西方主要国家概况小论文写作要求

外国论文格式【篇一：一般国外论文写法概述 (1)】同学：你好！感谢你对我们公司英文撰稿人岗位的关注，以下是国外论文写法的一个概述以及写论文时需要注意的问题，相信在你仔细阅读都对国外论文的写作会有一个大致的了解，希望能给你在测试或者以后合作得过程中有所帮助，谢谢！——————————————————————————————————————— 1. 老师一般的任务有report和essay之分，report与essay相比，主要多了executive summary和table of the content之分，report与essay中一般要求有introduction 和conclusion。

essay中主要有三大块introduction，main body 和conclusion，其中main body尽量少用标题。

 2. introduction 的写法。

introduction的四个主要部分，文章的写作背景，作者的目的，对读者的作用和文章的结构。

 3. executive summary 的写法。

写的几个方面和introduction差不多，而executive summary注重阐明文章的结论，而introduction注重阐述文章的结构。

 4. 老师主要从三个方面对文章进行审查，一是格式，二是语言，三是内容。

格式主要是指 reference以及文章的大致安排符合要求，具体见附件部分，语言主要是看是否符合学术性语言，不要出现口语化的词语或句子。

例如：文章中不要出现i等指代不明的词语。

可以换成the author来代替。

不要出现we，us，their的词语，可用it can be concluded that来替代。

尽量不要用太绝对的语言，用的话请引用reference证明。

内容主要是看文章是否跑题，只要按老师给的作业要求来写就成，当然如果有拿不准的地方，可以询问老师或者先做一份提纲发给老师看看。

用PEST-G的手法分析/解析美国前言美国，一提起这两个字，浮现在大多数人眼前的就是豪车洋房，奢侈的生活，自由的国度。

向往美国的人不计其数。

舍命偷渡到美国的又何曾有过个正确的统计。

美国为什么有这么大的魅力？美国真的就是人们口中说的那样充满了诱惑力吗？图1显示了1900年到2000年之间1美元的购买力的变化。

横轴是年份，竖轴是美元价值。

在极度变形的1美元钞票的上方标着的12个垂直指向下方的黑色箭头分别指向了世界或者美国19世纪发生的重要事件的时间。

Source: ; Accessed time: 9/23/2013 8:30am.图1分析手法-PEST-G本章将会运用PEST-G的手法来分析以美国为主的国际政治与经济。

PEST-G中的大写字母P代表了Political （政治），大写字母E代表了Economic （经济），大写字母S代表了Sociological （社会文化），大写字母T代表了Technological （技术），大写字母G代表了Geographical （地理）或者Green （绿色环保）。

以PEST-G的手法可以帮助学生全面的了解一个国家他的政治与经济是怎样的紧紧地联系在一起而互相影响的。

本章的1到6节分别以政治（Political），经济（Economic），社会文化（Sociological），技术（Technological），地理（Geographical）或者绿色环保（Green）为主题，进而给读者一个关于美国的大致的、各个方面的了解。

最后，我们会在第7节给读者一个综合的PEST-G分析。

P．政治（Political）政治可以被形容成在一个无形的大舞台上演绎的一出好戏。

一出好戏需要一个好的地点、主角与配角以及起到支配作用的背后团体、面对的问题与矛盾。

因此，关于美国政治（Political）这个话题，我们可以引申出5P。

这5P分别是Place（地点），People（人物），Problems（问题），Parties（党派）和P.K.（针锋相对）。

英文论文写作要求英文论文一些格式要求与国内期刊有所不同。

从学术的角度讲，它更加严谨和科学，并且方便电子系统检索和存档。

如果您以中文向我们投稿，要求可以稍松一些，细节问题在我们翻译的过程中将进行更正；如果您以英文向我们投稿，请务必按照下面的要求写作。

版面格式字体字号行距段前间距段后间距其它要求整篇论文 Times New Roman A4格式，Word默认边距论文标题 Times New Roman 16磅 20磅段前距10磅段后距10磅题目中实词第一个字母大字标题外的所有内容 Times New Roman 10磅 12磅段前距0磅段后距4磅作者姓名 Times New Roman 10磅 12磅段前距0磅段后距4磅居中，单独一行工作单位通讯地址 Times New Roman 10磅 12磅段前距0磅段后距4磅居中，单独一行，包括院系名，校名，城市，邮编和国家电话电邮 Times New Roman 10磅 12磅段前距0磅段后距4磅居中，置于单位和地址下面，单独一行Abstract Times New Roman 10磅 12磅段前距0磅段后距4磅Abstract一词要加重，单独一行，摘要内容与正文格式相同Keywords Times New Roman 10磅 12磅段前距0磅段后距4磅Keywords一词要加重，后加冒号，内容与正文相同，以逗号分隔论文正文 Times New Roman 10磅 12磅段前距0磅段后距4磅两边对齐一级标题 Times New Roman 10磅 12磅段前距0磅段后距4磅加重，单独一行，标注数字序号1.,2.,3.,4.二级标题 Times New Roman 10磅 12磅段前距0磅段后距4磅斜体，单独一行, 标注数字序号1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2三级标题 Times New Roman 10磅 12磅段前距0磅段后距4磅单独一行，标注数字序号1.1.1, 1.1.2,2.1.2参考文献 Times New Roman 10磅 12磅段前距0磅段后距4磅按字母顺序排列详情见下面公式公式中的文字保持与正文大小相近，避免过大或过小表格表格的题目格式与正文相同，靠左边，位于表格的上部。

On the Rise and Fall of Great Britain.班级：学号：姓名：教授：分数：______On the Rise and Fall ofGreat Britain.中文摘要：英国，又称大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国，是由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰组成的联合王国。

它曾经在世界历史发展的漫长时期中湮没无闻，人口不过数百万，国土资源也很有限，却率先敲开通向现代世界的大门，从地理的边缘变成了世界的中心，一跃成为西方强国的领头人，并独领风骚数百年，给人类文明烙上了不可磨灭的印记。

然而到了十九世纪末期，由于美、德等国的崛起以及其他种种原因，英国逐渐失去优势,后来又在第二次世界大战中受到严重创伤，大英帝国国力日渐衰落,海外殖民地也在二战后纷纷宣告独立，大英帝国逐渐演变成一个组织松散的英联邦。

