阿汉会话手册

MENEXENUSby Plato Translated by Benjamin JowettAPPENDIX I.It seems impossible to separate by any exact line the genuine writings of Plato from the spurious. The only external evidence to them which is of much value is that of Aristotle; for the Alexandrian catalogues of a century later include manifest forgeries. Even the value of the Aristotelian authority is a good deal impaired by the uncertainty concerning the date and authorship of the writings which are ascribed to him. And several of the citations of Aristotle omit the name of Plato, and some of them omit the name of the dialogue from which they are taken. Prior, however, to the enquiry about the writings of a particular author, general considerations which equally affect all evidence to the genuineness of ancient writings are the following: Shorter works are more likely to have been forged, or to have received an erroneous designation, than longer ones; and some kinds of composition, such as epistles or panegyrical orations, are more liable to suspicion than others; those, again, which have a taste of sophistry in them, or the ring of a later age, or the slighter character of a rhetorical exercise, or in which a motive or some affinity to spurious writings can be detected, or which seem to have originated in a name or statement really occurring in some classical author, are also of doubtful credit; while there is no instance of any ancient writing proved to be a forgery, which combines excellence with length.A really great and original writer would have no object in fathering his works on Plato; and to the forger or imitator, the 'literary hack' of Alexandria and Athens, the Gods did not grant originality or genius. Further, in attempting to balance the evidence for and against a Platonic dialogue, we must not forget that the form of the Platonic writing was common to several of his contemporaries. Aeschines, Euclid, Phaedo, Antisthenes, and in the next generation Aristotle, are all said to have composed dialogues; and mistakes of names are very likely to have occurred. Greek literature in the third century before Christ was almostas voluminous as our own, and without the safeguards of regular publication, or printing, or binding, or even of distinct titles. An unknown writing was naturally attributed to a known writer whose works bore the same character; and the name once appended easily obtained authority. A tendency may also be observed to blend the works and opinions of the master with those of his scholars. To a later Platonist, the difference between Plato and his imitators was not so perceptible as to ourselves. The Memorabilia of Xenophon and the Dialogues of Plato are but a part of a considerable Socratic literature which has passed away. And we must consider how we should regard the question of the genuineness of a particular writing, if this lost literature had been preserved to us.These considerations lead us to adopt the following criteria of genuineness: (1) That is most certainly Plato's which Aristotle attributes to him by name, which (2) is of considerable length, of (3) great excellence, and also (4) in harmony with the general spirit of the Platonic writings. But the testimony of Aristotle cannot always be distinguished from that of a later age (see above); and has various degrees of importance. Those writings which he cites without mentioning Plato, under their own names, e.g. the Hippias, the Funeral Oration, the Phaedo, etc., have an inferior degree of evidence in their favour. They may have been supposed by him to be the writings of another, although in the case of really great works, e.g. the Phaedo, this is not credible; those again which are quoted but not named, are still more defective in their external credentials. There may be also a possibility that Aristotle was mistaken, or may have confused the master and his scholars in the case of a short writing; but this is inconceivable about a more important work, e.g. the Laws, especially when we remember that he was living at Athens, and a frequenter of the groves of the Academy, during the last twenty years of Plato's life. Nor must we forget that in all his numerous citations from the Platonic writings he never attributes any passage found in the extant dialogues to any one but Plato. And lastly, we may remark that one or two great writings, such as the Parmenides and the Politicus, which arewholly devoid of Aristotelian (1) credentials may be fairly attributed to Plato, on the ground of (2) length, (3) excellence, and (4) accordance with the general spirit of his writings. Indeed the greater part of the evidence for the genuineness of ancient Greek authors may be summed up under two heads only: (1) excellence; and (2) uniformity of tradition--a kind of evidence, which though in many cases sufficient, is of inferior value.Proceeding upon these principles we appear to arrive at the conclusion that nineteen-twentieths of all the writings which have ever been ascribed to Plato, are undoubtedly genuine. There is another portion of them, including the Epistles, the Epinomis, the dialogues rejected by the ancients themselves, namely, the Axiochus, De justo, De virtute, Demodocus, Sisyphus, Eryxias, which on grounds, both of internal and external evidence, we are able with equal certainty to reject. But there still remains a small portion of which we are unable to affirm either that they are genuine or spurious. They may have been written in youth, or possibly like the works of some painters, may be partly or wholly the compositions of pupils; or they may have been the writings of some contemporary transferred by accident to the more celebrated name of Plato, or of some Platonist in the next generation who aspired to imitate his master. Not that on grounds either of language or philosophy we should lightly reject them. Some difference of style, or inferiority of execution, or inconsistency of thought, can hardly be considered decisive of their spurious character. For who always does justice to himself, or who writes with equal care at all times? Certainly not Plato, who exhibits the greatest differences in dramatic power, in the formation of sentences, and in the use of words, if his earlier writings are compared with his later ones, say the Protagoras or Phaedrus with the Laws. Or who can be expected to think in the same manner during a period of authorship extending over above fifty years, in an age of great intellectual activity, as well as of political and literary transition? Certainly not Plato, whose earlier writings are separated from his later ones by as wide an interval of philosophical speculation as that which separates his later writings from Aristotle.The dialogues which have been translated in the first Appendix, and which appear to have the next claim to genuineness among the Platonic writings, are the Lesser Hippias, the Menexenus or Funeral Oration, the First Alcibiades. Of these, the Lesser Hippias and the Funeral Oration are cited by Aristotle; the first in the Metaphysics, the latter in the Rhetoric. Neither of them are expressly attributed to Plato, but in his citation of both of them he seems to be referring to passages in the extant dialogues. From the mention of 'Hippias' in the singular by Aristotle, we may perhaps infer that he was unacquainted with a second dialogue bearing the same name. Moreover, the mere existence of a Greater and Lesser Hippias, and of a First and Second Alcibiades, does to a certain extent throw a doubt upon both of them. Though a very clever and ingenious work, the Lesser Hippias does not appear to contain anything beyond the power of an imitator, who was also a careful student of the earlier Platonic writings, to invent. The motive or leading thought of the dialogue may be detected in Xen. Mem., and there is no similar instance of a 'motive' which is taken from Xenophon in an undoubted dialogue of Plato. On the other hand, the upholders of the genuineness of the dialogue will find in the Hippias a true Socratic spirit; they will compare the Ion as being akin both in subject and treatment; they will urge the authority of Aristotle; and they will detect in the treatment of the Sophist, in the satirical reasoning upon Homer, in the reductio ad absurdum of the doctrine that vice is ignorance, traces of a Platonic authorship. In reference to the last point we are doubtful, as in some of the other dialogues, whether the author is asserting or overthrowing the paradox of Socrates, or merely following the argument 'whither the wind blows.' That no conclusion is arrived at is also in accordance with the character of the earlier dialogues. The resemblances or imitations of the Gorgias, Protagoras, and Euthydemus, which have been observed in the Hippias, cannot with certainty be adduced on either side of the argument. On the whole, more may be said in favour of the genuineness of the Hippias than against it.The Menexenus or Funeral Oration is cited by Aristotle, and is interesting as supplying an example of the manner in which the oratorspraised 'the Athenians among the Athenians,' falsifying persons and dates, and casting a veil over the gloomier events of Athenian history. It exhibits an acquaintance with the funeral oration of Thucydides, and was, perhaps, intended to rival that great work. If genuine, the proper place of the Menexenus would be at the end of the Phaedrus. The satirical opening and the concluding words bear a great resemblance to the earlier dialogues; the oration itself is professedly a mimetic work, like the speeches in the Phaedrus, and cannot therefore be tested by a comparison of the other writings of Plato. The funeral oration of Pericles is expressly mentioned in the Phaedrus, and this may have suggested the subject, in the same manner that the Cleitophon appears to be suggested by the slight mention of Cleitophon and his attachment to Thrasymachus in the Republic; and the Theages by the mention of Theages in the Apology and Republic; or as the Second Alcibiades seems to be founded upon the text of Xenophon, Mem. A similar taste for parody appears not only in the Phaedrus, but in the Protagoras, in the Symposium, and to a certain extent in the Parmenides.To these two doubtful writings of Plato I have added the First Alcibiades, which, of all the disputed dialogues of Plato, has the greatest merit, and is somewhat longer than any of them, though not verified by the testimony of Aristotle, and in many respects at variance with the Symposium in the description of the relations of Socrates and Alcibiades. Like the Lesser Hippias and the Menexenus, it is to be compared to the earlier writings of Plato. The motive of the piece may, perhaps, be found in that passage of the Symposium in which Alcibiades describes himself as self-convicted by the words of Socrates. For the disparaging manner in which Schleiermacher has spoken of this dialogue there seems to be no sufficient foundation. At the same time, the lesson imparted is simple, and the irony more transparent than in the undoubted dialogues of Plato. We know, too, that Alcibiades was a favourite thesis, and that at least five or six dialogues bearing this name passed current in antiquity, and are attributed to contemporaries of Socrates and Plato. (1) In the entire absence of real external evidence (for the catalogues of the Alexandrianlibrarians cannot be regarded as trustworthy); and (2) in the absence of the highest marks either of poetical or philosophical excellence; and (3) considering that we have express testimony to the existence of contemporary writings bearing the name of Alcibiades, we are compelled to suspend our judgment on the genuineness of the extant dialogue.Neither at this point, nor at any other, do we propose to draw an absolute line of demarcation between genuine and spurious writings of Plato. They fade off imperceptibly from one class to another. There may have been degrees of genuineness in the dialogues themselves, as there are certainly degrees of evidence by which they are supported. The traditions of the oral discourses both of Socrates and Plato may have formed the basis of semi-Platonic writings; some of them may be of the same mixed character which is apparent in Aristotle and Hippocrates, although the form of them is different. But the writings of Plato, unlike the writings of Aristotle, seem never to have been confused with the writings of his disciples: this was probably due to their definite form, and to their inimitable excellence. The three dialogues which we have offered in the Appendix to the criticism of the reader may be partly spurious and partly genuine; they may be altogether spurious;--that is an alternative which must be frankly admitted. Nor can we maintain of some other dialogues, such as the Parmenides, and the Sophist, and Politicus, that no considerable objection can be urged against them, though greatly overbalanced by the weight (chiefly) of internal evidence in their favour. Nor, on the other hand, can we exclude a bare possibility that some dialogues which are usually rejected, such as the Greater Hippias and the Cleitophon, may be genuine. The nature and object of these semi-Platonic writings require more careful study and more comparison of them with one another, and with forged writings in general, than they have yet received, before we can finally decide on their character. We do not consider them all as genuine until they can be proved to be spurious, as is often maintained and still more often implied in this and similar discussions; but should say of some of them, that their genuineness is neither proven nor disproven until further evidence about them can beadduced. And we are as confident that the Epistles are spurious, as that the Republic, the Timaeus, and the Laws are genuine.On the whole, not a twentieth part of the writings which pass under the name of Plato, if we exclude the works rejected by the ancients themselves and two or three other plausible inventions, can be fairly doubted by those who are willing to allow that a considerable change and growth may have taken place in his philosophy (see above). That twentieth debatable portion scarcely in any degree affects our judgment of Plato, either as a thinker or a writer, and though suggesting some interesting questions to the scholar and critic, is of little importance to the general reader.INTRODUCTION.The Menexenus has more the character of a rhetorical exercise than any other of the Platonic works. The writer seems to have wished to emulate