Automatic Dependability Analysis for supporting design decisions in UML

修理的产品repaired item不修理的产品 non-repaired item服务service规定功能required function时刻instant of time时间区间 time interval持续时间 time duration累积时间 accumulated time量度 measure工作 operation修改(对产品而言) modification (of an item)效能 effectiveness固有能力 capability耐久性 durability可靠性 reliability维修性 maintainability维修保障性 maintenance support performance可用性 availability可信性 dependability失效 failure致命失效 critical failure非致命失效 non-critical failure误用失效 misuse failure误操作失效 mishandling failure弱质失效 weakness failure设计失效 design failure制造失效 manufacture failure老化失效;耗损失效 ageing failure; wear-out failure突然失效 sudden failure渐变失效;漂移失效 gradual failure; drift failure灾变失效 cataleptic failure关联失效 relevant failure非关联失效 non-relevant failure独立失效 primary failure从属失效 secondary failure失效原因 failure cause失效机理 failure mechanism系统性失效;重复性失效 systematic failure; reproducible failure 完全失效 complete failure退化失效 degradation failure部分失效 partial failure故障 fault致命故障 critical fault非致命故障 non-critical fault重要故障 major fault次要故障 minor fault误用故障 misuse fault误操作故障 mishandling fault弱质故障 weakness fault设计故障 design fault制造故障 manufacturing fault老化故障;耗损故障 ageing fault; wear-out fault程序敏感故障 programme-sensitive fault数据敏感故障 data-sensitive fault完全故障;功能阻碍故障 complete fault; function-preventing fault 部分故障 partial fault持久故障 persistent fault间歇故障 intermittent fault确定性故障 determinate fault非确定性故障 indeterminate fault潜在故障 latent fault系统性故障 systematic fault故障模式 fault mode故障产品 faulty item差错 error失误 mistake工作状态 operating state不工作状态 non-operating state待命状态 standby state闲置状态;空闲状态 idle state; free state不能工作状态 disable state; outage外因不能工作状态 external disabled state不可用状态;内因不能工作状态 down state; internal disabled state 可用状态 up time忙碌状态 busy state致命状态 critical state维修 maintenance维修准则 maintenance philosophy维修方针 maintenance policy维修作业线 maintenance echelon; line of maintenance维修约定级 indenture level (for maintenance)维修等级 level of maintenance预防性维修 preventive maintenance修复性维修 corrective maintenance受控维修 controlled maintenance计划性维修 scheduled maintenance非计划性维修 unscheduled maintenance现场维修 on-site maintenance; in sits maintenance; field maintenance 非现场维修 off-site maintenance遥控维修 remote maintenance自动维修 automatic maintenance逾期维修 deferred maintenance基本的维修作业 elementary maintenance activity维修工作 maintenance action; maintenance task修理 repair故障识别 fault recognition故障定位 fault localization故障诊断 fault diagnosis故障修复 fault correction功能核查 function check-out恢复 restoration; recovery监测 supervision; monitoring维修的实体 maintenance entity影响功能的维修 function-affecting maintenance妨碍功能的维修 function-preventing maintenance减弱功能的维修 function-degrading maintenance不影响功能的维修 function-permitting maintenance维修时间 maintenance time维修人时 MMH; maintenance man-hour实际维修时间 active maintenance time预防性维修时间 preventive maintenance time修复性维修时间 corrective maintenance time实际的预防性维修时间 active preventive maintenance time实际的修复性维修时间 active corrective maintenance time未检出故障时间 undetected fault time管理延迟(对于修复性维修) administrative delay后勤延迟 logistic delay故障修复时间 fault correction time技术延迟 technical delay核查时间 check-out time故障诊断时间 fault diagnosis time故障定位时间 fault localization time修理时间 repair time工作时间 operating time不工作时间 non-operating time需求时间 required time无需求时间 non-required time待命时间 standby time闲置时间 idle time; free time不能工作时间 disabled time不可用时间 down time累积不可用时间 accumulated down time外因不能工作时间 external disabled time; external loss time 可用时间 up time首次失效前时间 time to first failure失效前时间 time to failure失效间隔时间 time between failures失效间工作时间 operating time between failures恢复前时间 time to restoration; time to recovery使用寿命 useful life早期失效期 early failure period恒定失效密度期 constant failure intensity period恒定失效率期 constant failure rate period耗损失效期 wear-out failure period瞬时可用度 instantaneous availability瞬时不可用度 instantaneous unavailability平均可用度 mean availability平均不可用度 mean unavailability渐近可用度 asymptotic availability稳态可用度 steady-state availability渐近不可用度 asymptotic unavailability稳态不可用度 steady-state unavailability渐近平均可用度 asymptotic mean availability渐近平均不可用度 asymptotic mean unavailability平均可用时间 mean up time平均累积不可用时间 mean accumulated down time可靠度 reliability瞬时失效率 instantaneous failure rate平均失效率 mean failure rate瞬时失效密度 instantaneous failure intensity平均失效密度 mean failure intensity平均首次失效前时间 MTTFF; mean time to first failure平均失效前时间 MTTF; mean time to failure平均失效间隔时间 MTBF; mean time between failures平均失效间工作时间 MOTBF; mean operating time between failure 失效率加速系数 failure rate acceleration factor失效密度加速系数 failure intensity acceleration factor维修度 maintainability瞬时修复率 instantaneous repair rate平均修复率 mean repair rate平均维修人时 mean maintenance man-hour平均不可用时间 MDT; mean down time平均修理时间 MRT; mean repair timeP-分位修理时间 P-fractile repair time平均实际修复性维修时间 mean active corrective maintenance time平均恢复前时间 MTTR; mean time to restoration故障识别比 fault coverage修复比 repair coverage平均管理延迟 MAD; mean administrative delayP-分位管理延迟 P-fractile administrative delay平均后勤延迟 MLD; mean logistic delayP-分位后勤延迟 P-fractile logistic delay验证试验 compliance test测定试验 determination test实验室试验 laboratory test现场试验 field test耐久性试验 endurance test加速试验 accelerated test步进应力试验 step stress test筛选试验 screening test时间加速系数 time acceleration factor维修性检验 maintainability verification维修性验证 maintainability demonstration观测数据 observed data试验数据 test data现场数据 field data基准数据 reference data冗余 redundancy工作冗余 active redundancy备用冗余 standby redundancy失效安全 fail safe故障裕度 fault tolerance故障掩盖 fault masking预计 prediction可靠性模型 reliability model可靠性预计 reliability prediction可靠性分配 reliability allocation; reliability apportionment故障模式与影响分析 FMEA; fault modes and effects analysis故障模式影响与危害度分析 FMECA; fault modes, effects and criticality analysis故障树分析 FTA; fault tree analysis应力分析 stress analysis可靠性框图 reliability block diagram故障树 fault tree状态转移图 state-transition diagram应力模型 stress model故障分析 fault analysis失效分析 failure analysis维修性模型 maintainability model维修性预计 maintainability prediction维修树 maintenance tree维修性分配 maintainability allocation; maintainability apportionment 老练 burn in可靠性增长 reliability growth可靠性改进 reliability improvement可靠性和维修性管理 reliability and maintainability management可靠性和维修性保证 reliability and maintainability assurance可靠性和维修性控制 reliability and maintainability control可靠性和维修性大纲 reliability and maintainability programme可靠性和维修性计划 reliability and maintainability plan可靠性和维修性审计 reliability and maintainability audit可靠性和维修性监察 reliability and maintainability surveillance设计评审 design review真实的 true预计的 predicted外推的 extrapolated估计的 estimated固有的 intrinsic; inherent使用的 operational平均的 meanP-分位 P-fractile瞬时的 instantaneous稳态的 steady state。

核专业英语词汇d d reaction d d反应d d reactor d d反应器d t fuel cycle d t燃料循环d t reactor d t反应堆daily fuel consumption 燃料日消耗量dalitz pair 达立兹对damage 损伤damage criteria 危害判断准则damp 湿气damp proof 防潮的damped oscillations 阻尼震荡damped vibration 阻尼震荡damped wave 阻尼波damper 减震器damping 衰减的damping factor 衰减系数danger coefficient 危险系数danger dose 危险剂量danger range 危险距离danger signal 危险信号dark current 暗电流dark current pulse 暗电瘤冲data 数据data acquisition and processing system 数据获得和处理系统data base 数据库data communication 数据通信data processing 数据处理data reduction equipment 数据简化设备dating 测定年代daughter 蜕变产物daughter atom 子体原子daughter element 子体元素daughter nucleus 子体核daughter nuclide 子体核素davidite 铈铀钛铁矿dc 直流dc amplifier 直僚大器dc generator 直立电机dc motor 直羚动机dc voltage 直羚压de broglie equation 德布罗意方程de broglie frequency 德布罗意频率de broglie relation 德布罗意方程de broglie wave 德布罗意波de broglie wavelength 德布罗意波长de excitation 去激发de exemption 去免除deactivation 去活化dead ash 死灰尘dead band 不灵敏区dead space 死区dead time 失灵时间dead time correction 死时间校正deaerate 除气deaeration 除气deaerator 除气器空气分离器deaquation 脱水debris 碎片debris activity 碎片放射性debuncher 散束器debye radius 德拜半径debye scherrer method 德拜谢乐法debye temperature 德拜温度decade counter tube 十进计数管decade counting circuit 十进制计数电路decade counting tube 十进管decade scaler 十进位定标器decagram 十克decalescence 相变吸热decalescent point 金属突然吸热温度decan 去掉外壳decanning 去包壳decanning plant 去包壳装置decantation 倾析decanter 倾析器decanting vessel 倾析器decarburization 脱碳decascaler 十进制定标器decatron 十进计数管decay 衰减decay coefficient 衰变常数decay constant 衰变常数decay factor 衰变常数decay heat 衰变热decay heat removal system 衰变热去除系统decay kinematics 衰变运动学decay out 完全衰变decay period 冷却周期decay power 衰减功率decay rate 衰变速度decay series 放射系decay storage 衰变贮存decay table 衰变表decay time 衰变时间decelerate 减速deceleration 减速decigram 分克decimeter wave 分米波decladding 去包壳decladding plant 去包壳装置decommissioning 退役decompose 分解decomposition 化学分解decomposition temperature 分解温度decontaminability 可去污性decontamination 净化decontamination area 去污区decontamination factor 去污因子decontamination index 去污指数decontamination plant 去污装置decontamination reagent 去污试剂decontamination room 去污室decoupled band 分离带decoupling 去耦解开decrease 衰减decrement 减少率dee d形盒dee gap d形盒间空隙dee lines d形盒馈线deep dose equivalent index 深部剂量当量指标deep irradiation 深部辐照deep therapy 深部疗deep underwater nuclear counter 深水放射性计数器deep water isotopic current analyzer 深海水连位素分析器defecation 澄清defect 缺陷defect level 缺陷程度defective fuel canning 破损燃料封装defective fuel element 破损元件defectoscope 探伤仪defence 防护deficiency 不足define 定义definite 确定的definition 分辨deflagration 爆燃deflecting coil 偏转线圈deflecting electrode 偏转电极deflecting field 偏转场deflecting plate 偏转板deflecting system 偏转系统deflecting voltage 偏转电压deflection 负载弯曲deflection angle 偏转角deflection plate 偏转板deflection system 偏转系统deflector 偏转装置deflector coil 偏转线圈deflector field 致偏场deflector plate 偏转板deflocculation 解凝defoamer 去沫剂defoaming agent 去沫剂defocusing 散焦deform 变形deformation 变形deformation bands 变形带deformation energy 变形能deformation of irradiated graphite 辐照过石墨变形deformed nucleus 变形核deformed region 变形区域degas 除气degassing 脱气degeneracy 简并degenerate configuration 退化位形degenerate gas 简并气体degenerate level 简并能级degenerate state 简并态degeneration 简并degradation 软化degradation of energy 能量散逸degraded spectrum 软化谱degree of acidity 酸度degree of anisotropic reflectance 蛤异性反射率degree of burn up 燃耗度degree of cross linking 交联度degree of crystallinity 结晶度degree of degeneration 退化度degree of dispersion 分散度degree of dissociation 离解度degree of enrichment 浓缩度degree of freedom 自由度degree of hardness 硬度degree of ionization 电离度degree of moderation 慢化度degree of polymerization 聚合度degree of purity 纯度dehumidify 减湿dehydrating agent 脱水剂dehydration 脱水deionization 消电离deionization rate 消电离率deionization time 消电离时间dejacketing 去包壳delay 延迟delay circuit 延迟电路delay line 延迟线delay line storage 延迟线存储器delay system 延迟系统delay tank 滞留槽delay time 延迟时间delay unit 延迟单元delayed alpha particles 缓发粒子delayed automatic gain control 延迟自动增益控制delayed coincidence 延迟符合delayed coincidence circuit 延迟符合电路delayed coincidence counting 延迟符合计数delayed coincidence method 延迟符合法delayed coincidence unit 延迟符合单元delayed critical 缓发临界的delayed criticality 缓发临界delayed fallout 延迟沉降物delayed fission neutron 缓发中子delayed gamma 延迟性射线delayed neutron 缓发中子delayed neutron detector 缓发中子探测器delayed neutron emitter 缓发中子发射体delayed neutron failed element monitor 缓发中子破损燃料元件监测器delayed neutron fraction 缓发中子份额delayed neutron method 缓发中子法delayed neutron monitor 缓发中子监测器delayed neutron precursor 缓发中子发射体delayed reactivity 缓发反应性delayedneutron 缓发中子delineation of fall out contours 放射性沉降物轮廓图deliquescence 潮解deliquescent 潮解的delivery dosedose 引出端delta electron 电子delta metal 合金delta plutonium 钚delta ray 电子demagnetization 去磁demagnetize 去磁dematerialization 湮没demineralization 脱盐demineralization of water 水软化demonstration 示范demonstration reactor 示范反应堆dempster mass spectrograph 登普斯特质谱仪denaturalization 变性denaturant 变性剂denaturation 变性denaturation of nuclear fuel 核燃料变性denature 变性denaturize 变性denitration 脱硝dense 稠密的dense plasma focus 稠密等离子体聚焦densimeter 光密度计densimetry 密度测定densitometer 光密度计densitometry 密度计量学density analog method 密度模拟法density bottle 密度瓶density effect 密度效应density gradient instability 密度梯度不稳定性density of electrons 电子密度deoxidation 脱氧deoxidization 脱氧departure from nucleate boiling 偏离泡核沸腾departure from nucleate boiling ratio 偏离泡核沸腾比dependability 可靠性dependence 相依dependency 相依dephlegmation 分凝酌dephlegmator 分馏塔depilation 脱毛depilation dose 脱毛剂量deplete uranium tail storage 贫化铀尾料储存depleted fraction 贫化馏分depleted fuel 贫化燃料depleted material 贫化材料depleted uranium 贫化铀depleted uranium shielding 贫铀屏蔽depleted water 贫化水depleted zone 贫化区域depletion 贫化;消耗depletion layer 耗尽层depolarization 去极化depolymerization 解聚合deposit 沉淀deposit dose 地面沉降物剂量deposited activity 沉积的放射性deposition 沉积depression 减压depressurization accident 失压事故depressurizing system 降压系统depth dose 深部剂量depth gauge 测深计depth of focus 焦点深度depthometer 测深计derby 粗锭derivant 衍生物derivate 衍生物derivative 衍生物derived estimate 导出估价值derived unit 导出单位derived working limit 导出工撰限desalinization 脱盐desalting 脱盐descendant 后代desensitization 脱敏desensitizer 脱敏剂desiccation 干燥desiccator 干燥器防潮器design 设计design basis accident 设计依据事故design basis depressurization accident 设计依据卸压事故design basis earthquake 设计依据地震design dose rate 设计剂量率design of the safeguards approach 保障监督方法设计design power 设计功率design pressure 设计压力design safety limit 设计安全限design temperature rise 设计温度上升design transition temperature 设计转变温度desmotropism 稳变异构desmotropy 稳变异构desorption 解吸desquamation 脱皮destruction test 破坏性试验destructive distillation 干馏detailed decontamination 细部去污detect 探测;检波detectable 可检测的detectable activity 可探测的放射性detection 探测detection efficiency 探测效率detection limit 探测限detection of neutrons from spontaneous fission 自发裂变中子探测detection of radiation 辐射线的探测detection probability 探测概率detection time 探测时间detector 1/v 1/v探测器detector 探测器敏感元件detector efficiency 探测僻率detector foil 探测骗detector noise 探测齐声detector shield 探测屏蔽detector tube 检波管detector with internal gas source 内气源探测器detergent 洗涤剂determination 确定deterrence of diversion 转用制止detonating gas 爆鸣气detonation 爆炸detonation altitude 爆炸高度detonation point 爆炸点detonation yield 核爆炸威力detoxifying 净化detriment 损害detted line 点线deuteride 氘化物deuterium 重氢deuterium alpha reaction 氘反应deuterium critical assembly 重水临界装置deuterium leak detector 重水检漏器deuterium moderated pile low energy 低功率重水慢化反应堆deuterium oxide 重水deuterium oxide moderated reactor 重水慢化反应堆deuterium pile 重水反应堆deuterium sodium reactor 重水钠反应堆deuterium target 氘靶deuterium tritium fuel 氘氚燃料deuterium tritium reaction 氘氚反应deuteron alpha reaction 氘核反应deuteron binding energy 氘核结合能deuteron induced fission 氘核诱发裂变deuteron neutron reaction 氘核中子反应deuteron proton reaction 氘核质子反应deuteron stripping 氘核涎deuterum moderated pile 重水反应堆deuton 氘核development 发展development of uranium mine 铀矿开发deviation 偏差deviation from the desired value 期望值偏差deviation from the index value 给定值偏差dew point 露点dewatering 脱水dewindtite 水磷铅铀矿dextro rotatory 右旋的di neutron 双中子di proton 双质子diagnostic radiology 诊断放射学diagnostics 诊断diagram 线图dial 度盘dialkyl phosphoric acid process 磷酸二烷基酯萃取法dialysis 渗析diamagnet 抗磁体diamagnetic effect 抗磁效应diamagnetic loop 抗磁圈diamagnetic substance 抗磁体diamagnetic susceptibility 抗磁化率diamagnetism 反磁性diamagnetism of the plasma particles 等离子体粒子反磁性diameter 直径diamond 稳定区;金刚石diaphanous 透媚diaphragm 薄膜diaphragm gauge 膜式压力计diaphragm type pressure gauge 膜式压力计diapositive 