研究生英语翻译笔记

Chapter 1:Main issues of translation studies:1. Jacobson’s categories of translation:a. Intralingual;b. Interlingual;c. Intersemiotic (verbal- non-verbal).2.History of the discipline:a. From the late 18th to the 1960s – grammar-translation method (replaced by communicative approach in the 1960s and 1970s);b.The USA 1960s –translation workshop concept based on Richards’reading workshops and practical criticism approach that began in 1920s; running parallel to this approach was that of comparative literature;c.The USA 1930s-1960s/70s – contrastive analysis;d.More systematic, and mostly linguistic-oriented, approach 1950s-1960s:i.J.-P. Vinay and J. Darbelnet (French/English);ii. A. Malblanc (French/German);iii.G. Mounin (linguistic issues of translation);iv. E. Nida (based on Chomsky generative grammar).v.James S. Holmes’“The name and nature of translation studies”is considered to be the founding statement of a new discipline.vi.Hermans Manipulation Schoolvii.Vieira Brazilian cannibalist school Postcolonial theoryviii.Venuti cultural-studies-oriented analysisThe Holmes/Toury map of translation studies1:Chapter 2: Translation theory before the 20th century:Traduttore, traditore = the translator is a traitorChapter 3: Equivalence and equivalent effect:In the 1950s and 1960s the place of circular debates around literal and free translation took the new debate revolved around certain key linguistic issues, among them those of meaning and equivalence, discussed by R. Jakobson in 1959. Over the following 20 years many further attempts were made to define the nature of equivalence.Jakobson:1.Meaning: the signifier=the signal of the signified (the concept).2.There is no full equivalence between code-units of different languages.3.So, we should substitute not words, but messages.4.Only p oetry is considered ‘untranslatable’ and requires ‘creative transposition’.Nida’s ‘science of translating (subjective):1.Meaning:a.Linguistic;b.Referential (dictionary meaning);c.Emotive (connotative).2.Ways of determining meaning:a.Hierarchical structuring (animal dog, cow etc);ponential analysis (grandmother, mother, cousin etc);c.Semantic structure analysis (spirit can mean demon, angel, god, ghost, ethos, alcohol etc)meaning depending on context.3.3-stage system of translation (Chom sky’s influence: deep/surface structure of a language):SL1 (analysis) X (transfer) Y (restructuring) TL24.Equivalence:a.Formal (form and content);b.Dynamic (equivalent response of: t2 reader on t2 as t1 reader on t1) (closest naturalequivalent).5.Correspondence in meaning must have priority over correspondence in style.6.Reader-based orientation.主要理论1：对等和等效（1950s－1960s）1．代表人物（1）罗曼雅各布逊A．描写了翻译的三类型：语内翻译，语际翻译和符际翻译B．提出语际翻译指用一种语言替换另一种语言种的整个信息C．强调对等的差异性（2）尤金奈达A. 提出形式对等和动态对等B. 提出著名的读者反应理论C. 他的理论以乔姆斯基的转换生成语法为基础（3）皮特纽马克A．提出语义对等和交际对等（4）韦内科勒A．区分了对应和对等B．描写了五种对等：外延意义，隐含意义，文本规则，语用及形式对等Newmark’s semantic and communicative translation:1.Replaces Nida’s division with semantic (resembles formal equivalence) and communicative(resembles dynamic equivalence) translation.2.Nida’s division inoperant if the text is out of TL space and time.3.Dynamic equivalence: are readers ‘to be handed everything on a plate’?4.Semantic translation differs from literal in that it ‘respects context’, interp rets and explains(metaphors). Literal translation is to be the best approach in both semantic and communicative translation. If semantic translation would result in an ‘abnormal’ TT or would not secure equivalent effect in the TL, then communicative translation should win out.Tertium comparationis, an invariant against which 2 text segments can be measured to determine variation.Chapter 4: The translation shift approach:1.Vinay and Darbelnet’s taxonomy:a)Direct (=literal) translation:(1).Borrowing(2).Calque(3).literal translation (word-for-word)b).Oblique translation:(4).Transposition(5).modulation6(6)..equivalence(7).adaptationc)The 7 categories operate on 3 levels:1.the lexicon2. 2.syntactic structures3. 3.the message 9context)4. 4.word order and thematic structure5. 5.connectors [cohesive links, discourse markers, deixis (pronouns anddemonstrative pronouns) and punctuation]d)2 possibilities:1.servitude (obligatory 4 and 5)2. 