Thucydides, and the far slighter work of Lysias. In his rivalry with the latter, to whom in the Phaedrus Plato shows a strong antipathy, he is entirely successful, but he is not equal to Thucydides. The Menexenus, though not without real Hellenic interest, falls very far short of the rugged grandeur and political insight of the great historian. The fiction of the speech having been invented by Aspasia is well sustained, and is in the manner of Plato, notwithstanding the anachronism which puts into her mouth an allusion to the peace of Antalcidas, an event occurring forty years after the date of the supposed oration. But Plato, like Shakespeare, is careless of such anachronisms, which are not supposed to strike the mind of the reader. The effect produced by these grandiloquent orations on Socrates, who does not recover after having heard one of them for three days and more, is truly Platonic.Such discourses, if we may form a judgment from the three which are extant (for the so-called Funeral Oration of Demosthenes is a bad and spurious imitation of Thucydides and Lysias), conformed to a regular type. They began with Gods and ancestors, and the legendary history of Athens, to which succeeded an almost equally fictitious account of later times. The Persian war usually formed the centre of the narrative; in the age of Isocrates and Demosthenes the Athenians were still living on the glories of Marathon and Salamis. The Menexenus veils in panegyric the weak places of Athenian history. The war of Athens and Boeotia is a war of liberation; the Athenians gave back the Spartans taken at Sphacteria out of kindness-- indeed, the only fault of the city was too great kindness to their enemies, who were more honoured than the friends of others (compare Thucyd., which seems to contain the germ of the idea); we democrats are the aristocracy of virtue, and the like. These are the platitudes andfalsehoods in which history is disguised. The taking of Athens is hardly mentioned.The author of the Menexenus, whether Plato or not, is evidently intending to ridicule the practice, and at the same time to show that he can beat the rhetoricians in their own line, as in the Phaedrus he may be supposed to offer an example of what Lysias might have said, and of how much better he might have written in his own style. The orators had recourse to their favourite loci communes, one of which, as we find in Lysias, was the shortness of the time allowed them for preparation. But Socrates points out that they had them always ready for delivery, and that there was no difficulty in improvising any number of such orations. To praise the Athenians among the Athenians was easy,--to praise them among the Lacedaemonians would have been a much more difficult task. Socrates himself has turned rhetorician, having learned of a woman, Aspasia, the mistress of Pericles; and any one whose teachers had been far inferior to his own--say, one who had learned from Antiphon the Rhamnusian--would be quite equal to the task of praising men to themselves. When we remember that Antiphon is described by Thucydides as the best pleader of his day, the satire on him and on the whole tribe of rhetoricians is transparent.The ironical assumption of Socrates, that he must be a good orator because he had learnt of Aspasia, is not coarse, as Schleiermacher supposes, but is rather to be regarded as fanciful. Nor can we say that the offer of Socrates to dance naked out of love for Menexenus, is any more un-Platonic than the threat of physical force which Phaedrus uses towards Socrates. Nor is there any real vulgarity in the fear which Socrates expresses that he will get a beating from his mistress, Aspasia: this is the natural exaggeration of what might be expected from an imperious woman. Socrates is not to be taken seriously in all that he says, and Plato, both in the Symposium and elsewhere, is not slow to admit a sort of Aristophanic humour. How a great original genius like Plato might or might not have written, what was his conception of humour, or what limits he would have prescribed to himself, if any, in drawing the picture of the Silenus Socrates,are problems which no critical instinct can determine.On the other hand, the dialogue has several Platonic traits, whether original or imitated may be uncertain. Socrates, when he departs from his character of a 'know nothing' and delivers a speech, generally pretends that what he is speaking is not his own composition. Thus in the Cratylus he is run away with; in the Phaedrus he has heard somebody say something-- is inspired by the genius loci; in the Symposium he derives his wisdom from Diotima of Mantinea, and the like. But he does not impose on Menexenus by his dissimulation. Without violating the character of Socrates, Plato, who knows so well how to give a hint, or some one writing in his name, intimates clearly enough that the speech in the Menexenus like that in the Phaedrus is to be attributed to Socrates. The address of the dead to the living at the end of the oration may also be compared to the numerous addresses of the same kind which occur in Plato, in whom the dramatic element is always tending to prevail over the rhetorical. The remark has been often made, that in the Funeral Oration of Thucydides there is no allusion to the existence of the dead. But in the Menexenus a future state is clearly, although not strongly, asserted.Whether the Menexenus is a genuine writing of Plato, or an imitation only, remains uncertain. In either case, the thoughts are partly borrowed from the Funeral Oration of Thucydides; and the fact that they are so, is not in favour of the genuineness of the work. Internal evidence seems to leave the question of authorship in doubt. There are merits and there are defects which might lead to either conclusion. The form of the greater part of the work makes the enquiry difficult; the introduction and the finale certainly wear the look either of Plato or of an extremely skilful imitator. The excellence of the forgery may be fairly adduced as an argument that it is not a forgery at all. In this uncertainty the express testimony of Aristotle, who quotes, in the Rhetoric, the well-known words, 'It is easy to praise the Athenians among the Athenians,' from the Funeral Oration, may perhaps turn the balance in its favour. It must be remembered also that the work was famous in antiquity, and is included in the Alexandrian catalogues of Platonic writings.MENEXENUSPERSONS OF THE DIALOGUE: Socrates and Menexenus.SOCRATES: Whence come you, Menexenus? Are you from the Agora?MENEXENUS: Yes, Socrates; I have been at the Council.SOCRATES: And what might you be doing at the Council? And yet I need hardly ask, for I see that you, believing yourself to have arrived at the end of education and of philosophy, and to have had enough of them, are mounting upwards to things higher still, and, though rather young for the post, are intending to govern us elder men, like the rest of your family, which has always provided some one who kindly took care of us.MENEXENUS: Yes, Socrates, I shall be ready to hold office, if you allow and advise that I should, but not if you think otherwise. I went to the council chamber because I heard that the Council was about to choose some one who was to speak over the dead. For you know that there is to be a public funeral?SOCRATES: Yes, I know. And whom did they choose?MENEXENUS: No one; they delayed the election until tomorrow, but I believe that either Archinus or Dion will be chosen.SOCRATES: O Menexenus! Death in battle is certainly in many respects a noble thing. The dead man gets a fine and costly funeral, although he may have been poor, and an elaborate speech is made over him by a wise man who has long ago prepared what he has to say, although he who is praised may not have been good for much. The speakers praise him for what he has done and for what he has not done--that is the beauty of them--and they steal away our souls with their embellished words; in every conceivable form they praise the city; and they praise those who died in war, and all our ancestors who went before us; and they praise ourselves also who are still alive, until I feel quite elevated by their laudations, and I stand listening to their words,Menexenus, and become enchanted by them, and all in a moment I imagine myself to have become a greater and nobler and finer man than I was before. And if, as often happens, there are any foreigners who accompany me to the speech, I become suddenly conscious of having a sort of triumph over them, and they seem to experience a corresponding feeling of admiration at me, and at the greatness of the city, which appears to them, when they are under the influence of the speaker, more wonderful than ever. This consciousness of dignity lasts me more than three days, and not until the fourth or fifth day do I come to my senses and know where I am; in the meantime I have been living in the Islands of the Blest. Such is the art of our rhetoricians, and in such manner does the sound of their words keep ringing in my ears.MENEXENUS: You are always making fun of the rhetoricians, Socrates; this time, however, I am inclined to think that the speaker who is chosen will not have much to say, for he has been called upon to speak at a moment's notice, and he will be compelled almost to improvise.SOCRATES: But why, my friend, should he not have plenty to say? Every rhetorician has speeches ready made; nor is there any difficulty in improvising that sort of stuff. Had the orator to praise Athenians among Peloponnesians, or Peloponnesians among Athenians, he must be a good rhetorician who could succeed and gain credit. But there is no difficulty in a man's winning applause when he is contending for fame among the persons whom he is praising.MENEXENUS: Do you think not, Socrates?SOCRATES: Certainly 'not.'MENEXENUS: Do you think that you could speak yourself if there should be a necessity, and if the Council were to choose you?SOCRATES: That I should be able to speak is no great wonder, Menexenus, considering that I have an excellent mistress in the art of rhetoric,--she who has made so many good speakers, and one who was the best among all the Hellenes--Pericles, the son of Xanthippus.MENEXENUS: And who is she? I suppose that you mean Aspasia.SOCRATES: Yes, I do; and besides her I had Connus, the son ofMetrobius, as a master, and he was my master in music, as she was in rhetoric. No wonder that a man who has received such an education should be a finished speaker; even the pupil of very inferior masters, say, for example, one who had learned music of Lamprus, and rhetoric of Antiphon the Rhamnusian, might make a figure if he were to praise the Athenians among the Athenians.MENEXENUS: And what would you be able to say if you had to speak?SOCRATES: Of my own wit, most likely nothing; but yesterday I heard Aspasia composing a funeral oration about these very dead. For she had been told, as you were saying, that the Athenians were going to choose a speaker, and she repeated to me the sort of speech which he should deliver, partly improvising and partly from previous thought, putting together fragments of the funeral oration which Pericles spoke, but which, as I believe, she composed.MENEXENUS: And can you remember what Aspasia said?SOCRATES: I ought to be able, for she taught me, and she was ready to strike me because I was always forgetting.MENEXENUS: Then why will you not rehearse what she said?SOCRATES: Because I am afraid that my mistress may be angry with me if I publish her speech.MENEXENUS: Nay, Socrates, let us have the speech, whether Aspasia's or any one else's, no matter. I hope that you will oblige me.SOCRATES: But I am afraid that you will laugh at me if I continue the games of youth in old age.MENEXENUS: Far otherwise, Socrates; let us by all means have the speech.SOCRATES: Truly I have such a disposition to oblige you, that if you bid me dance naked I should not like to refuse, since we are alone. Listen then: If I remember rightly, she began as follows, with the mention of the dead:-- (Thucyd.)There is a tribute of deeds and of words. The departed have already had the first, when going forth on their destined journey they wereattended on their way by the state and by their friends; the tribute of words remains to be given to them, as is meet and by law ordained. For noble words are a memorial and a crown of noble actions, which are given to the doers of them by the hearers. A word is needed which will duly praise the dead and gently admonish the living, exhorting the brethren and descendants of the departed to imitate their virtue, and consoling their fathers and mothers and the survivors, if any, who may chance to be alive of the previous generation. What sort of a word will this be, and how shall we rightly begin the praises of these brave men? In their life they rejoiced their own friends with their valour, and their death they gave in exchange for the salvation of the living. And I think that we should praise them in the order in which nature made them good, for they were good because they were sprung from good fathers. Wherefore let us first of all praise the goodness of their birth; secondly, their nurture and education; and then let us set forth how noble their actions were, and how worthy of the education which they had received.And first as to their birth. Their ancestors were not strangers, nor are these their descendants sojourners only, whose fathers have come from another country; but they are the children of the soil, dwelling and living in their own land. And the country which brought them up is not like other countries, a stepmother to her children, but their own true mother; she bore them and nourished them and received them, and in her bosom they now repose. It is meet and right, therefore, that we should begin by praising the land which is their mother, and that will be a way of praising their noble birth.The country is worthy to be praised, not only by us, but by all mankind; first, and above all, as being dear to the Gods. This is proved by the strife and contention of the Gods respecting her. And ought not the country which the Gods praise to be praised by all mankind? The second praise which may be fairly claimed by her, is that at the time when the whole earth was sending forth and creating diverse animals, tame and wild, she our mother was free and pure from savage monsters, and out of all animals selected and brought forth man, who is superior to the rest in。

