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Book report on Course Design------Huang XiujuanThose days, I have read the new book, Course Design,written by Fraida Dubin and Elite pared with the book, How to teach English that I read before, this book is less easy to understand and more abstract. Thus, I spend much more time to read this book.There are 9 chapters in Course Design. Chapter 1 deals with the fact-finding stage: assessing society factors.The fact-finding stage provides answers to key questions about language program policy. It tells us some fundamental preliminaries of which the course designers should be aware. Societal factors determines scope, orientation and content of the language course envisaged. The most important factor is the ‘language setting’, or the ‘totality of communication roles’(Gumperz 1968) in any speech community. Therefore, course designers need to understand and evaluate the significance of the language setting in terms of its effect on the learners and the learning process. Moreover, a ‘language of wider communication’(LWC), especially vital for communities whose primary languages are not widely used outside their own area, deserves to be taken account of. The major uses of English are seen in education, the labour market and the process of modernization. In addition, both group and individual attitudes towards language are also important factors to be considered in the designing of language courses.Lastly, course design also ought to consider the political and national context. Political, national, and economic considerations are closely interlaced with each other and can even be viewed as one composite element, but at the initial, fact-finding stage, it is necessary to devote attention to each of these factors separately. Viewed at the highest level, political considerations have to do with the particular regime or administration in power and how it views the question of language in general. In an LWC setting, national considerations might be particularly important for countries which are still grappling with nationhood.In chapter 2, it mainly talks about the basis for curriculum and syllabus designing. A curriculum, which is made up of three elements:a viewpoint on the nature of language,a viewpoint on the nature of language learning and an educational-cultural viewpoint, contains a broad description of general goals. A syllabus is a more detailed and operational statement of teaching and learning elements which translates the philosophy of the curriculum into a series of planned steps leading towards more narrowly defined objectives at each level. There are three parts of an audiolingual curriculum, namely, language view: descriptive/structural linguistics, language learning view: stimulus-response theory, and educational view: behaviorism.In chapter 3, the relationship between a curriculum and a syllabus are elaborated in more detail. The connection between general goals at thecurriculum level and specific objectives at the syllabus level is evident in the effect which goals have on the three concerns of a syllabus: the dimensions of language content, processes or means, and product or outcomes. In general, curriculum goals tend to place emphasis on one or another of these dimensions. Then, it describes briefly the various formats that a syllabus can take: linear, modular, cyclical, matrix and story-line, illustrated with examples. This chapter is ended with a discussion of teaching method, which generally have been given short shrift in the literature on communicative language teaching.In chapter 4, the focus is an idealized communicative curriculum, which draws from three major areas: a view of the nature of language as seen by the field of sociolinguistics, a cognitively based view of language learning, and a humanistic approach in education. These theoretical views which influences the goals of a communicative curriculum.In chapter 5, the three areas of a language teaching syllabus are specified along the communicative lines, which implies both an expansion and a shift in emphasis about the notions content, process, and product introduced in chapter 3. Consequently, content in the curriculum has been expanded to include not only structures, situations, and themes or topics, but also concepts(notions) and functions. In the expanded process area, the emphasis is laid on cognitive and creative skills, which are essential for the communicative approach, and global workouts.Lastly, in the expanded product area, the focus is on skills emphasis, learner needs and learner autonomy.The following three chapters, from chapter 6 to chapter 8, deal with the areas of content, process and product more specifically. In chapter 6, the authors’aim is to integrate notional and functional meaning with grammar, thematic content and lexis. The discrete vs. holistic paradox appears in each of the dimension of an idealized syllabus. The discrete point of view focuses on form, accuracy and analysis while the holistic point focuses on function, fluency, and use. In chapter 7, it deals essentially with two issues: ‘Incorporating grammars of social norms: a discrete element view’and ‘Scripting role-plays: a holistic view of sociocultural content’. There are so many examples to illustrate the two issues. The purpose of chapter 8 is to supply the relevant techniques for designing materials. When concerned with skill in second and foreign language reading, the materials preparer functions as a mediator between the text and the learner-reader. The materials designer’s task is to synthesize three disparate elements into a compatible inter-relationship: reading strategies; features of the text; and second language learner-reader characteristics. In the authors’opinion, the materials designer has three tasks. First, utilize workouts that bring about interaction with the text. Second, provide a variety of materials to read. Third, select texts appropriate for L2 learner-readers. This chapter endswith a model reading lesson: ‘ A moral for any age’ by Jacob Bronowski.The final chapter of Course Design provides practical instructions for the materials designer. Creating materials is regarded as the link between syllabus and audience. Usually, non-commercial materials are aimed at a more specified, local audience. Commercial materials are for as wide an audience as possible. In the final section of this chapter, the authors give some useful suggestions to materials designers. A checklist for materials designers concludes the final chapter.Dubin and Olshtain of this book describe the factors which must be considered in course design. Course Design is intended for teachers and teachers in training who are involved in course design. In my opinion, this book is very useful for course designers. After reading this book, I come to better understand how the materials are designed.In addition, the authors are good at using diagrams to illustrate, such as the relationship of a curriculum to the syllabuses which draw from it, the components of an audiolingual curriculum. From these diagrams, I can better understand the content of the book.。