这个曾经号称“世界工厂”和“日不落帝国”的国家又逐渐衰落。

不过，英国仍然是一个在世界范围内拥有巨大影响力的政治、经济、文化和军事强国。

关键词: 英国；世界工厂；日不落帝国；衰落Abstract in English：Great Britain, also known as The United Kingdom of Great Britain and North Ireland, is made up of England, Scotland, Wales and North Ireland. It was once little-known in the long history of the development of the world and had only several millions of people. What' more, her territorial resources were also limited. However, she is the first country to open the door to the modern world ranging from the geographical edge to the center of the world. She had once been the leading power of the western countries for hundreds of years and also branded an indelible mark on the human civilization. However, in the late 19th century, with the rise of America and German and other factors, Britain began to lose the upper hand in the international competition. Afterwards, she suffered great loss in the two world wars. Britain began declining and the foreign colonies began to win independence one afteranother. The Great Britain Empire became a loose federal country and Britain which was once known as the "Workshop of the World" and "the Sun-Never-Setting Empire" began declining gradually. Nevertheless, Britain is still a political, economical, cultural and military great power which has great influence on the world.Key words: the Great Britain; the Workshop of the World; the Sun-Never-Setting Empire; fall1. IntroductionBritain is an island country surrounded by the sea to the west and off the European Continent. With the decline of the feudalism and the increase of the influence of the new-born bourgeoisie, she began her capitalist development. Through the closure and foreign plunder, expansion and aggression, she completed the primitive accumulation of capital. She became the first country to undergo the industrial revolution. Soon she became the workshop of the world and had the largest colonies. Of course, she became the most powerful country in the world. However, in the late 19th century with the competition of the new industrialized countries and other factors, she began to lose the upper hand. Afterwards, she suffered great loss in the two world wars. She began to decline. The colonies laid overseas began to revolt against Britain and won independences. Great Britain has gradually evolved into a loose organization of the Commonwealth. In the modern times, she tried to recover form it, but for different reasons she still developed slowly. Now she is still one of the major developed countries, she has been reduced to be a second-class world power that is always at the America's command in international affairs.2. The rise of Great BritainAs a small country, which had been invaded by several times, how could Great Britain developed into the workshop of the world and establish the largest empire that history has ever been seen? Let's explore it together.2.1 The Industrial RevolutionThe British Industrial Revolution was a great result of the socialdevelopment in Britain. In political power, Bourgeois had more say on national affairs; in economy ,they accomplished their "primitive accumulation of capital";in ideology, they are more open; besides ,Britain was gaining the upper hand in the contest to reign supreme on the sea ,which expanded foreign market.All the factors combined to make Britain the first country to undergo the Industrial Revolution. In first, it began in the textile industry. With the expansion of market, the demand for cloth also increased. The old instrument could not meet the need o the massive production. Therefore, before long, new and large machines which could increase productivity by hundreds of times appeared. The invention of the steam engine was used to furnish power. With the new source of power, iron, steel and coal industries began to a fast development. Productions needs were largely met by a series of refinements of existing techniques in the major industries and the extensions of mechanization to the other fields, as in sewing and the marketing of boots, cutlery and nails. The expansion of production and trade promoted the transportation revolution. The convenient transport made Britain products flood the world market. The Britain bourgeoisie amassed large amounts of wealth through trade, plunder and colonization. No country was strong enough to match Britain in the 19th century. Britain raced ahead of all the other countries.The industrial revolution marked the beginning of a new era in the history of mankind. Since the 18th century that rate of growth had been revolutionized, as one country that after another had embarked upon an industrialization which to this day was regarded as the key to the future development of new nations. It led on a much broader expansion. The major markets, however, lay overseas, where the more advanced economies were now moving into an intensive period of industrialization. Ultimately, of course, this was to create many powerful competitors for Great Britain, but at the time her superior technology made her the workshop o the world.2.2 Foreign Plunder, Expansion and AggressionOn the 7th July, 1588, the Spanish’s Armada, the Invincible Fleet was defeated by English which made a big difference to England’s getting sea supremacy as well as paving the way for her expansion. And Elizabeth was regarded as the foundation-layer-of the British Empire. During her reign, she encouraged her citizens to sail to trade, even plunder as much as they can. If they were accused of the international crime, the Queen would deny that she had nothing to do with it, in order to avoid stigma from other nations. But if they succeed to return in triumph like respectable soldiers, she might even grant an interview to these gainers, which was considered as a noble glory. In this way, ordinary people were all inspired to voyage, bringing about the prospect of England: nearly every one became rich and the society simultaneously made big change.With flourishing economy and proficient navigation base, the expansion and aggression enjoyed an unprecedented foundation. If the land was sparsely populated, they just drove away or killed off the natives to make room for Britain colonies. In other countries, they first knocked the door open with commerce, often backed by gunboats, and then, on a certain pretext, followed it up with armed occupied about 33million square kilometers, taking one fifth of the world's total dry land. These areas ever provided raw materials or became her market. Among them, the most famous one was East India Company. All these factors enabled Britain to be the “workshop of the world”and London became the financial center of the world trade. The British Empire had climbed to her peak.2.3The Great EmpireWhen the British Empire