透谬片diascope 投影放影器投影仪diathermance 透热性diathermancy 透热性diatomic gas 双原子气体diatomic molecule 二原子分子dibaryon 双重子diderichite 水菱铀矿dido 重水慢化反应堆dido type heavy water research reactor 迪多型重水研究用反应堆dielectric 电介质dielectric after effect 电介质后效dielectric breakdown 绝缘哗dielectric constant 介电常数dielectric hysteresis 电介质滞后dielectric polarization 电介质极化dielectric strain 电介质变形dielectric strength 绝缘强度diesel engine 柴油机diesel oil 柴油difference ionization chamber 差分电离室difference linear ratemeter 差分线性计数率计difference number 中子过剩difference of potential 电压difference scaler 差分定标器differential absorption coefficient 微分吸收系数differential absorption ratio 微分吸收系数differential albedo 微分反照率differential control rod worth 控制棒微分价值differential cross section 微分截面differential discriminator 单道脉冲幅度分析器differential dose albedo 微分剂量反照率differential energy flux density 微分能通量密度differential galvanometel 差绕电疗differential particle flux density 粒子微分通量密度differential pressure 压差differential range spectrum 射程微分谱differential reactivity 微分反应性differential recovery rate 微分恢复率differential scattering cross section 微分散射截面differentiator 微分器diffraction 衍射diffraction absorption 衍射吸收diffraction analysis 衍射分析diffraction angle 衍射角diffraction grating 衍射光栅diffraction instrument 衍射仪diffraction pattern 衍射图diffraction peak 衍射峰值diffraction scattering 衍射散射diffraction spectrometer 衍射谱仪diffraction spectrum 衍射光谱diffractometer 衍射仪diffusate 扩散物diffuse 扩散diffuse band 扩散带diffuse reflection 漫反射diffuse scattering 漫散射diffused 散射的diffused junction semiconductor detector 扩散结半导体探测器diffuseness parameter 扩散性参数diffuser 扩散器diffusion 扩散diffusion approximation 扩散近似diffusion area 扩散面积diffusion barrier 扩散膜diffusion cascade 扩散级联diffusion chamber 扩散云室diffusion coefficient 扩散系数diffusion coefficient for neutron flux density 中子通量密度扩散系数diffusion coefficient for neutron number density 中子数密度扩散系数diffusion column 扩散塔diffusion constant 扩散常数diffusion cooling 扩散冷却diffusion cooling effect 扩散冷却效应diffusion cross section 扩散截面diffusion current 扩散电流diffusion current density 扩散淋度diffusion energy 扩散能diffusion equation 扩散方程diffusion factory 扩散工厂diffusion kernel 扩散核diffusion layer 扩散层diffusion length 扩散长度diffusion mean free path 扩散平均自由程diffusion plant 扩散工厂diffusion pump 扩散泵diffusion rate 扩散速率diffusion stack 务马堆diffusion theory 扩散理论diffusion time 扩散时间diffusivity 扩散系数digital analog converter 数模转换器digital computer 数字计算机digital data acquisition and processing system 数字数据获取与处理系统digital data handling and display system 数字数据处理和显示系统digital recorder 数字记录器digital time converter 数字时间变换器dilation 扩胀dilatometer 膨胀计diluent 稀释剂dilute 冲淡dilute solution 稀溶液dilution 稀释dilution analysis 稀释分析dilution effect 稀释效应dilution method 稀释法dilution ratio 稀释比dimension 尺寸dimensional change 尺寸变化diminishing 衰减dimorphism 双晶现象dineutron 双中子dingot 直接铸锭dip counter tube 浸入式计数管dipelt 双重线dipole 偶极子dipole dipole interaction 偶极子与偶极子相互酌dipole layer 偶极子层dipole moment 偶极矩dipole momentum 偶极矩dipole radiation 偶极辐射dipole transition 偶极跃迁dirac electron 狄拉克电子dirac equation 狄拉克方程dirac quantization 狄拉克量子化dirac theory of electron 狄拉克电子论direct action of radiation 辐射直接酌direct and indirect energy conversion 直接和间接能量转换direct contact heat exchanger 直接接触式换热器direct conversion reactor 直接转换反应堆direct conversion reactor study 直接转换反应堆研究direct current 直流direct current amplifier 直僚大器direct current resistance 直羚阻direct cycle 直接循环direct cycle integral boiling reactor 直接循环一体化沸水堆direct cycle reactor 直接循环反应堆direct digital control 直接数字控制direct energy conversion 能量直接转换direct exchange interaction 直接交换相互酌direct exposure 直接辐照direct fission yield 原始裂变产额direct interaction 直接相互酌direct isotopic dilution analysis 直接同位素稀释分析direct measurement 直接测量direct radiant energy 直接辐射能direct radiation 直接辐射direct radiation proximity indicator 直接辐射接近指示器direct reaction 直接反应direct use material 直接利用物质direct voltage 直羚压direct x ray analysis 直接x射线分析direction 方向directional 定向的directional correlation of successive gamma rays 连续射线方向相关directional counter 定向计数器directional distribution 方向分布directional focusing 方向聚焦directly ionizing particles 直接电离粒子directly ionizing radiation 直接电离辐射dirft tube 飞行管道dirt column 尘土柱dirty bomb 脏炸弹disadvantage factor 不利因子disagreement 不一致disappearence 消失disc operating system 磁盘操椎统discharge 放电discharge chamber 放电室discharge current 放电电流discharge in vacuo 真空放电discharge potential 放电电压discharge tube 放电管discharge voltage 放电电压discomposition 原子位移discontinuity 非连续性discontinuous 不连续的discrepancy 差异discrete 离散的discrete energy level 不连续能级discrete spectrum 不连续光谱discrete state 不连续态discrimination coefficient 甄别系数discriminator 鉴别器disinfectant 杀菌剂disintegrate 蜕衰disintegration 蜕变disintegration chain 放射系disintegration constant 衰变常数disintegration curve 衰变曲线disintegration energy 衰变能disintegration heat 衰变热disintegration of elementary particles 基本粒子衰变disintegration particle 衰变粒子disintegration probability 衰变概率disintegration product 蜕变产物disintegration rate 衰变速度disintegration scheme 蜕变图disintegration series 蜕变系disintegrations per minute 衰变/分disintegrations per second 衰变/秒disk source 圆盘放射源dislocation 位错dislocation edge 位错边缘dislocation line 位错线dismantling 解体disorder 无序disorder scattering 无序散射dispersal 分散dispersal effect 分散效应disperser 分散剂dispersing agent 分散剂dispersion 分散dispersion fuel 弥散体燃料dispersion fuel element 弥散体燃料元件dispersive medium 色散媒质displace 位移;代替displacement 替换displacement current 位移电流displacement kernel 位移核displacement law 位移定律displacement law of radionuclide 放射性核素位移定律displacement spike 离位峰disposal of radioactive effluents 放射性瘤液处置disposition 配置disproportionation 不均disruption 破坏disruptive instability 破裂不稳定性disruptive voltage 哗电压dissipation 耗散dissipation of energy 能消散dissociation 离解dissociation constant 离解常数dissociation energy 离解能dissociation pressure 离解压dissociative ionization 离解电离dissolution 溶解dissolver 溶解器dissolver gas 溶解气体dissolver heel 溶解泣滓distance control 遥控distant collision 远距离碰撞distillate 蒸馏液distillation 蒸馏distillation column 蒸馏塔distillation method 蒸馏法distillation tower 蒸馏塔distilled water 蒸馏水distiller 蒸馏器distilling apparatus 蒸馏器distilling flask 蒸馏瓶distorted wave 畸变波distorted wave impulse approximation 畸变波冲动近似distorted wave theory 畸变波理论distortion 畸变distortionless 不失真的distributed ion pump 分布式离子泵distributed processing 分布式处理distributed source 分布源distribution 分布distribution coefficient 分配系数distribution factor 分布因子distribution function 分布函数distribution law 分配定律distribution of dose 剂量分布distribution of radionuclides 放射性核素分布distribution of residence time 停留时间分布distribution ratio 分配系数distrubited constant 分布常数disturbance 扰动disturbation 扰动diuranium pentoxide 五氧化二铀divergence 发散divergence of ion beam 离子束发散divergence problem 发散问题divergent lens 发射透镜divergent reaction 发散反应diversing lens 发射透镜diversion 转向diversion assumption 转用假定diversion box 转换箱diversion hypothesis 转用假设diversion path 转用路径diversion strategy 转用战略divertor 收集器divider 分配器division 刻度division of operating reactors 反应堆运行部djalmaite 钽钛铀矿document information system 文献情报体系doerner hoskins distribution law 德尔纳霍斯金斯分配定律dollar 元domain 磁畴dome 圆顶水柱domestic receipt 国内接收domestic shipment 国内装货dominant mutation 显性突变donator 施止┨鬻donor 施止┨鬻donut 环形室doping control of semiconductors 半导体掺杂物第doppler averaged cross section 多普勒平均截面doppler broadening 多普勒展宽doppler coefficient 多普勒系数doppler effect 多普勒效应doppler free laser spectroscopy 无多普勒激光光谱学doppler shift method 多普勒频移法doppler width 多普勒宽度dosage 剂量dosage measurement 剂量测定dosage meter 剂量计dose 剂量dose albedo 剂量反照率dose build up factor 剂量积累因子dose commitment 剂量负担dose effect curve 剂量效应曲线dose effect relationship 剂量效应关系dose equivalent 剂量当量dose equivalent commitment 剂量当量负担dose equivalent index 剂量当量指标dose equivalent limit 剂量当量极限dose equivalent rate 剂量当量率dose fractionation 剂量分割dose limit 剂量极限dose measurement 剂量测量dose meter 剂量计dose modifying factor 剂量改变系数dose of an isotope 同位素用量dose prediction technique 剂量预报技术dose protraction 剂量迁延dose rate 剂量率dose rate meter 剂量率测量计dose ratemeter 剂量率表dose reduction factor 剂量减低系数dose response correlation 剂量响应相关dose unit 剂量单位dosifilm 胶片剂量计dosimeter 剂量计dosimeter charger 剂量计充电器dosimetry 剂量测定法dosimetry applications research facility 剂量测定法应用研究设施dotted line 点线double 双double beam 双射束double beta decay 双衰变double bond 双键double charged 双电荷的double clad vessel 双层覆盖容器double compton scattering 双康普顿散射double container 双层容器double contingency principle 双偶然性原理double decomposition 复分解double differential cross section 二重微分截面double focusing 双聚焦double focusing mass spectrometer 双聚焦质谱仪double ionization chamber 双电离室double precision 双倍精度double probe 双探针double pulse 双脉冲double resonance 双共振double resonance spectroscopy 双共振光谱学double scattering method 双散射法double walled heat exchanger 双层壁换热器doublet 电子对doublet splitting 双重线分裂doubling dose 加倍剂量doubling time 燃料倍增时间doubling time meter 倍增时间测量计doubly charged 双电荷的doubly closed shell nuclei 双闭合壳层核doughnut 环形室down time 停机时间downcomer 下降管downwards coolant flow 下行冷却剂流downwind fall out 下风放射性沉降物draft 通风drain tank 排水槽draught 通风drell ratio 多列尔比dressing 选矿dressing of uranium ore 铀矿石选矿drier 干燥器drift instability 漂移不稳定性drift mobility 漂移率drift speed 漂移速度drift transistor 漂移晶体管drift velocity 漂移速度drive voltage 控制电压driven magnetic fusion reactor 从动磁核聚变反应堆driver fuel 驱动燃料drop 点滴drop reaction 点滴反应dry active waste 干放射性废物dry analysis 干法分析dry box 干箱dry criticality 干临界dry distillation 干馏dry friction 干摩擦dry ice 干冰dry out 烧干dry reprocessing 干法再处理dry way process 干法过程dry well 干井dryer 干燥器drying 干燥drying oil 干性油drying oven 烘干炉dual cycle boiling water reactor system 双循环沸水反应堆系统dual cycle reactor 双循环反应堆dual decay 双重放射性衰变dual energy use system 能量双重利用系统dual purpose nuclear power station 两用核电站dual purpose reactor 两用反应堆dual temperature exchange 双温度交换dual temperature exchange separation process 双温度交换分离法duality 二重性duant d形盒duct 管ductile brittle transition temperature 延性脆性转变温度ductility 延伸性dummy load 仿真负载dumontite 水磷铀铅矿dump 烧毁元件存放处dump condenser 事故凝汽器dump tank 接受槽dump valve 事故排放阀dunkometer 燃料元件包壳破损探测器duplet 电子对duration 持续时间duration of a scintillation 闪烁持续时间dust chamber 集尘室dust cloud 尘埃云dust collector 集尘器dust cooled reactor 粉尘冷却反应堆dust monitor 灰尘监测器dust sampler 灰尘取样器dust trap 集尘器dye laser 染料激光器dynamic behaviour 动态dynamic characteristic 动特性dynamic equilibrium 动态平衡dynamic equilibrium ratio 动态平衡比dynamic pressure 动压dynamic process inventory determination 动态过程投料量测定dynamic stabilization 动力稳定dynamic viscosity 动力粘滞系数dynamical friction 动摩擦dynamitron 地那米加速器并激式高频高压加速器dynamo 发电机dynamometer 测力计dyne 达因dynode 倍增电极dysprosium 镝dystectic mixture 高熔点混合物e layer e 层e. m. f 电动势early fallout 早期放射性落下灰earth 接地earth metals 土金属earthquake proof site 抗地震试验场ebulliometer 沸点计ebullition 沸腾ecdysis 脱皮ecology 生态学economizer 节约器ecosystem 生态系eddy 涡流eddy current 涡电流eddy diffusion 涡俩散edge break 边缘裂缝edge crack 边缘裂缝edge dislocation 刃型位错edwardsite 独居石efd 电铃动力学effective 有效的effective absorption coefficient 有效吸收系数effective atomic charge 有效原子电荷effective atomic number 有效原子序数effective bohr magneton 有效玻尔磁子effective cadmium cut off 有效镉截止值effective capture cross section 有效俘获截面effective charge 有效电荷effective collision cross section 有效碰撞截面effective cross section 有效截面effective cross section for resonance 有效共振截面effective decontamination factor 有效去污因子effective delayed neutron fraction 有效缓发中子份额effective dose 有效剂量effective energy 有效能量effective full power days 有效满功率天数effective full power hours 有效满功率小时数effective half life 有效半衰期effective interaction 有效互酌effective ionic charge 有效离子电荷effective kilogram 有效公斤effective life 有效寿命effective macroscopic cross section 有效宏观截面effective mass 有效质量effective mass absorption coefficient 有效质量吸收系数effective mean pressure 平均有效压力effective multiplication constant 有效增殖系数effective multiplication factor 有效倍增系数effective nuclear charge 有效核电荷effective particle velocity 有效粒子速度effective power 有效功率effective radiation power 有效辐射功率effective radium content 有效镭含量effective radius of a control rod 控制棒有效半径effective range 有效范围effective relaxation length 有效张弛长度effective removal cross section 有效移出截面effective resonance integral 有效共振积分effective simple process factor 单级过程有效系数effective source area 有效源面积effective stack height 有效烟囱高度effective standard deviation 有效标准偏差effective target area 有效靶面积effective thermal cross section 有效热中子截面effective value 有效值effective voltage 有效电压effective wavelength 有效波长effectiveness 有效efficiency 效率efficiency of counter 计数颇效率effluent 瘤液effluent activity meter 瘤液放射性测量计efflux 瘤液effusion 喷出ehrenfest's adiabatic law 厄任费斯脱绝热定律eigenvalue 固有值eight electron shell l 层einstein de broglie formula 爱因斯坦德布罗意公式einstein transition probability 爱因斯坦跃迁几率einstein's equation 爱因斯坦光电方程einstein's mass energy formula 爱因斯坦质能公式einsteinium 锿ejected beam 出射束ejection 喷射ejector 喷射器ejector vacuum pump 喷射真空泵eka actinium 类锕eka cesium 钫eka iodine 砹eka neodymium 钷eka polonium 类钋eka radium 类镭eka radon 类氡elastic 弹性的elastic after effect 弹性后效elastic coefficient 弹性模量elastic collision 弹性碰撞elastic fatigue 弹性疲劳elastic hysteresis 弹性后效elastic limit 弹性极限elastic modulus 弹性模量elastic range 弹性范围elastic recoil analysis 弹性反冲分析elastic scattering 弹性散射elastic scattering cross section 弹性散射截面elastic strain 弹性应变elastic thermal stress 弹性热应力elasticity 弹性elastomer 弹性体electric arc furnace 电弧炉electric charge 电荷electric circuit 电路electric conductance 电导率electric conductivity 电导率electric conductor 导电体electric current 电流electric dipole 电偶极子electric dipole moment 电偶极矩electric dipole radiation 电偶极辐射electric discharge 放电electric double layer 双电层electric field 电场electric field gradient 电场梯度electric field intensity 电场强度electric field strength 电场强度electric force 电力electric furnace 电炉electric heater 电热器electric hydraulic control system 电动液压控制系统electric line of force 电力线electric motor 电动机electric multipole radiation 电多极辐射electric oscillation 电振荡electric potential 电势electric power 电力electric power generating machinery 发电机electric power generation 发电electric power plant 发电站electric power reactor 发电动力堆electric power station 发电站electric power supply 电源electric precipitation 电集尘electric precipitator 静电滤尘器electric quadrupole moment 电四极矩electric resistance 电阻electric screening 电屏蔽electric shielding 电屏蔽electric station 发电厂electric susceptibility 电极化率electric vector 电场矢量electric wave 电波electric wire 电线electrical conductivity in a plasma 等离子体导电率electrical double layer 偶极子层electrical output 电输出electrical prospecting 电法勘探electricity 电electrification 带电electroanalysis 电分析electrochemical energy storage 电化学能量储存electrochemical equivalent 电化当量electrochemical power source 电化学动力源electrochemistry 电化学electroconductibility 电导率electrode 电极electrode potential 电极electrodeposition 电解沉淀electrodialysis 电渗析electrodisintegration 电致衰变electroendosmosis 电渗electrofluid dynamics 电铃动力学electrokinetic effects 电动效应electroluminescence 电致发光electrolysis 电解electrolysis method 电解法electrolyte 电解质electrolytic bath 电解槽electrolytic cell 电解槽electrolytic condenser 电解质电容器electrolytic conduction 电解导电electrolytic dissociation 电解离解electrolytic method 电解法electrolytic plating 电镀electrolytic polarization 电解极化electrolytic polishing 电解抛光electrolytic potential 电极electrolytic separation 电解分离electrolytic solution 电解溶液electrolyze 电解electrolyzer 电解槽electrom flow 电子流electromagnet 电磁铁electromagnetic cascade shower 电磁级联簇射electromagnetic field 电磁场electromagnetic flowmeter 电磁量计electromagnetic force 电磁力electromagnetic induction 电磁感应electromagnetic interaction 电磁相互酌electromagnetic isotope separation unit 电磁同位素分离设备electromagnetic isotope separator 电磁同位素分离器electromagnetic lens 电磁透镜electromagnetic mass 电磁质量electromagnetic mass separator 电磁式质量分离器electromagnetic method of isotope separation 电磁同位素分离法electromagnetic oscillograph 电磁式示波器electromagnetic position measuring assembly 电磁位置测量装置electromagnetic pulse 电磁脉冲electromagnetic pulse hardening 电磁脉冲防护能力electromagnetic pump 电磁泵electromagnetic radiation 电磁辐射electromagnetic safety mechanism 电磁安全机构electromagnetic scattering 电磁散射electromagnetic separation 电磁分离electromagnetic separation of isotopes 电磁同位素分离electromagnetic separation process 电磁分离法electromagnetic separator 电磁分离器electromagnetic uranium isotope enrichment method 电磁铀同位素浓缩法electromagnetic wave 电磁波electrometer 静电计electrometer dosimeter 静电计式剂量计electrometer tube 静电计管electromotive force 电动势electromotor 电动机electron 电子electron absorption coefficient 电子吸收系数electron accelerator 电子加速器electron affinity 电子亲和势electron asymmetry 电子不对称electron atomic mass 电子原子质量electron avalanche 电子雪崩electron beam 电子束electron beam controlled discharge 电子束控制放电electron beam density 电子束密度electron beam machining 电子束加工electron beam welding 电子束焊接electron capture 电子俘获electron catcher 电子捕集器electron charge mass ratio 电子荷质比electron cloud 电子云electron collection 电子收集electron collection time 电子收集时间。