西方社会学理论课程学习目标•社会学洞察力（sociological insight）•社会学想象力（sociological imagination）•社会学传统（the sociological tradition）西方社会学理论的叙述框架•人物 (the thinkers, masters)•流派 (the systems, the schools, the isms)•观念 (the ideas, the elements of systems)•主题 (the themes, the leitmotifs)以现代性为主线 (sociology=the study of modernity) the problematics of sociology is the project of modernity•传统———现代性———后现代性经典大师主要流派核心主题•经典社会学家侧重于解释和诊断从传统到现代的转变机制及其问题（宏大历史叙事与问题取向）（三位一体与三大神话）；•现代社会学家侧重于完善解释现代社会的理论体系（学科化、学院化与范式之争）；•当代社会学家侧重于新现实的探索与社会学本身的重新定位(后现代性与否思社会科学)。
西方现代性的形成发展西方现代性形成过程中的关键事件：•欧洲中古后期城市的兴起（11-13C）---自治•文艺复兴运动（14-15C）----“人的发现”•海外探险及殖民主义（15-19C）----“世界的发现”•资本主义（14-20C）•民族国家（16C）•科学革命（17C）•启蒙运动（18C）：a set of ideas•政治革命（18C）•工业革命（18-19C）西方与其他（the west and the rest）社会学理论中的东方主义（orientalism）社会学的起源孔孟之争Montesquieu(1689-1755):empiricismComte(1798-1857):order and progress社会学革命（sociological revolution）与时代精神（zeitgeist）社会学谱系的不断重写不同的圣典化（canonization）策略Classic Masters•马克思 Karl Marx (1818-1883)•迪尔凯姆 Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)•齐美尔 Georg Simmel (1858-1918)•韦伯 Max Weber (1864-1920)迪尔凯姆（涂尔干）•主要著作：•《社会分工论》（1893）必读：第二版序言、第三卷第一章“失范的分工”•《社会学方法的准则》（1895）第一章“什么是社会事实”•《自杀论》（1897）Book Two:5, “失范型自杀”•《原始分类》（1903）•《宗教生活的基本形式》（1912）“导言”、第二卷第七章•基本关怀：•现代世界中共同道德力量的衰落The declining strength of the common morality in the modern world迪尔凯姆（涂尔干）•核心概念•社会事实(social facts)：Durkheim•社会团结(social solidarity)•失范(anomie)Homo duplex (the duality of human nature)迪尔凯姆（涂尔干）•自杀(suicide)为何研究自杀：自杀的增多乃现代社会病态之体现;自杀乃personal &private之事，若能在此最为不利的情况下证明集体生活仍然支配着个人的命运，岂不妙哉!Durkheim根据原因来划分类型:integration: lowegoistic suicide（利己型自杀）(整合) high altruistic suicide（利他型自杀）regulation: lowanomic suicide(失范型自杀)(管制) high fatalistic suicide(宿命型自杀)Integration refers to the degree to which collective sentiments are sharedRegulation refers to the degree of external constraint on people.迪尔凯姆（涂尔干）•Religion: God or Society?•The sacred and the profane•Beliefs, rites,church:A religion is a unified system of beliefs and practices which unite into onesingle moral community called a church, all those who adhere to them.•“宗教力量非他，乃氏族之集体和莫名力量耳”•Collective effervescence•Religion is society becoming conscious of itself迪尔凯姆（涂尔干）•Morality:•现代社会的苦恼，并不集中于特定的阶级，而是普遍存在于整个社会。
心理科学进展 2016, Vol. 24, No. 4, 622–632 Advances in Psychological ScienceDOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2016.00622622社会偏好中的框架效应*邓 颖 徐富明 李 欧 史燕伟 刘程浩(华中师范大学心理学院暨湖北省人的发展与心理健康重点实验室;青少年网络心理与行为教育部重点实验室, 武汉 430079)摘 要 社会偏好中的框架效应是指, 个体在决策中受到选择方案框架形式的影响而表现出合作、互惠及利他行为及倾向改变的现象, 是框架效应在社会偏好领域的运用。
预期理论、错误知觉说、心理动力模型、情绪维护理论以及解释水平理论分别从价值函数、知觉偏差、内部心理动力、情绪及认知表征角度解释了社会偏好中的框架效应, 心理距离、价值取向、人格特质和文化等因素对社会偏好中的框架效应具有重要影响。
未来的研究需要从社会偏好中的框架效应的心理机制与神经机制、研究范式及外部效度改进等方面作进一步探讨。
关键词 社会偏好; 框架效应; 预期理论; 解释水平理论; 心理距离 分类号B849:C911 前言“经济人假设”认为, 人是绝对理性的, 完全受经济利益的驱使。
但是, 在实验经济学关于决策的众多研究中, 明显违背“经济人假设”的现象时有发生。
例如, 最后通牒博弈(ultimatum game, UG)中的拒绝提案行为, 信任博弈(trust game)中的信任行为和回报行为, 独裁者博弈(dictator game, DG)中的给予行为, 公共品博弈(public goods game)中的合作行为等。
这一系列博弈实验结果强有力反驳了这一假设, 行为和实验经济学家开始对超越自利假设的社会偏好进行研究, 促使了社会偏好理论的产生。
关于社会偏好的定义学术界至今还没有形成统一的意见, Camerer (1997)首次完整地提出了“社会偏好”的概念, 随后很多研究者对社会偏好的概念进行了阐释(Bowles & Gintis, 2004; Mullainathan & Thalerb, 2007)。
Being an introvert is a personality trait that is often misunderstood.Here are some points to consider when writing an essay about being an introverted person:1.Definition of Introversion:Start by explaining what it means to be an introvert. Introverts are individuals who prefer spending time alone or in small groups,and they often find social interactions draining.2.Personal Experience:Share personal experiences that illustrate your introverted nature. This could include your preference for quiet activities,such as reading or working on a hobby,over attending large social gatherings.3.Strengths of Introversion:Discuss the strengths that introverts possess,such as the ability to focus deeply on tasks,being good listeners,and having a rich inner life.4.Challenges Faced:Address the challenges that introverts may face in a predominantly extroverted society.This could include feeling misunderstood,being labeled as shy or antisocial,and struggling with the pressure to be outgoing.5.Coping Strategies:Describe the strategies that introverts use to cope with social situations.This might involve setting boundaries,preparing for social events,or finding ways to recharge after social interactions.6.Misunderstandings:Clarify common misconceptions about introverts,such as the belief that they are not interested in others or that they are always unhappy in social situations.7.Importance of Balance:Emphasize the importance of recognizing and valuing both introverts and extroverts in society.Highlight how diversity in personality types contributes to a balanced and productive environment.8.Famous Introverts:Mention some famous introverts who have made significant contributions to various fields,such as Albert Einstein,J.K.Rowling,or Steve Wozniak, to show that introversion is not a barrier to success.9.Acceptance and SelfUnderstanding:Conclude by discussing the importance of selfacceptance and understanding ones own introverted nature.Encourage readers to embrace their introverted qualities and to appreciate the unique contributions they can make.10.Call to Action:End with a call to action for society to be more inclusive andunderstanding of different personality types,fostering an environment where everyone can thrive.Remember to use descriptive language and personal anecdotes to make your essay engaging and relatable.By exploring both the challenges and strengths of being an introvert,you can provide a wellrounded perspective on this personality trait.。