was in its prime of life, it occupied 33million square kilometers, taking up one fifth of the world dry land. The area was about 135 times as large as Great Britain. It ruled over a population of 560 million, which was more than 10 times as large as that of Britain. What’s more, the Britain fleet controlled the main sea routes and the strategic spots along them. The British Empire was on its crest and became the most powerful andimportant country in the world. That’s “the sun never setting”Great Empire-Britain.3. The fall of Great BritainTowards the end of the 19th century, the British began to go downhill.3.1 The Two World WarsUnder the two Industrial Revolutions’ pushing, more and more countries wanted to pursuit foreign markets and raw materials. Therefore, the competition became fiercer, so did the struggle between repartition and anti-repartition. So many factors combined, the First World War broke out in 1914 and had lasted a little more than four years. As we all know, nearly every country had suffered from it except America.Although Britain was one of the victorious nations and won many new colonies from the Germans in Africa and the Pacific, she could not continue to undertake the great expenses which were used to maintain an empire huge financial expenditure. Millions of people died, and many assets were destroyed, and caused mounting debt, capital market turmoil. At the same time, nationalism in the new and old colonies are high, and the Empire and the white soldiers fought in the war that felt in strong racial discrimination were much contributed to this kind of nationalism.Economically, Britain became debtor instead of creditor country and the economy postwar suffered depression, and the most important one was that the international financial center also transferred from British London to New York. On international influence, although Britain in Paris Peace Conference kept being a leader, her economic, military strength was retrogressing. Eventually, Britain could no longer maintain her hegemonic position. The most typical sign was the Washington Naval conference, limiting Britain’s naval power, which showed that the British had to admit that she was no longer the global hegemony. On the colony, although territory increased, her control became weaker on account of large death and losses. Then independence movements of colonies had affected British profoundlyAbout ten years later, in 1929, a serious crisis started in America and soon spread to other countries. Large unemployment caused endless demonstrations and strikes which shocked the whole capitalist world. Hitler’s constant thirst for power led Europe into the Second World War from 1939 to 1945. And the Second World War witnessed the disintegration of the British Empire.Though Britain and her allies won the war with Germany being invaded and Japan being hit by two atomic bombs, Britain suffered heavy losses. Repeated bombed, her financial position was greatly weakened and had to rely on America. The independence movement of colonies caused the British lose all her colonies except Hong Kong by the year 1970.As a result, the British Empire gave way to the British Commonwealth after 1931; her membership in European Community was endorsed by a national referendum in 1975; Britain’s defence policy is now based on the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Nowadays, the British Empire doesn’t exist and is replaced by the strong America, and then Britain is a second-class developed country.3.2 Postwar BritainAfter the two World Wars, much burden was laid on her and the Great Empire had gone downhill. Britain was no longer in the leading class in the world’s economy and underwent enormous economic difficulties. She lost the privilege in the industrial technology. Its financial was greatly weakened and it had to rely on America aid for its economic reconstruction. On the other, awakened and tempered by the war, consequently, most of its colonies in the world swept a large scale of independence movement. By the year 1970, Britain had lost all its former colonies except Hong Kong. Because its economy relied heavily on foreign markets and imports of raw materials, the losses of its colonies impose a great influence on Britain. She lost expansive lands and a large amount of British population, which weakened its power and was out-competed by other countries.4. ConclusionLooking back from Britain’s rise to fall, it is not difficult for us to find that Britain can become the European most powerful country and then the strongest country is a result of its new policy, technology and expansion. The rising bourgeoisie gave rise to the end of the feudal system and ushered a new stage to come. The Industrial Revolution turned Britain into the “workshop of the worl d” and England was the world’s economic center. And after the colonial expansion, wealth flooded in Britain and the great empire on which the sun never set was established. However, as we all are concerned, one’s previous glory doesn’t guarantee her a brilliant future. When the British were resting on their laurels, the world situation changed. When other countries were researching advanced technology and developing their economy, England was unwilling to adopt new technology and new equipment, she thus lost the monopolize position in the world’s industry and sea power. After two World Wars, the Great Britain’s power declined heavily. Though she won both of two wars, she is still a loser. Many problems were emerging, economic plunge, weakened sea power, loss of foreign colonies, large unemployment, and so on. It can no longer claim to be the most powerful country in the world. However, though it had lost its landlord position, the nation as a whole was not crushed by despair, it was still a powerful country in the world but not the strongest.From the process of Great Britain, we can sum up the experience and make China develop soundly and quickly. We should attach the importance to science, innovation and education. And the policy and society system should keep pace with the time. Last but not least, one nation's rise is based on science and technology, the competition between countries is in the contest of national quality, and talent competition. In addition, every country should keep in mind to be prepared for danger in the ties of safety.Bibliography：A.C.W., Winchester. Nineteenth Century Britain 1815-1914, Harlow, Essex, UK:Longman House, 1982, PP175-181Alderman Geoffrey. Modern Britain 1700-1983, Burrell Row: Provident House, 1986, PP1-15陈德新编英美概况，西安：西安交通大学出版社，2008来安方英美概况, 河南：大象出版社，2004年, PP1-212张奎武英美概况(上)，吉林，吉林科技大学出版社，1984,PP115-129/view/3565.htm/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Northern_ Ireland//question/122668056.html。

