the uneven distribution of load and stress, and the measures to improve the fatigue strength of parts and the measures to improve the friction properties.3) The basic skills required to masterDraw Kinematic diagrams, and get familiar with the design calculations of parts, and can draw the engineering drawings of parts, and master skills for searching technical information, writing technical documents, and applying computer technology.3. Topics1) IntroductionA. understand the subject studied in this course, the content and the nature of the course;B. understand the basic requirements and the general process of mechanical design.2) The Degree-of-Freedom and the Kinematic Diagram of planar mechanismsA. master the planar kinematic pairs and their classification, and the drawing of thekinematic diagrams of mechanisms;B. master the definition of degree of freedom, the calculation of degree of freedom, and the conditions for a mechanism to have a definitive kinematic motion.3) Planar linkagesA. master the basic types of planar four-bar linkage, and master the conditions for the existence of cranks and the characteristics of force transmission and motion transmission;B. understand the evolution of planar four-bar linkage;C. master the graphic design methods for hinged four-bar linkage.4) CamsA. master the application and the classification of cams, and the motion laws of cam followers;B. master the graphic design of the cam profile of disk-shaped cam;C. master the influences of the roller radius, pressure angle and base circle radius to the cam profile and the force on the cam.5) GearsA. Understand the classification and applications of gears and the basic law of meshing gears. Get familiar with the features of involute profiles and the characteristics of involute gear transmission;B. master the calculation of the parameters and geometry of involute spur gears;C. understand the conditions for a correct gear meshing, the conditions for continuous transmission and the concept of the standard center distance;D. Understanding the principles of cutting involute gears, and the concepts of minimum number of teeth and gear addendum modification;E. master the parameters of helical gears, their geometric dimensioning and the concept of equivalent number of teeth;F. be familiar with the formation and characteristics of the tooth profile curve of bevel gear, and bevel gear geometric parameters.6) Gear trainA. Understand the type of gear and applications;B. master the calculation method for the transmission ratio of fixed axis gears;C. master the calculation of the transmission ratio of planetary gears and mixed gear trains.7) Intermittent motion mechanismsA. Understand the characteristics of the ratchet mechanism and Geneva Mechanism and the applications of such mechanisms;B. be familiar with the design of the motion parameters of Geneva Mechanism.8) Introduction to mechanical part designA. Understand the basic criteria for the design of mechanical parts and the general procedures;B. Master the concept of the fatigue strength of machine parts, and understand the factors that affect the fatigue strength;C. be familiar with the common materials of mechanical parts and their selection principle. Understand the concept of standardization of parts.9) The connectionsA. Be familiar with the common types of threads, and get familiar with their parameters and application characteristics; Master the force distribution, efficiency and self-locking of screw pairs;B. master the basic types, structure and application characteristics of threaded connections, and understand the significance of pretension and anti-loosing lock and related methods;C. master the strength calculation method for a single bolt connection, and understand the measures to improve the strength of bolts;D. master the design features of sliding screw drives;E. master to the connection type, the working principle, application characteristics of key connections, and master the strength calculation method for the flat key connection.Major exercise on Integrated design: (Optionally) choose "the screw connection of a drag hook“ or "screw jack" as a major exercis e.10) Belt driveA. Understand the type, working principles, characteristics and applications of belt transmission;B. master the force analysis, stress analysis and stress distribution of belt drive, and the basic concepts of elastic sliding and slipping;C. master the the failure forms and design criteria of of belt transmission. Master the design methods for V belts drive;D. Get familiar with the structure, size and basic dimensions of V belts and V pulleys, and understand the installation, operation and maintenance requirements of belt drive.Major exercise on integrated design: (Optionally) choose "the belt drive in the vertical mixer" as a major exercise.11) Chain driveA. Understanding the transmission types, characteristics and applications of chain drives, and get familiar with the structure and parameters of roller chains;B. Master the movement characteristics and stress analysis of roller chain drives;C. Master the failure forms of chain drives, and their design method and parameter selection;D. Understand the layout, tension and lubrication