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新篇简明英语语言学-Chapter--Four---Syntax

新篇简明英语语言学-Chapter--Four---Syntax

Chapter Four Syntax 句法学一、定义1. syntax句法学：Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules that govern the formation of sentences.句法学是一门研究语言的规则,这些规则控制句子的形成。

〔把单词凑在一起形成句子〕二、知识点4.2 Category 范畴Syntactic category 句法类型: Words can be grouped together into a relatively small number of classes, called Syntactic category. 单词可以被组成数量相对较小的类别，称为句法类型。

This classification reflects a variety of factors, (1) including the type of meaning that words express, (2) the type of affies that they take, (3) and the type of structures in which they can occur.这种分类反映出各种不同的因素：〔1〕包括单词所表达的意义的类别，〔2〕它们所带词缀的类别，〔3〕它们所能出现的结构的类别。

word level category词层面类型〔对于句法学而言最核心的类型〕1. Major lexical categories 主要词汇类型〔词性〕：名、动、形、副词N, V, Adj, Adv〔open开放性词类,can add new words〕P43图〔在句子构成中起重要作用〕1〕主要词类又称开放词类，可以不断地出现新词。

在英语，它们主要有四类：名词〔N〕： student linguistics lecture动词〔V〕： like red go形容词〔adj〕： tall lovely red副词〔adv〕： loudly constantly hardP134中2. Minor lexical categories 次要词汇类型〔词性〕：限定、程度、量词、助动、介、代、连、叹Det, Deg, Qual, Aux, Prep, Pron, Conj, Int 〔close封闭性词类, words are fixed不添加新词〕P43图2〕次要词类又称闭合词类。

Syntax

Syntax

_________ Functional Approach
declarative sentences
interrogative sentences
imperative sentences
exclamatory sentences
Seven types of sentences
• • • • • • •
SV Someone was laughing. SVO My sister enjoys parties. SVC They became angry. SVA I went to New York. SVOO Mary gave John a book. Most people consider the book expensive. SVOC SVOA You must put the toy downstairs.
• The sentence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themsleves” is a _______ sentence. A. simple B. coordinate C. compound D. complex
• ______ is a sub-field of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language. A. Morphology B. Syntax C. Semantics D. Pragmatics
Syntax
学习重点
• • • • Syntax概念解释 Classification of phrases短语分类 Classification of sentence句子类型 Deep structure and surface structure表层 结构和深层结构

4.syntax

4.syntax
(1928-)
The traditional approach (传统学派)
❖ The traditional approach views a sentence as a sequence of words. The study of sentence formation thus involves the study of … of words.
exocentric constructions 离心结构 on the shelf
The generative approach (生成学派)
❖ This approach originated in the late 1950s with the American linguist Noam Chomsky, who gradually established the well-known Transformational-Generative (TG) Grammar. From its birth to the present day, TG Grammar has seen several stages of development.
词), degree words (Deg程度词), qualifier (Qual修 饰语).
(主要/次要词汇范畴)
2. What are major/minor lexical categories?
① Major lexical categories are often assumed 3.toWbehtahte ahreeadtsh(e中心cr语it/e中r心ia成t分o )daertoeurnmdinwehiach
branch that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences. To put it simple, it is the study of the formation of sentences.