英文回答：The automatic winding machine holds a pivotal role within the textile industry, serving the essential function of winding yarn onto a bobbin or spool. This intricate process epasses a series of meticulously executed steps, each reliant upon specific devices and equipment to ensure optimal quality and efficiency. Among these devices, the tensioner stands as a crucialponent, responsible for meticulously regulating the tension at which the yarn is wound onto the bobbin, thereby averting any potential snags or breaks. Furthermore, the electronic yarn clearer assumes an integral role in the process by swiftly detecting and eliminating any faults or imperfections in the yarn prior to winding. These meticulously engineered devices stand as indispensable elements of the overall winding process, collectively contributing to the seamless operation of the automatic winding machine.自动风切变机在纺织业中发挥着关键作用，它起到将纱线刮到植物或池中的基本功能。

信任维持友谊英语作文English: Trust is the foundation of any healthy friendship. It is the glue that binds two individuals together and allows for open communication, mutual respect, and a sense of reliability. Trust also means being able to confide in one another, knowing that your secrets and vulnerabilities will be kept safe. But trust is not automatic; it must be earned and maintained over time. This requires consistent honesty, dependability, and loyalty. Without trust, friendships become fragile and easily broken. Therefore, it is essential to prioritize trust in any friendship by being transparent, keeping promises, and showing support during challenging times.中文翻译: 信任是任何健康友谊的基础。

它是把两个人联系在一起的粘合剂，使他们可以进行开放的沟通，相互尊重，并建立可靠感。

信任也意味着能够相互倾诉，知道你的秘密和脆弱会得到保护。

但信任并不是自动产生的；它必须经过时间的赢得和保持。

这需要始终如一的诚实、可靠和忠诚。

没有信任，友谊会变得脆弱且容易破裂。

ISOIEC /TC/SC 号TCSC 中文名TCSC 英文名IEC CISPR 无线电干扰特别委员会INTERNATIONALSPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCEIEC CISPR/A 无线电干扰测量方法和统计方法RADIO-INTERFERENCEMEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL METHODSIEC CISPR/B 工业、科学和医疗射频设备的干扰INTERFERENCE RELATING TOINDUSTRIAL,SCIENTIFIC AND MEDICAL RADIO-FREQUENCY APPARATUS IECCISPR/D车辆和内燃机动力部件上的电及电子设备的电磁干扰ELECTROMAGNETICDISTURBANCES RELATED TO ELECTRIC/ELECTRONICEQUIPMENT ON VEHICLES AND INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE POWERED DEVICES IEC CISPR/F家用电器、电动工具、照明设备及类似电器的干扰INTERFERENCE RELATING TOHOUSEHOLDAPPLIANCES,TOOLS,LIGHTING EQUIPMENTAND SIMILAR APPARATUSIEC CISPR/H 防护无线电业务的限值LIMITS FOR THE PROTECTION OFRADIO SERVICES IECCISPR/I信息技术设备、多媒体设备和接收机的电磁兼容性ELECTROMAGNETICCOMPATIBILITYOF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGYEQUIPMENT,MULTIMEDIA EQUIPMENT AND RECEIVERS IECCISPR/S CISPR 筹划委员会Steering Committee of CISPR IEC TC1术语TERMINOLOGY IEC TC10电工用液体FLUIDS FOR ELECTROTECHNICAL APPLICATIONS IEC TC100音频、视频和多媒体系统和设备AUDIO,VIDEO AND MULTIMEDIA SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT IEC TC101静电学ELECTROSTATICSIEC TC103无线电通信的传输设备TRANSMITTING EQUIPMENT FOR RADIOCOMMUNICATIONIECTC104环境条件、分类和测试方法ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS,CLASSIFICATION AND METHODS OF TESTIEC TC105燃料电池技术FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES IEC TC106照射人体有关的电的、磁的和电磁领域的评定方法METHODS FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF ELECTRIC,MAGNETIC AND ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN EXPOSURE IEC TC107航空电子过程管理PROCESS MANAGEMENT FOR AVIONICSIEC TC108音频/视频、信息技术和通讯技术电子设备的安全SAFETY OF ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT WITHIN THE FIELD OF AUDIO/VIDEO,INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGYIEC TC109低电压设备绝缘配合INSULATION CO-ORDINATIONFOR LOW-VOLTAGE EQUIPMENT IEC TC11架空线路OVERHEAD LINESIEC TC110平板显示技术Flat panel display devicesIEC TC111Environmental standardization forelectrical and electronic products andsystemsTC112Evaluation and qualification ofelectrical insulating materials andsystemsIEC TC13电能测量和负载控制设备EQUIPMENT FOR ELECTRICAL ENERGY MEASUREMENT AND LOAD CONTROLIEC TC14电力变压器Power transformers IEC TC15绝缘材料Insulating materialsIEC TC16人机界面、标志和识别的基本原理与安全原则BASIC AND SAFETY PRINCIPLES FOR MAN-MACHINE INTERFACE, MARKING AND IDENTIFICATIONIEC TC17开关设备和控制设备SWITCHGEAR ANDCONTROLGEARIEC TC17A高压开关设备和控制设备High-voltage switchgear and controlgearIEC TC17B低压开关设备和控制设备Low-voltage switchgear and controlgearIEC TC17C高压封闭型开关设备和控制设备High-voltage enclosed switchgear and controlgearIEC TC17D低压开关设备和控制设备的组件Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assembliesIEC TC18船用及海上移动和固定设备用电气装置Electrical installations of ships and of mobile and fixed offshore unitsIEC TC18A电缆和电缆装置Cables and cable installations IEC TC2旋转电机Rotating machineryIEC TC20电缆Electric cablesIEC TC21蓄电池和蓄电池组Secondary cells and batteriesIEC TC21A碱性或非酸性电解的蓄电池和蓄电池组SECONDARY CELLS AND BATTERIES CONTAINING ALKALINE OR OTHER NON-ACID ELECTROLYTESIEC TC22电力电子系统和设备POWER ELECTRONIC SYSTEMSAND EQUIPMENTIEC TC22E稳定电源Stabilized power suppliesIEC TC22F输配电系统电力电子设备POWER ELECTRONICS FOR ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMSIEC TC22G可调速电气传动系统用半导体电力变流器SEMICONDUCTOR POWER CONVERTERS FOR ADJUSTABLE SPEED ELECTRIC DRIVE SYSTEMSIEC TC22H不间断电源UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWERSYSTEMS (UPS)IEC TC23电气附件Electrical accessoriesIEC TC23A电缆管理系统Cable management systemsIEC TC23B插头、插座和开关PLUGS,SOCKET-OUTLETS ANDSWITCHESIEC TC23C世界通用插头、插座系统World-wide plug and socket-outlet systemsIEC TC23E家用断路器和类似设备CIRCUIT-BREAKERS AND SIMILAR EQUIPMENT FOR HOUSEHOLD USEIEC TC23F连接器件Connecting devicesIEC TC23G器具藕合器Appliance couplersIEC TC23H工业插头插座Industrial plugs and socket-outlets IEC TC23J电器开关Switches for appliancesIEC TC25量值和单位及其字母符号QUANTITIES AND UNITS,AND THEIR LETTER SYMBOLSIEC TC26电焊Electric weldingIEC TC27工业电热设备Industrial electroheating equipment IEC TC28绝缘配合Insulation co-ordinationIEC TC29电声学ElectroacousticsIEC TC3信息结构，文件编制和图形符号INFORMATION STRUCTURES, DOCUMENTATION AND GRAPHICAL SYMBOLSIEC TC31防爆电气设备ELECTRICAL APPARATUS FOREXPLOSIVE ATMOSPHERESIEC TC31G本质安全型电气设备INTRINSICALLY-SAFEAPPARATUSIEC TC31H可燃粉尘环境用电气设备APPARATUS FOR USE IN THE PRESENCE OF COMBUSTIBLE DUSTIEC TC31J危险区域分类和装置要求CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARDOUS AREAS AND INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTSIEC TC32熔断器FusesIEC TC32A高压熔断器High-voltage fusesIEC TC32B低压熔断器Low-voltage fusesIEC TC32C微型熔断器Miniature fusesIEC TC33电力电容器Power capacitorsIEC TC34灯泡及有关设备Lamps and related equipment IEC TC34A灯泡LampsIEC TC34B灯头和灯座Lamp caps and holdersIEC TC34C灯的附件Auxiliaries for lampsIEC TC34D灯具LuminairesIEC TC35原电池和电池组Primary cells and batteriesIEC TC36绝缘子InsulatorsIEC TC36A绝缘套管Insulated bushingsIEC TC36B架空线路绝缘子Insulators for overhead linesIEC TC36C变电站绝缘子Insulators for SubstationsIEC TC37避雷器Surge arrestersIEC TC37A低压电涌保护装置Low-voltage surge protective devicesIEC TC37B避雷针和电涌保护设备的特殊元件Specific components for surge arresters and surge protective devicesIEC TC38仪用互感器Instrument transformersIEC TC39电子管Electronic tubesIEC TC3C设备用图形符号Graphical symbols for use onequipmentIEC TC3D数据库用数据系Data sets for librariesIEC TC4水轮机Hydraulic turbinesIEC TC40电子设备用电容和电阻Capacitors and resustirs for electronic equipmentIEC TC42高压试验技术High-voltage testing techniquesIEC TC44机械安全--电工方面Safety of machinery-electrotechnicalaspectsIEC TC45核用仪表Nuclear instrumentationIEC TC45A反应堆仪表Reactor instrumentationIEC TC45B辐射防护仪表Radiation protection instrumentationIEC TC46通信和信号传输用电缆、电线、波导、射频接头和和附件CABLES,WIRES,WAVEGUIDES, R.F.CONNECTORS,AND ACCESSORIES FOR COMMUNICATION AND SIGNALLINGIEC TC46A同轴电缆Coaxial cablesIEC TC46C电线和对称电缆Wires and symmetric cables IEC TC46F射频及微波无源元件IEC TC47半导体器件Semiconductor devices IEC TC47A集成电路Integrated circuitsIEC TC47D半导体器件机械标准化MECHANICAL STANDARDIZATION OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICESIEC TC47E分立半导体器件Discrete semiconductor devicesIEC TC48电子设备用机电元件和机械装置ELECTROMECHANICAL COMPONENTS AND MECHANICAL STRUCTURES FOR ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENTIEC TC48B联接器ConnectorsIEC TC48D电子设备用机械装置MECHANICAL STRUCTURES FORELECTRONIC EQUIPMENTIEC TC49频率控制和选择用的压电器件Piezoelectric and dielectric devices for frequency control and selection IEC TC5汽轮机Steam turbinesIEC TC51磁性元件和铁氧体材料Magnetic components and ferrite materialsIEC TC55绕组线Winding wires IEC TC56可靠性DependabilityIEC TC57电力系统的控制和相关通信POWER SYSTEM CONTROL AND ASSOCIATED COMMUNICATIONS IEC TC59家用电器的性能Performance of household electrical appliancesIEC TC59A 电洗碟器Electric dishwashers IEC TC59C 加热器Heating appliancesIEC TC59D 家用洗衣机Home laundry appliancesIEC TC59F 地板处理器IECTC59K烤炉和微波炉，烹调范围和类似器具OVENSAND MICROWAVE OVENS,COOKING RANGES AND SIMILAR APPLIANCES IEC TC59L SMALL HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES IEC TC61家用和类似电器的安全Safetyof household and similar electrical appliances IEC TC61B 微波炉的安全Safety of microwave ovens IEC TC61C 家用冷冻电器Household appliances for refrigeration IEC TC61D 家用及类似用途的空调器Appliances for air-conditioning forhousehold and similar purposes IEC TC61E 餐馆电气设备的安全Safety of electrical commercial cateringequipmentIEC TC61F 手持电动工具的安全Safety of hand-held motor-operatedelectric toolsIEC TC61H 农场电动器械的安全SAFETYOF ELECTRICALLY-OPERATED FARM APPLIANCESIECTC61J工业用电动机驱动的清洗器具ELECTRICAL MOTOR-OPERATEDCLEANING APPLIANCES FOR INDUSTRIAL USEIEC TC62医疗电器Electrical equipment in medical practiceIEC TC62A 医疗电器的共同特性Commonaspects of electrical equipment used in medical practice IEC TC62B 诊断成像设备Diagnostic imaging equipment IECTC62C高能放射设备和核医疗设备EQUIPMENTFOR RADIOTHERAPY,NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND RADIATION DOSIMETRY IEC TC62D 电疗设备Electromedical equipment IEC TC64电气装置和电击防护ELECTRICALINSTALLATIONS AND PROTECTION AGAINST ELECTRIC SHOCKIEC TC65工业流程测量和控制Industrial-process measurement andcontrolIEC TC65A系统考虑System aspectsIEC TC65B元件DevicesIEC TC65C数字通信Digital communications IEC TC65D分析设备Analyzing equipmentIEC TC66测量、控制和试验室设备的安全SAFETY OF MEASURING, CONTROL AND LABORATORY EQUIPMENTIEC TC68磁合金和磁钢Magnetic alloys and steelsIEC TC69电动公路车辆和电动工业卡车ELECTRIC ROAD VEHICLES AND ELECTRIC INDUSTRIAL TRUCKSIEC TC7架空电导体Overhead electrical conductorsIEC TC70外壳保护等级DEGREES OF PROTECTIONPROVIDED BY ENCLOSURESIEC TC72家用自动控制器Automatic controls for household use IEC TC73短路电流Short-circuit currentsIEC TC76光辐射安全和激光设备Optical radiation safety and laser equipmentIEC TC77电磁兼容Electromagnetic compatibility IEC TC77A低频现象Low frequency phenomenaIEC TC77B高频现象High frequency phenomenaIEC TC77C瞬时高能现象High power transient phenomena IEC TC78带电作业Live workingIEC TC79报警系统Alarm systemsIEC TC8标准电压、电流等级和频率STANDARD VOLTAGES, CURRENT RATINGS AND FREQUENCIESIEC TC80海上导航与无线电通信设备及系统MARITIME NAVIGATION AND RADIOCOMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT AND SYSTEMSIEC TC81雷电防护Lightning protectionIEC TC82太阳光伏能源系统Solar photovoltaic energy systemsIEC TC85电量和电磁量的测量设备MEASURING EQUIPMENT FOR ELECTRICAL AND ELECTROMAGNETIC QUANTITIESIEC TC86纤维光学Fibre opticsIEC TC86A光纤和光缆Fibres and cablesIEC TC86B光纤连接装置和无源元件Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive componentsIEC TC86C纤维光学系统和有源器件Fibre optic systems and active devices IEC TC87超声波UltrasonicsIEC TC88风力涡轮机系统Wind turbine systemsIEC TC89着火危险试验Fire hazard testingIEC TC9电气铁路设备Electric railway equipmentIEC TC90超导SuperconductivityIEC TC91电子学组装技术Electronics assembly technologyIEC TC93设计自动化Design automationIEC TC94全或无电子继电器All-or-nothing electrical relaysIEC TC95继电器的测量和保护设备Measuring relays and protection equipmentIEC TC96小电力变压器、电抗器和发电机：安全要求SMALL POWER TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS AND POWER SUPPLY UNITS: SAFETY REQUIREMENTSIEC TC97用于机场照明和信号标志的电气装置Electrical installations for lighting and beaconing of aerodromesIEC TC99在额定交流电压1kV和直流电压1.5kV以上系统中电力设备的系统工程和施工，特别涉及安全方面SYSTEM ENGINEERING AND ERECTION OF ELECTRICAL POWER INSTALLATIONS IN SYSTEMS WITH NOMINAL VOLTAGES ABOVE1kV A.C.AND 1.5kV D.C.,PARTICULARLY CONCERNING SAFETY ASPECTS。