2.option (non-obligatory)2.Catford’s linguis tic approach (shifts)a.Distinction between: formal correspondence (a particular ST-TT pair) and textualequivalence (a pair of lgs).b.When the 2 concepts diverge, a translation shift occurs –a departure from formalcorrespondence in the process of going from the SL to the TL. There are 2 kinds of shift:1. A level shift (sth is expressed by grammar in one lg and by lexis in another)2. A category shift:i.Structural shifts; ii.Class shifts (word category); iii.Unit/rank shifts (sentence, clause,group, word, morpheme);iv.Intra-system shifts (systems are similar, but not always corresponding).3. van Leuven-Zwart’s microlevel/macrolever translation shifts:a.The comparative model (a detailed comparison of ST and TT and classification of allthe microstructural shifts within sentences, clauses and phrases);b.The descriptive model (a macrostructural model, designed for the analysis oftranslated literature)Chapter 5: Functional theories of translation:K. Reiss’s text typesNord adds to 3 types of language function a fourth ‘phatic’ function, covering lg that establishes or maintains contact between parties involved in the communication (e.g. greetings).Holz-Manttari’s translational action model for non-literary translations with1.its roles and players:a The initiator;b b.The commissioner (contacts the translator);c.The ST producer;d.The TTproducer;e.The TT user;f.The TT receiver.2.Content:a Factual information; b.Overall communicative strategy.3.Form: a.Terminology; b.Cohesive elements.J. Vermeer’s skopos theory: knowing the purpose and the function of translation is crucial (adequacy over equivalence).Ch. Nord’s translation-oriented text analysis:1.2 kinds of translation: a.Documentary translation(a)reader knows that he’s reading a translation;(b)Instrumental translation (a reader doesn’t know that).2.3 aspects of functionalist approaches particularly useful in translator training:a)The importance of the translation commission;b)The role of ST analysis;c)The functional hierarchy of translation problemsChapter 6: Discourse and register approaches:Halliday’s model of language and discourse b ased on systemic functional grammar (lg=communication):Influence:House’s model of translation qu ality assessment:1.Scheme for analyzing and comparing original and translation texts:Translation: a.Overt;b.Covert.Baker’s text and pragmatic level analysis:1.Textual function2.Cohesion3.Pragmatics:a.Coherence (depends on receiver’s expectations and experience of theworld);b.Presupposition (what the speaker supposes a listener shouldknow);c.Implicature (what the speaker implies).Hatim and Mason’s semiotic level of context and discourse:Text elements:1.Stable (translated fairly literally);2.Dynamic (not).Chapter 7: Systems theories:脚注：1.What is being written about.2.Who is communicating and to whom.3.The form of communication e.g. writtenEven-Zohar’s polysystem theory: a literary work as apart of a literary system in the social, cultural, literary and historical framework. It’s important [for choosing the translation strategy] if translated literature has a primary or secondary position in given literature.Toury and descriptive translation studies (DTS):1.Situate the text within the target culture system, looking at its significance oracceptability;2. pare the ST and the TT for shifts, identifying relationships between ‘coupled pairs’of ST and TT segments, and attempting generalizations about the underlying concept of translation;3. 3.Draw implications for decision-making in future translating.Norms of translation behaviour can be reconstructed from:1.The examinations of texts;2. 2.The explicit statement made about norms by translators, publishers, reviewers and otherparticipants in the translation actNorms:1.Initial norm (general translator’s choice):a.Subjection to source culture norms adequate translation;b.Subjection to target culture norms acceptable translation.2.Preliminary norms:a.Translation policy (text selection);b.Directness of translation (ST TT; ST t2 TT).3.Operational norms (the presentation and linguistic matters of the TT):a.Matricial norms (completeness of TT);b.Textual-linguistic norms (TT linguistic material).