普通语言学 6-Syntax解析

普通语言学 6-Syntax解析

?
Syntax
pedago gy
• Syntax 来自古希腊语：sý ntaxis • 布局、陈列（“arrangement” or “setting out together”）
符号学中的 Syntax
• Morris (1938):符号学（semiotics）的三个分支
1. Syntactics: 符号之间的关系
NP
N’ 是介于名词 N 和名 词短语NP的中间层次
X-语杠
• X-语杠是大于中心语，小于短语（XP）的中间成分。 • X-语杠理论意味着每个短语都有中心语，即每个短语 都是一个向心结构（endocentric structure）。 • 这有别于传统结构语言学区分向心结构和离心结构（ exocentric structure）的做法。
• 句子是理论/抽象单位,由语法界定。 正确/不正确 • 语段是物理单位，属于言语表达或运用的范畴。 合适/不合适
如何解决？？？
• 句子功能的区分：
1. 2. 3. 4. 陈述句（statement） 疑问句（question） 命令句（command） 感叹句（exclamation）
如何解决？？？
???
• 现代句法学的句子定义不再使用“思想” 这一抽象的概念。 • 例如：an apple 表达思想,但不是句子； He came late, because he overslept. 一个句子，两个思想。
Bloomfield
• 现代语言学的句子定义深受美国结构主义语言学影响。 • 语法中最大的语言单位 / 适用于句法规则的最大结构单 位。 • 一个独立的语言形式，不被任何语法结构包含在更大的 语言形式中（Bloomfield, 1933）。 • An independent linguistic form, not included by virtue of any grammatical construction in any larger linguistic form.

语言学 4 Syntax(课堂PPT)

语言学 4 Syntax(课堂PPT)

• naughty
boys and girls
naughty boys and girls
•
boys and girls naughty boys
• Practice: Analyze the sentence “ They are flying planes.”
12
IC Analysis
• Practice: Please analyze the following three sentences by means of IC Analysis:
• The hierarchical structure of sentences can be analyzed by means of IC Analysis.
10
• e.g.
IC Analysis
He is from France
•
He is from France
•
is from France
16
•
very /Adv sweet /Adj
Labeled IC Analysis
•
3. His brother stayed at home /S
•
His brother /NP stayed at home / VP
•
His /Det brother /N stayed / V at home /PP
•
very fast
very sweet
•
3. His brother stayed at home
•
His brother stayed at home
•
His brother stayed at home

第五讲syntax

第五讲syntax

What are sentences relatedness?
1) Deep structure and surface structure 2) Movement rules 3) Structural ambiguity Two questions will be used:
First, how some superficially distinct sentences are closely related? Second, how some superficially similar sentences are in fact distinct?
Deep
structure: the basic structures of sentences which are specified by the phrases structure rules. Variation on those sentence structures are derived via transformations (movement rules). Deep structure: is an abstract level of structural organization in which all the elements determining structural interpretation are represented.
Symbols used in syntactic analysis
The list of common symbols and abbreviations: S Adj Pro N PN NP V Adv PP Art Prep VP
Other
symbols: ＊ = ‘ungrammatical sequence’ → = ‘consists of ‘ e.g., NP → Art N ( ) = ‘optional constituent’ --- whatever occurs inside these brackets will be treated as an optional constituent. E.g., NP → Art (Adj) N

7. Syntax


Linguistik Jingping Wang
2
paradigmatische Beziehungen
austauschbar
Der Mann Der Kerl Die Frau geht ü die Straß ber e.
Der
rote grü ne blaue
Mantel
3
Linguistik Jingping Wang
13
Grammatische Kongruenz

Ein alter Mann bringt dem Kind einen Hund.
Zwei Flexionsarten im Syntax
Sing./Pl. Artikel Nomen Genus Kasus Verb Person, Numeri, Tempora, Modi, Genus verbi
Linguistik Jingping Wang
19
Satzklammerkonstruktionen

Hilfsverb + Vollverb – Er wird bald ausreisen./ Er ist gestern ausgereist. – Er kann mir helfen. – Der Mantel wird von ihm gereinigt. Trennbares Verb + Prä fix Er nimmt am Deutschkurs teil.

Im Imperativ und Entscheidungsfrage: Stellung I
Gib mir ein Bier! Hast du morgen frei?

Im Nebensatz: Endstellung

简明语言学教程第4章Syntax解析

In linguistics, Syntax (句法学) is a branch that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences. To put it simple, it is the study of the formation of sentences.
degree words (Deg程度词), qualifier (Qual修饰语).
2. What are the criteria to determine a word’s categories? ① meaning; ② inflection; ③distribution. Note: The most reliable criterion of determining a word’s category is its distribution. 3. What are major/minor lexical categories?

3. the generative approach (生成学派)； 4. the functional approach (功能学派). American linguists A. N. Chomsky (1928-)

Category (P42) refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.