哈萨克语常用会话手册您好撒列灭色泽别你好撒列灭特别您叫什么名字? 阿腾恩子克木我叫多斯江灭恩阿特木多斯江你叫什么名字? 阿腾克木我叫波拉提灭恩阿特木波拉提你家在那儿？育英哈医大在北塔山育英木恰五也写克贴家里都好吗？位额行，铁个斯，啊曼吧？都好铁格斯，阿曼。

身体怎么样？电扫了恒，汗待？身体很好电扫了恒，加克斯。

你上学吗？斯叶嗯，喔嘿僧吧？不，我上班级喔克，灭恩，和自灭特，额斯铁依们。

工作忙吗？和孜灭特嗯，哈尔吧拉斯怕？不忙哈尔吧拉斯，也灭斯。

你去那儿斯叶嗯，还打吧尔啊僧？我去县城灭嗯，阿无单哈，把尔阿门。

再见扫波了再见扫波了您好吗? 撒列灭特斯孜别？你好撒列灭特斯嗯你叫什么名字？散能，阿腾，克木？我叫阿尔曼。

灭能，阿特么，阿尔曼你妈妈叫什么名字？么能，阿腾，克木？妈妈叫玛依拉，他是医生。

么能阿特，马依拉，哦了，多和的尔你爸爸叫什么名字？阿克英能，阿腾，克木？爸爸叫阿德力，他是干部。

阿克英能，阿特，阿德里，哦了，卡的尔你妻子叫什么名字？散能阿依叶了嗯能，阿特，克木？妻子叫努尔古丽，他是老师。

阿叶了木，努尔古丽，哦了，木哈了木。

你呢? 斯叶嗯吃？我在乡里工作灭嗯阿无额了大，和兹灭特，额斯铁依们。

副乡长握仁吧撒尔，阿无了，吧斯特饿日啊和灭特。

再见扫波了你叫什么名字? 散能，阿腾，克木？我叫木拉提。

灭能，阿特么，木拉提。

你多大了? 斯叶嗯，喊啥，加斯哈，克叶了等？35岁了。

窝特孜别死克叶克了的木我俩同岁。

胡尔达斯，叶肯么子你送哪里来的？散哈依单克叶了等？我从托里来的灭嗯拖了单可也了的木你从哪儿工作？嗨大和兹灭特额斯铁依斯鞥？我在乡政府工作灭嗯阿无了得和无可灭特爹额斯铁依们。

你成家了吗？图尔么斯胡日阿等吧？是的，成家了依呀，图尔么斯胡尔阿德么你家有几口人？与鞥爹喊差佳恩吧尔？我家有三口人与爹无是佳恩吧尔。

妻子，孩子和我。

据吧依么吧拉么加捏无子么。

你妻子在哪里工作？据吧依额么哈依大和兹灭特斯铁依的额？妻子在学校工作据吧依么握和图是你的孩子多大了？巴拉鞥额孜喊差加斯哈可也了的？孩子八岁了巴拉么斯叶个子加斯哈看叶了的男孩还是女孩? 无了巴拉吗？和兹巴拉吗？女孩（男孩）无了巴拉上几年级? 捏什尺这了的和他我黑的？上三年级无是嗯尺这了的和他我黑的。