requirements of chain drive.12) Gear driveA. master the Failure forms of gear and calculation criteria;B. be familiar with commonly used materials and heat treatment methods for gears;C. master the gear stress analysis methods (including the force application point, size, and direction);D. master the calculation methods for the contact fatigue strength and tooth root bending fatigue strength of spur gear tooth, the force application points, the governing theory for calculation, and the types and the changing characteristics of stress. And master the strength calculation methods;E. master the characteristics of the strength calculation of for helical gears and bevel gears;F. Master the selection of the main parameters of gears;G. master the structural design of gears.13) Worm driveA. Understand the characteristics and applications of worm drive;B. master the main parameters of the worm drive, the principles of parameter selection, and the calculation of geometry parameters;C. Master the forms of failure and the design criteria for worm drive; And get familiar with the commonly used materials and the structures for worm drive.;D. Master the force analysis (the force application points, direction and size) and motion direction analysis of worm drives;E. Master the calculation method of the strength of worm drives, and understand the meaning of and the methods for the efficiency calculation and the heat balance calculation.14) ShaftA. Understand the function and the classification of shafts; and master the force characteristics and stress characteristics of a variety of shafts;B. understand the material used for shaft and the selection principle, and master the basic requirements and general procedures for the shaft design;C. master the structural design requirements and methods for shaft;D. master the strength calculation method for shaft, and understand the measures to improve fatigue strength.15) Sliding bearingsA. Understand the type and basic characteristics of friction;B. Be familiar with the classification, structure, characteristics and applications of plain bearings;C. master the basic requirements for bearing material and be familiar with commonly used bearing material;D. master the failure forms, design criteria and calculation methods of mixed-lubricated bearings;E. understand the lubrication methods, lubricant types and key performance indicators for bearings;F. understand the basic concepts of fluid lubrication.16) Rolling-contact bearingsA. be familiar with the construction, commonly used type of structure, application characteristics and the code of rolling-contact bearings; master the type selection principles;B. master the failure form, design criteria and life calculation methods of rolling-contact bearings;C. master the requirements and methods for the unitized design of rolling-contact bearings;D. Understand the meaning and methods of the rolling bearing lubrication and sealing.17) Shaft coupling and clutchA. Understand the function of the shaft coupling and the clutch and the difference between them;B. Master the classification of couplings, and master the compensation means of two-axis relative displacements and the selection methods of couplings;C. be familiar with the main types of coupling structure and their working principle, and understand the main types and the work principles of clutches.18) SpringA. Understand the function, classification, materials of springs, and understand the determination of allowable stress;B. master the main geometric parameters, the indicative line and the design calculation method of cylindrical spiral spring;19) Disassembly and assembly of a single-chamber internal combustion engineUnderstand the composition and working principle of the single-chamber internal combustion engine, and clarify the functions of each part and the motion and mating relationships between each other, and get familiar with the structure, installation and connection of the main components; Build up a preliminary understanding on the machine composition and the assembly process, a preliminary understanding on mechanisms and their forms of institution, and a preliminary understanding of the main components, shape and function of the main components.20)Experiment on mechanical transmission efficiencyBased on a mastery of the experiment principle, the students shall by themselves design an experimental device for testing mechanical transmission performances, and complete the assembly of the experimental system, the parameter testing and the writing-up of test reports.21)Experiment on shaft structural designThe students will be familiar with the parts of the common shafting structure, will master the basic requirements for the structural design of shaft, and will master the basic methods for the design of composite bearing structures.4. Semester Hour Structure5. GradingThis course uses a 100 score grading system and adopts a diversification of performance evaluations. The total score consists of the following:1) Final Exam 75%~80%2) Major and minor exercises 10%~15%3) Experiment 10%6. Text-Book & Additional Readings"Mechanical Design Fundamentals" (fourth edition), Shuncheng Fan, eds, Mechanical Industry Press, 2007。