‘Laws’ of translation:1.Of growing standardization (tending to TT common options);2.Of interference (ST options transferred to TT, negatively or positively).Chesterman’s translation norms:1.Product or expectancy norms;2. 2.Process or professional norms:a.The accountability norm (an ethical norm);b.The communication norm (a social norm);c.The‘relation’ norm (a linguistic norm).Other DTS models:1.Manipulation School (‘a continual interplay between theoretical models and practical casestudies’);mbert and van Gorp – the scheme for the comparison of the ST and TT literary systems andfor the description of relations within them:a.Preliminary data;b.Macro-level;c.Micro-level;d.Systemic context (data compared andnorms identified)Chapter 8 "Varieties of cultural studies" examines Lefevere (1992), who treats translation as "rewriting" and identifies ideological pressures on translated texts. This chapter also looks at the writing of Simon (1996) on gender in translation, and at postcolonial translation theories which stress the part that translation has played in the colonization process and the image of the colonized (cf. Bassnett and Trivedi 1999).Lefevere (1992) treats translation as "rewriting" and identifies ideological and poetological pressures on translated texts. Translation functions are controlled by the following factors:1.Professionals within the literary system;2.Patronage outside the literary system:a.The ideological component;b.The economic component;c.The status component.d.If a-c come from the same source – patronage is undifferentiated; if not – differentiated.3.The dominant poetics:a.Literary devices;b.The concept of the role of literature.Simon compares the status of translation throughout the centuries to that of women’s and presents pro-feminist methods in translation.Postcolonial translation theories:1.Spivak: ‘translationese’ eliminates the identity of politically less powerful individuals andcultures.2. 2.Spivak: compares the status of translation throughout the centuries to that of colonies.3.Power relations : trans lation as the colonizer’s device used against the colonized.4.S. Bassnett and H. Trivedi’s translational linked to transnatio nal (translation=battleground).Brazilian cannibalism: the colonizers and their lg are devoured, their life force invigorating the devourers, who transform it according to their needs.The Irish context: postcolonialism in Europe.Chapter 9: Translating the foreign:the (in)visibility of translation: A. Berman’s ‘negative analytic’ of translation that prevents the foreign coming thr ough. ‘Deforming tendencies’:1.Rationalization;2.Clarification;3.Expansion;4.Ennoblement;5.Qualitative impoverishment;6.Quantitative impoverishment;7.The destruction of rhythms;8.The destruction of underlying networks of signification;9.The destruction of linguistic patternings;10.The destruction of vernacular1 networks or their exoticization;11.The destruction of expressions and idioms;12.The effacement of the superimposition of languages.‘Positive analytic’ = literal translation.Venuti:1.The invisibility of the translator in contemporary Anglo-American culture.2. 2.Domestication (dominant in connection with the translator’s invisibility) –‘the authortowards the reader’.3. 3.Foreignization –‘the reader towards the writer’ – resistancy – minoritizing (desirable).4. 4.‘Call for action’ –‘visibility’ + ‘foreignization’.Chapter 10: Philosophical theories of translation:Steiner’s hermeneutic1 approach to translation as ‘the act of elicitation and appropriate transfer of meaning’. The parts of the hermeneutic moti on:1.Initiative trust;2. 2.Aggression (penetration);3. 3.Incorporation (embodiment);4. pensation (restitution)Ezra Pound’s energy of language: translation as a tool in the cultural struggle, and the revitalization of the past.W. Benjamin’s task of the translator: translation gives the original ‘continued life’; pure language = coexistence of SL and TL; literal rendering of the syntax.J. Derrida’s deconstruction: capturing the meaning? No stability in the signified-signifier (meaning-sign) relationship; the opposition between SL and TL.1.Letter=Judaism=justice;2.Spirit=Christianity=mercy.Chapter 11: Translation studies as an interdiscipline:M. Snell-Hornby’s integrated approach.Harvey’s combination of linguistic analysis and critical theory.。