Centro de Investigaci´o n y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN Departamento de Ingenier´ıa El´e ctrica2nd International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering(ICEEE)XI Conference on Electrical Engineering(CIE2005)Mexico City,MexicoSeptember7-9,2005Final Program&Abstract BookThis book was elaborated using L A T E X2e. CINVESTAV,August2005ContentsMessage from the conference chair4 Message from the Head of the EED5 2nd ICEEE-CIE Organizing Committee7 Topic Chairs8 Reviewers9 Final Program11 Courses19 Round table sessions21 General Information21 Keynote Speakers22 Plenary Conferences Abstracts23 Abstract Book27 Autor Index63Message from the conference chairWe begin our joint Conference,namely ICEEE-CIE2005,with the desire to meet col-leagues and friends from Mexico and abroad.We mean students,professors and pro-fessionals that design,develop and propose technological and engineering solutions for electrical and electronics systems,whether as research work or immediate application. Certainly,this Conference is an opportunity to do so.It is worth pointing out that it is the second time this technical forum is presented as an international event and whose diffusion has been excellent due to the means of the prestigious institution:the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,IEEE.In this respect,we are also grateful to Cinvestav by its support providing facilities andfinances.Looking at the ICEEE-CIE2005program,we can mention that the technical topics cover a wide spectrum of areas,namely in computer science,bioelectronics,communica-tion systems,solid-state electronics,VLSI design,electronic materials and mechatronics. They reflect modern engineering techniques and methods,which belong to those proposed by experienced experts that work in academia,laboratories and industry,in collaboration with students and specialized technicians.In summary,we are going to witness relevant results that might help ours,fulfilling the early objectives of this Conference.We realize that the quality of the selected papers for oral presentation is high due in part to the participation of foreign reviewers,who kindly accepted the silent task of eval-uating the original manuscripts in collaboration with national ones.We recognize that the participation of keynote speakers is a cornerstone on which this Conference builds its success.In particular,five full professors,each one invited by the Sections of the host Electrical Engineering Department,enhance this issue.Some words for visitors from abroad follow.Mexico is a modern Spanish-speaker coun-try,where the friendship is a distinctive gesture that foreigners always appreciate,there-fore,this event is a vehicle to try.Our city,which is taken into account as the largest in the world,is also warm even though its thoughtful people and Cinvestav is not the exception to the rule.In the context of both the initial preparation and thefinal process of setting details of the Conference,we want to thank to Mrs.Carmen Quintero,Judith Esparza,Anabel D´ıaz,Miguel-Angel Velasco,Emilio Espinosa,Gabriel Vega Mart´ınez and student Victor Ponce for offering their timely and valuable skills.Finally,on behalf of the ICEEE-CIE2005organizing committee I welcome to everyone attending this fruitful three-day academic meeting.Likewise,enjoy your stay in our city! Sincerely,Felipe G´o mez-Casta˜n edaICEEE-CIE2005Conference Chair.Message from the Head of the EEDDear Coleagues:On behalf of the Electrical Engineering Department(EED)at the Center of Research and Advanced Studies(Cinvestav),it is my privilege to welcome you to the Second In-ternational Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering(ICEEE)and the XI Conference on Electrical Engineering(CIE).This occasion is quite special since we are celebrating eleven years of the CIE which has been organized as an annual event by the EED.Furthermore,we are initiating today a new adventure:The ICEEE organized for the this time in the EED’s Mexico city main campus.As you know,this time our venue is M´e xico,City where we expect an intensive interaction among scholars and electrical engineering practitioners from all over the world,especially,from the Americas.One of the main objectives of the ICEEE is to provide a forum to spread and promote the disciplines cultivated by the EED,namely:Bioelectronics,Communications,Com-puter Science,Mechatronics and Solid State Electronics.Likewise,this event represents an opportunity to make known scientific and technological contributions achieved by other Mexican institutes.Throughout its forty two years of existence and as its most important reason to be, the EED faculty has strived to promote science and technology in Mexico.Such task has not been only limited to pure academic developments but also has decisively con-tributed to improvements and developments in a variety of national industry products and applications.That is why the ICEEE and CIE-2005conferences have always had the presence of industry representatives whose participation we welcome.In this sense,the ICEEE comes to crown and consecrate the entire academic and research efforts of the EED faculty during all these years.Given the rich diversity of Electrical Engineering disciplines cultivated by the EED,an international and national committee in different specialties was assembled together to perform a rigorous review process of the submitted papers.In this way,we are in the position to guarantee both,the quality of the conference and the benefit that all delegates can obtain from attending our ICEEE/CIEEE-2005conference.Attendees willfind that there is a lot to learn from the scientific and technological exchange to be provided by this forum.Assistance willfind an opportunity to increase their awareness of nowadays most relevant electrical engineering problems.For all the aforementioned,this even constitutes a high priority means to promote the technological advanced of our countries.Another milestone achieved recently by Cinvestav was our graduate student number 5324.Out of this number,the EED alone has contributed with824graduated students,be-ing the highest number ever obtained by any Electrical Engineering post-graduate school in Mexico.Finally,on behalf of all the faculty member of the EED,I would like to thank all those who have worked so hard to make these conferences possible.Particularly,we are grateful to our director,Rosalinda Contreras,to IEEE and to our sponsors for all the support given to us towards the organization of this event.We hope that you will enjoy the Conferences and that you willfind some free time to relax and get to know the Mexico city.Ernesto SuasteHead of the EED2nd ICEEE-CIE Organizing Committee Dr.Felipe G´o mez-Casta˜n eda(Conference Chairman)Dr.Carlos Alvarado-Serrano(Proceedings Editor)Dr.Rafael Castro-Linares(Tutorials)Dr.Luis Gerardo de la Fraga(Technical Program)Dr.Felipe Alejandro Cruz-P´e rez(Advertising)Dr.Ernesto Suaste-G´o mez(Industrial Relations and Exhibit)Dra.Xiaoou Li Zhang(Logistics)Technical SupportJudith Esparza(System and On-Line Submission)Ma.del Carmen Quintero(Administrative Assistant)Ricardo G´o mez(Exhibiting Assistant)Conference Management System CINVESTAV(On-Line Paper Submission and Reviewing System)Topic Chairs Bioengineering and Medical Electronics Electrical PowerElectronic CircuitsCarlos Alvarado SerranoCINVESTAV-IPN. Communication SystemsMauricio Lara-Barr´o nCINVESTAV-IPN.Computer ScienceXiaoou Li ZhangCINVESTAV-IPN.Solid-State Electronics and VLSI Semiconductor MaterialsMar´ıa de la Luz Olvera-AmadorCINVESTAV-IPN.Automatic Control and Mechatronics Rafael Castro-LinaresCINVESTAV-IPN.ReviewersAbraham Claudio S´a nchez.........................................CENIDET,M´e xico Aldo Orozco...............................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Alfonso Guti´e rrez Aldana...........................................CIC-IPN,M´e xico Andr´e s Iv´a n Oliva Arias...................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Ante Salcedo Gonz´a lez.................................................ITAM,M´e xico Antonio F Mondragon Torres..............................Texas Instruments,U.S.A. Arturo Escobosa...........................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Arturo Hern´a ndez Aguirre............................................CIMAT,M´e xico Arturo Morales-Acevedo...................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Arturo Veloz Guerrero...................................................Intel,M´e xico Arturo Vera Hern´a ndez....................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Carlos A.Coello Coello....................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Carlos Alberto Cruz Villar.................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Carlos Alvarado Serrano...................