高一2单元-祈使句的直接引语和间接引语

祈使句的直接引语变间接引语在第一单元中我们学习了述句和疑问句的直接引语变间接引语的用法，本期主要讲解祈使句的直接引语变间接引语的用法。

先看两个句子：1. “Put your coat in the closet,”the landlord said to him.→ The landlord asked him to put his coat in the closet.2. The father said to his children,“Don't move!”→The father to ld his children not to move.从以上两个句子可以看出：例句1是表示“请求”的口气；例句2是表示“命令”的口气。

由此看来，当我们转述祈使句时，通常将原句中的动词变为动词不定式，并在不定式的前面加上ask, order, tell等转述动词，形成三种结构：①表示邀请、请求某人做某事时用ask sb. to do sth.; ②表示叫、吩咐某人做某事时用tell sb. to do sth.; ③表示命令某人做某事时用order sb. (not) to do sth.。

例如：①She said to us, “Please have a rest.” →She asked us to have a rest.②The old man said, “Don't smoke in the hall.”→The old man told me not to smoke in the hall.③The officer said, “Go away.” →The officer ordered us to go away.注意：当祈使句的直接引语变为间接引语时，因为祈使句表示“请求”、“命令”等口气，所以祈使句直接引语变为间接引语时不存在时态的变化。

但是人称、指示代词、时间、地点状语等的变化还应根据述句直接引语变间接引语的方法进行相应的改变。

一．直接引语和间接引语（一）直接引述别人的原话，叫做直接引语；用自己话转述别人的话，叫做间接引语。

间接引语一般构成宾语从句。

直接引语必须放在引号内，间接引语则不用引号。

直接引语改为间接引语时，除将引语部分变成宾语从句外，还必须对直接引语中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等进行改变。

1．时态的变化：直接引语变为间接引语时，通常受转述动词said， asked等的影响而使用过去化的时态，即把原来的时态向过去推，也就是一般现在时变为一般过去时，现在进行时变为过去进行时，等等。

例如：Tom said to me，“My brother is doing his homework．”→Tom said to me that his brother was doing his homework．2．人称代词、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等等的变化：根据意义进行相应的变化，例如：She asked Jack，“Where have you been?”→She asked Jack where he had been．He said，“These books are mine．”→He said that those books were his．（二）直接引语改为间接引语时，都使用陈述语序，但是因为原句的句式不同，所以变成间接引语时所用的连词会有所不同。

直接引语如果是一般疑问句，用连接词whether或if；如果是特殊疑问句，则用疑问词引导间接引语。

转述的动词一般用asked，可以在其后加上一个间接宾语me， him， her， us等。

如：She said，“Is your father at home?”→She asked me if/whether my father was at home．“What do you do every Sunday?”My friend asked me．→My friend asked me what I did every Sunday．直接引语如果是祈使句，改为间接引语时，要将祈使句的动词原形变为带to的不定式，并在不定式的前面根据原句的语气（即请求或命令）加上ask， tell， order 等动词，如果祈使句为否定式，则在不定式前加not。

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干脆引语和间接引语的转化—祈使句一.在第一单元中我们学习了陈述句和疑问句的干脆引语变间接引语的用法，本期主要讲解祈使句的干脆引语变间接引语的用法。

先看两个句子：1.“Could you spell that word?”the teacher said to him.→ The teacher asked him to spell that word.（恳求语气）2. The father said to his children,“Don't move!”→The father told his children not to move. （吩咐语气）由此看来，当我们把干脆引语中的祈使句变为间接引语时，通常要变成ask, invite，tell，order，suggest,advise，request，warm，beg，command，encourage 等转述动词，再加上动词不定式（not）to do的形式。

其中主要的三种常用结构为：1.表示（恳求,邀请）某人做某事时用ask sb.（not） to do sth.留意：一般祈使句中有“please”,Would you....?，Can I....?She said to us, “Please have a rest.”→She asked us to have a rest.He said,“would you like to go shopping with me？”→He asked me to go shopping with him.Jim said to his deskmate,“Can I borrow your ruler？”→Jim asked his deskmate if he could borrow her\his ruler.2.表示（吩咐，叮嘱）某人做某事时用tell sb.（not） to do sth.留意：一般祈使句中有“Don't，或动词原形开头，没有please.The old man said, “Don't smoke in the hall.”→The old man told me not to smoke in the hall.Mother said to the boy，“Hurry up！”→Mother told the boy to hurry up.“Go and wash your face, Tom,” Mother said.→Mother told Tom to go and wash his face.3.表示（建议）某人做某事时用suggest/advise that+主语+should+vadvise sb to do sth留意：一般祈使句中有“Let's..../You'd better....”“Let's hold a meeting tonight.”he said to us.→He suggested that we should hold a meeting that night.“You'd better start tomorrow.”Tom said to Alice.→Tom advise Alice to start the next day.二．留意：当祈使句的干脆引语变为间接引语时：1.因为祈使句表示“恳求”、“吩咐”等口气，后面都是加（not）to do的形式，所以祈使句干脆引语变为间接引语不存在动词的时态变更。