GET ASOLUTIONS.COMPETITIVE EDGE WITH ROBOTIC SOLUTIONSSMART ROBOTICS SMARTER DC SMARTEST DECISIONRESULTS-DRIVEN ROBOTICS Scalable robotic solutions increasingly deliver significant competitive advantages to modern distribution centers. By leveraging advanced robotic technology with extensive material handling experience, warehouse automation solutions from Honeywell Robotics offer fully integrated, end-to-end strategies designed specifically for the unique needs and challanges of DCs. These solutions provide the speed, accuracy and efficiency to satisfy a broad and growing range of operational requirements.Innovative designs, application expertiseand committed support ensure maximumdependability and round-the-clockproductivity. A diverse robotics portfolioensures these systems can be customizedto your unique needs. Robotic solutionsalso relieve workers of some of the mostarduous, repetitive and injury-pronetasks, freeing up limited labor for morerewarding, higher-value jobs.Honeywell Intelligrated is recognized bythe Association for Advancing Automation(A3) as a Certified Robot Integrator, withmore than a quarter-century of experienceproviding single-source robotic solutionsfor high-performance distribution andmanufacturing operations. From systemconcepting, simulation, fabricationand integration to installation andcommissioning, training and ongoingsupport, each solution is approachedwith a comprehensive lifecycle view tomaximize the value of your system.PRODUCTIVITY AND PRECISIONIN ANY APPLICATIONMultiple solutions from HoneywellRobotics provide flexible, scalable optionsfor a variety of applications, including:• Smart flexible depalletizing — Quicklyunload mixed-SKU or single-SKUpallets in any sequence with nopre-programming.• Mobile robotics — Transport loads,handle carts, and perform machinetending jobs with autonomous mobilerobots (AMRs).• Loading and unloading — Autonomouslyload and unload trailers with minimaloperator supervision or intervention.• Palletizing — Efficiently build stablepallet loads according to operationalrequirements.CERTIFIED FOR SEAMLESSINTEGRATIONHoneywell Intelligrated is an A3-CertifiedRobot Integrator, with extensive experienceimplementing robotic solutions that workseamlessly with existing automationequipment. Robotic systems come withintegrated software and controls, enablingeasy training, simple daily use andstraightforward maintenance.EVALUATE PERFORMANCEBEFORE YOU BUYWhile automation and robotics offerlogical solutions to the challenges facedby many DCs, robotic technology presentsa lot of confusing choices. Worse, manyof the solutions that exist today can’tCreating a smart, productive and profitable distribution center (DC) requires expert system integration. You know how your facility works. Smart robotics can make it work better. From our end-to-end distribution center experience comes smart automation processes that help you push what’s possible. Robotics from a DC expert? That’s smart.ROBOTICS2 | | Get a Competitive Edge With Robotic SolutionsGet a Competitive Edge With Robotic Solutions | | 3address the unique demands of modern distribution centers. The majority ofexisting logistics solutions providers fail to meet the market or technical requirements critical to DCs, or lack the infrastructure necessary for full-scale implementation.To help DCs develop robotic solutions that really work for the logistics industry, Honeywell Robotics offers a full suite of Robotic Solution Design Services. From robotic cells to full-system designs, tools like simulation, software and feature analysis, prototype designs, system modeling and more can help you to find robotic solutions that meet your unique needs — before you break ground or begin site integration.Using these tools, you can determine how different solutions will perform and learn how quickly you’ll see return on your investment. You’ll get estimates of rates and throughputs based on your own unique product mix.Simulations can identify where robots will provide the greatest benefit and show where conveyors, storage systems or other solutions might be most effective. You also can calculate how manypeople automation will free up for safer and higher-value jobs. These powerful development tools ensure that you get the right solution, without having to rely on trial and error.ROBOTIC PALLETIZING AND DEPALLETIZING SOLUTIONSRobotic palletizing and depalletizing solutions from Honeywell Robotics increase throughput and improve ergonomics while reducing your operational costs. Robotic solutions automate the labor-intensive tasks of stacking and unstacking a broad range of products, packaging types and configurations. SKU proliferation, international markets or other complexities are easily accommodated. Modular designs offer compact footprints and can scale from a single robot to large multi-arm systems as your future growth demands.ROBOTIC PALLETIZING SOLUTIONSIntelliGen™ palletizing software — Enables easy adaptation of pallet load configurations and stacking patterns based on product size, packaging changes or other variables.Mixed-load or mixed-case order fulfillment — Efficient replenishment and delivery with less-than-full pallet loads of mixed product and labels-out configurations for retail display.Stack-and-wrap robotic palletizing cell — Builds pallet loads with increased stability and higher sustained throughput, while allowing a single operator to monitor multiple functions.Pallet and sheet handling — Boost speeds and reduce costs by automating the insertion of slip sheets, tier sheets and empty palletsinto robotic palletizing cells.4 | | Get a Competitive Edge With Robotic SolutionsDepalletizing is a physically demanding, injury-prone job with high turnover. Honeywell Robotics is meeting the challenges of this arduous task with a fully automated solution, driven by sophisticated machine learning (ML) plus advances in perception and gripping technologies.Capable of handling a wide range of product shapes and sizes, depalletizing robots can seamlessly transition from mixed-SKU to single-SKU pallets in any sequence — from a single work cell to an integrated system — without requiring additional programming or operator intervention. A soft, efficient grippingunit delivers faster, more consistent throughput with less product damage. The robot’s logic optimizes lifting force to each item’s weight and automatically adjusts the gripping angle to safely handle items that don’t lie flat on the pallet.SMART FLEXIBLE DEPALLETIZINGANY PATTERN ANY SEQUENCE NO PAUSING NO PRE-PROGRAMMINGKEY FEATURES OF THE SMART FLEXIBLE DEPALLETIZER• Multi-pick• Constant pallet mode • 8' pallet handling*• Automatic speed adjustment • Automatic height adjustment • Box on ground detection • Slip sheet handling • Empty pallet detection* Layers above 72" must be consistent SKUs.Get a Competitive Edge With Robotic Solutions | | 5Several flexible configuration options will ensure this turnkey system integrates seamlessly into your existing workflows. In addition toovercoming a common operational bottleneck, the system will help you to reduce worker injuries, schedule more accurately, and lower logistics costs while reducing exposure to a challenging labor market.Integration with AMRsSingle-side optionsAutomatic pallet stacking Automatic infeed and discharge optionsRobotic pallet handlingManual feed6 | | Get a Competitive Edge With Robotic SolutionsMOBILE ROBOTICSAutonomous mobile robots (AMRs) are among the fastest-growing automation strategies available to the logistics and manufacturing industries today. Supplied in strategic collaboration with OTTO Motors, AMRs are smart enough to interact safely with human co-workers and other vehicles, find a different route if their original path is blocked, and respond to rapid changes in orders or logistics needs — all without human intervention.AMRs are also highly cost-effective, requiring minimal information technology (IT) or infrastructural changes. No tape, markers or wires are needed for navigation, and the robots require only a short set-up period to learn their surroundings.AMRs can be deployed to ease labor burdens, improve productivity, reduceor eliminate errors, lower costs, and help your operation to stay nimble in constantly changing market conditions.PALLET CONVEYANCE Autonomous forklifts can perform many of the same transport tasks as a traditional forklift without supervision or additional equipment. Other AMRs can be loaded or unloaded directly with a forklift, move loads independently between compact pick-up and delivery (P&D) stands, or interact autonomously with conveyor systems.Common pallet conveyance applications include:• Warehouse transport — AMRs move palletized products to storage locations after unloading.• Cross-docking — Robots carrypallets routed from inbound trailers or containers directly to the respective outbound trailer.• Connecting islands of automation — Completed pallet loads are transported between various warehouse operations, such as palletizers, wrappers or pallet cranes.• Creating and clearing staging lanes —OTTO Lifter autonomously creates orclears lanes of pallets (end-to-end orside-by-side) with a single command,automatically compensating forchanging positions or gaps in the lane.• Trash removal — Robots collect andtransport corrugate, dunnage andrecyclables to processing areas.In addition, pallet conveyance AMRsincrease operational savings by reducingthe number of traditional forklifts andoperators needed for transport, enablingoperators to be repurposed for othervalue-added operations.PICKING AND CARTTRANSPORTMobile robots can provide significantproductivity benefits by automating themovement of carts used to transportpicked orders, returns or kits. AMRs cantravel over any floor surface smoothenough to handle a traditional cartpushed by a worker. Instead of spendingmore than half the day walking, workerscan simply park carts in designatedpick-up locations and call robots to comepick them up. In this way, carts can betransported virtually anywhere in a facilitywith little or no human intervention.AUTOMATED MACHINE TENDINGAMRs with the in-line conveyor optioncan be used to transport parts and goodsbetween automated manufacturingequipment, replenish automated storageand retrieval systems (AS/RS), or handleitems that can’t easily be moved byconveyors. They can also provide a flexible“bridge” between different conveyorsystems.MAXIMIZING UPTIMESome OTTO AMRs can operate for anentire shift or longer on a 90% charge, andautonomously dock with optional chargingstations when not needed for other tasks,extending their effective run time withouthuman supervision.ROBOTIC UNLOADERIn situations where trailers transport stacked products of a consistent size, robotic unloaders can fully automate the unloading of trucks, trailers and containers. These robots operate quickly and require minimal operator supervision or intervention, with no need to change processes or add supporting equipment.SOLUTIONS OVERVIEW Intelligent automated material handling solutions from Honeywell Intelligrated optimize processes, increase efficiency, and give businesses a competitive edge. Honeywell Intelligrated designs, manufactures, integrates and installscomplete warehouse automation and software solutions, including:• Automated storage and retrieval solutions (AS/RS)• Conveyor and pallet conveyor systems • Fulfillment technologies• Honeywell Robotics• Labor management software• Lifecycle Support Services• Machine controls• Palletizing and depalletizing• Sortation systems• Voice solutions• Warehouse execution systems LIFECYCLE SUPPORT SERVICESLifecycle Support Services employs aconsultative, data-driven approach toachieve your critical business outcomes.By delivering proactive, value-addedservices and solutions, we can helpyou to reduce the risk of downtime andincrease system availability, longevityand dependability. Drawing from a fullspectrum of strategic services, we offermultiple engagement models, tailoredto your business, culture and strategy.Our comprehensive portfolio constitutesthe key building blocks of a successfullifecycle asset management plan. Byconducting assessments of both yourequipment condition and operationalefficiency, we can determine how tooptimize your operations with:• Engineered Solutions• Technical Services• Contract Services• Training•Honeywell Intelligrated Spare PartsGet a Competitive Edge With Robotic Solutions | | 7Honeywell Intelligrated +1 866.936.7300********************** Follow us on Twitter: /intelligrated Learn more on YouTube:Honeywell Intelligrated GCEBR (EN/US) | REV 4 | 5/22© 2022 Honeywell International Inc.THE CONNECTED DISTRIBUTION CENTERThe pace of change in modern commerce is putting tremendous pressure on fulfillment operations. 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AI专⽤词汇LetterAAccumulatederrorbackpropagation累积误差逆传播ActivationFunction激活函数AdaptiveResonanceTheory/ART⾃适应谐振理论Addictivemodel加性学习Adversari alNetworks对抗⽹络AffineLayer仿射层Affinitymatrix亲和矩阵Agent代理/智能体Algorithm算法Alpha-betapruningα-β剪枝Anomalydetection异常检测Approximation近似AreaUnderROCCurve／AUCRoc曲线下⾯积ArtificialGeneralIntelligence/AGI通⽤⼈⼯智能ArtificialIntelligence/AI⼈⼯智能Associationanalysis关联分析Attentionmechanism注意⼒机制Attributeconditionalindependenceassumption属性条件独⽴性假设Attributespace属性空间Attributevalue属性值Autoencoder⾃编码器Automaticspeechrecognition⾃动语⾳识别Automaticsummarization⾃动摘要Aver agegradient平均梯度Average-Pooling平均池化LetterBBackpropagationThroughTime通过时间的反向传播Backpropagation/BP反向传播Baselearner基学习器Baselearnin galgorithm基学习算法BatchNormalization/BN批量归⼀化Bayesdecisionrule贝叶斯判定准则BayesModelAveraging／BMA贝叶斯模型平均Bayesoptimalclassifier贝叶斯最优分类器Bayesiandecisiontheory贝叶斯决策论Bayesiannetwork贝叶斯⽹络Between-cla ssscattermatrix类间散度矩阵Bias偏置/偏差Bias-variancedecomposition偏差-⽅差分解Bias-VarianceDilemma偏差–⽅差困境Bi-directionalLong-ShortTermMemory/Bi-LSTM双向长短期记忆Binaryclassification⼆分类Binomialtest⼆项检验Bi-partition⼆分法Boltzmannmachine玻尔兹曼机Bootstrapsampling⾃助采样法／可重复采样／有放回采样Bootstrapping⾃助法Break-EventPoint／BEP平衡点LetterCCalibration校准Cascade-Correlation级联相关Categoricalattribute离散属性Class-conditionalprobability类条件概率Classificationandregressiontree/CART分类与回归树Classifier分类器Class-imbalance类别不平衡Closed-form闭式Cluster簇/类/集群Clusteranalysis聚类分析Clustering聚类Clusteringensemble聚类集成Co-adapting共适应Codin gmatrix编码矩阵COLT国际学习理论会议Committee-basedlearning基于委员会的学习Competiti velearning竞争型学习Componentlearner组件学习器Comprehensibility可解释性Comput ationCost计算成本ComputationalLinguistics计算语⾔学Computervision计算机视觉C onceptdrift概念漂移ConceptLearningSystem/CLS概念学习系统Conditionalentropy条件熵Conditionalmutualinformation条件互信息ConditionalProbabilityTable／CPT条件概率表Conditionalrandomfield/CRF条件随机场Conditionalrisk条件风险Confidence置信度Confusionmatrix混淆矩阵Connectionweight连接权Connectionism连结主义Consistency⼀致性／相合性Contingencytable列联表Continuousattribute连续属性Convergence收敛Conversationalagent会话智能体Convexquadraticprogramming凸⼆次规划Convexity凸性Convolutionalneuralnetwork/CNN卷积神经⽹络Co-oc currence同现Correlationcoefficient相关系数Cosinesimilarity余弦相似度Costcurve成本曲线CostFunction成本函数Costmatrix成本矩阵Cost-sensitive成本敏感Crosse ntropy交叉熵Crossvalidation交叉验证Crowdsourcing众包Curseofdimensionality维数灾难Cutpoint截断点Cuttingplanealgorithm割平⾯法LetterDDatamining数据挖掘Dataset数据集DecisionBoundary决策边界Decisionstump决策树桩Decisiontree决策树／判定树Deduction演绎DeepBeliefNetwork深度信念⽹络DeepConvolutionalGe nerativeAdversarialNetwork/DCGAN深度卷积⽣成对抗⽹络Deeplearning深度学习Deep neuralnetwork/DNN深度神经⽹络DeepQ-Learning深度Q学习DeepQ-Network深度Q⽹络Densityestimation密度估计Density-basedclustering密度聚类Differentiab leneuralcomputer可微分神经计算机Dimensionalityreductionalgorithm降维算法D irectededge有向边Disagreementmeasure不合度量Discriminativemodel判别模型Di scriminator判别器Distancemeasure距离度量Distancemetriclearning距离度量学习D istribution分布Divergence散度Diversitymeasure多样性度量／差异性度量Domainadaption领域⾃适应Downsampling下采样D-separation（Directedseparation）有向分离Dual problem对偶问题Dummynode哑结点DynamicFusion动态融合Dynamicprogramming动态规划LetterEEigenvaluedecomposition特征值分解Embedding嵌⼊Emotionalanalysis情绪分析Empiricalconditionalentropy经验条件熵Empiricalentropy经验熵Empiricalerror经验误差Empiricalrisk经验风险End-to-End端到端Energy-basedmodel基于能量的模型Ensemblelearning集成学习Ensemblepruning集成修剪ErrorCorrectingOu tputCodes／ECOC纠错输出码Errorrate错误率Error-ambiguitydecomposition误差-分歧分解Euclideandistance欧⽒距离Evolutionarycomputation演化计算Expectation-Maximization期望最⼤化Expectedloss期望损失ExplodingGradientProblem梯度爆炸问题Exponentiallossfunction指数损失函数ExtremeLearningMachine/ELM超限学习机LetterFFactorization因⼦分解Falsenegative假负类Falsepositive假正类False PositiveRate/FPR假正例率Featureengineering特征⼯程Featureselection特征选择Featurevector特征向量FeaturedLearning特征学习FeedforwardNeuralNetworks/FNN前馈神经⽹络Fine-tuning微调Flippingoutput翻转法Fluctuation震荡Forwards tagewisealgorithm前向分步算法Frequentist频率主义学派Full-rankmatrix满秩矩阵Func tionalneuron功能神经元LetterGGainratio增益率Gametheory博弈论Gaussianker nelfunction⾼斯核函数GaussianMixtureModel⾼斯混合模型GeneralProblemSolving通⽤问题求解Generalization泛化Generalizationerror泛化误差Generalizatione rrorbound泛化误差上界GeneralizedLagrangefunction⼴义拉格朗⽇函数Generalized linearmodel⼴义线性模型GeneralizedRayleighquotient⼴义瑞利商GenerativeAd versarialNetworks/GAN⽣成对抗⽹络GenerativeModel⽣成模型Generator⽣成器Genet icAlgorithm/GA遗传算法Gibbssampling吉布斯采样Giniindex基尼指数Globalminimum全局最⼩GlobalOptimization全局优化Gradientboosting梯度提升GradientDescent梯度下降Graphtheory图论Ground-truth真相／真实LetterHHardmargin硬间隔Hardvoting硬投票Harmonicmean调和平均Hessematrix海塞矩阵Hiddendynamicmodel隐动态模型H iddenlayer隐藏层HiddenMarkovModel/HMM隐马尔可夫模型Hierarchicalclustering层次聚类Hilbertspace希尔伯特空间Hingelossfunction合页损失函数Hold-out留出法Homo geneous同质Hybridcomputing混合计算Hyperparameter超参数Hypothesis假设Hypothe sistest假设验证LetterIICML国际机器学习会议Improvediterativescaling/IIS改进的迭代尺度法Incrementallearning增量学习Independentandidenticallydistributed/i.i.d.