2024年外研版英语高二上学期模拟试卷及答案指导一、听力第一节（本大题有5小题，每小题1.5分，共7.5分）1、Question: What is the name of the author being discussed in the conversation?A) Jane AustenB) Charles DickensC) Mark TwainD) Emily BrontëAnswer: B) Charles DickensExplanation: The conversation mentions a famous novel by the author, which is “Great Expectations,” a novel by Charles Dickens. Therefore, the correct answer is B) Charles Dickens.2、Question: How does the woman describe her recent trip to the mountains?A) It was very hot.B) It was quite challenging.C) It was very relaxing.D) It was quite expensive.Answer: B) It was quite challenging.Explanation: The woman in the conversation mentions that the hike up the mountain was difficult and required a lot of effort, indicating that it was challenging. Thus, the correct answer is B) It was quite challenging.3、Question 3:Conversation:M: Hi, Sarah. Are you going to the library today?W: Yes, but I’ll be leaving a bit later because I have a class until 3 PM. Q: What does Sarah plan to do after her class?(A) Go home(B) Meet a friend(C) Go to the library(D) Attend a lectureAnswer: CExplanation: The woman indicates that she will go to the library, but only after her class ends at 3 PM.4、Question 4:Conversation:W: Excuse me, Professor White. Could you give me a brief overview of today’s lecture?M: Of course. We discussed the impact of technology on communication in the 21st century.Q: What topic did Professor White cover in his lecture?(A) The history of communication(B) The future of technology(C) The influence of technology on modern communication(D) The development of 21st-century educationAnswer: CExplanation: Professor White explicitly states that the lecture covered the impact of technology on communication in the current century, which aligns with option C.5、Listen to the conversation and answer the question.W: Hey, John, did you know that the average temperature in the city for the past week was 75 degrees Fahrenheit?M: Yeah, that’s quite hig h compared to last year. It was only 60 degrees Fahrenheit last week at this time.Q: What was the average temperature in the city last week at this time last year? A: 60 degrees Fahrenheit解析：This question tests your ability to understand numbers and compare information. The key phrase to listen for is “60 degrees Fahrenheit last year at this time,” which directly gives you the answer.二、听力第二节（本大题有15小题，每小题1.5分，共22.5分）1、Question: What is the name of the author who wrote the book “To Kill a Mockingbird”?Options:A. Jane AustenB. Mark TwainC. Harper LeeD. F. Scott FitzgeraldAnswer: C. Harper LeeExplanation: “To Kill a Mockingbird” is a novel written by Harper Lee. The other options listed are authors of different famous works, but they are not the author of this specific book.2、Question: What is the capital city of France?Options:A. RomeB. ParisC. LondonD. BerlinAnswer: B. ParisExplanation: Paris is the capital city of France. The other options listed are the capitals of Italy (Rome), the United Kingdom (London), and Germany (Berlin), respectively.3.You will hear a conversation between two students, Alice and Bob, discussing their weekend plans. Listen and answer the question.Question: What activity does Alice plan to do on Saturday afternoon?A. Visit a museumB. Go hikingC. Watch a movieD. Go shoppingAnswer: BExplanation: In the conversation, Alice says, “I’m planning to g o hiking with some friends on Saturday afternoon. It should be a lot of fun!” This indicates that her plan for Saturday afternoon is to go hiking.4.You will hear a news report about the upcoming climate change conferencein Paris. Listen and answer the question.Question: According to the report, what is the main goal of the conference?A. To discuss the history of climate changeB. To find a solution to the global financial crisisC. To create a global agreement on reducing carbon emissionsD. To promote tourism in ParisAnswer: CExplanation: The news report states, “The main goal of the conference is to reach a global agreement on reducing carbon emissions to combat climate change.” This directly answers the question about the main goal of the conference.5.You will hear a conversation between two students, Tom and Sarah, discussing their weekend plans. Listen to the conversation and answer the question.Question: What does Sarah plan to do on Saturday afternoon?A. Visit a museum.B. Go to a movie with Tom.C. Attend a sports event.D. Have a quiet day at home.Answer: A. Visit a museum.Explanation: In the conversation, Sarah mentions, “I’m thinking of visiting the art museum this Saturday afternoon.” This indicates that her plan is to visit a museum.6.You will hear a news report about a new study on climate change. Listen to the report and answer the question.Question: What is the main finding of the study according to the report?A. Climate change is slowing down.B. The effects of climate change are becoming less severe.C. The rate of global warming is increasing.D. The impact of climate change is minimal.Answer: C. The rate of global warming is increasing.Explanation: The news report states, “The study indicates that the rate of global warming is accelerating at an unprecedented pace, which is causing concern among scientists.” This statement supports option C as the correct answer.7.You hear a conversation between two students discussing their weekend plans. The first student mentions going to the beach, and the second student responds with enthusiasm. What does the second student say?A)“That sounds amazing, I wish I could go with you.”B)“I’m not a big fan of the beach, but I’ll consider it.”C)“I’ve never been to the beach, but I’ll give it a try.”D)“That’s a terrible idea, I prefer staying indoors.”Answer: A)Explanation: The second student expresses enthusiasm for the first student’s plan to go to the beach. The correct response is “That sounds amazing, I wish I could go with you.”8.You hear a conversation between a teacher and a student. The student is asking for advice on choosing a major. The teacher suggests that the student consider their interests and strengths. What does the teacher say?A)“You should choose a major that you’re passionate about.”B)“I think it’s best to choose a major that will make you a lot of money.”C)“You should choose a major that will make your parents happy.”D)“You should choose a major based on what your friends are studying.”Answer: A)Explanation: The teacher advises the student to consider their interests and strengths when choosing a major. The correct response is “You should choose a major that you’re passionate about.”9.You will hear a conversation between two students discussing their favorite subjects. Listen to the conversation and answer the question.Question: What subject does the girl prefer?A. MathB. EnglishC. HistoryD. ScienceAnswer: BExplanation: In the conversation, the girl says, “I really like E nglish because it’s both challenging and fun.” This indicates that her favorite subject is English.10.You will hear a dialogue between a teacher and a student about the student’s homework. Listen