第六章 语言的心理过程 6.1 绪言
为什么要研究语言？从某种更深刻更重要的意义上来说，语言是思维的镜子。它是人类智慧的结晶，通过意志和意识觉察不到的一些机制在人类每一个体上重生。（乔姆斯基，Reflections on Language，1975）"语言和思维"这项研究致力于构造思维中与语言相关部分的工作模型。毫无疑问，思维的种种结构和关系是不可观察的，因而研究者们提出假设时总是根据一些零星的线索。这也说明了为什么围绕这一论题几乎所有方面的争议都那么尖锐。人们最经常给"语言和思维"这项研究贴上的标签是心理语言学--一个通常认为是正流行的术语，近年来该术语从某种意义上说被滥用了，我们会发现它几乎可以用于任一语言学论题。"准确的"心理语言学也许可以注解为对利用任一媒介（口头的或书面的）进行的语言储存、理解、产生和习得过程的研究。
为什么要研究心理语言学？心理语言学首要关注的是调查语言结构的心理现实。照实说，该学科通常也会产生一些对语言研究提出他们自己评论的发现，这些发现促进了理论体系的改进。
如果我们通过一个宽泛聚合体--认知心理学的视角来看心理语言学的任务，那么它将变得和对语言指令行为表征的研究相一致。作为现代形态的心理学，它采用实验的方法论，坚持必须在实验条件下研究这些行为表征；通过近三十年左右始终追求这一目标、在精密实验方法指导下的心理语言学，我们看到这样做也是合理的。
区别心理语言学与语言心理学或许有助于我们的讨论。后者处理诸如语言在多大范围内影响了思想之类更常见的论题；而且从交际心理学角度看，它还研究包括手势、面部表情等非言语交际。在心理语言学内部，一个可能的区分是某些学者把自己称作"认知心理语言学家"，以与"实验心理语言学家"相对。前者首要关注的是作出关于人类思维内容的推论，后者则更关心经验主义的事实、比如对一个特定单词的反应速度。事实上这两种思想学派经常有交叉，但在每种思想的极端支持者们看来，一般认为两者差异显著。
语言学第六章
Chapter Ⅵ
Pragmatics
——the study of dynamic meaning
of language
主讲：宋建勇
2
Contents
Some basic notions
Speech Act Theory
The Theory of Implicature
Relevance theory
3
Basic notions
Definition
Distinction between pragmatics and semantics
Context
Sentence meaning vs. utterance meaning General features of
pragmatic study of the meaning of language in use
Generally acknowledged theories of pragmatics: speech acts,
implicature and relevance
4
Definition
Pragmatics is the study of the use of language in
communication, particularly the relationships between
sentences and the contexts and situations in which they are used.
Pragmatics is the study of the communicative
meaning of the utteranceswhich is largely related
to the context of situationfor such communication. Pragmatics is the study of all those aspects of
英语文体学
Unit 5 Formal vs Informal Language
英教0901班董宜之程雅洁田冬雪
Contents 5.1 The interpersonal function of language 5.2
Degrees of formality
5.3 Functional tenor and degrees of
formality
5.4 Martin Joo’s Classification
5.5 Speech situation and formality
5.6 Formality and linguistic features
5.7 Sets of co-occurring features
5.8 Involved vs informational texts
5.9 Tenors, field, and mode
5.1 The interpersonal
function of language
1.Functions of language:
●the ideational / referential function
●the interpersonal / social / expressive function
●the textual function
2. Tenors of discourse: the relationship between participants
in the situation, their roles and status.
The participant relations that determine the tenor of
discourse
range through varying degrees of permanence.
●Most temporary: at a party, on a train
A brief summary
Stylistics is a newly-born study, it was in the 1960s that stylistic study really began to flourish in
Great Britain and the United States. Professor Wang Zuoliang is the first person in China to study it.
The stylistics we are discussing here is Modern Stylistics, a discipline that applies concepts and
techniques of modern linguistics to the study of styles of language use. It has two subdivisions:
General Stylistics and Literary Stylistics, with the latter concentrating solely on unique features of
various literary works, and the former on the general features of various types of language use.
1.2.1 Speech Acts
1.2.2 Speech Events
1.2.3 Text / Message / Discourse
1. Substantial
2. Formal
3. Situational
It is this contextual relationship between the substance and form of a speech event on the one hand