独⽴同分布IndependentComponentAnalysis/ICA独⽴成分分析Indicatorfunction指⽰函数Individuallearner个体学习器Induction归纳Inductivebias归纳偏好I nductivelearning归纳学习InductiveLogicProgramming／ILP归纳逻辑程序设计Infor mationentropy信息熵Informationgain信息增益Inputlayer输⼊层Insensitiveloss不敏感损失Inter-clustersimilarity簇间相似度InternationalConferencefor MachineLearning/ICML国际机器学习⼤会Intra-clustersimilarity簇内相似度Intrinsicvalue固有值IsometricMapping/Isomap等度量映射Isotonicregression等分回归It erativeDichotomiser迭代⼆分器LetterKKernelmethod核⽅法Kerneltrick核技巧K ernelizedLinearDiscriminantAnalysis／KLDA核线性判别分析K-foldcrossvalidationk折交叉验证／k倍交叉验证K-MeansClusteringK–均值聚类K-NearestNeighb oursAlgorithm/KNNK近邻算法Knowledgebase知识库KnowledgeRepresentation知识表征LetterLLabelspace标记空间Lagrangeduality拉格朗⽇对偶性Lagrangemultiplier拉格朗⽇乘⼦Laplacesmoothing拉普拉斯平滑Laplaciancorrection拉普拉斯修正Latent DirichletAllocation隐狄利克雷分布Latentsemanticanalysis潜在语义分析Latentvariable隐变量Lazylearning懒惰学习Learner学习器Learningbyanalogy类⽐学习Learn ingrate学习率LearningVectorQuantization/LVQ学习向量量化Leastsquaresre gressiontree最⼩⼆乘回归树Leave-One-Out/LOO留⼀法linearchainconditional randomfield线性链条件随机场LinearDiscriminantAnalysis／LDA线性判别分析Linearmodel线性模型LinearRegression线性回归Linkfunction联系函数LocalMarkovproperty局部马尔可夫性Localminimum局部最⼩Loglikelihood对数似然Logodds／logit对数⼏率Lo gisticRegressionLogistic回归Log-likelihood对数似然Log-linearregression对数线性回归Long-ShortTermMemory/LSTM长短期记忆Lossfunction损失函数LetterM Machinetranslation/MT机器翻译Macron-P宏查准率Macron-R宏查全率Majorityvoting绝对多数投票法Manifoldassumption流形假设Manifoldlearning流形学习Margintheory间隔理论Marginaldistribution边际分布Marginalindependence边际独⽴性Marginalization边际化MarkovChainMonteCarlo/MCMC马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗⽅法MarkovRandomField马尔可夫随机场Maximalclique最⼤团MaximumLikelihoodEstimation/MLE极⼤似然估计／极⼤似然法Maximummargin最⼤间隔Maximumweightedspanningtree最⼤带权⽣成树Max-P ooling最⼤池化Meansquarederror均⽅误差Meta-learner元学习器Metriclearning度量学习Micro-P微查准率Micro-R微查全率MinimalDescriptionLength/MDL最⼩描述长度Minim axgame极⼩极⼤博弈Misclassificationcost误分类成本Mixtureofexperts混合专家Momentum动量Moralgraph道德图／端正图Multi-classclassification多分类Multi-docum entsummarization多⽂档摘要Multi-layerfeedforwardneuralnetworks多层前馈神经⽹络MultilayerPerceptron/MLP多层感知器Multimodallearning多模态学习Multipl eDimensionalScaling多维缩放Multiplelinearregression多元线性回归Multi-re sponseLinearRegression／MLR多响应线性回归Mutualinformation互信息LetterN Naivebayes朴素贝叶斯NaiveBayesClassifier朴素贝叶斯分类器Namedentityrecognition命名实体识别Nashequilibrium纳什均衡Naturallanguagegeneration/NLG⾃然语⾔⽣成Naturallanguageprocessing⾃然语⾔处理Negativeclass负类Negativecorrelation负相关法NegativeLogLikelihood负对数似然NeighbourhoodComponentAnalysis/NCA近邻成分分析NeuralMachineTranslation神经机器翻译NeuralTuringMachine神经图灵机Newtonmethod⽜顿法NIPS国际神经信息处理系统会议NoFreeLunchTheorem ／NFL没有免费的午餐定理Noise-contrastiveestimation噪⾳对⽐估计Nominalattribute列名属性Non-convexoptimization⾮凸优化Nonlinearmodel⾮线性模型Non-metricdistance⾮度量距离Non-negativematrixfactorization⾮负矩阵分解Non-ordinalattribute⽆序属性Non-SaturatingGame⾮饱和博弈Norm范数Normalization归⼀化Nuclearnorm核范数Numericalattribute数值属性LetterOObjectivefunction⽬标函数Obliquedecisiontree斜决策树Occam’srazor奥卡姆剃⼑Odds⼏率Off-Policy离策略Oneshotlearning⼀次性学习One-DependentEstimator／ODE独依赖估计On-Policy在策略Ordinalattribute有序属性Out-of-bagestimate包外估计Outputlayer输出层Outputsmearing输出调制法Overfitting过拟合／过配Oversampling过采样LetterPPairedt-test成对t检验Pairwise成对型PairwiseMarkovproperty成对马尔可夫性Parameter参数Parameterestimation参数估计Parametertuning调参Parsetree解析树ParticleSwarmOptimization/PSO粒⼦群优化算法Part-of-speechtagging词性标注Perceptron感知机Performanceme asure性能度量PlugandPlayGenerativeNetwork即插即⽤⽣成⽹络Pluralityvoting相对多数投票法Polaritydetection极性检测Polynomialkernelfunction多项式核函数Pooling池化Positiveclass正类Positivedefinitematrix正定矩阵Post-hoctest后续检验Post-pruning后剪枝potentialfunction势函数Precision查准率／准确率Prepruning预剪枝Principalcomponentanalysis/PCA主成分分析Principleofmultipleexplanations多释原则Prior先验ProbabilityGraphicalModel概率图模型ProximalGradientDescent/PGD近端梯度下降Pruning剪枝Pseudo-label伪标记LetterQQuantizedNeu ralNetwork量⼦化神经⽹络Quantumcomputer量⼦计算机QuantumComputing量⼦计算Quasi Newtonmethod拟⽜顿法LetterRRadialBasisFunction／RBF径向基函数RandomFo restAlgorithm随机森林算法Randomwalk随机漫步Recall查全率／召回率ReceiverOperatin gCharacteristic/ROC受试者⼯作特征RectifiedLinearUnit/ReLU线性修正单元Recurr entNeuralNetwork循环神经⽹络Recursiveneuralnetwork递归神经⽹络Referencemodel参考模型Regression回归Regularization正则化Reinforcementlearning/RL强化学习Representationlearning表征学习Representertheorem表⽰定理reproducingke rnelHilbertspace/RKHS再⽣核希尔伯特空间Re-sampling重采样法Rescaling再缩放Residu alMapping残差映射ResidualNetwork残差⽹络RestrictedBoltzmannMachine/RBM受限玻尔兹曼机RestrictedIsometryProperty/RIP限定等距性Re-weighting重赋权法Robu stness稳健性/鲁棒性Rootnode根结点RuleEngine规则引擎Rulelearning规则学习LetterS Saddlepoint鞍点Samplespace样本空间Sampling采样Scorefunction评分函数Self-Driving⾃动驾驶Self-OrganizingMap／SOM⾃组织映射Semi-naiveBayesclassifiers半朴素贝叶斯分类器Semi-SupervisedLearning半监督学习semi-SupervisedSupportVec torMachine半监督⽀持向量机Sentimentanalysis情感分析Separatinghyperplane分离超平⾯SigmoidfunctionSigmoid函数Similaritymeasure相似度度量Simulatedannealing模拟退⽕Simultaneouslocalizationandmapping同步定位与地图构建SingularV alueDecomposition奇异值分解Slackvariables松弛变量Smoothing平滑Softmargin软间隔Softmarginmaximization软间隔最⼤化Softvoting软投票Sparserepresentation稀疏表征Sparsity稀疏性Specialization特化SpectralClustering谱聚类SpeechRecognition语⾳识别Splittingvariable切分变量Squashingfunction挤压函数Stability-plasticitydilemma可塑性-稳定性困境Statisticallearning统计学习Statusfeaturefunction状态特征函Stochasticgradientdescent随机梯度下降Stratifiedsampling分层采样Structuralrisk结构风险Structuralriskminimization/SRM结构风险最⼩化S ubspace⼦空间Supervisedlearning监督学习／有导师学习supportvectorexpansion⽀持向量展式SupportVectorMachine/SVM⽀持向量机Surrogatloss替代损失Surrogatefunction替代函数Symboliclearning符号学习Symbolism符号主义Synset同义词集LetterTT-Di stributionStochasticNeighbourEmbedding/t-SNET–分布随机近邻嵌⼊Tensor张量TensorProcessingUnits/TPU张量处理单元Theleastsquaremethod最⼩⼆乘法Th reshold阈值Thresholdlogicunit阈值逻辑单元Threshold-moving阈值移动TimeStep时间步骤Tokenization标记化Trainingerror训练误差Traininginstance训练⽰例／训练例Tran sductivelearning直推学习Transferlearning迁移学习Treebank树库Tria-by-error试错法Truenegative真负类Truepositive真正类TruePositiveRate/TPR真正例率TuringMachine图灵机Twice-learning⼆次学习LetterUUnderfitting⽋拟合／⽋配Undersampling⽋采样Understandability可理解性Unequalcost⾮均等代价Unit-stepfunction单位阶跃函数Univariatedecisiontree单变量决策树Unsupervisedlearning⽆监督学习／⽆导师学习Unsupervisedlayer-wisetraining⽆监督逐层训练Upsampling上采样LetterVVanishingGradientProblem梯度消失问题Variationalinference变分推断VCTheoryVC维理论Versionspace版本空间Viterbialgorithm维特⽐算法VonNeumannarchitecture冯·诺伊曼架构LetterWWassersteinGAN/WGANWasserstein⽣成对抗⽹络Weaklearner弱学习器Weight权重Weightsharing权共享Weightedvoting加权投票法Within-classscattermatrix类内散度矩阵Wordembedding词嵌⼊Wordsensedisambiguation词义消歧LetterZZero-datalearning零数据学习Zero-shotlearning零次学习。

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Network impacts of a road capacity reduction:Empirical analysisand model predictionsDavid Watling a ,⇑,David Milne a ,Stephen Clark baInstitute for Transport Studies,University of Leeds,Woodhouse Lane,Leeds LS29JT,UK b Leeds City Council,Leonardo Building,2Rossington Street,Leeds LS28HD,UKa r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 24May 2010Received in revised form 15July 2011Accepted 7September 2011Keywords:Traffic assignment Network models Equilibrium Route choice Day-to-day variabilitya b s t r a c tIn spite of their widespread use in policy design and evaluation,relatively little evidencehas been reported on how well traffic equilibrium models predict real network impacts.Here we present what we believe to be the first paper that together analyses the explicitimpacts on observed route choice of an actual network intervention and compares thiswith the before-and-after predictions of a network equilibrium model.The analysis isbased on the findings of an empirical study of the travel time and route choice impactsof a road capacity reduction.Time-stamped,partial licence plates were recorded across aseries of locations,over a period of days both with and without the capacity reduction,and the data were ‘matched’between locations using special-purpose statistical methods.Hypothesis tests were used to identify statistically significant changes in travel times androute choice,between the periods of days with and without the capacity reduction.A trafficnetwork equilibrium model was then independently applied to the same scenarios,and itspredictions compared with the empirical findings.From a comparison of route choice pat-terns,a particularly influential spatial effect was revealed of the parameter specifying therelative values of distance and travel time assumed in the generalised cost equations.When this parameter was ‘fitted’to the data without the capacity reduction,the networkmodel broadly predicted the route choice impacts of the capacity reduction,but with othervalues it was seen to perform poorly.The paper concludes by discussing the wider practicaland research implications of the study’s findings.Ó2011Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionIt is well known that altering the localised characteristics of a road network,such as a planned change in road capacity,will tend to have both direct and indirect effects.The direct effects are imparted on the road itself,in terms of how it can deal with a given demand flow entering the link,with an impact on travel times to traverse the link at a given demand flow level.The indirect effects arise due to drivers changing their travel decisions,such as choice of route,in response to the altered travel times.There are many practical circumstances in which it is desirable to forecast these direct and indirect impacts in the context of a systematic change in road capacity.For example,in the case of proposed road widening or junction improvements,there is typically a need to justify econom-ically the required investment in terms of the benefits that will likely accrue.There are also several examples in which it is relevant to examine the impacts of road capacity reduction .For example,if one proposes to reallocate road space between alternative modes,such as increased bus and cycle lane provision or a pedestrianisation scheme,then typically a range of alternative designs exist which may differ in their ability to accommodate efficiently the new traffic and routing patterns.0965-8564/$-see front matter Ó2011Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.tra.2011.09.010⇑Corresponding author.Tel.:+441133436612;fax:+441133435334.E-mail address:d.p.watling@ (D.Watling).168 D.Watling et al./Transportation Research Part A46(2012)167–189Through mathematical modelling,the alternative designs may be tested in a simulated environment and the most efficient selected for implementation.Even after a particular design is selected,mathematical models may be used to adjust signal timings to optimise the use of the transport system.Road capacity may also be affected periodically by maintenance to essential services(e.g.water,electricity)or to the road itself,and often this can lead to restricted access over a period of days and weeks.In such cases,planning authorities may use modelling to devise suitable diversionary advice for drivers,and to plan any temporary changes to traffic signals or priorities.Berdica(2002)and Taylor et al.(2006)suggest more of a pro-ac-tive approach,proposing that models should be used to test networks for potential vulnerability,before any reduction mate-rialises,identifying links which if reduced in capacity over an extended period1would have a substantial impact on system performance.There are therefore practical requirements for a suitable network model of travel time and route choice impacts of capac-ity changes.The dominant method that has emerged for this purpose over the last decades is clearly the network equilibrium approach,as proposed by Beckmann et al.