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2015考研英语考研英语长难句解析一、考研英语长难句之定语从句一、定语从句定语从句是英语中一种最常见的句型，它可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，即定语从句的关系词在文中修饰哪个词、短语或句子。
在主句中不可缺少的定语从句称限定性定语从句。
对主句起附加说明作用的定语从句称非限定性定语从句。
此外，定语从句和主句之间还存在着状语关系，说明原因、目的、让步、假设等。
例1.The change met the technical requirement of the new age and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. (1996年真题)例2. The American economic system is, organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.例3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.例4. The government promised to give preferential taxation policies and loans of low interest rate to those enterprises that could improve their structure of production and were willing to take in over 50 laid-off workers yearly.例5. The local government introduced the snakes into this area hoping that they would control the number of mice, which finally became the threat needed to be controlled.例 6.The environmental protection should be given priority which means the economic development would be lowered to some extent in a developing country.例7. She was confirmed to be infected with bird flu that calls for a quarantine and medical observation for weeks in the hospital.例8.In Europe, as elsewhere multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishinghouses that work in relation to one another.(2005年真题)二、考研英语长难句之同位语从句例1. The audience leraned form the internet the news that a serious explosion broke out in Xi’an a few days ago.例2.The rumor that she eloped with her boyfriend just cannot hold water, for I saw her at home just now.例3.However, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong.(2009年第3篇)三、考研英语长难句之倒装句倒装(inversion)是一种语法手段，用以表示一定句子结构的需要和强调某一句子成分的需要。
G002语法讲义P16嵌套结构He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations.（2008翻译）concisely / kənˈsaisli / adv.简明地；简洁地compensate / ˈkɔmpenseit / v.补偿；弥补intent / inˈtent / adj.热切的；专注的enable / iˈneibl / v.使能够；使有机会detect / diˈtekt / v.发现；查明；侦察出reasoning / ˈri:zəniŋ / n.推想；推理observation / ˌɔbzəˈveiʃn / n.言论；评论；观察译文：他指出，在清晰简洁地表达自己的思想方面，他总是会经历许多困难。
但是他认为或许正因为（语言表达上的）这种困难，他不得不对自己要说的每句话都进行长时间的认真思考，从而能发现推理错误及自己言论中的错误，结果这反而成为他的优点。
练一练：分析下列句子结构1.While warnings are often appropriate and necessary—the dangers of drug interactions, for example—and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn’t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.appropriate [əˈprəʊprɪət] adj.适当的；恰当的federal ['fed(ə)r(ə)l] adj.联邦的manufacturer [,mænjʊ'fæktʃ(ə)rə(r)] n.制造商liability [laɪə'bɪlɪtɪ] n.责任，义务你需要明白的几个知识点：1. 句子主干为it isn’t clear that…，it做形式主语置于句首，that主语从句放在句末。
主讲：屠皓民屠皓民：新东方在线考研语法辅导名师，有着丰富的教学经验，主讲考研英语语法及长难句、英语二阅读理解等课程。
屠老师的课堂气氛活跃，知识性和趣味性相互结合，通过整体框架式教学模式，采用引导式、推理式教学理念，遵循结合式教学，即渗入考试要点和溶入基础知识紧密结合，培养学生能力、语法体系、阅读技能和写作基础，为学生以后的学习打下坚实的基础。
欢迎使用新东方在线电子教材1Part One英语语法基本句型：简单句&并列句1．简单句的构成My father is listening to the popular music in the garden.The handsome boy is my brother.主语谓语宾语定语状语表语补语简单句的五种形式：（1）主语+谓语(不及物动词）；（2）主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语；（3）主语+谓语+宾语+补语；（4）主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语；（5）主语+系动词+表语。
谓语. 实义动词①及物动词watch, see②不及物动词sit. 系动词①be动词；②一些实义动词用作系动词：feel, taste, smell等；. He is crying.. Parents watch TV every night.. My father gave me some advice.. We can make our country beautiful.. The boy is the tallest in the class..2．并列句两个简单句并列在一起，中间用一些连接词连接起来的句子。
并列句不能只用逗号隔开，而要用连接词连接。
连接词：（1）并列关系句型：连接词有and, either…or…，neither…nor…, not only…but also…eg: Last year I met Kate and we became friends.Either my uncle can do it, or my aunt can do it.（2）转折概念并列句型：转折词有buteg: It has no mouth, but it can talk.（3）对比关系的并列句型：eg: He liked sports, while I would rather collect stamps.简单句和并列句是复合句的基础。
一、为什么会存在长难句考纲上关于翻译部分的规定是："能将一般难度的英语短文译成汉语，理解基本正确，译文达意。
"也就是说，翻译是一项对考生综合能力要求比较高的题型，它不仅要求考生对词汇、语法、语篇以及文化知识等有较好的掌握，还要求考生有很强的语言组织能力。
考研翻译评分标准就是分段给分，微观扣分。
也就是说考生在做考研翻译之前就要做一个句子切分的工作，拆分的依据就是长难句分析的依据。
最后，考研作文和长难句也是息息相关的，如果你能准确把握长难句翻译难的原因，那作文何愁写不来长句子呢？近些年考研英语试卷中，考生普遍认为难度较大的是长难句的理解与翻译。
这些句子一般为多个从句，因此翻译长难句，首要解决的应该是弄清楚从句以及从句之间的关系。
然而"看花容易，绣花难"，究竟该如何攻克考研英语中的难点长难句呢？首先我们来分析下长难句是如何产生的。
一、为什么英语会存在长难句从近年的考研翻译真题可以看出，文章的题材大多是有关政治、经济、文化、教育、科普以及社会生活等方面的内容，文体以议论文为主，说明文为辅，结构严谨，逻辑性强。
除此之外，长难句较多，这给考生在规定时间内准确地完成翻译增加了难度，有如下三大特点：1.英语多从句，句子长且结构复杂语通过一整套系统语法结构组合成句子，还可通过增加限制成分、修饰语以及补充成分使句子变长、变复杂。
考研英语翻译题几乎都是长而复杂的句子。
首先，英语中只要存在名词，就会存在修饰名词或解释名词的东西。
所以，I 后面可能跟有这些成分。
比如liuxiaoyan，这个东西也是名词，名词后面还可能有修饰或限定成分，比如who comes from chongqing university. 这个句子中最后一个成分还是名词，又可能存在着修饰限定成分，于是又可能来对chongqing university 做解释，which is the most important universities in china; 这时同学们已经可以自己推出来了，china后面还可能有修饰限定成分。