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Carlos Arist´o teles De La Cruz Blas...........Universidad P´u blica de Navarra,Espa˜n a Christopher Druzgalski...............................................CSULB,U.S.A. Claude Moog........................................................IRCCyN,France David H.Covarrubias Rosales.......................................CICESE,M´e xico Demetrio Villanueva Ayala.................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Deni L.Torres Rom´a n.....................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Dominique boratoire LSR Logiciels Systemes Resea,France Edgar Ch´a vez.............Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol´a s de Hidalgo,M´e xico Eduardo Moreno.............................................ICIMAF,CITMA,Cuba Ernesto Suaste.............................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Felipe Alejandro Cruz P´e rez...............................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Felipe G´o mez Casta˜n eda...................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Fernando Ram´ırez Mireles.............................................ITAM,M´e xico Francisco Javier Garc´ıa Ugalde................Facultad de Ingenier´ıa,UNAM,M´e xico Francisco J.Garc´ıa S´a nchez....................Universidad Sim´o n Bol´ıvar,Venezuela Francisco J.Ruiz-S´a nchez..................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Francisco Rodr´ıguez-Henr´ıquez.............................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Gabriel Romero Paredes Rubio............................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Giselle M.Galv´a n-Tejada..................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Guang-Bin Huang.......................Nanyang Technological University,Singapore Guillermo Morales-Luna...................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Henri Huijberts................................University of London,United Kingdom Horacio Soto Ortiz..................................................CICESE,M´e xico Ieroham Baruch...........................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Isaac Rudomin.................................................ITESM-CEM,M´e xico Javier E.Gonz´a lez Villarruel.........................................ITESM,M´e xico Jes´u s Carrillo L´o pez...........................................BUAP,Puebla,M´e xico Joaquin Alvarez.....................................................CICESE,M´e xico Jorge Carlos Mex Perera.........................ITESM,Campus Monterrey,M´e xicoJos´e Alfredo´Alvarez-Ch´a vez.............University of Southampton,United Kingdom Jos´e Luis Medina Monroy...........................................CICESE,M´e xico Jos´e Luis Ramos Quirarte........................Universidad de Guadalajara,M´e xico Jos´e Miguel Rocha P...............Freescale Semiconductor,Motorola Puebla,M´e xico Jose Rosario Gallardo Lopez.........................................CICESE,M´e xico Juan Humberto Sossa Azuela.......................................CIC-IPN,M´e xico Juan Manuel Hern´a ndez Cid..........................................ITESO,M´e xico Luis Gerardo de la Fraga...................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Manuel Duarte-Mermoud.................................Universidad de Chile,Chile Maria De La Luz Olvera Amador..........................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Mariano Aceves Mijares......................................INAOE,Puebla,M´e xico Mario Alfredo Reyes Barranca.............................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Mauricio Lara.............................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Mauricio Ortega L´o pez....................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico M´a ximo L´o pez-L´o pez......................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico MengChu Zhou...........................................................NJIT,USA Miguel´Angel Le´o n Ch´a vez....................................BUAP,Puebla,M´e xico Miguel Garc´ıa-Rocha......................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Mohamed Moustafa Abd-El Aziz Moustafa.......The Cabinet-Information&DecisionSupport.Egypt Oscar Castillo...............................Instituto Tecnol´o gico de Tijuana,M´e xico Oscar D´ıaz...................................University of the Basque Country,Spain Pablo Rogelio Hern´a ndez Rodr´ıguez........................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Rafael Castro-Linares......................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Ram´o n Mart´ın Rodr´ıguez Dagnino...............ITESM,Campus Monterrey,M´e xico Ram´o n Parra Michel............................ITESM Campus Guadalajara,M´e xico Ram´o n Pe˜n a Sierra........................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Ricardo G´o mez Villanueva.................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Roberto Mu˜n oz Guerrero..................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Rodolfo Quintero Romo....................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Rogelio Alc´a ntara Silva.......................Facultad de Ingenier´ıa,UNAM,M´e xico Valeri Kontorovich Mazover................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Vicente Parra Vega........................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Xiaoou Li..................................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xico Yasuhiro Matsumoto.......................................CINVESTAV-IPN,M´e xicoFinal ProgramWednesday7,September2005Auditory Room1Room2 8:309:30Registration9:309:50Opening Ceremony10:0011:00PLE1EP11SSE1111:0011:30Break Break Break11:3012:30CS1EP12SSE1212:3013:30CS1MEC11BIO1113:3015:00Lunch Lunch Lunch15:0016:00CS2MEC12BIO1216:0017:00CS2COM1BIO217:0018:00-COM1BIO218:00-Welcome cocktailThrusday8,September2005Auditory Room1Room2 9:0010:00COM2SSE2BIO3 10:0011:00PLE2SSE2BIO3 11:0011:30Break Break Break 11:3012:30PLE3COM3EP2 12:3013:30Round-T1COM3EP2 13:3015:00Lunch Lunch Lunch 15:0017:00CS31MEC21EP3 17:0017:30Break Break–17:3018:10CS32MEC22–Friday9,September2005Auditory Room1Room2 9:0010:00–EC1SEM1 10:0011:00PLE4EC1SEM1 11:0011:30Break Break Break 11:3012:30PLE5EC2SEM2 12:3014:00Round-T2EC2SEM2 14:00-Closing CeremonySymbol list:PLE PlenaryBIO Bioengineering and Medical ElectronicsCOM Communication SystemsCS Computer ScienceSSE Solid-State Electronics and VLSIMEC Mechatronics and Automatic ControlEC Electronic CircuitsSEM Semiconductor MaterialsEP Electrical PowerRound-T Round Table1CS1Computer ScienceWednesday11:30-13:30AuditoryChair:Dr.Luis Gerardo de la Fraga..................1.111:30-11:50.An Algorithm for Reduct of Boolean Functions Basedon Primes (27)1.211:50-12:10.A Virtual Machine for the Ambient Calculus (27)1.312:10-12:30.Algorithms for Robust Graph Coloring on Paths (27)1.412:30-12:50.Animation of Deformable Objects Built with SimplexMeshes (27)1.512:50-13:10.Mathematical Tools for Speeding Up the Determina-tion of Configurations of the n-Dimensional Orthogonal Pseudo-Polytopes (28)1.613:10-13:30.Non-Linear Filters for colour imaging implemented byDSP (28)2CS2Computer ScienceWednesday15:00-17:00AuditoryChair:Dra.Xiaoou Li...........................2.115:00-15:20.Environmental Sounds Recognition System Using theSpeech Recognition System Techniques (28)2.215:20-15:40.Analysis of Audio Watermarking Schemes (29)2.315:40-16:00.Wavelet Domain Statistical Order Filter using the Tri-State Median Filter Algorithm (29)2.416:00-16:20.Analysis of a DFT-Based Watermarking Algorithm..292.516:20-16:40.Implementation of Artificial Neural Networks for Recog-nition of Target and Clutter Images (30)2.616:40-17:00.SIMD Architecture for Image Segmentation using So-bel Operators Implemented in FPGA Technology (30)3CS31Computer ScienceThursday15:00-17:00AuditoryChair:Dr.Arturo D´ıaz P´e rez.......................3.115:00-15:20.Mobile RFID Reader with Database Wireless Synchro-nization (30)3.215:20-15:40.Experimental Analysis of Wireless Propagation Modelswith Mobile Computing Applications (31)3.315:40-16:00.Performance Analysis of the Confidentiality SecurityService in the IEEE802.11using WEP,AES-CCM,and ECC (31)3.416:00-16:20.A Tool for Analysis of Internet Metrics (31)3.516:20-16:40.A Library Framework for the POSIX Application-Defined Scheduling Proposal (31)3.616:40-17:00.Dynamic invocation of Web services by using aspect-oriented programming (32)4CS32Computer ScienceThursday17:30-18:10AuditoryChair:Dr.Arturo D´ıaz P´e rez.......................4.117:30-17:50.LIDA/REC Visual Language for Databases interfacePostgreSQL (32)4.217:50-18:10.Aspect-Oriented Web Services Orchestration (33)5COM1Communication SystemsWednesday16:00-18:00Room1Chair:Dr.Aldo Gustavo Orozco Lugo.................5.116:00-16:20.Adaptive Echo Canceller