(1956)and developed in several directions since.The basis of using this approach is the proposition of what are believed to be‘rational’models of behaviour and other system components(e.g.link perfor-mance functions),with site-specific data used to tailor such models to particular case studies.Cross-sectional forecasts of network performance at specific road capacity states may then be made,such that at the time of any‘snapshot’forecast, drivers’route choices are in some kind of individually-optimum state.In this state,drivers cannot improve their route selec-tion by a unilateral change of route,at the snapshot travel time levels.The accepted practice is to‘validate’such models on a case-by-case basis,by ensuring that the model—when supplied with a particular set of parameters,input network data and input origin–destination demand data—reproduces current mea-sured mean link trafficflows and mean journey times,on a sample of links,to some degree of accuracy(see for example,the practical guidelines in TMIP(1997)and Highways Agency(2002)).This kind of aggregate level,cross-sectional validation to existing conditions persists across a range of network modelling paradigms,ranging from static and dynamic equilibrium (Florian and Nguyen,1976;Leonard and Tough,1979;Stephenson and Teply,1984;Matzoros et al.,1987;Janson et al., 1986;Janson,1991)to micro-simulation approaches(Laird et al.,1999;Ben-Akiva et al.,2000;Keenan,2005).While such an approach is plausible,it leaves many questions unanswered,and we would particularly highlight two: 1.The process of calibration and validation of a network equilibrium model may typically occur in a cycle.That is to say,having initially calibrated a model using the base data sources,if the subsequent validation reveals substantial discrep-ancies in some part of the network,it is then natural to adjust the model parameters(including perhaps even the OD matrix elements)until the model outputs better reflect the validation data.2In this process,then,we allow the adjustment of potentially a large number of network parameters and input data in order to replicate the validation data,yet these data themselves are highly aggregate,existing only at the link level.To be clear here,we are talking about a level of coarseness even greater than that in aggregate choice models,since we cannot even infer from link-level data the aggregate shares on alternative routes or OD movements.The question that arises is then:how many different combinations of parameters and input data values might lead to a similar link-level validation,and even if we knew the answer to this question,how might we choose between these alternative combinations?In practice,this issue is typically neglected,meaning that the‘valida-tion’is a rather weak test of the model.2.Since the data are cross-sectional in time(i.e.the aim is to reproduce current base conditions in equilibrium),then in spiteof the large efforts required in data collection,no empirical evidence is routinely collected regarding the model’s main purpose,namely its ability to predict changes in behaviour and network performance under changes to the network/ demand.This issue is exacerbated by the aggregation concerns in point1:the‘ambiguity’in choosing appropriate param-eter values to satisfy the aggregate,link-level,base validation strengthens the need to independently verify that,with the selected parameter values,the model responds reliably to changes.Although such problems–offitting equilibrium models to cross-sectional data–have long been recognised by practitioners and academics(see,e.g.,Goodwin,1998), the approach described above remains the state-of-practice.Having identified these two problems,how might we go about addressing them?One approach to thefirst problem would be to return to the underlying formulation of the network model,and instead require a model definition that permits analysis by statistical inference techniques(see for example,Nakayama et al.,2009).In this way,we may potentially exploit more information in the variability of the link-level data,with well-defined notions(such as maximum likelihood)allowing a systematic basis for selection between alternative parameter value combinations.However,this approach is still using rather limited data and it is natural not just to question the model but also the data that we use to calibrate and validate it.Yet this is not altogether straightforward to resolve.As Mahmassani and Jou(2000) remarked:‘A major difficulty...is obtaining observations of actual trip-maker behaviour,at the desired level of richness, simultaneously with measurements of prevailing conditions’.For this reason,several authors have turned to simulated gaming environments and/or stated preference techniques to elicit information on drivers’route choice behaviour(e.g. 1Clearly,more sporadic and less predictable reductions in capacity may also occur,such as in the case of breakdowns and accidents,and environmental factors such as severe weather,floods or landslides(see for example,Iida,1999),but the responses to such cases are outside the scope of the present paper. 2Some authors have suggested more systematic,bi-level type optimization processes for thisfitting process(e.g.Xu et al.,2004),but this has no material effect on the essential points above.D.Watling et al./Transportation Research Part A46(2012)167–189169 Mahmassani and Herman,1990;Iida et al.,1992;Khattak et al.,1993;Vaughn et al.,1995;Wardman et al.,1997;Jou,2001; Chen et al.,2001).This provides potentially rich information for calibrating complex behavioural models,but has the obvious limitation that it is based on imagined rather than real route choice situations.Aside from its common focus on hypothetical decision situations,this latter body of work also signifies a subtle change of emphasis in the treatment of the overall network calibration problem.Rather than viewing the network equilibrium calibra-tion process as a whole,the focus is on particular components of the model;in the cases above,the focus is on that compo-nent concerned with how drivers make route decisions.If we are prepared to make such a component-wise analysis,then certainly there exists abundant empirical evidence in the literature,with a history across a number of decades of research into issues such as the factors affecting drivers’route choice(e.g.Wachs,1967;Huchingson et al.,1977;Abu-Eisheh and Mannering,1987;Duffell and Kalombaris,1988;Antonisse et al.,1989;Bekhor et al.,2002;Liu et al.,2004),the nature of travel time variability(e.g.Smeed and Jeffcoate,1971;Montgomery and May,1987;May et al.,1989;McLeod et al., 1993),and the factors affecting trafficflow variability(Bonsall et al.,1984;Huff and Hanson,1986;Ribeiro,1994;Rakha and Van Aerde,1995;Fox et al.,1998).While these works provide useful evidence for the network equilibrium calibration problem,they do not provide a frame-work in which we can judge the overall‘fit’of a particular network model in the light of uncertainty,ambient variation and systematic changes in network attributes,be they related to the OD demand,the route choice process,travel times or the network data.Moreover,such data does nothing to address the second point made above,namely the question of how to validate the model forecasts under systematic changes to its inputs.The studies of Mannering et al.(1994)and Emmerink et al.(1996)are distinctive in this context in that they address some of the empirical concerns expressed in the context of travel information impacts,but their work stops at the stage of the empirical analysis,without a link being made to net-work prediction models.The focus of the present paper therefore is both to present thefindings of an empirical study and to link this empirical evidence to network forecasting models.More recently,Zhu et al.(2010)analysed several sources of data for evidence of the traffic and behavioural impacts of the I-35W bridge collapse in Minneapolis.Most pertinent to the present paper is their location-specific analysis of linkflows at 24locations;by computing the root mean square difference inflows between successive weeks,and comparing the trend for 2006with that for2007(the latter with the bridge collapse),they observed an apparent transient impact of the bridge col-lapse.They also showed there was no statistically-significant evidence of a difference in the pattern offlows in the period September–November2007(a period starting6weeks after the bridge collapse),when compared with the corresponding period in2006.They suggested that this was indicative of the length of a‘re-equilibration process’in a conceptual sense, though did not explicitly compare their empiricalfindings with those of a network equilibrium model.The structure of the remainder of the paper is as follows.In Section2we describe the process of selecting the real-life problem to analyse,together with the details and rationale behind the survey design.Following this,Section3describes the statistical techniques used to extract information on travel times and routing patterns from the survey data.Statistical inference is then considered in Section4,with the aim of detecting statistically significant explanatory factors.In Section5 comparisons are made between the observed network data and those predicted by a network equilibrium model.Finally,in Section6the conclusions of the study are highlighted,and recommendations made for both practice and future research.2.Experimental designThe ultimate objective of the study was to compare actual data with the output of a traffic network equilibrium model, specifically in terms of how well the equilibrium model was able to correctly forecast the impact of a systematic change ap-plied to the network.While a wealth of surveillance data on linkflows and travel times is routinely collected by many local and national agencies,we did not believe that such data would be sufficiently informative for our purposes.The reason is that while such data can often be disaggregated down to small time step resolutions,the data remains aggregate in terms of what it informs about driver response,since it does not provide the opportunity to explicitly trace vehicles(even in aggre-gate form)across more than one location.This has the effect that observed differences in linkflows might be attributed to many potential causes:it is especially difficult to separate out,say,ambient daily variation in the trip demand matrix from systematic changes in route choice,since both may give rise to similar impacts on observed linkflow patterns across re-corded sites.While methods do exist for reconstructing OD and network route patterns from observed link data(e.g.Yang et al.,1994),these are typically based on the premise of a valid network equilibrium model:in this case then,the data would not be able to give independent information on the validity of the network equilibrium approach.For these reasons it was decided to design and implement a purpose-built survey.However,it would not be efficient to extensively monitor a network in order to wait for something to happen,and therefore we required advance notification of some planned intervention.For this reason we chose to study the impact of urban maintenance work affecting the roads,which UK local government authorities organise on an annual basis as part of their‘Local Transport Plan’.The city council of York,a historic city in the north of England,agreed to inform us of their plans and to assist in the subsequent data collection exercise.Based on the interventions planned by York CC,the list of candidate studies was narrowed by considering factors such as its propensity to induce significant re-routing and its impact on the peak periods.Effectively the motivation here was to identify interventions that were likely to have a large impact on delays,since route choice impacts would then likely be more significant and more easily distinguished from ambient variability.This was notably at odds with the objectives of York CC,170 D.Watling et al./Transportation Research Part A46(2012)167–189in that they wished to minimise disruption,and so where possible York CC planned interventions to take place at times of day and of the year where impacts were minimised;therefore our own requirement greatly reduced the candidate set of studies to monitor.A further consideration in study selection was its timing in the year for scheduling before/after surveys so to avoid confounding effects of known significant‘seasonal’demand changes,e.g.the impact of the change between school semesters and holidays.A further consideration was York’s role as a major tourist attraction,which is also known to have a seasonal trend.However,the impact on car traffic is relatively small due to the strong promotion of public trans-port and restrictions on car travel and parking in the historic centre.We felt that we further mitigated such impacts by sub-sequently choosing to survey in the morning peak,at a time before most tourist attractions are open.Aside from the question of which intervention to survey was the issue of what data to collect.Within the resources of the project,we considered several options.We rejected stated preference survey methods as,although they provide a link to personal/socio-economic drivers,we wanted to compare actual behaviour with a network model;if the stated preference data conflicted with the network model,it would not be clear which we should question most.For revealed preference data, options considered included(i)self-completion diaries(Mahmassani and Jou,2000),(ii)automatic tracking through GPS(Jan et al.,2000;Quiroga et al.,2000;Taylor et al.,2000),and(iii)licence plate surveys(Schaefer,1988).Regarding self-comple-tion surveys,from our own interview experiments with self-completion questionnaires it was evident that travellersfind it relatively difficult to recall and describe complex choice options such as a route through an urban network,giving the po-tential for significant errors to be introduced.The automatic tracking option was believed to be the most attractive in this respect,in its potential to accurately map a given individual’s journey,but the negative side would be the potential sample size,as we would need to purchase/hire and distribute the devices;even with a large budget,it is not straightforward to identify in advance the target users,nor to guarantee their cooperation.Licence plate surveys,it was believed,offered the potential for compromise between sample size and data resolution: while we could not track routes to the same resolution as GPS,by judicious location of surveyors we had the opportunity to track vehicles across more than one location,thus providing route-like information.With time-stamped licence plates, the matched data would also provide journey time information.The negative side of this approach is the well-known poten-tial for significant recording errors if large sample rates are required.Our aim was to avoid this by recording only partial licence plates,and employing statistical methods to remove the impact of‘spurious matches’,i.e.where two different vehi-cles with the same partial licence plate occur at different locations.Moreover,extensive simulation experiments(Watling,1994)had previously shown that these latter statistical methods were effective in recovering the underlying movements and travel times,even if only a relatively small part of the licence plate were recorded,in spite of giving a large potential for spurious matching.We believed that such an approach reduced the opportunity for recorder error to such a level to suggest that a100%sample rate of vehicles passing may be feasible.This was tested in a pilot study conducted by the project team,with dictaphones used to record a100%sample of time-stamped, partial licence plates.Independent,duplicate observers were employed at the same location to compare error rates;the same study was also conducted with full licence plates.The study indicated that100%surveys with dictaphones would be feasible in moderate trafficflow,but only if partial licence plate data were used in order to control observation errors; for higherflow rates or to obtain full number plate data,video surveys should be considered.Other important practical les-sons learned from the pilot included the need for clarity in terms of vehicle types to