Syntax

For example, descriptivists might allow students to use either “slow” or “slowly” to modify a verb, the word “slow” should be used as an adverb because people often use the words interchangeably . However, prescriptivists would say "slowly" is the only.
relations of substitution are often called paradigmatic relations. It refers to the relations between words or phrases that can be substituted for each other in the same grammatical position. I( ) Tom the book. passed handed threw gave The ( ) smiles. strong man old professor pretty girl tall boy
• Descriptive usages are generally understood and don't need to be taught, especially to native speakers. Because descriptivists more easily accept change due to syntax modifications and cultural influences, they believe language is learned or understood, rather than taught.

戴炜栋主编英语语言学教程第5章课件 _Syntax


4.2 Categories范畴
4.2.1 Word-level categories Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language e.g. a sentence a noun phrase a verb
4.2.2 Phrase categories and their structure短语范畴及结构

Definition: Phrases refer to the syntactic units which are built around a certain word category. 围绕某一词范畴构成的句法单位
The most central categories to the syntactic study are the word-level categories (traditionally, called parts of speech) .
Here, word-level categories are divided into two kinds: major lexical categories and minor lexical categories.
Noam Chomsky [ˈnoʊm ˈtʃɒmski] (1928--)
---- He is an American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, logician,political commentator and activist, the most influential linguist of the 20th century,and was voted the "world's top public intellectual"(世界顶级公共知识分子) in a 2005 poll. Chomsky has spent most of his career at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he is currently Professor Emeritus.
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that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences. To put it simple, it is the study of the formation of sentences.
American linguists A. N. Chomsky (1928-)
❖ The traditional approach views a sentence as a sequence of words. The study of sentence formation thus involves the study of … of words.
The boy kicked the ball. 可用括号分析层级：词—词组—更大词组—句子；
也可以用tree structure分层级。
more expensive clothes
endocentric constructions向心结构 the books on the shelf head/center
The boy kicked the ball. The ball kicked the boy. The boy the必须满足一些句 法和语义条件。
Paradigmatic (纵聚合) relation is a relation between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place of a structure.
made up of 2 morphemes: {syn} and {tax}. The former means “_t_o_g_e_t_h_e_r_”, and the latter “_t_o__a_rr_a_n_g_e__”.
❖ In linguistics, Syntax (句法学) is a branch
➢ 1. Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relation
横组合/纵聚合关系
➢ 2. Immediate constituent (直接成分) analysis
➢ 3. Endocentric/exocentric constructions
向心/离心结构
Syntagmatic (横组合) relation is a relation between elements that occur in a sentence.
The boy chased the dog. woman soldier tiger ……
现场成分与不在现场成 分之间的关系；词只受 句法的限制。
Immediate constituent analysis: A sentence is not only linearly arranged, but also hierarchically (层级) structured. Bloomfield proposed it in 1933.
➢ 1. number (数), gender (性), case (格) ➢ 2. tense (时态), aspect (体), voice (语态) ➢ 3. concord (一致性) and government (支配关系)
❖ This approach was started by the Swiss linguist Saussure, the father of modern linguistics, in the beginning of the 20th century. All the linguistic theories after Saussure are structural in that they all regard linguistic units as interrelated with each other in a structure (or system), not as isolated bits.
❖ Since Sentence is regarded as the largest grammatical unit of a language, syntax has long been the centre of grammatical study.
❖ Different linguistics theories first differ in their treatment of sentence structure. 1. the traditional approach (传统学派)； 2. the structure approach (结构主义学派)； 3. the generative approach (生成学派)； 4. the functional approach (功能学派).
exocentric constructions 离心结构 on the shelf
❖ This approach originated in the late 1950s with the American linguist Noam Chomsky, who gradually established the well-known Transformational-Generative (TG) Grammar. From its birth to the present day, TG Grammar has seen several stages of development.
Chapter 4 Syntax
4.1 What is syntax? 4.2 Categories 4.3 Phrase structure rule 4.4 Phrase elements 4.5 Sentences (The S rule) 4.6 Transformations
❖ The word Syntax, derived from Greek, is