to the dialogue and answer the question.Question: Why is the student worried about the homework?A. The homework is too difficult.B. The homework is due the next day.C. The student has already completed the homework.D. The student doesn’t understand the instructions.Answer: DExplanation: The teacher asks, “Why don’t you understand the instructions for the homework?” The student responds, “I’m not sure what to do with the data analysis part.” This shows that the student is worried because they don’t understand the instructions.11.You hear a conversation between two students discussing their weekend plans.A)They plan to go hiking.B)They plan to stay at home and study.C)They plan to go to a concert.Answer: B) They plan to stay at home and study.Explanation: In the conversation, one student mentions having a lot of homework and the other agrees that it’s important to focus on studying,indicating that they plan to stay at home.12.You hear a news report about a recent scientific discovery.A) A new type of technology has been developed.B) A famous scientist has passed away.C) A major medical breakthrough has been achieved.Answer: A) A new type of technology has been developed.Explanation: The news report focuses on the introduction of a new technology that has the potential to impact various fields, which is why option A is the correct answer. The other options are not mentioned in the report.13.You will hear a short conversation between two students. Listen and answer the question.Question: What are the students discussing?A. The weather forecast for the weekend.B. The deadline for an upcoming assignment.C. The latest movie they watched together.D. The location of a new café in town.Answer: B解析：In the conversation, the students are talking about the deadline for an upcoming assignment. They discuss the importance of finishing it on time and how they need to manage their time effectively.14.You will hear a short lecture about the impact of social media on young adults. Listen and answer the question.Question: According to the lecture, what is one potential negative effectof social media on young adults?A. Improved communication skills.B. Increased self-confidence.C. Decreased face-to-face social interactions.D. Enhanced educational opportunities.Answer: C解析：In the lecture, the speaker mentions that one potential negative effect of social media on young adults is the decreased face-to-face social interactions. The speaker discusses how excessive time spent on social media can lead to less personal communication and a reliance on digital interactions.15.You will hear a conversation between two students, John and Emily, discussing their favorite subjects. Listen to the conversation and choose the best answer to the following question.Question: What is the main reason Emily chose her major?A. She is interested in mathematics.B. She wants to study computer science.C. She is passionate about literature.D. She is good at economics.Answer: C. She is passionate about literature.Explanation: In the conversation, Emily mentions that she has always loved reading books and writing stories, which is why she chose to major in literature. Therefore, the correct answer is C. She is passionate about literature.三、阅读第一节（第1题7.5分，其余每题10分，总37.5分）第一题Read the following passage carefully and then answer the questions below.In recent years, the importance of environmental protection has been increasingly recognized worldwide. As the global population continues to grow and urbanization expands, the negative impact of human activities on the environment has become more evident. One of the most pressing issues is climate change, which is caused by the excessive emission of greenhouse gases. The rising temperatures are leading to more frequent and severe natural disasters, such as hurricanes, floods, and droughts. In addition to climate change, pollution from factories and vehicles has also caused significant damage to ecosystems and human health.Many countries have started to take action to mitigate the environmental problems. Renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, are being developed to reduce reliance on fossil fuels. Public transportation systems are being improved to encourage people to use eco-friendly modes of transport. Moreover, governments are implementing stricter regulations on industries to reduce their emissions and promote sustainable practices.Despite these efforts, it is still crucial for individuals to take responsibility for their own actions. Simple lifestyle changes, such as reducing waste, conserving water, and using energy-efficient appliances, can make a significant difference. Education and awareness are also vital in promoting aculture of environmental responsibility.Questions:1、What is the main topic of the passage?A. The benefits of renewable energy sourcesB. The negative impact of climate changeC. The role of individuals in environmental protectionD. The importance of public transportation systems2、According to the passage, what are the main causes of environmental problems?A. Climate change and pollutionB. Urbanization and overpopulationC. Deforestation and overfishingD. Fossil fuel consumption and deforestation3、Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a measure to mitigate environmental problems?A. Developing renewable energy sourcesB. Improving public transportation systemsC. Encouraging people to use eco-friendly modes of transportD. Implementing stricter regulations on industries and promoting sustainable practices4、What is the author’s main point about the role of individuals in environmental protection?A. Individuals should not take responsibility for their actions.B. Simple lifestyle changes can make a significant difference.C. Education and awareness are not important in promoting a culture of environmental responsibility.D. Individuals should only rely on governments and industries to solve environmental problems.Answers:1、C2、A3、C4、B第二题Reading PassageIn the small town of Windermere, nestled between the majestic mountains of the Lake District, there’s a hidden gem known as the Windermere Lake Steamboat Museum. This museum, which opened its doors in 1969, is dedicated to the rich history of steam-powered boats and their impact on the development of the region.The museum’s centerpiece is the world’s last remaining paddle steamer, the MV Balmoral, which was built in 1894. The Balmoral was an engineering marvel of its time, capable of carrying passengers and goods across the waters of Lake Windermere. The museum’s exhibits also include photographs, artifacts, and