英语专业研究生考试笔记，英汉翻译笔记:6.词组的翻译英语专业研究生考试笔记，英汉翻译笔记：第六部分词组的翻译1.all＋抽象名词/抽象名词＋itself ＝very + adj.He was all gentleness to her.他对她非常温存。

To his superiors, he is humility itself。

对于长辈，他极为谦逊。

分析：该结构原来是表示某种性质达到极点的一种说法，有“非常”、“尽管”、“一味”、“尽”的含义，有时甚至可以译为“。

的化身”、“。

的具体化”。

普通复数名词用于“all”之后，也是表达这种概念。

He is all smiles.他一味地笑。

She is all eyes.她盯着看。

I am all anxiety.我真担心。

He is all attention.他全神贯注地听着。

2.Something (much) of / nothing (little) ofMr.Li is something of a philospher.李先生略具哲学家风范。

Mr. Wu is nothing of a musician.吴先生全无音乐家的风味。

Mr. Lu is very much of a poet.陆先生大有诗人气派。

Mr.Liu is little of a scholar.刘先生几无学者风度。

分析：此为表示“程度”的形容词短语，有时可以当作副词翻译。

Something of ＝to some extent（某程度），在问句和条件句中则用anyting of（略有、多少）。

nothing of译作“全无、毫无”。

相类似的情况：to be something of = to have something of + 名词＋in ＋代名词He is nothing in ability of an orator = He has nothing of an orator in his ability.他毫无演说家的才能。

翻译的定义：美国翻译理论家奈达说，翻译就是在译入语中用最切近而又自然的对应信息再现原语的信息，首先是在意义上，其次是在文体上，他还说翻译不止是一门科学，而且说到底完美的翻译永远是一种艺术。

翻译的标准，严复的信、达、雅。

鲁迅认为：凡是翻译，必须兼顾着两面，一当然力求其易解，一则保存着原作的风姿。

翻译的分类：就所涉及的语言来分可分为语内翻译和语外翻译。

就操作方式而言，可分为口译，笔译，机器翻译。

就翻译的文体而言，可分为实用文体和文学文体。

就翻译的活动的处理方式而言，可分为全译，编译，节译，摘译等。

结构对比：汉语意合重于形合，英语形合生于意合。

英语句子多前重心，汉语句子多后重心，英语有少用动词或使用其他手段表示动作意义的自然倾向，而汉语则有动辄使用动词的固有习惯。

英语的物称倾向十分明显。

英语被动语态的使用频率很高。

英语句子常常是环扣相嵌，盘根错节，句中有句，而汉语结构相对比较简单，多用积累式分句或独立的单句。

句子（根据环境译）英语表达习惯1、always remember you 永远记住你2、it’s a shame/that’s too bad 真遗憾3、mind the steps 小心台阶4、请勿疲劳驾驶do not fatigue driving5、我感到很痛I feel great pain .I am painful6、亚洲四小龙the four little tigers of Asia7、百里挑一one in a thousand8、干杯（一饮而尽）cheers! Bottom up.9、不许动（警察或劫匪的吆喝语）Freeze!10、到此为止吧，不必多说了period！11、时间到Time’s over /Game is over /Game!12、谢天谢地Amen！13、别紧张relax！14、我们吹了we’re though 完了，没戏了I’m though15、他活不长（生命受到威胁）he’s history16、没什么好紧张的（没什么大不了的）No sweat17、(从前)海边住着一个渔夫At the seaside lived a fisherman.A fisherman lived at the seaside.There lived a fisherman at the seaside18、随后跳舞开始了Then they danced./Then then dance began 到时间了。

考研英语精读笔记总结1991年第一篇：1.重要词汇点：triumph n./v. 胜利urgent a.紧急的struggle to do 努力做，试图做hold back 阻止，隐瞒tide n.潮流ingredient n.要素；配料accountability n.责任，责任心，责任感accountable a.负责的account for 解释；占据(比例) 为sth负责be liable for sthvalues n.价值观ultimate a.最终的，最大的ultimately ad.impose sth on sb 将sth强加于sb external a.外部的internal a.内部的restraint n.限制restrain vt.限制guilt n.内疚，内疚感；罪行，罪责be guilty of sth 对sth有罪embarrass vt.使尴尬embarrassment n.community n.社区；社会；界，圈子；地方the scientific community 科学界hold up 举起；支撑；阻碍proclaim v.宣称tolerate v.容忍，宽容loose a.松的，松散的loosen v.使松，使松散typical a.典型的consider A B 把A看作B A is considered B. A被看作B。