一般欧美国家作业（Assignment）通常分为两种形式：一种是文章（Essay）, 一种是报告（Report）格式。

二者在形式上有所差别，但大体相同。

通常学校发的论文写作规定会对一篇Assignment写成事Essay还是Report格式会作出明确要求。

所以在阅读题目要求的时候，务必尽量仔细，否则会因为格式扣分。

两种格式的相同之处：1、字体：Times New Roman，字号：小四，行距：1.5倍。

请有写作之前就把这些格式调好，以避免写好后再调节，会造成不必要的麻烦。

2、段落之间空一行，每段不要求像中文写作那样空两格，而是直接顶格写。

下面还有一些相同点，我在两种文体分开讨论时，再涉及。

两种格式的不同之处：一、Essay:Essay的写作相对Report要简单一些。

通常只包括三个部分，绪论（Introduction）,主体（Main Body），结论（Conclusion）。

绪论（Introduction）包括选题（topic）的背景介绍和文章要解决的主要问题，通常占总字数的10%左右。

主体（Main Body）占总字数80%左右。

如果题目中作了具体要求，就根据题目提到的几个方面来逐一讨论就可以了。

有的题目没有作具体要求，就根据自己的构思来写。

但要求有逻辑性。

结论（Conclusion）也是占10%，在这一段里把文章中的主要观点用一到两句话概括出来。

Essay 可以不写题目，不要把小标题加粗。

Reference的写作是两种形式都要涉及的，我放在最后来详细说。

二、Report：它的写法大体上和essay差不多，但要求要严格一些。

1、标题页：包括标题和executive summary. 在Executive summary中是对文章的摘要，这两个部分一般是单独占一页。

2、主体部分：Report的主体部分，前三个和essay差不多，只是在conclusion后还有一部分就是recommendations.是对提出的问题的建议。

临近年底了，各科的论文任务也都相继布置下来了。

相信同学们都很头疼吧，想要尽情的去享受一番地道的英伦风情的圣诞节，可是又迫于繁多的论文任务无法全身心的投入进去享受。

英国院校对于学生的要求本来就严格，论文上交上去都是要经由系统检测，抄袭率过高是无法通过的，更何况，留学生们还要用英文来完成论文的写作。

所以，学期论文对于留学生来说真的是一件非常头疼的事。

不过，要写好论文也没有同学们想象中的那么难哦！优越论文网服务老师在这里为大家整理出了四点论文写作的基本要求，同学们不妨看看吧！一、开头介绍要出彩。

其重要的是要保持鲜明的层次感和极强的逻辑性, 这两点是统一的, 即在有逻辑性的基础上又有层次感。

其重要的一点为：文献的总结回顾。

一方面要把该领域内的结识对过去和现在的做好概括总结出来，达到完整度，特别是最新的进展和过去经典文献的引用。

另一方面，文献的应用和数据的提供以及应用要准确。

一旦数据出错就会导致论文的印象大大失分。

二、方法呈现过程要清晰完整。

其描述我们论文的方法呈现过程。

这一过程的写作相对来说较为简单，但是需要注意的问题却不少，重要的在于其数据的完整性和科学性。

特别对于一些理工科的留学生，可以按照实验对象、实验设备、实验材料以及实验数据的记录与分析等几个方面来完成组织。

如果你最后的数据图表比较清楚或示意图比较漂亮的话，也可以让导师给你一些好的印象分。

这里还是强调数据的完整性和科学性的描述，相信你的Methods内容就不会是大问题。

三、结尾要详实全面。

一般这部分内容的呈现取决于文章的类型了，因为当你的文章中得出的结果的同时又进行了讨论，那么此时Results内容会和Discussion内容放在一起完成。

反之，可能分开来进行书写。

这部分内容的要求即: 翔实准确.翔实就是要提供最为全面的分析结果，一切从你的文章中实践出来的结果中提炼出来给到你的导师，不要故意隐瞒或遗漏某些重要的结果。

准确就是结果必须是要真实的。

外国论文格式【篇一：一般国外论文写法概述 (1)】同学：你好！感谢你对我们公司英文撰稿人岗位的关注，以下是国外论文写法的一个概述以及写论文时需要注意的问题，相信在你仔细阅读都对国外论文的写作会有一个大致的了解，希望能给你在测试或者以后合作得过程中有所帮助，谢谢！———————————————————————————————————————1. 老师一般的任务有report和essay之分，report与essay相比，主要多了executive summary和table of the content之分，report与essay中一般要求有introduction 和conclusion。

essay中主要有三大块introduction，main body 和conclusion，其中main body尽量少用标题。

2. introduction 的写法。

introduction的四个主要部分，文章的写作背景，作者的目的，对读者的作用和文章的结构。

3. executive summary 的写法。

写的几个方面和introduction差不多，而executive summary注重阐明文章的结论，而introduction注重阐述文章的结构。

4. 老师主要从三个方面对文章进行审查，一是格式，二是语言，三是内容。

格式主要是指reference以及文章的大致安排符合要求，具体见附件部分，语言主要是看是否符合学术性语言，不要出现口语化的词语或句子。

例如：文章中不要出现i等指代不明的词语。

可以换成the author来代替。

不要出现we，us，their的词语，可用it can be concluded that来替代。

尽量不要用太绝对的语言，用的话请引用reference证明。

内容主要是看文章是否跑题，只要按老师给的作业要求来写就成，当然如果有拿不准的地方，可以询问老师或者先做一份提纲发给老师看看。

国外学术论文申请的写作技巧与要求在当今全球化的时代，国外学术论文的申请成为越来越多学者和研究者们所关注的重要问题。

成功地撰写并提交一篇优秀的国外学术论文，不仅需要有扎实的学术功底，还需要掌握一定的写作技巧和遵循特定的要求。

本文将就国外学术论文申请的写作技巧与要求进行探讨。

一、研究主题的选择与限定在申请国外学术论文之前，首先需要明确自己的研究主题。

选择一个具有研究价值且相关性较强的主题对于提高论文质量和被接受的机会至关重要。

此外，针对所选主题进行限定和界定也是必要的，以保证研究的深入性和可行性。

二、文献综述的撰写文献综述是国外学术论文中的重要组成部分，它是对已有研究成果进行总结和分析的过程。

撰写文献综述时，应该选择并引用具有权威性和可信度的来源，如期刊论文、学术专著等。

同时，要注意文献综述的逻辑结构和表达方式，使其能够清晰地呈现出研究领域的研究现状和相关问题。

三、研究方法的描述在国外学术论文申请中，对研究方法的描述是必不可少的。

研究方法的描述应该包括研究设计、数据采集和分析方法等内容。

要确保描述准确和详细，并且能够使读者理解研究的可行性和可靠性。

四、实证研究的结果与讨论实证研究是国外学术论文的关键内容之一。

在实证研究中，需要对研究结果进行客观的呈现和分析，并结合文献综述进行讨论。

在讨论结果时，要准确评估研究的局限性和价值，提出可能的进一步研究方向，以增强论文的学术意义。

五、格式规范与语言准确性国外学术论文申请对格式规范和语言准确性要求非常高。

在撰写论文时，要按照所选期刊或会议的要求来设计和排版。

另外，要确保语言的准确性和流畅性，避免使用充满主观性和模糊的表达方式。

六、注重细节和反复修改国外学术论文申请是一个需要反复修改和打磨的过程。

作者应该注重论文的细节，如图表的设计、引用格式的准确性等。

在达到一定写作进度后，可以邀请学术导师或同行专家进行评阅和修改意见，以提升论文的质量和可读性。

总结起来，国外学术论文申请的写作技巧与要求需要学者和研究者具备扎实的学术功底，同时掌握一定的写作技巧。

国外刊物-论文撰写的五个基本要求2010年05月19日星期三 09:53关键词：论文撰写我认为要写好一个Introduction，最重要的是要保持鲜明的层次感和极强的逻辑性，这两点是结合在一起的，即在符合逻辑性的基础上建立层层递进的关系。