interactive displays that tell the story of the steamboat era.One of the most fascinating aspects of the museum is the opportunity for visitors to take a short steamboat ride on the lake, just as the early travelers would have done. The experience is not only educational but also offers a unique perspective of the landscape that has changed little over the years.The museum’s founder, Mr.Harold Pegg, was a local historian who had a deep passion for preserving the town’s heritage. He believed that the story of the steamboats was integral to understanding the development of the region and the lives of its people.Questions:1、What is the main focus of the Windermere Lake Steamboat Museum?A. The history of the town of WindermereB. The impact of steamboats on the Lake DistrictC. The life of Mr. Harold PeggD. The history of steam-powered boats and their role in the region2、What year was the MV Balmoral built?A. 1869B. 1894C. 1969D. 19403、What is a unique opportunity offered to visitors at the museum?A. A guided tour of the townB. A talk by a local historianC. The chance to take a steamboat ride on Lake WindermereD. A tasting of local cuisine4、Why did Mr. Harold Pegg establish the museum?A. To attract tourists to the townB. To showcase his own steamboat collectionC. To preserve the history of steamboats in the regionD. To promote the sale of steamboat memorabiliaAnswers:1、D2、B3、C4、C第三题Reading PassageThe following is a passage about the history and impact of the internet on modern life. Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.In the late 20th century, the internet began to transform the way people communicate, work, and live. This digital revolution has had a profound impact on various aspects of society, including education, business, and entertainment. The internet has become an indispensable part of our daily lives, connecting people from all corners of the globe.The birth of the internet can be traced back to the 1960s, when the UnitedStates government initiated a project called ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network). The primary goal of ARPANET was to create a decentralized communication network that could withstand nuclear attacks. Over time, ARPANET evolved into the modern internet we know today.1、What was the original purpose of ARPANET?A. To provide entertainment to the public.B. To create a decentralized communication network that could withstand nuclear attacks.C. To develop advanced research projects.D. To improve the quality of education.2、According to the passage, how has the internet changed our lives?A. It has made people more isolated.B. It has reduced communication between people.C. It has had a profound impact on various aspects of society.D. It has increased unemployment.3、The passage mentions that the internet has become an indispensable part of our daily lives. What does this mean?A. The internet is no longer important.B. The internet is a necessary part of our lives.C. The internet is not necessary for our lives.D. The internet is only important for some people.4、What is the main idea of the passage?A. The history of the internet.B. The impact of the internet on education.C. The impact of the internet on business.D. The impact of the internet on modern life.Answers:1、B2、C3、B4、D第四题Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.The rise of the Internet has revolutionized the way we communicate and access information. With just a few clicks, we can now connect with people from all over the world, access a vast array of information, and even purchase products online. This technological advancement has brought both benefits and challenges to our society.In the past, communication was limited to letters, phone calls, and face-to-face meetings. Now, with email, social media, and instant messaging, we can communicate instantly with anyone, regardless of their location. This has greatly increased efficiency and convenience in our daily lives. However, it has also led to a decline in face-to-face interactions and a decrease in written communication skills.Information accessibility has also been greatly enhanced by the Internet. Libraries, once the go-to source for research, are now just one of many options. With a simple online search, we can find articles, books, and other resources in seconds. This has made education and self-learning more accessible to a wider audience. On the other hand, it has raised concerns about the reliability and accuracy of online information.Online shopping has become increasingly popular, offering convenience and a wide variety of choices. Customers can compare prices, read reviews, and even have products delivered to their doorstep. This has changed the retail landscape and forced traditional brick-and-mortar stores to adapt. However, there are concerns about the environmental impact of online shopping and the potential for fraud.1、What is the main topic of the passage?A. The advantages of the InternetB. The disadvantages of the InternetC. The impact of the Internet on communicationD. The impact of the Internet on education2、According to the passage, what is one of the challenges brought by the Internet?A. Increased efficiencyB. Decreased face-to-face interactionsC. Enhanced information accessibilityD. Improved communication skills3、How has the Internet affected libraries?A. Libraries have become obsolete.B. Libraries are no longer used for research.C. Libraries are still a valuable resource for research.D. Libraries have been replaced by online searches.4、What is a concern regarding online shopping mentioned in the passage?A. The convenience of online shopping.B. The environmental impact of online shopping.C. The wide variety of choices available.D. The potential for fraud in online transactions.Answers:1、C2、B3、C4、B四、阅读第二节（12.5分）Reading Section IIPassage:In the small coastal town of Porthaven, the community has long cherished its annual summer festival. This year, however, the festival is facing a newchallenge. The local council has proposed a plan to expand the town’s marina, which many residents believe will overshadow the festival and damage the natural beauty of the town.The festival, which has been running for over 50 years, features traditional music, local crafts, and a grand parade. It’s a highlight of the summer for both tourists and residents al ike. However, the council’s proposal has sparked a heated debate among the townspeople.Proponents of the marina expansion argue that it will bring in more tourists, boost the local economy, and provide more docking space for boats. They believe that the additional revenue generated from the expanded marina will be used to improve the town’s infrastructure and public amenities.Opponents, on the other hand, are worried that the expansion will destroy the natural landscape and disrupt the tranquility of the town. They also fear that the increased tourist traffic and commercialization will detract from the festival’s charm and the community’s sense of identity.Questions:1.What is the main issue that the community of Porthaven is currently debating?A. The closing of the local schoolB. The expansion of the town’s marinaC. The relocation of the town’s libraryD. The cancellation of the annual summer festival2.What is the primary concern of the opponents of the marina expansion plan?A. The potential increase in tourismB. The possibility of improved infrastructureC. The potential damage to the natural landscapeD. The potential for increased revenue3.