survey(e.g.whether to include motor-cycles and taxis),and of the phonetic alphabet used by surveyors to avoid transcription ambiguities.Based on the twin considerations above of planned interventions and survey approach,several candidate studies were identified.For a candidate study,detailed design issues involved identifying:likely affected movements and alternative routes(using local knowledge of York CC,together with an existing network model of the city),in order to determine the number and location of survey sites;feasible viewpoints,based on site visits;the timing of surveys,e.g.visibility issues in the dark,winter evening peak period;the peak duration from automatic trafficflow data;and specific survey days,in view of public/school holidays.Our budget led us to survey the majority of licence plate sites manually(partial plates by audio-tape or,in lowflows,pen and paper),with video surveys limited to a small number of high-flow sites.From this combination of techniques,100%sampling rate was feasible at each site.Surveys took place in the morning peak due both to visibility considerations and to minimise conflicts with tourist/special event traffic.From automatic traffic count data it was decided to survey the period7:45–9:15as the main morning peak period.This design process led to the identification of two studies:2.1.Lendal Bridge study(Fig.1)Lendal Bridge,a critical part of York’s inner ring road,was scheduled to be closed for maintenance from September2000 for a duration of several weeks.To avoid school holidays,the‘before’surveys were scheduled for June and early September.It was decided to focus on investigating a significant southwest-to-northeast movement of traffic,the river providing a natural barrier which suggested surveying the six river crossing points(C,J,H,K,L,M in Fig.1).In total,13locations were identified for survey,in an attempt to capture traffic on both sides of the river as well as a crossing.2.2.Fishergate study(Fig.2)The partial closure(capacity reduction)of the street known as Fishergate,again part of York’s inner ring road,was scheduled for July2001to allow repairs to a collapsed sewer.Survey locations were chosen in order to intercept clockwiseFig.1.Intervention and survey locations for Lendal Bridge study.around the inner ring road,this being the direction of the partial closure.A particular aim wasFulford Road(site E in Fig.2),the main radial affected,with F and K monitoring local diversion I,J to capture wider-area diversion.studies,the plan was to survey the selected locations in the morning peak over a period of approximately covering the three periods before,during and after the intervention,with the days selected so holidays or special events.Fig.2.Intervention and survey locations for Fishergate study.In the Lendal Bridge study,while the‘before’surveys proceeded as planned,the bridge’s actualfirst day of closure on Sep-tember11th2000also marked the beginning of the UK fuel protests(BBC,2000a;Lyons and Chaterjee,2002).Trafficflows were considerably affected by the scarcity of fuel,with congestion extremely low in thefirst week of closure,to the extent that any changes could not be attributed to the bridge closure;neither had our design anticipated how to survey the impacts of the fuel shortages.We thus re-arranged our surveys to monitor more closely the planned re-opening of the bridge.Unfor-tunately these surveys were hampered by a second unanticipated event,namely the wettest autumn in the UK for270years and the highest level offlooding in York since records began(BBC,2000b).Theflooding closed much of the centre of York to road traffic,including our study area,as the roads were impassable,and therefore we abandoned the planned‘after’surveys. As a result of these events,the useable data we had(not affected by the fuel protests orflooding)consisted offive‘before’days and one‘during’day.In the Fishergate study,fortunately no extreme events occurred,allowing six‘before’and seven‘during’days to be sur-veyed,together with one additional day in the‘during’period when the works were temporarily removed.However,the works over-ran into the long summer school holidays,when it is well-known that there is a substantial seasonal effect of much lowerflows and congestion levels.We did not believe it possible to meaningfully isolate the impact of the link fully re-opening while controlling for such an effect,and so our plans for‘after re-opening’surveys were abandoned.3.Estimation of vehicle movements and travel timesThe data resulting from the surveys described in Section2is in the form of(for each day and each study)a set of time-stamped,partial licence plates,observed at a number of locations across the network.Since the data include only partial plates,they cannot simply be matched across observation points to yield reliable estimates of vehicle movements,since there is ambiguity in whether the same partial plate observed at different locations was truly caused by the same vehicle. Indeed,since the observed system is‘open’—in the sense that not all points of entry,exit,generation and attraction are mon-itored—the question is not just which of several potential matches to accept,but also whether there is any match at all.That is to say,an apparent match between data at two observation points could be caused by two separate vehicles that passed no other observation point.Thefirst stage of analysis therefore applied a series of specially-designed statistical techniques to reconstruct the vehicle movements and point-to-point travel time distributions from the observed data,allowing for all such ambiguities in the data.Although the detailed derivations of each method are not given here,since they may be found in the references provided,it is necessary to understand some of the characteristics of each method in order to interpret the results subsequently provided.Furthermore,since some of the basic techniques required modification relative to the published descriptions,then in order to explain these adaptations it is necessary to understand some of the theoretical basis.3.1.Graphical method for estimating point-to-point travel time distributionsThe preliminary technique applied to each data set was the graphical method described in Watling and Maher(1988).This method is derived for analysing partial registration plate data for unidirectional movement between a pair of observation stations(referred to as an‘origin’and a‘destination’).Thus in the data study here,it must be independently applied to given pairs of observation stations,without regard for the interdependencies between observation station pairs.On the other hand, it makes no assumption that the system is‘closed’;there may be vehicles that pass the origin that do not pass the destina-tion,and vice versa.While limited in considering only two-point surveys,the attraction of the graphical technique is that it is a non-parametric method,with no assumptions made about the arrival time distributions at the observation points(they may be non-uniform in particular),and no assumptions made about the journey time probability density.It is therefore very suitable as afirst means of investigative analysis for such data.The method begins by forming all pairs of possible matches in the data,of which some will be genuine matches(the pair of observations were due to a single vehicle)and the remainder spurious matches.Thus, for example,if there are three origin observations and two destination observations of a particular partial registration num-ber,then six possible matches may be formed,of which clearly no more than two can be genuine(and possibly only one or zero are genuine).A scatter plot may then be drawn for each possible match of the observation time at the origin versus that at the destination.The characteristic pattern of such a plot is as that shown in Fig.4a,with a dense‘line’of points(which will primarily be the genuine matches)superimposed upon a scatter of points over the whole region(which will primarily be the spurious matches).If we were to assume uniform arrival rates at the observation stations,then the spurious matches would be uniformly distributed over this plot;however,we shall avoid making such a restrictive assumption.The method begins by making a coarse estimate of the total number of genuine matches across the whole of this plot.As part of this analysis we then assume knowledge of,for any randomly selected vehicle,the probabilities:h k¼Prðvehicle is of the k th type of partial registration plateÞðk¼1;2;...;mÞwhereX m k¼1h k¼1172 D.Watling et al./Transportation Research Part A46(2012)167–189。

¢ Golf Rotors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4¢ IC System™ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6¢ Field Controllers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7¢ Central Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . .8¢ Pump Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10¢ Warranty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11Rain Bird is the only manufacturer devoted exclusively to irrigation. That means you have our commitment to provide you with fully-integrated, end-to-end solutions for your entire course. Planning a system for new construction? Renovating or upgrading an existing layout? Reducing maintenance costs? Improving resource efficiencies or complying with mandated regulations? Rain Bird offers a multitude of options to precisely meet your needs. Experience the difference of working with the one company that lives and breathes irrigation.It’s what we do. It’s all we do.Single Source. Multiple Choice.Cover: Winged Foot Golf ClubInside Cover: Somerset Hills Country ClubTimeless Compatibility™Every Rain Bird golf irrigation product is engineered for Timeless Compatibility, allowing you to have a state-of-the-art system that can be updated or changed without obsoleting your existing equipment.Real-Time ResponseRain Bird offers continuous two-way communication, allowing for automatic optimization between your Central Control and the field. By receiving data and making instant adjustments when needed, you can protect your course from unforgiving weather and unexpected challenges.Unmatched QualityThroughout engineering, design and testing, Rain Bird’s mission is to deliver industry-leading quality to our customers. Our stringent testing procedures are implemented at the first launch of every product as well as regularly throughout the year, and they replicate the world’s harshest conditions. Easy To UseAll Rain Bird products are engineered with the challenges of golf professionals in mind and designed to deliver everyday ease of use. From software interfaces to rotor designs, they help you and your crew find a quicker, hassle-free path to top playability.G O L F R O T O R S4GOLF ROTORSWhat goes into building a superior rotor? It’s delivering a unique combination of uniform application, high efficiency and rock-solid dependability. Rain Bird® rotors lead the way with unmatched performance. Choose from three proven series to meet every course need from wide open fairways to postage stamp greens.Engineered to Perform. Built to Last.Rain Bird 500/550 SeriesThe 500/550 Series is a true golf-quality rotor with valve-in-head options, ideal for tee boxes, greens and smaller areas requiring short- to medium-throw ranges. Features higher flow rates and large droplets that reduce wind drift. Get better coverage with greater precision in a shorter amount of time.Rain Bird 700/751 Series700/751 Series rotors offer unmatched flexibility and dependability across your entire course, with simple “turn-of-the screw” adjustments. Experience the intelligent ease of patented Memory Arc® technology built into our 751 Series, allowing you to switch between full- and part-circle settings without resetting the arc.GOLF ROTORS/golf5GOLF ROTORSEAGLE™ 900/950 SeriesBig spaces demand big performance. Our 900/950 Series rotors deliver in spades with extra- long throw ranges, increased droplet size and uniformity that is reliable and consistent. Choose full-circle 900 Series or 950 Series for part-circle precision application.TOP SERVICEABILITYAll Rain Bird golf rotors featuretop-serviceable arc adjustments and pressure regulation, as well as quick access to internal components. This is just one more way that Rain Bird makes your job easier.FeaturesSwing JointsMaximize the performance and protect any Rain Bird rotor with ourhigh-performance swing joints. Available in a wide range of configurations, the unique swept elbow design reduces pressure loss by up to 50% to promote consistent flow and optimal watering. Allows for easy adjustment of head to grade to prevent damage when run over by equipment.Extended Rain Bird golf rotor warranty available when purchased and installed with Rain Bird swing joints.IC SYSTEM™Take precision to the next level by adding Integrated Control (IC) to your Rain Bird rotors (see page 6). Provides revolutionary anywhere/anytime diagnostics and feedback to help you maintain the best playing conditions.GBS25 PROTECTIONAll Rain Bird electric rotors (except IC) feature a robust GBS25 solenoid. You get unmatched 25kV surge protection and built-in filtration from debris. This Rain Bird exclusive virtually eliminates the most common maintenance tasks that plague competing rotors.Quick SpecsICSYSTEM™Pinpoint Control and DiagnosticsControl modules built into every rotor provide real-timeinformation to the system. Access diagnostics and adjustrotors from any web-enabled device, from anywhere in theworld. So fast and easy you can check the status of up to1,500 rotors in 90 seconds or less.Simplified DesignChoose the Rain Bird IC System and eliminate up to 90% ofthe wire and all of the decoders and satellites. Improves theappearance of your course while saving valuable time andunneeded costs.Streamlined InstallationWith simplified wiring requirements, you can dramaticallyreduce installation time and costs. Eliminates more than 50%of the splicing required with traditional systems. Why take onthat extra vulnerability?Exclusive Hybrid CapabilityOnly Rain Bird allows you to control different types offield hardware through a single Central Control System.This hybrid solution eliminates the need to run differentsoftware platforms and allows hassle-free phased or partialrenovations, making changes and upgrades easier and morecost effective.Easy ExpandabilityA Rain Bird IC System is an excellent choice for today andtomorrow. Should your system need to expand you caninstall additional IC Rotors anywhere there is a Maxi Wire,up to 36,000 rotor capacity.Central Control ComputerMAXIWIREIC VALVEIC Interface/golf7FIELD