the more obvious to the less obvious, from the external
to the internal. The results of the examination, along
with the information from the patient’s history, will be
Thermal testing, hot or cold, can be used for testing
teeth with full coverage, to differentiate between vital
The clinical condition of the pulp can be evaluated by
thermal stimuli, percussion, palpation, and vitality tests.
When testing with a cold stimulus, one must begin
代谢产物
有机酸、氨
宿主对细菌感auma
非医源性:外伤、咬合创伤
医源性:牙体预备、正畸、拔牙
温度:牙体预备
充填材料和抛光产热
电流:少见
激光:与能量有关
4.化学因素
充填材料
主要是垫底材料:磷酸锌水门汀游离磷酸释放
氧化锌水门汀安抚作用
氢氧化钙强碱性
酸蚀剂和粘接剂
combined to establish the diagnosis, formulate a treatment
plan, and determine the prognosis.
Although no absolute correlation has been made between any species of bacteria and severity of endodontic infections, several species have been implicated with some clinical signs and symptoms. Those species includeFusobacterium, andActinomyces