考 研 语 法（英 语 一）微博/公众号：田静 Shadow第三部分 长难句分析第一章 基本结构的长难句分析第一节 断开长难句第二节 简化长难句第二章 特殊结构的长难句分析—— —— 断开 简化1 标点2 连接词3 分析主谓断开长难句： 一、标点The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn’t explain how ideas actually spread.(2010, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. (2011, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.(2010, Reading Comprehension, Part B)二、连接词并列连词：and but or …从属连词：because if while although as …关系词：that how wh‐ …从句开始于连接词，结束于三种位置：（一）结束于标点（二）结束于下一个连接词前（三）结束于第二个谓语动词前One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known.(2011, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)长难句 多个句子/多件事 简单句 一个句子／一件事简单句的核心 一件事的核心内容Some species of trees have been “read out of the party” by economics‐minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale value to pay as timber crops.(2010, Translation)Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts.(2010, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance.(2013, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business‐method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. (2010, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens.(2014, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states. (2019, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.(2012, Reading Comprehension, Part B)If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would‐be lawyer, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so.(2014, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)When the competitive environment pushed our ancestors to achieve that potential, they could in turn afford more education.(2009, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)第一章 基本结构的长难句分析第一节 断开长难句第二节 简化长难句第二章 特殊结构的长难句分析断开长难句： 三、分析主谓主谓主谓主主谓谓The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, ...(2010, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share…(2011, Translation)When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it shapes is inescapably political... (2012, Use of English)The way consumers now approach the process of making purchase decisions means that marketing’s impact stems from a broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media. (2011, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)断开长难句： 分析主谓 – 练习… the way you present yourself has an impact.(2016, Reading Comprehension, Part B)Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams.(2005, Reading Comprehension, Part A, Text 3)But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. (2011, Reading Comprehension, Part B)Instead, the new habits we deliberately press into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.(2009, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)第一章 基本结构的长难句分析第一节 断开长难句第二节 简化长难句简化长难句核 心：主语、谓语动词、宾语、表语、补语非核心：形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词、同位语、插入语等During the late 1990s, national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds — including government, higher education, non‐profit and corporate — varied from around 4% to 25%; ...(2013, Reading Comprehension, Part B)Curbs on business‐method claims would be a dramatic about‐face, because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so‐called State Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual fund assets.(2010, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 2007 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management — especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe.(2012, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)简化长难句 ‐ 练习From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism.(2004, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male‐dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. (2000, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world.(2009, Reading Comprehension, Part B)断开+简化长难句 – 考场攻略攻略：长难句“两步分析法”The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways.(2011, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)第一章 基本结构的长难句分析第二章 特殊结构的长难句分析第一节 分裂结构第二节 嵌套结构第三节 平行结构分裂结构一、插入式的分裂结构二、从句后移式的分裂结构Bob Liodice, the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers, says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences.(2013, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.(2014, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.(2010, Translation)Contrary to the descriptions on record, no systematic evidence was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.(2010, Use of English)But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep in mind what promises from Entergy are worth.(2012, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)分裂结构 ‐ 练习What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would mimic the way humans think, continues to elude scientists.