enrage vt.激怒 rage n.愤怒breakdown n.崩溃；分解radical a.根本的；激进的shift n./v.转变，转换，变动commit crimes 犯罪victim n.牺牲品victimize vt.使成为牺牲品shocking a.令人震惊的reverse v./a./n.颠倒；倒退；反转reversal n. underprivileged a.弱势的，缺乏基本权益的bring up 抚养；提出upbringing n. 抚养；提出fail to do 未能；无法moral a.道德的；品行端正的guidance n.指导，引导guide v. stable a.稳定的disadvantaged a. 弱势的，缺乏基本权益的circumstances n.环境engage in = be engaged in 从事，进行desperate a.绝望的；不顾一切的desperately ad. 绝望的；不顾一切的；及其，非常evil n./a.邪恶virtue n.美德；优点wise a. 智慧的，明智的wisdom n. prevail vi. 占上风，盛行，流行prent a. prence n. defeat n./v.击败；失败desirable a.可取的= advisable a. = preferable a. = favorable a. bear the blame for sth 为sth负责be held responsible for sth 为sth负责be responsible for sth 为sth负责self-discipline n.自律restrict v.限制mutual a.相互的；共同的stick to 坚持s restriction n.限制 restrictive a.限制的，限制性的第二篇：adolescence n.青春期adulthood n.成年，成年期adult n./a.成年；成年的as to 关于constitute vt.构成constitution n.构成；体质；宪法maturity n.成熟 mature a. primitive a.原始的frequently ad. = often 经常frequent a. relatively ad.相对的，比较的，很pattern n.模式；规律prolonged a.延长的prolong vt. 延长couple n.一对，两口子 a couple of 几个ceremony n.仪式coupled with 伴随，伴随着status n.身份，地位，状态given a.特定的frontier n.边界，边界定居区；前沿，尖端universally ad. 普遍地universal a formal a.正式的informal a.不正式的recognition n.承认，认可recognize vt. symbolic a.象征的，象征性的 symbol n. significance n. 重要性，意义 significant a. initiation n.使进入；开始，使开始initiation ceremony n.进入仪式，开始仪式；成年仪式sequence n.系列 sequent a. privilege n.特权minor a./n.较小的vote v.投票remove vt.去除 removal n. grant vt.授予fare n.票价obtain vt.获得license n.执照basically ad.基本上；基本而言basic a. liquor n.烈酒financial a.金融的；财政的；财务的finance n.金融；财政；vt.资助contract n.合同contract vt.收缩acquire vt.获得additional a.额外的，其他的majority n.大部分；主体attain vt.获得；达到provision n.提供；预防，准备；约定；规定point to 表明mark vt.标志着give place to 让位于dividing line 分界线join the army 参军exist vi.存在existence n. existent a. permission n.允许permit vt.第三篇contain v.包括，包含；遏制term A B = call A B = name A B 把A称作B composed of 由...组成composition n.组成；结构；作品occur vi.发生mineral element 矿物质dissolve v.溶解solution n.溶液woody a.木质的；木头的stem n.茎干tissue n.组织in the presence of 在...存在的情况下solid a./n.固体；紧密的minute a.微小的n.分钟opening n.开口；空缺vapor n.蒸汽trace n.极少量；踪迹quantity n.数量saturation n.饱和saturate v.饱和 3 parts in 10 parts 十分之三F = Fahrenheit 华氏温度；华氏温度计intake n.摄入；摄入量in terms of 就...而言in proportion to 与...成比例的；与...相比的concentration n.集中；聚集synthesize vt.合成synthesis n.合成sustain v.支撑derive sth from A 从A获得sth preserve v.保存develop an idea 阐述一个观点utilize vt.利用absorb v.吸收It is as proper to term the plant a water structure as to call a house composed mainly of brick a brick building. （It is as proper to do A as to do B. 做A和做B是一样恰当的）把植物称作水构造，和把一所主要由砖构成的房子称作砖房一样，都是恰当的。

旅行通用语1 数十年来，法兰西语言研究院一直捍卫着法语的尊严。

几年前，由于法国人对英语词汇的入侵非常敏感，该机构颁布了净化法语的法律，其内容甚至涉及专业术语。

就拿波音747来说吧，现在法国人必须用法语词gors-porteur；表示出租的leasing也变成了credit-bail，此类例子不胜枚举，触及生活的方方面面。

法国总统希拉克很可能会继续加大力度，直至连英特网internet和字节流（信息组）byte stream 之类的词也找到相应的法语新词。

哎，真不知未来的法语会变成什么样。

2 不幸的是（或许并非不幸），英语没有受到如此的保护。

在美国，随处可见严重偏离英国标准英语的美式英语。

“honour”普遍被写成“honor”, “night”也变成了“nite”。

许多词意广为人知的英式英语单词被赋予新的解释，交流也变得有些困难。

比如说，汽车的行李箱“boot”变成了“trunk”（一个在英国指代树干的单词）；引擎盖“bonnet”变成了“hood”（英式英语中的风帽）；老式婴儿尿布“nappy”变成了“diaper”（英式英语中的菱格花纹织物）；婴儿小外套“matinee ja cket”也变成了“vest”（英国的内衣汗衫）。