Using a Modified LMS Algo-rithm (33)5.216:20-16:40.The Universality of the Prolate Spheroidal Wave Func-tions for Channel Orthogonalization and its Modeling (33)5.316:40-17:00.On the generalized and modified Suzuki model(GMSM):approximations and level crossing statistics (34)5.417:00-17:20.On MIMO Space-Time Coded Systems:Unleashingthe Spatial Domain (34)5.517:20-17:40.On the design of an FPGA-Based OFDM modulatorfor IEEE802.11a (34)5.617:40-18:00.DSP Digital Modulation Software Implementation andRF Impairments Analysis (35)6COM2Communication SystemsThursday9:00-10:00AuditoryChair:Dr.Javier Gonz´a lez........................6.19:00-9:20.State of the Art in Ultra-Wideband Antennas (35)6.29:20-9:40.Design and Simulation of a1to14GHz BroadbandElectromagnetic Compatibility DRGH Antenna (35)6.39:40-10:00.RF System Concepts Applied to Digital Wireless Re-ceivers Design Based on wireless standards (36)7COM3Communication SystemsThursday11:30-13:30Room1Chair:Dra.Giselle Galv´a n Tejada...................7.111:30-11:50.Design of a Backup Wireless Network for the Depart-ment of Electrical Engineering of CINVESTAV-IPN (36)7.211:50-12:10.Cell Planning Based on the WiMax Standard for HomeAccess:A Practical Case (36)7.312:10-12:30.Performance Analysis of an All-Optical WavelengthConverter Using a Semiconductor Optical Amplifier Simulator (37)7.412:30-12:50.Quasi Mobile IP-based Architecture for Seamless In-terworking between WLAN and GPRS Networks (37)7.512:50-13:10.Design and Verification Based on Assertions:SomeStatistics (37)7.613:10-13:30.Traffic Analysis for IP Telephony (38)8BIO11Bioengineering and Medical ElectronicsWednesday12:30-13:30Room2Chair:Dr.Pablo Rogelio Hern´a ndez Rodr´ıguez...........8.112:30-12:50.A Microprocessor-Based System for Pulse-Echo Over-lap Measurement of Ultrasonic Velocity (38)8.212:50-13:10.Rotation Effects of an Axicon Ultrasonic Transducerwhen Measuring a Blood Flow Rate (38)8.313:10-13:30.Experimental Estimation of Acoustic Attenuation andDispersion (38)9BIO12Bioengineering and Medical ElectronicsWednesday15:00-16:00Room2Chair:Dr.Pablo Rogelio Hern´a ndez Rodr´ıguez...........9.115:00-15:20.New X-wave Solutions of Isotropic/Homogenous ScalarWave Equation (39)9.215:20-15:40.Feasibility study of using ultrasonic transducer borderwaves for centering hydrophones in ultrasonicfield characterization399.315:40-16:00.ELF magneticfields generator,variable in intensityand frequency for biological applications (39)10BIO2Bioengineering and Medical ElectronicsWednesday16:00-18:00Room2Chair:Dr.Roberto Mu˜n oz Guerrero..................10.116:00-16:20.Automatic Detection of ECG Ventricular ActivityWaves using Continuous Spline Wavelet Transform (40)10.216:20-16:40.Crayfish Brain States Characterization with WaveletTransform (40)10.316:40-17:00.Measurement of Skin-Electrode Impedance for a12-lead Electrocardiogram (41)10.417:00-17:20.Cancer Model Identification Via Sliding Mode andDifferential Neural Networks (41)10.517:20-17:40.Experimental Seat for the Study of the Effects of Ran-dom Pneumatic Stimulation for the Prevention of Pressure Ulcers.41 11BIO3Bioengineering and Medical ElectronicsThursday9:00-11:00Room2Chair:Dr.Arturo Vera Hern´a ndez...................11.19:00-9:20.Foveal model of artificial retina with phototransistors inDarlington configuration in the high-resolution region (42)11.29:20-9:40.Distributed Retinal Stimulation Model Based on Adap-tive System (42)11.39:40-10:00.Chromatic Pupillary Response in Diabetic Patients (42)11.410:00-10:20.Neuro Tracking Control for Glucose-Insulin InteractionModel (43)11.510:20-10:40.PVDF Strength Sensor for Biomechanical Analysis inMice (43)11.610:40-11:00.Conception and Realization of a3D Dynamic Sensoras a Tool in Human Walking Study (43)12MEC11Mechatronics and Automatic ControlWednesday12:30-13:30Room1Chair:Dr.Gerardo Silva Navarro....................12.112:30-12:50.New Results on the Energy-Based Control of SeriesResonant Inverters (44)12.212:50-13:10.Modeling and Controller Design of a Magnetic Levita-tion System (44)12.313:10-13:30.Global observability and detectability analysis for aclass of nonlinear models of biological processes with bad inputs..44 13MEC12Mechatronics and Automatic ControlWednesday15:00-16:00Room1Chair:Dr.Gerardo Silva Navarro....................13.115:00-15:20.On New Passivity Property:Review and Extension toMechanical Rotational Systems (44)13.215:20-15:40.Fault Detection Using Dynamic Principal ComponentAnalysis by Average Estimation (45)14MEC21Mechatronics and Automatic ControlThursday15:20-17:00Room1Chair:ardo Aranda Bricaire..................14.115:20-15:40.Stability of a diamond-type quasipolynomial family..4514.215:40-16:00.Lyapunov Matrices for Time Delay Systems (45)14.316:00-16:20.Lyapunov Matrices for Neutral Type Time Delay Sys-tems (45)14.416:20-16:40.Solving the Coupled Riccati Equation for the N-PlayersLQ Differential Game (46)14.516:40-17:00.Improving Stability and Performance in a GeneralizedMinimum Variance Controller using Dynamic Pole Assignment (46)15MEC22Mechatronics and Automatic ControlThursday17:30-18:50Room1Chair:Dr.Vicente Parra Vega......................15.117:30-17:50.Stable Task Space Neurocontroller for Robot Manipu-lators without Jacobian Matrix (46)15.217:50-18:10.New Position Controllers for Robot Manipulators (46)15.318:10-18:30.A design strategy of discrete event controllers for au-tomated manufacturing systems (47)15.418:30-18:plexity and Path Planning for a car-like robot..47 16SSE11Solid-State Electronics and VLSIWednesday10:00-11:00Room2Chair:Dr.Alfredo Reyes Barranca...................16.110:00-10:20.Morphological effects and their relation with the elec-trical resistivity measured during the initial stages of growth ofAu/glas (47)16.210:20-10:40.Charging/discharging effects in nc-Si/SiO2superlat-tice prepared by LPCVD (48)16.310:40-11:00.Effect of Nitrogen in the Photoluminescence of SiliconRich Oxidefilms prepared by LPCVD (48)17SSE12Solid-State Electronics and VLSIWednesday11:30-12:30Room2Chair:Dr.Alfredo Reyes Barranca...................17.111:30-11:50.SnO2,SnO2/Ag and Ag/SnO2Thin Films used asPropane Sensors (48)17.211:50-12:10.Two-Dimensional Nonlinear Spin-Dipole Waves in theMillimeter Wave Range (48)18SSE2Solid-State Electronics and VLSIThursday9:00-11:00Room1Chair:Dr.Jos´e A.Moreno Cadenas..................18.19:00-9:20.Polyimide Passivation Approaches on Double-Mesa Thyris-tors (49)18.29:20-9:40.A Low-Power Bootstrapped CMOS Full Adder (49)18.39:40-10:00.An Improved EKV Model for Partially Depleted SOIDevices (49)18.410:00-10:20.Macromodel for CMOS Photogate-Type Active PixelSensors (50)18.510:20-10:40.Linear theory of the thermoelectric cooling based onthe Peltier effect (50)18.610:40-11:00.Fuzzy Equalizer in VLSI (50)18.711:00-11:20.1-D BJT Parameter Extraction for Cuasi-3D Simula-tion of Four-Layer Devices (50)19EP11Electrical PowerWednesday10:00-11:00Room1Chair:Ing.Jos´e A.Urbano Castel´a n..................19.110:00-10:20.Modeling of the Circuit Parameters of an Induction De-vice for Heating of a Non-Magnetic Conducting Cylinder by Meansof a Travel (51)19.210:20-10:ing Edsa on Radial Primary Feeder Capacitor Sizeand Location Simulation (51)19.310:40-11:00.A Complex Fault-Tolerant Power System Simulation.51 20EP12Electrical PowerWednesday11:30-12:30Room1Chair:Ing.Jos´e A.Urbano Castel´a n..................20.111:30-11:50.Internal Winding Faults in Three-Phase Five-LimbTransformer (52)20.211:50-12:10.Analysis of the generator-transformer interaction inthe abc reference (52)21EP2Electrical PowerThursday11:30-13:30Room2Chair:Dr.Francisco Ru´ız S´a nchez...................21.111:30-11:50.Dinamics of Solar-Powerwd Fractional Horse PowerMotor (52)21.211:50-12:10.Sliding Mode Observer-Based Control for a Series Ac-tive Filter (53)21.312:10-12:30.Fuzzy Logic Enhanced Speed Control System of a VSI-Fed Three Phase Induction motor (53)21.412:30-12:50.Intelligent Control of the Regenerative Braking in anInduction Motor Drive (53)21.512:50-13:10.Analysis of Propulsion Systems in Electric Vehicles..54 22EP3Electrical PowerThursday15:20-17:00Room2Chair:To be defined............................22.115:20-15:40.Electrical Network Simulation for Increasing Quality.5422.215:40-16:00.A trust-region algorithm based on global SQP for re-active power optimization (54)22.316:00-16:20.Stability Analysis of Power Market with Bounded Ra-tionality Cournot Game (54)22.416:20-16:40.A RBFN Hierarchical Clustering Based Network Parti-tioning Method for Zonal Pricing (55)23EC1Electronic CircuitsFriday9:40-11:00Room1Chair:Dr.Hildeberto Jard´o n Aguilar.................23.19:40-10:00.MMIC Differential Amplifier Implementation Based onRF&MW Analytical Tools (55)23.210:00-10:20.900MHz band class E PA using high voltage n-channeltransistors in standard CMOS technology (56)23.310:20-10:40.Efficient Design Approach for a SiGe HBT OscillatorIncorporating Reflection Sapphire Loaded Cavity Resonator (56)。