一开始，我们要首先阐述自己研究领域的基本内容，要尽量的简洁明了，不要罗里罗嗦一大堆。

须知看文章的人都是该领域的专家，所以一些显而易见的知识要用概括性的而不是叙述性的语言来描述。

1）Introduction接下来，就是Introduction的重头戏之一：文献的总结回顾。

这一点要特别着重笔墨来描写。

一方面要把该领域内的过去和现在的状况全面的概括总结出来，不能有丝毫的遗漏，特别是最新的进展和过去经典文献的引用。

这是两个最容易出现的问题，应该是我们要极力避免的。

如果一旦审稿人之处这两个毛病，很可能意味着说你做的不够深入或者全面，负面作用是非常明显的。

另一方面，文献的应用和数据的提供一定要准确。

片面的摘录部分结果而不反映文献的总体结果是千万要不得的。

引用的数据也要正确，特别是间接引用的数据（即不是从原文献中查到的数据，而是从别人的文献中发现的另外一篇文献的数据）。

数据出错会导致文章的印象大大失分。

此外，引用文献的时候注意防止造成抄袭的象，即不要原文抄录，要用自己的话来进行总结描述。

如果审稿人正好是文献的引用者的话，这样做就会糟糕的。

然后就是分析过去研究的局限性并且阐明自己研究的创新点，这是整个Introduction的高潮所在，所以更是要慎之又慎。

阐述局限性的时候，需要注意的问题是要客观公正评价别人的工作，不要把抬高自己研究的价值建立在贬低别人的工作之上，这往往是我们写中文文章中容易犯的毛病。

在外刊论文的写作中，这是万万要不得的，一定要遵循实事求是的原则来分析。

在阐述自己的创新点时，要仅仅围绕过去研究的缺陷性来描述，完整而清晰的描述自己的解决思路。

需要注意的是文章的摊子不要铺的太大，要抓住一点进行深入的阐述。

A comparative study on the structure of British and American Governments The structure of American GovernmentsThe main government of the united states is the Federal government.It has three branches:The Legislature,The Executive and The Judiciary.Congress is the legislative branch of the federal government and it consists of two houses:the Senate and the House of Representative.the senate has 100voting member.2 from each of the 50 states.a senator must be over 30 years old.the House of Representative has 435 voting members,a Representatives must be at least 25years old.Congress helps to pass laws of the UnionThere are 15 departments and many independent agencies in executive branch.the President is the chief of the executive branch,who has the power to manage national affairs and the working of the federal government.Cabinet is under the President in the administration branch,which serves the president as a presidential council.The judicial branch consists of 3 main courts:the supreme courts,the courts of appeals and the district courts.the supreme courts is the highest court of the United states.the courts of appeals is set up to share the burden of the Supreme Court.The district courts serves for local government ,and every state has its own judicial system.The structure of the British GovernmentsThe main 3 parts of the British Governments is the Legislature,the Executive and The Judiciary.Parliament is the law-making body of Britain,which is made of the Crown,the House of Lords and the House of Commons.The government is made up of the Prime Minister,the Cabinet ministers and assistants to the ministers.the prime minister is the leader of the majority party in Parliament.The Cabinet is the supreme decision-making body in the British government.the Cabinet follow the principle of collective responsibility and individual ministerial responsibility.In fact,the Prime Minister is the most powerful leader in Britain.The judicial branch is complicated in British.every district has there own legal systems.the magistrates’court deal with all criminal cases.the Crown Court deal with the more serious cases,which will go to high court or the Court of Appeal or even the supreme court。

美国作文四引言美国作文是美国教育系统中非常重要的一部分，要求学生运用逻辑思维、表达技巧和批判性思维能力来撰写文章。

本文将以介绍美国作文的基本要求、写作结构和常见写作技巧为主要内容，帮助读者了解美国作文的特点和方法。

美国作文的基本要求1. 清晰的中心论点在美国作文中，每篇文章都应该有一个明确的中心论点（thesis）。

中心论点是整篇文章的核心思想，应该通过逻辑论证和具体案例来支持。

学生需要在开始写作之前，先明确自己的中心论点，并在整篇文章中始终围绕这个论点展开。

2. 有效的组织结构美国作文要求学生采用清晰有效的组织结构来展示自己的思路。

常见的组织结构包括按时间顺序、按重要性顺序、按比较和对比等方式。

无论采用哪种结构，学生都应该保持段落间的连贯性，使文章的逻辑流畅度得到保证。

3. 充分的论证和支撑材料学生在写作时需要运用论证和支撑材料来支持自己的观点。

论证可以采用逻辑推理、引用权威观点、举例和引用研究等方式。

支撑材料可以是实例、事实、统计数据等，能够增加论证的说服力。

学生需要同时注意有效地引用这些材料，以避免抄袭的问题。

4. 清晰的语言表达和正确的语法拼写在美国作文中，语言表达清晰和正确的语法拼写是非常重要的。

学生需要仔细选择用词，避免使用不够准确或模糊的语言。

此外，正确的语法拼写也是必要的，因为任何语法错误都会对文章的整体质量产生负面影响。

因此，学生在写作过程中应该十分关注语言和语法方面的准确性。

美国作文的写作结构美国作文通常按照以下结构展开：1. 引言引言部分通常包括一个引人入胜的开头，引发读者的兴趣并限定中心论点。

在开头部分，可以提出一个引人注目的问题或引用一段相关的名人名言，以吸引读者的注意力。

2. 主体段落主体段落是整篇文章的核心部分，用来展开中心论点并进行相关论证。

学生可以根据自己的中心论点，在不同的段落中展示不同的论点和支撑材料。

每个段落应该围绕一个中心论点展开，并提供足够的支撑材料。

2017级《英美概况》课程论文选题及要求一、要求1. 课程论文内容应与所学内容密切相关，主要涉及英美两国历史、政治、教育、文化、语言等方面的有关内容及以上方面的中英对比等。

严禁抄袭，如发现，一律按作弊论处。

2. 英语写作，不少于1500字，包括论文题目（英中文），目录，摘要，关键词及参考文献，附录等。

具体是：论文的封面和其他部分都需要手写（示例见后面），包括“Contents”(目录), “Abstract”（摘要）（其中包括“Keywords”关键词）, “Main Body”（论文正文），“References”（参考文献），“Appendix”(附录)等。