显而易见，两国英语曾同出一源，而如今却将两国彼此隔离。

当然了，按美国人的观点，是英国人的语言表达出了问题。

3 实际使用中，甚至还有更糟的英语呢！只要你在外国旅游并注意一下菜单、海报、旅店、甚至当地日常生活中的英语，就可以证明过去的标准用语在这些地方已变得不伦不类，让我详例如下：4 旅行作家波洛.菲利浦曾不异笔墨地渲染自己的几番经历，我觉得该有更多的读者了解一下。

他提及某份荷兰的灯泡目录，上面对用户承诺有“a speedy execution”—快速处死（毫无疑问，候表达的应是“送货及时”）。

此外，东柏林的一个衣帽间告示要求客人“please hang yourself here”—请在这儿吊死自己（本想说的是“将衣帽挂在这儿”）。

英语句子简洁化方法：状从变介短动词名词化后置定从前置化删减重复多余次要信息从句化（找语义重心）(1)时间状语位于句首，无论英译汉还是汉译英，都处理为状语。

19世纪下半叶的中国历史就这样充满了屈辱。

In the second half of the nineteenth century, China's history was full of such humuliations.(2) 偏正结构变主谓结构gleaming eyes 双眼炯炯有神偏正结构的互换，在文学英语中常用the treasury of silt宝贵的沙子(3)英译汉时，宾语前缺少谓语，增加动词。

作者给的例句是He wears a coat, a hat and a scarf.(4)同位语从句的翻译作者给出两种方法，一是翻译成主谓结构，而是翻译成顶真结构Beijing, the capital of China, is a very beautiful city.北京是中国的首都，它十分美丽。

(5)“抽象名词有动词词根，翻译为动词”The suggestion of mine is that我建议····(6)形容词翻译时一般不用其原本的意思，而用其延伸含义。

(7)Chow was a quite and thoughtful man周恩来举止优雅，代人体贴。

(8)长的形容词和副词（短语）可以单独成句He tried to piece the broken vase together in vain.他试着要把破碎的花瓶拼装一起，但是怎么拼也拼不起来了。

9、英译汉时，增词较多，汉译英时，减词较多10、省略范畴词中国有12亿多人口，陆地自然资源人均占有量低于世界平均水平。

China has a population of more than 1.2 billion, and its land natural resources per capita are lower than the world average.字面上的“水平”省略了。

考研英汉翻译笔记之分词短语1/现在分词短语：现在分词短语必须放在所修饰名词的后面，它相当于一个包含一般时或进行时谓语的从句（完成分词不能这样用）：It is a question puzzling (=that puzzles) many people.(带有宾语）（比较：It is a puzzling question.)He was a businessman growing(=that grew ) rich in recent years.(带有补语)（比较：He is a growing boy.)The gentleman talking (=who is talking ) so loudly is my uncle.(带有副词) （比较：Can you read her talking eyes?)The lady visiting (=who visited) us from time to time taught us French. (带有副词短语）The girl coming to learn music is only siz years old. (带有不定式作状语）"Anybody getting up as soon as the cock crows will be rewarded," said my father. (带有状语从句）2/过去分词短语：过去分词短语也必须放在所修饰的名词后面，它相当于一个被包含有被动谓语的定语从句，这个谓语可以是完成时态，也可以是一般时态。

若分词是被动进行形式（即由being开头的短语），这个谓语又可以是进行时态。

Dogs cruelly treated (=which have been cruelly treated ) will be vicious. (带有副词）The woman abandoned (=who had been abandoned) by her husband called on me one day. （带有副词短语）I drink water boiled (=which has been boiled) at least ten minutes.Book called (=that are called ) the comics may be harmful to children. (带有补语）Boys disciplined (=who are disciplined) when they are yong will become good citizens. (带有状语从句）I shall study the subject being studied (=which is being studied) by so many students. (带有being)The text-book being used (=which is being used) in this school is "Let Us Learn French".c)前面带as的分词连词as可以用在分词前面The news as arriving (=The news as it arrives, Such news as arrives( today is not believable. (There may be different news).The results as proclaimed (=The results as they have been proclaimed, Such results as have been proclaimed) in today's newspaper are encouraging.His ability as displayed during the last three months was inadequate.I will tell you a story as told by my mother.b.作主语补语的分词现在分词和过去分词都可以用在is,was,grow,feel这类系动词后做补语（亦称表语）。