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阿拉伯语学习中的口语交流技巧阿拉伯语作为一种重要的国际语言，在全球范围内具有广泛的应用和影响力。

对于学习阿拉伯语的人来说，掌握口语交流技巧是非常重要的，因为口语能力直接关系到沟通和交流的效果。

在本文中，将介绍一些阿拉伯语学习中的口语交流技巧，帮助读者提升口语表达能力。

一、积极参与口语练习要提升阿拉伯语口语能力，首先要积极参与口语练习。

可以找一位阿拉伯语母语人士进行交流，或者参加语言交流活动、语言角等。

通过与母语人士的交流，不仅可以提高自己的口语表达能力，还能更好地了解阿拉伯语的文化背景和习惯用语，拓宽语言视野。

二、注意语言语调和语音准确在学习阿拉伯语口语时，要注意语言的语调和语音的准确性。

阿拉伯语是一种重音语言，强调语气和语调的变化。

因此，在口语交流中要注意正确的发音，特别是借助语音软件或者找一位阿拉伯语母语人士纠正自己的发音错误。

此外，还要注意语调的运用，将重心放在关键词上，以便更好地表达自己的意思。

三、积累常用口语表达积累常用口语表达是提高阿拉伯语口语能力的关键。

可以通过阅读阿拉伯语文章、听取阿拉伯语音频材料等方式来丰富自己的口语词汇量。

另外，还可以准备一些常用的口语表达，比如问候语、道歉语、感谢语等，以便在实际交流中使用。

通过不断的口语实践，能够更好地熟悉和掌握这些表达方式。

四、理解阿拉伯文化背景阿拉伯语和阿拉伯文化是紧密联系的。

了解阿拉伯文化背景对于学习阿拉伯语口语非常重要。

可以阅读阿拉伯语言的文学作品、观看阿拉伯电影、了解阿拉伯习俗和传统等，以便更好地理解阿拉伯语的表达方式和思维习惯。

通过了解文化背景，能够更准确地运用阿拉伯语进行交流。

五、多加练习，善于模仿学习阿拉伯语口语需要大量的练习。

可以通过模仿口语教材中的对话、跟读阿拉伯语新闻和广播等方式，来提高口语表达能力。

在模仿的过程中，可以注意语速、语调和停顿等细节，尽量做到与原音相似。

通过不断的练习和模仿，能够逐渐提高口语流畅度和准确性。

黑人英语会话通野为范Black English Vernacular, also known as African American Vernacular English (AAVE), is a distinct dialect of the English language that has been developed and used by African Americans for centuries. This dialect has its own unique grammar, pronunciation, and vocabulary, which sets it apart from Standard American English. Despite the widespread perception that AAVE is a "substandard" or "incorrect" form of English, it is a legitimate and valuable language variety that deserves recognition and respect.The origins of AAVE can be traced back to the transatlantic slave trade, when enslaved Africans were brought to the United States and forced to adapt to the English language. As they learned English, they incorporated elements of their native languages and developed a distinct way of speaking that reflected their cultural and social experiences. Over time, this dialect evolved and became a central part of African American identity and culture.One of the most distinctive features of AAVE is its grammar. AAVE often uses the verb "be" differently than Standard English, such as inthe phrase "She be working late." This usage of "be" is not a mistake, but rather a grammatical construct that expresses a habitual or ongoing action. Similarly, AAVE may use the pronoun "they" to refer to a singular subject, as in "They house is nice." These grammatical differences are not signs of linguistic inferiority, but rather evidence of the richness and complexity of AAVE.AAVE also has its own unique vocabulary, which often reflects the cultural experiences and perspectives of African Americans. For example, the word "ain't" is a common feature of AAVE, and is used to negate a verb or adjective. The word "finna," which is derived from the phrase "fixing to," is used to indicate an immediate future action. These words and phrases are not simply slang or incorrect usage, but rather integral parts of the AAVE dialect.Moreover, AAVE has its own distinctive pronunciation patterns, such as the dropping of the "g" at the end of words (e.g., "walkin'"), the use of the "th" sound as "f" or "v" (e.g., "bafroom"), and the use of "ax" instead of "ask." These pronunciation patterns are not signs of linguistic deficiency, but rather reflect the unique cultural and historical experiences of African Americans.Despite the richness and complexity of AAVE, it has often been stigmatized and dismissed as a "substandard" or "incorrect" form of English. This attitude is rooted in a long history of linguisticdiscrimination and racism, which has perpetuated the myth that AAVE is a "broken" or "inferior" language. This myth has had far-reaching consequences, as it has contributed to the marginalization and oppression of African Americans, both in educational and social settings.However, in recent years, there has been a growing recognition of the legitimacy and value of AAVE. Linguists and scholars have increasingly acknowledged the structural coherence and grammatical complexity of AAVE, and have argued that it should be treated as a valid and valuable language variety, rather than a deviation from Standard English. This recognition has led to a greater appreciation for the cultural and linguistic diversity of African Americans, and has challenged the long-held assumption that AAVE is a "substandard" form of English.Furthermore, the use of AAVE has become increasingly prevalent in popular culture, particularly in music, literature, and film. Many African American artists and writers have embraced AAVE as a means of expressing their cultural identity and experiences, and have used it to challenge dominant narratives and power structures. This has contributed to the growing acceptance and legitimacy of AAVE as a valuable and influential language variety.In conclusion, Black English Vernacular is a legitimate and valuablelanguage variety that deserves recognition and respect. It is a rich and complex dialect that reflects the unique cultural and historical experiences of African Americans, and has played a significant role in shaping the language and culture of the United States. By acknowledging the value and legitimacy of AAVE, we can challenge the long-held myths of linguistic inferiority and discrimination, and work towards a more inclusive and equitable society.。