(2019, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today’s people — especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations — apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s.(2008, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)Concerns were raised that witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to ensure guilty verdicts.(2001, Cloze Test)Consumers say they’re not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good.(2004, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death.(2002, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)分裂结构 – 考场攻略攻略：如何解决分裂结构1 同位语、插入语的插入Bob Liodice, the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers, says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences.(2013, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)2 状语从句的插入Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.(2010, Translation)3 从句后移Contrary to the descriptions on record, no systematic evidence was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.(2010, Use of English)攻略：如何解决分裂结构1 同位语、插入语的插入2 状语从句的插入3 从句后移第一章 基本结构的长难句分析第二章 特殊结构的长难句分析第一节 分裂结构第二节 嵌套结构第三节 平行结构嵌套结构The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate.(2018, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions incentivise that kind of science.(2019, Reading Comprehension, Part C)It hoped they would learn how shop‐floor lighting affected workers’ productivity.(2010, Use of English)嵌套结构 ‐ 练习Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. (2019, Reading Comprehension, Part B)A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of alanguage, which is why children can learn it so quickly.(2012, Reading Comprehension, Part C)That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. (2006, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)嵌套结构 – 考场攻略攻略：如何理清嵌套结构It hoped they would learn how shop‐floor lighting affected workers’ productivity.(2010, Use of English)第一章 基本结构的长难句分析第二章 特殊结构的长难句分析第一节 分裂结构第二节 嵌套结构第三节 平行结构平行结构一、名词（词组）的平行并列二、动词的平行并列（谓语动词、非谓语动词）三、介词短语的平行并列四、句子的平行并列一、名词（词组）的平行并列The English, the Germans, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain's former colony. (2001, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. (2012, Reading Comprehension, Part B)二、动词的平行并列（谓语动词、非谓语动词）The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might.(2001, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)Two and three‐dimensional maps are helpful tools in planning excavations, illustrating how sites look, and presenting the results of archaeological research.(2014, Reading Comprehension, Part B)The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. (2011, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)三、介词短语的平行并列Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles, with kindness if they are in pain, and with unconditional love no matter who they are. (2016, Reading Comprehension, Part C)So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.(2011, Reading Comprehension, Part B)四、句子的平行并列… the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it.(2019, Reading Comprehension, Part C)However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.(2005, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)多个平行并列For the time, attention, and money of the art‐loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century.(2011, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)无并列连词的平行并列In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of population; in 1900, 13.6 percent.(2006, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)“Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on,” he claimed. (2014, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)平行结构 ‐ 练习In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information at the speed of Twitter, and thus shorter attention spans in financial markets. (2019, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)The court’s ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and official favoritism. (2017, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)The point of a style upgrade isn’t to become more vain or to spend more time fussing over what to wear.(2016, Reading Comprehension, Part B)As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor.(2002, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. (2012, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)平行结构 – 考场攻略攻略：如何找到平行结构Simply arranging a meeting, making a phone call, or hosting an event is not an “official act.” (2017, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)。