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a feature of the Porthaven summer festival?A. Traditional musicB. Local craftsC. A grand paradeD. An art gallery exhibit4.How do the proponents of the marina expansion plan expect the additional revenue to be used?A. To fund the festival activitiesB. To improve the town’s infrastructureC. To increase the festival’s budgetD. To reduce the town’s taxes5.According to the passage, what is the outcome of the debate over the marina expansion plan?A. The council has decided to cancel the expansion project.B. The town has voted to proceed with the expansion.C. The residents have decided to ignore the council’s proposal.D. The debate is still ongoing, with no clear resolution yet.Answers:1.B2.C3.D4.B5.D五、语言运用第一节 _ 完形填空（15分）完形填空Passage:“Every morning, Tom would wake up early and go f or a run. It was his way of getting ready for the day (1)_____. One morning, he noticed an elderly man sitting on a bench in the park, feeding birds. The old man looked so peaceful and content that Tom decided to (2)_____ him. ‘Good morning, sir,’ Tom gree ted with a smile. ‘Good morning, young man,’ the elderly gentleman replied. ‘I see you’re a runner. It’s a good habit to keep fit.’ Tom nodded, appreciating the (3)_____. They started talking about running, life, and the beauty of (4)_____. The old man shared stories of his youth, (5)_____ Tom with wisdom and laughter. Before leaving, the old man said, ‘Remember, son, it’s not just the destination but the journey that (6)_____.’ Tom waved goodbye, feeling inspired by their conversation. He realized that sometimes, the most unexpected (7)_____ can lead to the most profound moments. From then on, Tom made it a point to(8)_____ and appreciate every step of his journey, knowing that there is always something new to learn and someone new to meet. His runs became more than just exercise; they were opportunities for (9)_____. As days passed, Tom visited the park (10)_____, hoping to meet the old man again. Though the old man didn’t reappear, Tom never forgot his words. He continued to greet each day with (11)_____, to meet people with kindness, and to live his life to the fullest. In his heart, Tom knew that this encounter had changed him for the better.”1.A) ahead B) behind C) forward D) backward2.A) interrupt B) approach C) avoid D) ignore3.A) compliment B) advice C) suggestion D) guidance4.A) nature B) city C) town D) countryside5.A) filling B) providing C) giving D) offering6.A) matters B) exists C) happens D) appears7.A) meetings B) destinations C) journeys D) encounters8.A) slow down B) speed up C) give up D) drop out9.A) discovery B) relaxation C) adventure D) exploration10.A) regularly B) rarely C) occasionally D) seldom11.A) excitement B) disappointment C) sadness D) frustration答案1.C) forward2.B) approach3.A) compliment4.A) nature5.A) filling6.A) matters7.D) encounters8.A) slow down9.A) discovery10.A) regularly11.A) excitement以上就是这次的完形填空练习题及答案。
The three Cs of customer satisfaction: Consistency, consistency, consistency It may not seem sexy, but consistency is the secret ingredient to making customers happy. However, it’s difficult to get right and requires top-leadership attention.“Sustaining an audience is hard,” Bruce Springsteen once said. “It demands a consistency of thought, of purpose, and of action over a long period of time.” He was talking about his route to music stardom, yet his words are just as applicable to the world of customer experience. Consistency may be one of the least inspirational topics for most managers. But it’s exceptionally powerful, especially at a time when retail channels are proliferating and consumer choice and empowerment are increasing.Getting consistency right also requires the attention of top leadership. That’s because by using a variety of channels and triggering more and more interactions with companies as they seek to meet discrete needs, customers create clusters of interactions that make their individual interactions less important than their cumulative experience. This customer journey can span all elements of a company and include everything from buying a product to actually using it, having issues with a product that require resolution, or simply making the decision to use a service or product for the first time.It’s not enough to make customers happy with each individual interaction. Our most recent customer-experience survey of some 27,000 American consumers across 14 different industries found that effective customer journeys are more important: measuring satisfaction on customer journeys is 30 percent more predictive of overall customer satisfaction than measuring happiness for each individual interaction. In addition, maximizing satisfaction with customer journeys has the potential not only to increase customer satisfaction by 20 percent but also to lift revenue by up to 15 percent while lowering the cost of serving customers by as much as 20 percent. Our research identified three keys to consistency:Alfonso Pulido, Dorian Stone, and John Strevel M A R C H 20141. Customer-journey consistencyIt’s well understood that companies must continually work to provide customers with superior service, with each area of the business having clear policies, rules, and supporting mechanisms to ensure consistency during each interaction. However, few companies can deliver consistently across customer journeys, even in meeting basic needs.Simple math illustrates why this is so important in a world of increasingly multichannel, multitouch customer journeys. Assume a customer interacts six times with a pay-TV company, starting when he or she undertakes online research into providers and ending when the first bill is