3. 英文摘要80字左右，关键词3－5个。

4. 参考文献资料3篇及以上。

5. 参考文献：引用国外作者的文章按作者姓名英文字母先后排序，引用国内作者的文章按拼音顺序。

包括文献编号、作者姓名、书名、或文集名、期刊名、出版单位、出版年月、页码等（具体见示例）。

6. 页码从正文第一页开始按阿拉伯数字连续编排，位于页面底端居中。

二、上交时间：本学期第16周随堂交三、封面及正文格式说明（论文具体示例）北京理工大学珠海学院2017-2018学年第1学期课程论文《英语国家概况》题目： A Comparative Study on FamilyEducation Between Britain and China中英家庭教育对比研究专业学院：外国语学院专业班级： _____17级英语X班 _____________ 学生姓名： XXX学号： XXXCONTENTSAbstract (Ⅰ)1 Introduction (1)2 The Differences of Family Education in Britain and China (6)Different Aims of Family Education (6)Different Methods of Family Education (6)Mechanical Memory vs. Intelligent Memory (6)Focusing on Knowledge vs. Paying Attention to Nature (7)3 The Reasons for the Differences of Family Education in Britain and China (9)Different Historical Background (9)Different Social Conditions (9)Different Economic Form (10)4 The Advantages and Disadvantages of Family Education in Britain and China (11)The Merits and Demerits of British Education (11)The Merits and Demerits of Chinese Family Education (13)The Suggestions for Chinese Family Education (14)5 Conclusion (17)References (18)说明：以上的Contents目录, 只是提供一个例子，你可以不一定按照这些标题（一级标题、二级标题、三级标题），每级标题也可根据自己论文的情况自行增减AbstractThe research content of this paper is the comparison and analysis of family education in Britain and China. The purpose of this research is to come up with some useful suggestions to develop Chinese family education by contrast, comparison and analyzing the differences of family education in western countries and China. The paper finds out that there are several reasons for the differences of family education in western countries and China, such as different historical background, different social conditions, and different economic form. And finally, the paper summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of family education in western countries and China.Keywords: Family education, differences, Britain, China说明：Abstract 摘要的内容包括：论文主要的内容、关键词（不少于３个）；1. IntroductionOn the basis of our national status, our country puts forward the strategy of developing the country through science and education, which indicates that education has important effects on individuals and countries. Family education is the starting point of the life-long education so it is exceedingly important for children’s growth. With the advent of knowledge economy, parents put more emphasis on their children’s education. And the development of education in our country also emerges many serious and urgent questions. This paper contrasts the differences of family education in western countries and China so as to come up with some useful suggestions and approaches for Chinese family education to improve its development. The paper mainly discusses the theme from following aspects and angles: different aim of family education, different methods of family education, different attention to the psychological education, and different attention to the independent personality. As the goal of this paper is to come up with some suggestions for Chinese family education. Therefore, these discoveries have great significance. It can help us to clearly recognize the merit and demerit of family education in Western countries and China so that we can find the best way to improve Chinese family education.说明：Introduction部分包括你论文的主要研究目的和内容2 The Differences of Family Education in Western Countries and China Different Aim of Family EducationIn western, the purpose of the parents is to bring up children to become a qualified social man. They attach more importance to the abilities of their children. They help children form independent consciousness when children were very young. They aim to develop children into a loving, caring, and responsible citizens instead of concerning the achievement of children. For them, the greatest thing is that educating children and teaching them to be healthy, happy, and helpful with the aim of inspiring them to be the social elite.In China, ........................................Different Methods of Family EducationMechanical Memory vs. Intelligent MemoryThe methods of family education in Western countries and China are different. Above all, western parents pay attention to cultivating children’s intelligent memory while Chinese parents emphasize mechanical memory. In China, parents teach children to remember one concept by rote learning instead of helping them realize and understand it.........................................Focusing on Knowledge vs. Paying Attention to NatureDifferent aims of family education lead to different methods of family education. In China, parents pay attention to bring up children to become excellent both in conduct and learning.........................................3 The Reasons for the Differences of Family Education in Western Countries and ChinaDifferent Historical BackgroundAs an important part of culture, education is the primary manifestation. There exist some indivisible relations between the differences of family education in Western countries and China and the differences of historical background in Western countries and China.........................................Different Social ConditionsChina transitions from feudal society to socialist society. So some of the remnants of feudal thinking still influence the aim of education at present. Although our country devotes to promote the quality-oriented education, this scheme has not been carried out. ........................................Different Economic FormAfter the development of several industrial revolutions, western countries developed commercial economy. Western society has powerful productivity. They have a wide range of employment opportunities to find a job.........................................4 The Advantages and Disadvantages of Family Education in Britain and China........................................5 Conclusion........................................References[1] Dreyfus, H. (1989). What computers can’t do (2nd ed.). New York: Harper & Row.[2] Forsyth, A. & Thornhill, R. (1983). The evolution of insect mating. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.[3] Oxford, R. L. (1990).Language learning strategies: What every teacher should know. New York: Newbury House Publisher.[4] Rossi, P. H. (1989). Down and out in America: The origins of homelessness. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.[5] Smith, D., Boyd, R., & Spoher, J. C. (1995). Virtues VRKL toolkit. Indianapolis: Hayden Books.[6] 高强, 刘振前. 语言习得的自然发生观[A]. 载周大军、张雪梅（主编）第二语言习得研究的新探索[C]. 上海：上海科学技术出版社，2005.[7] 刘纯豹. 英语委婉语词典[Z]. 北京: 商务印书馆, 2001.[8] 吕光旦. 英语幽默的语言分析[J]. 外国语, 1984 (5).[9] 任义生, 贺宇红. 英语幽默笑话365则[M]. 北京: 北京世界知识出版社, 1999.[10] 束定芳, 隐喻学研究[M]. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社, 2002.[11] 束定芳, 徐金元. 委婉语研究: 回顾与前瞻[J]. 外国语，1995 (5).[12] 杨文志. 学术交流及其对学术生态的影响[OL].&type=1000，2009年11月24日获取.[13] 张丽娜. 商务英语信函中的模糊语言研究[D]. 大连海事大学未发表硕士论文, 2007.说明：References 参考文献的要求：１．参考文献不少于2篇；２．英文参考文献在前；汉语文献在后；３．英文参考文献按照姓氏的字母顺序；汉语的参考文献按照姓氏的拼音顺序；４．参考文献里要包括我们所学习的课本。