CONTROLLERSFIELD CONTROLLERSRain Bird offers an array of proven field controllers that make scheduling, adjusting and maintaining your system as easy as possible, while optimizing course playability and appearance. Each is fully compatible with any Rain Bird Central Control system. Maintain Control.PAR+ES ControllerThis easy-to-program controller features 72-station capability, unlimited programs, premium surge protection, extensive diagnostics and a best-in-class pedestalenclosure. Also available as a retro kit (PAR+ES Retro Kit) for a budget-minded option to extend the life of a current controller.PAR+ES SAT DecoderCombines the features and benefits of a satellite system with those of a decodersystem. Easy to install with reduced costs. Expandable as your renovation or site grows.ESC-1 ControllerGet advanced water management in one easy-to-use package. A value-priced controller with 16, 24 or 40 station capacities, it features four programs, a real-time calendar and RASTER™ troubleshooting technology.DecodersAn excellent choice for renovations, a buried Rain Bird decoder system leaves nothing to the elements. These field-proven solutions offer in-field control options, easy expandability and a cost-effective alternative to protective enclosures. Choose from five models to operate one, two, four or six solenoids.8C E N T R A L C O N T R O L S Y S T E M SCENTRAL CONTROL SYSTEMSCirrus™Our most advanced option, Cirrus controls many of golf’s most sophisticated irrigation systems. GPS geo-referenced images. State-of-the-art ET-basedscheduling. Cirrus delivers the most innovative features in an intuitive package that lets you spend less time dealing with issues and more time with solutions.Nimbus™ IINimbus delivers advanced features with simpleadministration, ideal for saving time and effort whilemaintaining premier playing conditions. ET-based scheduling, precise flow management and real-time adjustments help you get the most out of every drop of water.Stratus™ II and StratusLT™Offering two options, the Stratus platform is an excellent choice for simple-time or ET-based scheduling. Choose to start with the basics, or upgrade to more advanced features. With either system, Rain Bird delivers the ease and convenience you want in a Central Control system, aiding superior turf and playing conditions throughout the year.To maintain superior turf and playing conditions, there are no routine answers. Day to day, hour to hour—even minute to minute—you need to be able to react and respond quickly to changing conditions. Rain Bird Central Control systems not only optimize performance automatically, but give you the power to make critical decisions in real time. Intuitive; Flexible; Empowering; That’s Rain Bird Central Control. Choose from several options to dial in a solution that best meets your needs.Puts You in 24/7 Command./golf9CENTRAL CONTROL SYSTEMSCENTRAL CONTROL SYSTEMSMI Series™ Mobile ControllersControl sprinklers, adjust programs, run diagnostics, edit station and program details, and review system activity from any web-enabled computer, tablet or smart phone. The MI Series software lets you use up to nine devices simultaneously to remotely manage your system from anywhere in the world.SpecificationsRain Watch™Rain Bird’s patented Rain Watch technology provides automatic real-time decision-making based on accurate rainfall measurements. By adding this intelligence to your system you’ll maximize water efficiency while reducing system wear and tear.Up to four high-resolution Rain Watch cans can be placed throughout your course to collect up-to-the-minute rainfall data. Rain Watch utilizes rainfall data to modify the amount of water applied for optimal irrigation.10P U M P S T A T I O N SPUMP STATIONSPump Manager 2A powerful software application, Pump Manager 2 gives you remote pump control, monitoring and data reporting. Compatible with your computer or Rain Bird Central Control and fully integrated with our exclusive Smart Pump™. Available in 11 different languages.Smart Pump™This proprietary software integrates directly with Rain Bird Central Control and improves pump performance more than any other comparable product on the market. Embracing the Rain Bird reservoir to rotor philosophy, Smart Pump will provide optimal flow rates and significant energy savings. Smart Pump is a smart choice for any system.Devoted solely to irrigation, Rain Bird brings its unmatched expertise to every component of your system, including pumps and pump stations. Designed for durability and performance, we deliver real-time response, reduced water use, lower energy costs and less wear and tear on your pumping equipment.Industry-Leading Expertise.A Custom Fit for Any Environment or BudgetEvery Rain Bird pump station is custom-built for the specific requirements of your site. We offer a variety of options that make it easier to achieve the most efficient performance possible./golf11WARRANTYRain Bird will repair or replace at no charge any Rain Bird professional product that fails in normal use within the warranty period stated below. You must return it to the dealer or distributor where you bought it. Product failures due to acts of God including without limitation, lightning and flooding, are not covered by this warranty. This commitment to repair or replace is our sole and total warranty.Implied Warranties of Merchantability and Fitness, if Applicable, are Limited to One Year from the Date of Sale. We will not, under any circumstances be liable for incidental or consequential damages, no matter how they occur.I. Landscape Irrigation Products1800® Series Pop-Up Spray Heads, U-Series Nozzles, Brass MPR Nozzles, A-8S and PA-8S-PRS Shrub Adapters, and 1300 and 1400 Bubblers, 5000 Series Rotors, 5500 Series Rotors, 7005/8005 Rotors, Falcon® 6504 Series Rotors, PEB and PESB Plastic Valves – 5 Years All other Landscape Irrigation products – 3 yearsII. Golf ProductsGolf Rotors: EAGLE™ Series and EAGLE IC™ Series, Rain Bird® Series and Rain Bird IC™ Golf rotors – 3 years. Additionally, EAGLE Series and EAGLE IC Series, Rain Bird Series and Rain Bird IC Golf Rotor sold and installed in conjunction with a Rain Bird swing joint – 5 years. Proof of concurrent installation is required.Swing Joints – 5 yearsBrass Remote Control Valves and Brass Quick Coupling and Keys – 3 years Filtration system controllers – 3 years LINK™ Radios – 3 yearsTSM-3 SDI12 Soil Sensor (ISS) – 3 years All other golf products – 1 year III. Agricultural ProductsLF Series Sprinklers – 5 years Other Impact Sprinklers – 2 years All other AG products – 1 year IV. Pump StationsRain Bird guarantees that its pump station will be free of manufacturer defects for three years from the date of start-up but not beyond forty months from the date of purchase by the original customer with a copy of the seller’s invoice required for coverage under this Policy. Start-up or service by anyone other than a Rain Bird authorized representative, when required, will void these terms and conditions.Provided that all installation, start-up, operation responsibilities, and recommendedmaintenance procedures have been properly executed and performed by authorized Rain Bird representatives, when required, Rain Bird will replace or repair, at Rain Bird’s option, any Rain Bird part found to be defective under normal recommended use during the effective period of this Policy, such evaluation to be solely determined by Rain Bird. Rain Bird’s only obligation and customer’s exclusive remedy under this Policy is limited to repair or replacement, at Rain Bird’s option, of the parts or the products the defects of which arereported to Rain Bird within the applicable Policy period, which prove to be defective and such evaluation will be solely determined by Rain Bird.In no case will Rain Bird cover labor costs associated with repair or replacement of parts beyond one year from date of start-up. Repairs performed and parts used at Rain Bird’sexpense must be authorized by Rain Bird, in writing, prior to repairs being performed. Product repairs or replacement under this Policy will not extend this Policy. Coverage for repaired or replaced product shall end when this Policy terminates. Rain Bird’s sole obligation and customer’s exclusive remedy under this Policy shall be limited to such repair or replacement.Upon request, Rain Bird may provide advice on trouble-shooting a defect during the effective period of this Customer Satisfaction Policy. Repair service must be performed by a Rain Bird authorized representative regardless of whether the labor is covered by Rain Bird or is at the owner’s expense during the effective period of this Policy. However, no service, replacement or repair under this Customer Satisfaction Policy will be rendered while the customer is in default of any payments due to Rain Bird .Rain Bird will not accept responsibility for costs associated with the removal, replacement or repair of equipment in difficult-to-access locations and such evaluation will be solely determined by Rain Bird. Difficult-to-access locations include (but are not limited to) locations where any of the following are required:1) C ranes larger than 15 tons 2) Divers 3) Barges4) Helicopters5) Dredging 6) R oof removal or other such construction/deconstruction requirements 7) A ny other unusual means or requirement s Such extraordinary cost associated with difficult-to-access locations shall be the sole responsibility of the customer, regardless of the reason requiring removal, repair or replacement of the equipment.The terms and conditions of this Customer Satisfaction Policy do not cover damage, loss or injury caused by or resulting from the following:1) M isapplication, abuse, or failure toconduct routine maintenance (to includewinterization/winter lay-up procedures).2) P umping of liquids other thanfresh water as defined by the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency,unless the pump station quoted byRain Bird specifically lists these other liquids and their concentrations.3) U se of pesticides (to include insecticides, fungicides and herbicides), free chlorine or other strong biocides.4) E xposure to electrolysis, erosion, or abrasion.5) U se or presence of destructive gases or chemicals unless these materials and their concentrations are specified in the Rain Bird quotation.6) E lectrical supply voltages above orbelow those specified for correct pumpstation operation.7) Electrical phase loss or reversal.8) U se of a power source other than thatspecified in the original quotation.9) N on-WYE configured power supplies such as open delta, phase converters or other forms of unbalanced three phase power supplies.10) I mproper electrical grounding or exposure to incoming power lacking circuit breaker or fused protection.11) U sing the control panel as a service disconnect.12) L ightning, earthquake, flood, windstorm or other Acts of Nature.13) F ailure of pump packing seal (unlessthe failure occurs on initial start-up).14) A ny damage or loss to plants,equipment or groundwater or injury to people caused by the failure of or improper use of an injection system or improper concentration of chemicalsor plant nutrients introduced into the pump station by an injection system.15) A ny failure of nutrient or chemicalstorage or spill containment equipment or facilities associated with the pump station location.The foregoing terms and conditions constitute Rain Bird’s entire pump station customer satisfaction policy. This policy is exclusiveand in lieu of any other warranties whatsoever, whether express, implied, or statutory including the implied warranties ofmerchantability and fitness for a particular purpose, which are all hereby expressly disclaimed. The sole remedy under this policy shall be limited to the repair or replacement of the pump station or its components pursuant to the terms and conditions contained herein. In the case of any components or injection systems manufactured by others (as noted on the pump station quotation), there is no warranty provided by Rain Bird and these items are covered solely by and to the extent of the warranty if any, offered by those other manufacturers.Rain Bird shall not be liable to the customer or any other person or entity for any liability, loss, delay or damage caused or alleged to be caused, directly or indirectly, by any use, defect, failure or malfunction of the pump station or by any injection system whether a claim for such liability, loss, delay or damages is based upon warranty, contract, tort or otherwise. Rain Bird shall not be liable for incidental, consequential, collateral or indirect damages or delay or loss of profit or loss of use or any damages related to the customer’s business operations, nor for those caused by acts of nature. In no case and under no circumstances shall Rain Bird’s liability exceed the Rain Bird Corporation’s net sale price of the pump station.Laws concerning customer warranties and disclaimers vary from state to state, jurisdiction to jurisdiction, province to province or country to country and therefore some of the foregoing limitations may not apply to you. The exclusions and limitations set out above are not intended to, and should not be construed so as to contravene mandatory provisions of applicable law. If any part or term of this policy is held to be illegal, unenforceable or in conflict with applicable law by a court of competent jurisdiction, the validity of the remaining portions of this policy shall not be affected, and all rights and obligations shall be construed and enforced as if this policy did not contain the particular part or term held to be invalid.V. All other products – 1 yearAt Rain Bird, we believe it is our responsibility to develop products and technologies that use water efficiently. Our commitment also extends to education, training and services for our industry and our communities.The need to conserve water has never been greater. We want to do even more, and with your help, we can. Visit for more information about The Intelligent Use of Water.™The Intelligent Use of Water .™L E A D E R S H I P • E D U C A T I O N • P A R T N E R S H I P S • P R O D U C T SD37414® Registered Trademark of Rain Bird Corporation © 2018 Rain Bird Corporation 3/18Rain Bird Corporation 970 W . Sierra Madre Azusa, CA 91702Phone: (626) 812-3400 Fax: (626) 812-3411Rain Bird Technical Services (866) GSP-XPRT (477-9778) (U .S . and Canada)Rain Bird Corporation 6991 East Southpoint Road Tucson, AZ 85756Phone: (520) 741-6100 Fax: (520) 741-6522Rain Bird International, Inc.1000 W . Sierra Madre Azusa, CA 91702Phone: (626) 963-9311 Fax: (626) 963-4287。