阿拉伯常用会话/ 手指指一般对话你好！Hello! marhaba你好吗？How are you? Kayf haalak?-man再见Goodbye Ma’ ‘is-salaama谢谢Thank you (very much) Mashkur (woo ma ghasart) 别客气You are welcome al-afu对不起……Excuse me…Afwan…是Yes aiwa不是No La’谁？Who? Mnu?什么? What? Shnu?哪时？When? Mata?哪里？Where? Ayina?为何？Why? Lematha?怎样？How? Chayf?你会否说英语？Do you speak English? Titkallam inglizi?你明白我的意思吗？Do you understand (me)? Hal bitifhaam (alay)?我不明白I don’t understand Ana mu fahim (对男性说) Ana mu fahma (对女性说)可否重复一次？Could you repeat that please? Mumkin min fadhlak a’id Hatha?可否说慢点？Could you please speak more slowly? Mumkin min fadhlak takalam shwai shwai?日常生活用语早餐Breakfast futtoor午餐Lunch ghadha晚餐Dinner asha咖啡厅Cafe magha餐厅Restaurant Mata’am酒吧Bar Pub baar银行Bank bank邮政局Post office Maktab al-bareed一般对话我想买信封 / 邮票 / 电话卡。

I want to buy an envelope / a stamp / a phone card. Ureed ashtaree zaref / tab ’eh bareed / kart telefon 哪里有互联网咖啡厅？Where ’s the local internet café?Wayn magHa al-internet? 哪里有警局？Where is the police station?Wayn marekaz al-shurta?购物市集 Bazaarsouq 书店/文具店 Bookshop / Stationery maktaba服装店 Clothes shop Dukkaan malaabis 古董店 Antique shop Dukkann anteeqaat 珠宝店 Jewellery shop Dukkan jawaahir 鞋店 Shoe shop Dukkaan andheeya 运动用品店 Sports shop Dukkaan reeyaadeeya一般对话多少钱？ How much? Kam?这店营业中吗？ Is this shop open? Haadh ad-dukkaan maftooh?我想兑换货币。

会话：一、两个朋友间的谈话叶海亚：你在专心致志地阅读什么呢?拉迪亚：啊，叶海亚，你吓到我了。

叶海亚：抱歉。

拉迪亚：你请坐。

当时，我正在专心致志地看《卡里来和笛木乃》那本书。

叶海亚：你从哪儿得到这本书的呢？拉迪亚：今天我从大学图书馆借来的。

叶海亚：它确实是一本吸引人的书，以至于使你忘记时间。

拉迪亚：是啊，它的确是本有趣的书，它里面有精彩的的故事，我很高兴把它推荐给你。

叶海亚：谢谢。

我现在正在看英文版的《伊索寓言》。

它也很有趣。

我们可以互相交换各自读完的书。

拉迪亚：好主意！我只看中文版的书。

叶海亚：顺便问一下，你见到最近一期《阿拉伯人》杂志了吗？拉迪亚：我记得它在这个桌子上。

叶海亚：你看过了吗？拉迪亚：我还没有详细地阅读只是浏览过。

叶海亚：它不在了，或许有人拿走了。

拉迪亚：那不可能，今天我没有发现有人来过这里。

叶海亚：没关系，我要告别你了，不想过多地打扰你。

拉迪亚：你看来是有事情想告诉我。

叶海亚：你是否知道我为什么来找你吗？我原本想邀请你去颐和园郊游。

拉迪亚：以安拉起誓！你为什么不在开始的时候直爽地告诉我呀！二、从故事中受益叶海亚：我已经读完了你的书，我来还书并表达我对你的谢意。

拉迪亚：不用谢。

我们俩是好朋友，相互之间不必客气。

叶海亚：你读完我的书了吗？拉迪亚：尚未读完。

如果可以我打算在下周还给你。

叶海亚：没有任何问题，请照你的意思办。

拉迪亚：你觉得《卡里来和笛木乃》这本书怎么样？叶海亚：相当精彩，我现在明白当时你为什么专心致志地看它了。

拉迪亚：看来你也喜欢看寓言书籍了。

叶海亚：是的，我发现它诙谐、有趣、讨人喜爱，富有哲理。

拉迪亚：更重要的是当我们看的时候懂得了故事中的哲理。

叶海亚：我同意这点，如果我们看了没有领悟其中的哲理，我们就不能从中受益。

拉迪亚：对，比如从《龟兔赛跑》这个著名的故事中，我们领会到持之以恒就是成功的基础，要赞扬乌龟持之以恒的精神。

叶海亚：这是一方面另一方面，我们能够领会到：谁浪费时间，谁就将遭到失败，追悔莫及。

第三课：阿拉伯新闻业句型：西方工业革命对人类历史进程起到了很大的影响。

医学家提醒过多摄入盐对人体健康有负面影响。

市长纳贿丑行一经被揭发在全国各地引起轩然大波。

这位女明星的自杀引起文艺界和观众的极大震惊。

我的这个研究只针对当代沙姆地区的话剧发展。

体育锻炼不仅有益于强健肌肉，而且对人的心理和品格也有影响。

我们的大学学习不能仅仅局限于课本，而应该通过广泛的阅读拓宽各方面知识的领域。

半岛国际的兵役只局限于未满二十周岁的男青年。

买这套房花费了我这些年所有的积蓄。

报纸含有有益的信息和宝贵的知识，只要我们发费几便士即可。

无论如何，我们必须在三天之内完成这项工作。

我们是朋友，无需客气。

我们社会给予了残疾人和老人特别的关注。

国际社会一直非常重视巴勒斯坦问题。

鉴于教育是祖国建设的基本支柱，政府给予了他它极度的重视。

每个国家——尤其是工业国家应当给予环境保护和重视。

鉴于穆罕默德家境困难、成绩优秀，学校给他颁发了奖学金。

由于成员国之间分歧严重，对这个问题没有达成最终决定。

考虑到强震之后阿尔及利亚人民的困境，中国征服决定对他们提供经济援助。

由于导致目前状况的各种因素一致存在，所以局势一直极其危险。

这个国家战略思想的重要改变，体现于在政治生活中鼓励和传播民。

安理会的作用不仅体现于解决某地区的问题，而且要帮助其人民自力更生。

建筑领域的投资体现于旅游及居住楼房的数目，而农业领域则体现于发展农业工作的现代化机制。

主席讲话的主题思想就是与时俱进。

生物克隆引起了全人类的关注，尤其是科学和宗教界。

近几年中国所实现的迅速发展吸引了全世界的眼光。

他所做的一切只是为了引起人们对他的关注。

参加晚会的人中间有一位抢眼的姑娘。

会话：你能告诉我一些阿拉伯新闻业开创的事吗？（阿迪勒埃及《金字塔报》的一位记者，奈瓦勒是开罗大学的一位中国研究生，他们在纪念阿拉伯诗王艾哈迈德·绍基的研讨会上相识。

下面是他们俩在研讨会休息时的谈话。

）奈瓦勒：艾哈迈德·绍基是一位伟大的诗人，他对当代阿拉伯诗歌产生了重大影响。