表示命令、请求的句子的间接引语语法点拨概念引入“L ook at this example” the teacher said to us. →The teacher told us to look at the example.“Would you like to see my flat?” she asked→She asked me to see her flat祈使句的间接引语11. 直接引语为祈使句时，改为间接引语，多用带to的不定式表达，谓语动词常是ask, advise, tell, warn, order, request等。

如：The hostess said to us,“Pl ease sit down.”女主人跟我们说：“请坐。

”→The hostess asked us to sit down. 女主人请我们坐下。

Father said to him, “Go away!”父亲对他说：“走开！”→Father ordered him to go away. 父亲命令他走开。

(2018 四川高考) I asked Mom to stay in the sitting room and I cooked in the kitchen．我请妈妈在客厅里坐着，我在厨房做饭。

2. 注意祈使句如果是否定句，not多放在to do sth. 前。

He said, “Don’t mak e so much noise, boys.”他说：“孩子们，别弄出这么多噪音。

”→He told the boys not to make so much noise. 他告诉孩子们不要弄出这么大噪音。

3. 祈使句变成间接引语中，相应的时间状语、地点状语、人称、时态及动词等都要作相应的变化。

Mother said to me, “Com e back before 10:00.”母亲对我说：“十点前回来。

祈使句的直接引语变间接引语是重要语法点, 现作一小结。

当直接引语的句子是祈使句时, 间接引语常用动词不定式表示; 如果祈使句为否定式, 变为间接引语时, 则将原句变为动词不定式的否定式。

间接引语的动词应根据句子的意思和说话者的口气作相应的改变, 一般将原句的say酌情改为ask, beg, tell, order, demand等动词, 并在动词的后面加相应的人称作宾语。

为使间接引语的语气和意义更贴近原句, 可按下列情况酌情选用不同的谓语动词。

1. 一般情况将原句的动词say改为tell。

例如:①He said, “Hurry up!"→He told me to hurry up.他告诉我快一点。

②She said, “Don't put your bag here, Mary."→She told Mary not to put her bag there.她告诉玛丽不要把袋子放在那里。

③He said, “Never eat too much."→He told ／warned us never to eat too much.他告诉我们永远不要吃得太多。

④The teacher said, “Don't be late again, Mary."→The teacher told Mary not to be late again.老师告诉玛丽不要再迟到了。

2. 有的祈使句含有please一词, 以表示婉转的语气, 将这类祈使句变为间接引语, 通常将原句的say改为ask或beg。

值得注意的是, please一词在改为间接引语时去掉。

例如:①Tom said to Alice, “Come here tomorrow, please."→Tom asked Alice to go there the next day.汤姆要求艾丽斯第二天去那里。

直接引语和间接引语直接引述别人的原话，叫直接引语。

用自己的话转述别人的话，叫间接引语。

间接引语在多数情况下构成宾语从句。

直接引语一般前后要加引号，间接引语不用引号。

1. 陈述句直接引语如果是陈述句，变为间接引语时，用连词that引导（that在口语中常省略），从句中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等要作相应变化。

在这一方面，汉语和英语有许多相似之处，因此，在做直接引语和间接引语转换练习时，要特别注意句子的意义。

1）人称的变化a) He said, “I like it very much.”He said that he liked it very much.b) He saidto me, “I've left my book in your roomHe told me that he had left his book in my room.2）时态的变化如主句的谓语动词是一般过去时，直接引语变间接引语时，从句的谓语动词在时态方面要作相应的变化。

如主句的谓语动词是现在时，从句的时态则无需变化。

时态的变化一般现在时→一般过去时He said, “I'm afraid I can't finish this work.”He said that he was afraid he couldn't finish that work.现在进行时→过去进行时He said, “I'm using theknife.”He said that he was using the knife.现在完成时→过去完成时She said, “I have not heard from him since May.”She said that she had not heard from him since May.一般过去时→过去完成He said, “I came to help you.”He said that he had come to help me.过去完成时不变He said, “I had finished my homework before supper.”He said that he had finished his homework before supper.3) 指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和动词的变化：this-thatShe said, “Iwill come this morning."She said that she would go that morning.these-thoseHe said, "These books are mine."He said that those books were his.now-thenHe said, "It is nine 0'clock now."He said that it was nine 0'clock then.today-that dayHe said, "I haven't seen her today."He said that he hadn't seen her that day.yesterday-the day beforeshe said, "I went there yesterday."She said that she had gone there the day before.tomorrow-the next (following) dayshe said, "I'll go there tomorrow."She said that she would go there the next (following) day.here-therecome-go*注：（1）直接引语如果是客观真理，变为间接引语时，时态不变。