一：考研翻译中英汉语言特点1）形合与意合英语：形合（通过形式上紧密结合在一起的）汉语：意合（通过意义上紧密结合在一起的）翻译时，先看一句话的连接词与引导词，理解它的语法结构和逻辑结构。

2）繁复与简短a．英语的语言是繁复的b．汉语的语言是简短的63) The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.化英语的繁复为汉语的简短3）被动与主动a．英语的语言多被动b．汉语的语言多主动的化英语的被动句为汉语的主动句4）抽象与具体a．英语的语言是抽象的b．汉语的语言是具体的72) How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.化抽象为具体：增加表范畴、表概念的词，解释具体增加依据：根据汉语习惯evolution 进化evolve In evolution 在进化过程中tension 紧张ease the tension in the Middle East 缓解中东的紧张局势must 必须The Great Wall is a must for tourists. 对游客来说长城是一个必须到的地方。

有的单词或者词组虽然有很多层含义，但是在考研中固定的就考几个意思，其译法也是机械和“八股”的：1.establishment主要考的意思是“机构”n.，其次考的意思是“建立”n..（实例见96年72题）2.subject主要考的意思是“目标”n.，其次才是“主语”n.. （实例见96年75题）3.specific一般译为“特定的”adj.最好不要译为“特别的”（实例见96年72题）4.there be固定有两种译法，一是“届时将有…”，二是“有…的存在”（实例见97年71题）5.argue,believe,convince很多情况下必须译为“认为”v.，不要译为“争论”“相信”之类的意思（实例97年72题Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contaract,as part of an exchange of duties and entitlement.一些哲学家认为权利仅仅存在于社会契约之中，作为义务和权力交换的一部分）6.consideration通常固定译为“关怀，关爱”n. （实例见97年73题）7.bear有三种译法，分别是“忍受”“承担”和“运载”（实例见98年73题中的balloon-borne）8.discipline译为“纪律”或“学科”n.（实例见99年72题）9. either…or…译为“要么…要么…”而且通常是做题的时候一看到“either”就要找“or”（实例见97年73题）10.whether…or…译为“要么…要么…”而且通常是做题的时候一看到“whether”就要找“or”（实例见99年74题）11.as译为“作为…”或者“和…一样”（实例见99年真题）12.additional固定译为“新的”adj. 不要翻译成“另外的”“附加的”（实例见00年75题）13.while只有四种情况，一是“在…的时候”，引导时间状语从句，可以为“于此同时”；二是“只要”，引导条件状语从句While there is life,there is hope.只要生命存在，希望就存在；三是“尽管”，引导让步状语从句，While respected,he is not liked.尽管他很受尊敬，但不被别人喜欢；四是“然而”Jane is dressed in brown while Mary is in blue.14.further在修饰n.时表示“更多的”或者是数量的增加。

研究生英语教程课后翻译1.没有调查，就没有发言权He who makes no investigation has no right to speak.2.努力实现和平统一We should strive for the peaceful reunification of the motherland.3.把钟拆开比把它再装起来容易It is easier to take a clock apart than to put it together.4.你三个星期之内完成这项设计不容易It was not easy for you to finish the design in three weeks.5.交翻译之前，必须读几遍，看看有没有要修改的地方Before handing in your translation, you have to read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected.6.他越是要掩盖她的烂疮疤，就越是会暴露The more he tried to hide his warts，the more he revealed them.7.你干嘛不去问他Why don’t you go and ask him about it？8.最好把毛衣穿上，外面相当冷You should better put on your sweater ，for it’s quite cold outside.9.不努力，不会成功One will not succeed unless one works hard10.什么事也不要落在别人后面No matter what you do，you should not lag behind anyone11.我们必须要培养分析问题、解决问题的能力We must cultivate the ability to analyze and solve problems.12.你要母鸡多生蛋，又不它米吃；要马儿跑得快，又要马儿不吃草。