received 30 days after service is installed. Assuminga 95 percent satisfaction rate for each individual interaction—whether measuring responsiveness, the accuracy of information, or other factors—even this level of performance means that up to one in four customers will have a poor experience during the on-boarding journey.The fact is that consistency on the most common customer journeys is an important predictor of overall customer experience and loyalty. Banks, for example, saw an exceptionally strong correlation between consistency on key customer journeys and overall performance in customer experience. And when we sent an undercover-shopping team to visit 50 bank branches and contact 50 bank call centers, the analysis was confirmed: for lower-performing banks, the variability in experience was much higher among a typical bank’s branches than it was among different banks themselves. Large banks typically faced the greatest challenge.2. Emotional consistencyOne of the most illuminating results of our survey was that positive customer-experience emotions—encompassed in a feeling of trust—were the biggest drivers of satisfaction and loyalty in a majority of industries surveyed. We also found that consistency is particularly important to forge a relationship of trust with customers: for example, customers trusted banks that were in the top quartile of delivering consistent customer journeys 30 percent more than banks in the bottom quartile.What is also striking is how valuable the consistency-driven emotional connection isfor customer loyalty. For bank customers, “a brand I feel close to” and “a brand thatI can trust” were the top drivers for bank differentiation on customer experience. In a world where research suggests that fewer than 30 percent of customers trust most major financial brands, ensuring consistency on customer journeys to build trust is important for long-term growth.3. Communication consistencyA company’s brand is driven by more than the combination of promises made and promises kept. What’s also critical is ensuring customers recognize the delivery of those promises, which requires proactively shaping communications and key messages that consistently highlight delivery as well as themes. Southwest Airlines, for example, has built customer trust over a long period by consistently delivering on its promiseas a no-frills, low-cost airline. Similarly, Progressive Insurance created an impression among customers that it offered lower rates than its competitors in the period from 1995 to 2005 and made sure to highlight when it delivered on that promise. Progressive also shaped how customers interpreted cost-reduction actions such as on-site resolution of auto claims by positioning and reinforcing these actions as part of a consistent brand promise that it was a responsive, technology-savvy company. In both cases, customer perceptions of the brands reinforced operational realities. Such brands generate a reservoir of goodwill and remain resilient on the basis of their consistency over time in fulfilling promises and their strong, ongoing marketing communications to reinforce those experiences.Becoming a company that delivers customer-journey excellence requires many things tobe done well. But we’ve found that there are three priorities. First, take a journey-based approach. For companies wanting to improve the customer experience as a means of increasing revenue and reducing costs, executing on customer journeys leads to the best outcomes. We found that a company’s performance on journeys is 35 percent more predictive of customer satisfaction and 32 percent more predictive of customer churn than performance on individual touchpoints. Since a customer journey often touches different parts of the organization, companies need to rewire themselves to create teams that are responsible for the end-to-end customer journey across functions. While we know there are an infinite number of journeys, there are generally three to five that matter most to the customer and the business—start your improvements there. To track progress, effectiveness, and predict opportunities, you may need to retool both metrics and analytics to report on journeys,not just touchpoint insights.Second, fix areas where negative experiences are common. Because a single negative experience has four to five times greater relative impact than a positive one, companies should focus on reducing poor customer experiences, especially in those areas in which customers come into contact with the organization most often. For instance, training frontline service representatives to identify and address specific customer issues through role playing and script guidelines will go a long way toward engendering deeper customer trust.Finally, do it now. Our research indicates that since 2009, customers are valuing an “average” experience less and have even less patience for variability in delivery. In addition, companies that experience inconsistency challenges often expend unnecessary resources without actually improving the customer journey. Making additional investments to improve the customer experience without tightening the consistency of experience is just throwing good money after bad.For more details about customer satisfaction across industries, see “Customer satisfaction survey: Who’s up and who’s down,” on the McKinsey on Marketing & Sales website, .Alfonso Pulido is an associate principal in McKinsey’s San Francisco office, where Dorian Stone is a principal; John Strevel is an associate principal in the Toronto office.Copyright © 2014 McKinsey & Company. All rights reserved.。
随着社会经济的发展以及科学技术的进步，智能手机以及个人电脑被广泛应用在人们的日常生产生活中。
安卓操作系统作为智能的操作系统，其具有高度的开放性，使得智能手机以及个人电脑具有较大的应用优势，下面是安卓开发英文参考文献，欢迎借鉴参考。