A Comparative Study on the Election System Between United Kingdom and United StatesBoth United Kingdom and United States are the developed capitalist country,however,the former is constitutional monarchy one while the latter is democratic republican one.As a political practice, election is the foundation of modern democracy.Through the comparative study on the election system between the two typical capitalist countries,we can understand their national conditions and modern democracy better.In a modern democratic system between United Kingdom and United States,a fair,honest and regularly held election is the decisive factor of the quality of democracy. On one hand,they both have set up a relatively perfect system of election monitoring.In particular, the news public opinion also plays the role of the supervisor with voters themselves.On the other hand,election process is open and transparent.The candidates were chosen launched a months-long win votes in the election campaign, and voters to vote is completely voluntary.At the same time,both United Kingdom and United States carry out single-name selection system ,which is only one representative in a district.As far as United Kingdom ,it imposed direct elections at the moment.Its elections is concentrated in the parliament election. Communist party and the conservative by parliamentary elections for seats in the parliamentary majority, is composed of the majority party in parliamentary elections, administrative organs, the majority party leader as the head of government and form in order to exercise the administrative power of the country.Elections in the United States mainly concentrated in the President's election. The President of the United States are indirectly elected , but the foundations of this election is based on direct election voters,and this generally called double election in modern election.Republicans and Democrats through the presidential campaign, winning party obtains the national regime, led by the President of the federal government, are appointed by the President's secretary of state, the exercise of administrative power. In the United States, presidential elections determines the belonging of national leadership.Additionally, the congressional elections in the United States also is very important. Both parties in congressional elections, and strive to become a majority, with control of congress, the supreme power.If the majority is consistent with the President and the congress, the President does not have the exercise of executive power resistance, if appear not consistent, so the President at the time of the exercise of executive power is a variety of resistance from the opposition.Yet elections in the United States, is a "rich man's game", cost is higher, the election procedure is more complicated in the election campaign.From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion.Election as a basic political system, must be in conformity with its national conditions.At the same time, we should prevent election from commercialization,continuously develop and improve the system of democratic elections. ReferencesNet1吴月.比较和借鉴:英美两国选举制度探析./view/5daf29c5d5bbfd0a79567375.html,2006-01/2013-6. Net2 叶乃康.英美政治制度比较综述./Article/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=55179,2013-1-5/2 013-6-6.Net3 付林，荣红霞.英美等国选举制度比较./view/b5725fe1b8f67c1cfad6b8a7.html,2005-11/2013-6.。

《海外文化检索》（“英语国家概况”）课程论文写作要求一、语言及字数要求：英语，正文1500~2000字（不包含参考文献）二、选题：跟课程相关，学生自选三、时间要求： 12月27日（17周）之前上交论文。

四、写作要求：不需要摘要和关键词，但需要包括以下几个基本部分：1、题目2、各部分的小标题3、完整的正文内容4、正文有规范的引用（尤其注意不可抄袭，不可随意引用，不可将他人的创作据为己有）5、参考书目（3个以上，并且都在论文中实现引用）五、论文版面格式与打印要求1、封面：使用统一的封面（见附件格式）。

2、打印：统一使用A4纸。

3、左边装订。

4、边距：上下边距各3cm；左边距：2.5cm；右边距2cm。

5、论文字体：汉语：宋体，英语：Times New Roman。

6、页脚页码标注（居中）。

六、评分标准：满分100分。

具体包含以下4个方面内容：1) 写作要求完成情况：学生能否有效就其选定的题目进行资料查找、阅读，并且进行描述和写作，字数达到要求。

【占25%，按照完成情况打分】2) 连贯性和结构层次：学生能否将信息和要点进行组织，信息和要点之间的联系是否清晰。

【占25%，按照完成情况打分】3) 词汇的多样性和语法的准确性：学生使用的词汇是否广泛、准确、且适合写作的要求；语法结构是否多样、准确、且适合写作的要求。

【占25%，按照完成情况打分】4)论文格式：学生写作的格式是否规范，尤其是引用和参考文献部分。

【占25%，按照完成情况打分】七、抄袭惩罚论文如果有抄袭嫌疑，视抄袭严重程度进行处罚，情节严重者按0分处理。

如果未加注直接引用为自己文字，连续引用字数超过30字未加注者，即视为抄袭。

全文出现5处以上抄袭，即视为情节严重，按0分处理；全文出现3-5处抄袭，最多得分不超过20分；全文出现1-2处抄袭，最多得分不超过40分。

将别人的文字稍作修改作为己用，也应注明出处，否则等同于抄袭。

论文规范和范例Part I Questions1.Why should we write quotes in an essayBecause we should give credit to quoted authors.Whenever you use someone else’s words in an essay, you must indicate clearly that the words are not your own. You do this by using proper formatting and by using endnotes to give the original author credit. There are two basic ways to format quotations, one for short quotations and the other for long quotes.2. How to write a quote in an essay1)Select your quotations carefully and don’t use more than you need. Usequotations when accuracy or exact wording is important or when the quotation makes a powerful point. Introduce the quotations in your own words and make sure they fit smoothly into the flow of your essay.2)Use double quotation marks around a quotation when you use a direct quotationthat is less than four lines long. Don’t use quotation marks around paraphrased material (material summarized in your own words).3)Indent a quotation if it is more than four lines long. Do not use quotation marksaround indented quotations.4)Capitalize the first letter of a quote if it is a complete sentence but not if it is afragment. Put periods and commas inside quotation marks. Put colons and semicolons outside. Put question marks and exclamation points inside the quotation marks if they are part of the quotation, but put them outside the quotation marks if they refer to the sentence as a whole.5)Give endnotes to every quotation, even paraphrased quotations, at the end of theessay.Part II Essay正文字体、标题、行距、段落等格式正文全文1.5倍行距，除题目和标题外，都用Times New Roman小四号。