安卓开发英文参考文献一： [1]Haomin Song,Duanqing Xu. The Design and Development of a Full Range of Display System for 3D Images Based on AndroidSmartphone[P]. Proceedings of the International Conference on Education, Management, Commerce and Society,2015. [2]Iva Evry Robyansah. The Development of “Ayo Membaca” Android Application for Reading Assessment[P]. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Education Innovation (ICEI 2018),2018. [3]Qingru Lu,Haiyan Xin,Hui Huang,Yunlong Geng. Design and Development of Multifunction Map Software Based on AndroidPlatform[P]. Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Electromechanical Control Technology and Transportation,2015. [4]Hongsheng Zhang. Research on Software Development and Test Environment Automation based on Android Platform[P]. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Mechatronics Engineering and Information Technology (ICMEIT 2019),2019. [5]Yong-fei Ye,Ming-he Liu,Xiao Zhang,Xing-hua Sun,Nai-di Liu. Application and Research of Blended Teaching Model in Programming Courses --- Android Application Development Course as an Example[P]. Proceedings of the 3d International Conference on Applied Social Science Research,2016. [6]Xinge Li. The development of designated driving application based on Android platform and Ali cloud sever[P]. Proceedings of the 2016 2nd Workshop on Advanced Research and Technology in Industry Applications,2016. [7]Winda Dwi Fitria,Achmad Lutfi. Development Of Wind’s Maze Chemistry Game Based On Android As A Learning Media On Hydrocarbon Matter For Eleventh Grade Senior High School[P]. Proceedings of the Seminar Nasional Kimia - National Seminar on Chemistry (SNK2018),2018. [8]Fuling Li,Yong Li. Development of Mobile Security Guard Based on Android System[P]. Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Automation, Mechanical Control and Computational Engineering,2015. [9]Qinhua Lin. Mobile terminal 3D image reconstruction program development based on Android[P]. Proceedings of the 2015International Conference on Automation, Mechanical Control and Computational Engineering,2015. [10]Anan Sutisna,Elais Retnowati,Adi Irvansyah. Development of Peer Tutors Learning Media based on Android Application to Improve Learners Independence[P]. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Educational Sciences (ICES 2018),2019. [11]Agus Ria Kumara,Caraka Putra Bhakti,BudiAstuti,Suwarjo,Muhammad Alfarizqi Nizamuddin Ghiffari,Fathia Irbati Ammattulloh. Development of Android Application based on Holland's Theory of Individual Student Planning[P]. Joint proceedings of the International Conference on Social Science and Character Educations (IcoSSCE 2018) and International Conference on Social Studies, Moral, and Character Education (ICSMC 2018),2019. [12]Suherman,Defri Ahmad,Meira Parma Dewi,Heru Maulana. Paper Development of Actuarial E-learning Based on AndroidApplications[P]. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Mathematics and Mathematics Education 2018 (ICM2E 2018),2018. [13]Lan-Xin Zhu,Jia-Ming Zhang,Xiao-Li Rui,Xiao Liang. Research and Development of Android Client and Server Information Interaction Framework[P]. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Wireless Communication and Sensor Networks (WCSN 2016),2016. [14]Hongxin Hu,Ming Cui. Development Scheme of Mobile Campus Information Integration Platform Based on Android[P]. isccca-13,2013. [15]Junliang Wu,Liqing Mao. Study on Research Development and Application of Urban Logistics Platform Based on Android[P]. Proceedings of the 2018 6th International Conference on Machinery, Materials and Computing Technology (ICMMCT 2018),2018. [16]Xiafu Pan. Anti-addiction System Development Based on Android Smartphone[P]. 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The Development of Geo Smart Based Android for Geography Learning Media on Hydrosphere Material and Its Impact towards Life on Earth[J]. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science,2018,145(1). [30]Mohar Kassim,Ahmad Mujahid Ahmad Zaidi,Rahmat Sholihin Mokhtar. Development of Android Application for Measuring Cardiovascular Endurance Fitness for Military Cadet Officers[J]. Journal of Physics: Conference Series,2018,1020(1). 安卓开发英文参考文献二： [31]Abdul Rahman,Mulbar Usman,Ansari Saleh Ahmar. The Development of Android and Web-based Logical Thinking Measurement Tools as an Alternative Solution for Research Instruments[J]. Journal of Physics: Conference Series,2018,1028(1). [32]M. Reza Dwi Saputra,Heru Kuswanto. Development of Physics Mobile (Android) Learning Themed Indonesian Culture Hombo Batu onthe Topic of Newton’s Law and Parabolic Motion for Class XSMA/MA[J]. Journal of Physics: Conference Series,2018,1097(1). [33]M Yusro,Rikawarastuti. 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Adjusting to society can be a challenging task for many individuals, especially for those who are introverted or have different social norms. Here are some points to consider when discussing the difficulties of adapting to society:1. Cultural Differences: People moving from one culture to another often face difficulties in understanding and adapting to new social norms and customs. This can lead to feelings of isolation and misunderstanding.2. Social Anxiety: Some individuals may experience social anxiety, which can make it hard for them to interact with others and fit into social groups. This can be exacerbated in environments where social interaction is a significant part of daily life.3. Technological Advancements: The rapid pace of technological change can make it difficult for some people to keep up with new communication tools and social media platforms, which are increasingly important in modern society.4. Educational System: The educational system can sometimes be rigid and not cater to the diverse needs of all students. This can make it difficult for those with different learning styles or those who struggle academically to feel included and successful.5. Workplace Dynamics: The workplace can be a challenging environment for those who do not conform to traditional work norms or who have difficulty navigating office politics.6. Economic Pressures: Economic pressures can make it difficult for individuals to find their place in society, especially if they are struggling with unemployment or underemployment.7. Mental Health: Mental health issues can significantly impact a persons ability to adapt to societal expectations and norms. Conditions such as depression or anxiety can make social interactions and daily life more challenging.8. Discrimination and Prejudice: Discrimination based on race, gender, sexual orientation, or other factors can make it difficult for individuals to feel accepted and comfortable in society.9. Lack of Support Networks: Without a strong support network of friends, family, or community, individuals can find it hard to navigate the complexities of social life.10. Personal Values and Beliefs: Sometimes, an individuals personal values and beliefsmay not align with those of the majority, leading to a sense of alienation or difficulty in finding a community that shares their views.To overcome these challenges, its important to foster a society that is inclusive, understanding, and supportive of diversity. This includes providing resources for mental health, creating flexible educational and workplace environments, and promoting open dialogue about cultural differences and social issues.。