英语论文的写作要求和方法1. 论文的入手和规划▪论文开始前需要对题目背景，相关知识有一定的了解，参考相关书籍，杂志/期刊，网站等。

▪记好笔记，把阅读收集到的相关信息资料记录下来以供论文需要（包括信息来源的出处，以便以后参考文献的标注）。

▪起草论文的大纲，把所要涉及的点列举出来以清晰自己的写作思路。

2. 论文的考察方面∙是否涉及到所要求的理论知识。

∙文章是否围绕所给的问题展开（是否跑题）∙对论题的分析和理解能力∙辩证地使用和评估信息和相关理论的能力。

∙独立思考和辩证的能力∙文章的结构是否清晰和语言的组织是否顺畅3. 语言的要求和注意事项文字作为一篇论文的“门面”对信息的传递起到很重要的作用，建议用词要贴切，语法要准确，尽量遵循国外人的表达方式，句法和习惯，避免“中国式”英语，这样才能写出一篇“地道”的英语文章，使老外更清楚容易地明白这篇文章所要表达的意思（注：国外老师如果感觉一篇文章很难理解他们是不会花精力去揣摩作者的意图的，无论这篇文正观点多新颖，论据多充足，结果还是一篇不合格的文章。

外国人写文章强调通俗易懂，言简意赅，不推荐使用很多复杂的句子，他们看重的是学生对某个理论和问题的理解程度和思考能力，而不是非常华丽的文词造句。

多阅读相关英语文章，学习模仿类似语句的用词造句来组织自己的语言是一种很有效的方法。

4. 论文的格式要求字体Times New Roman或者Arial，正文字体12号（小四），大标题加粗14号，小标题加粗12号。

小小标题不加粗12号。

段落使用现代写作格式—文字顶头不空格，段落与段落隔一行，1.5倍行距。

文章两端对齐。

Essay一般不需要目录和标题，report需要目录和标题，标题的编号按照1. 1.1 1.11的方式，目录和封面的编辑参考范文。

论文字数上下不超过规定的10%5. 文献综述标注方法（Referencing）（使用哈佛大学文献标注法）参考文献可以是书籍，网站，杂志，期刊，网站，报纸等，academic reference（学术性文献）通常指的是书籍或者电子书籍。

英国毕业论文格式要求语言和内容是评判1篇英语论文质量高低的重要依据，我们大家看看下面的英国毕业论文格式要求吧！1、英语论文的标题1篇较长较好的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)1般都需要标题页，其书写格式如下：第1行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之1，与下行(通常为by，居中)的距离则为5cm，第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。

假如该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写，则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如：Dr./Prof.C.Prager)及本门课程的编号或名称(如：English 734或British Novel)。

打印时，如无特殊要求，每1行均需double space，即隔行打印，行距约为0.6cm(论文其他部分行距同此)。

就学生而言，假如英语论文篇幅较短，也可以不做标题页(及提纲页)，而将标题页的内容打在正文第1页的左上方。

第1行为作者姓名，与打印纸顶端距离约为2.5cm，以下各行依次为教师学衔和姓、课程编号(或名称)及日期；各行左边上下对齐，并留出2.5cm左右的页边空白(下同)。

接下来便是论文标题及正文(日期与标题之间及标题与正文第1行之间只需隔行打印，不必留出更多空白)。

2、英语论文提纲英语论文提纲页包括：论题句及提纲本身，其规范格式如下：先在第1行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为2.5cm左右)的始端打上 Thesis 1词及冒号，空1格后再打论题句，回行时左边须与论题句的第1个字母上下对齐。

主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出，次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。

各数字或字母后均为1句点，空出1格后再打该项内容的第1个字母；处于同1等级的纲目，其上下行左边必须对齐。

需要注意的是，同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上，即：有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ，有A应有B，以此类推。

假如英文论文提纲较长，需两页纸，则第2页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码，即ii(第1页无需标页码)。

英语专业毕业论文撰写规范英语专业本科生毕业论文是完成本科教学计划、实现本科培养目标的重要阶段，是外语人才培养不可或缺的重要环节；是对学生的外语实践技能、外语语文知识及其他相关学科、全面素质、研究与创新能力进行检验考核的重要手段；是培养学生发现并提出问题、解决问题的能力以及独立从事科研工作的能力。

为了保证我校英语专业本科生毕业论文质量，特制定《英语专业毕业论文撰写规范》。

1 内容要求1.1 论文题名论文题名是揭示论文主题和概括论文特定内容的恰当、简明的词语的逻辑组合。

应简明、醒目、恰当、有概括性，一般不宜超过10个实词；中文题名应与英文题名含义一致，一般不宜超过20个汉字。

不允许使用非公知公用、同行不熟悉的外来语、缩写词、符号、代号和商品名称。

题名语意未尽，确有必要补充说明其特定同内容时，可加副题名。

1.2 致谢（Acknowledgement）致谢是对导师和给予指导或协助完成研究工作的组织和个人表示感谢，应实事求是，文字要简洁，切忌浮夸和庸俗。

1.3 目次（Contents）目次按三级标题编写，要求层次清晰，且要与正文标题一致，主要包括英文摘要、中文摘要、引言、正文、结论、注释、参考文献等。

1.4 摘要与关键词1.4.1 论文摘要摘要又称内容提要，应以浓缩的形式概括研究课题的内容、方法和观点，以及取得的结果和结论，应能反映整个研究内容的精华。

英文摘要(Abstract)以500字左右为宜，中文摘要内容与英文摘要相同。

撰写摘要时应注意以下几点：（1）用精炼、概括的语言来表达，每项内容不宜展开论证或说明；（2）客观陈述，不宜加主观评价；（3）结果和结论性字句是摘要的重点，在文字论述上要多些，以加深读者的印象；（4）要独立成文，选词用语要避免与全文尤其是前言和结论部分雷同；（5）既要写得简短扼要，又要生动，在词语润色、表达方法和章法结构上要尽可能写得有文彩，以唤起读者对全文阅读的兴趣。

1.4.2 关键词（Key Words）关键词3—5个，是供检索使用的，一般为题目中的词，不能用外延词（如形容词）。