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词义的选择、引申和褒贬一、词义的选择英汉两种语言都有一词多类、一词多义的现象。
在英汉翻译过程中，我们弄清原句结构后就要善于选择和确定剧中关键词的词义。
选择和确定词义通常从以下两个方面着手：（一）根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义给出下列练习1.It is not right for children to sit up late.2.The plane was right above our heads.3.In the negative, right and left, and black and white are reversed.4.She tried her best to right her husband from the charge of robbery.(二) 根据上下文联系以及词汇在句中的搭配关系来选择和确定词义给出下列练习Account for1.He is ill; that accounts for his absence.2.In this battle he accounted for the five of the enemy3.I want you to account for every cent you spent.Make up1.If the stove is not made up, it will go out.2.There is not any girl called Clementine. He is just made her up.3.Half the roads in the region are still to be made up.4.Society is made up of people with widely differing abilities.5.It took Laurence Oliver more than an hour to make up for the part of “Othello”6.They made up a bed on the sofa for the unexpected visitor.7.We have to drive fast to make up the hour we lost in Boston.Figure1.The foreign trade ha risen to unprecedented figures2.Dr. Eliot was one of the most revered figures in the world of learning.3.On the desk, there was a bronze figure of Plato.4.He saw dim figures moving towards him.5.June was good at figure skating.二、词义的引申英译汉时，有时会遇到某些词在英语词典上找不到适当的词义，如任意硬套或逐个死译，会是译文生硬晦涩，不能确切表达意愿，甚至造成误解。
![[全]新概念英语(第2册第2课)详解](https://img.taocdn.com/s1/m/f44b786edd3383c4bb4cd2ef.png)
新概念英语(第2册第2课)详解新Lesson 2 （标★者核心解析）1. ★until [ən'til, ʌn'til] prep.直到2. ★outside [aut'said] ad.外面3. ★ring [riŋ] v.(铃、电话等)响4. aunt [ɑ:nt] n.姑，姨，婶，舅妈5. ★repeat [ri'pi:t] v.重复；重说1. until [ən'til] prep.直到。
作介词及连词preposition, conjunction一、基本词义及用法————————————————1 up to the time that，到…时；直到…时，用语肯定句I was up until three o'clock trying to get it finished! 为了完成工作，我一直干到3点！We had better wait until Antony's here? 我们最好等到安东尼来。
————2 not until not before a particular time or event 直到…才。
用语否定句。
We didn't eat till past midnight. 直到过了午夜我们才吃东西。
What ever we do, won't stop until it's finished. 不论做什么，我们都不会半途而废。
——————3. 常见定势思维❌错误:（1）COMMONLEARNER ERROR: until now or so far?Warning: choose the correct adverb! 注意：選擇正確的副詞！（A）Use 'until now' to talk about a situation that existed, but has just ended: ‘until now’用於表示剛剛結束的過去的某種情況。
一、词的选择和意义引申考研翻译的过程和核心解题策略一、理解应以原文，拆分语法结构二、改变原文顺序，组合汉语译文词义选择和词义引申词义的选择和词义引申是考研翻译中最常用的翻译技巧。
1.在1994年72)题a leader of the new school contends 中，school 是“学派”的意思，而不是“学校”的意思；2.在1996年74）题elegant system 中，elegent是“完美，完善”的意思，而不是“优雅”的意思；3.在2001年75）题And home appliances will become so smart that ...中，smart 是“智能化”的意思，而不是“聪明”的意思；4.在2003年75）题like the concept of set in mathematics 中，set 是“集，集合”，而不是“一套，放置”等意思；5.在2004年62）题we are obliged to them 中，obliged是“感谢，感激”，而不是“被迫”的意思。
词义的选择例1.I’ll see her home tonight.今晚我送她回家。
例2. India is the home of elephants.印度是大象的生长地。
例3.He’s at home with the classics.他精通古典文学。
例4.New homes are for sale.新房出售。
例5.She’s at home where she is.她在哪儿都自由自在。
例6.Maternity homr costs in America have gone up sharply.美国妇产医院收费已经急剧上涨。
例7.Much is produced here for home market.这里为国内市场生产了许多产品。
例8.He looks on London as his home.他把伦敦看成是他的故乡。
词义的选择、引申及褒贬一、词义的选择英汉两种语言都有一词多类、一词多义的现象。
一词多类就是指一个词往往属于几个词类，具有几个不同的意义。
一词多义就是说同一个词在同一个词类中，又往往有几个不同的词义。
在英汉翻译过程中，我们在弄清原句结构后就要善于选择和确定原句中关键词的词义。
选择和确定词义通常从以下两个方面着手：(一)根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义选择某个词的词义，首先要判明这个词在原句中应属哪一种词类，然后再进一步确定其词义。
例如，在like charges repel; unlike charges attract一句中，like用作形容词，它的汉语对应意义是“相同的”，因此全句可以译为：“相同的电荷相斥，不同的电荷相吸”。
但在下面各句中，like又分属其他几个不同词类：1)He likes mathematics more than physics.他喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理学。
(动词)2)In the sunbeam passing through the window there are fine grains of dust shining like gold.在射入窗内的阳光里，细微的尘埃像金子一般在闪闪发亮。
(前置词)3)Like knows like.英雄识英雄。
(名词)（二）根据上下文确定词义除了根据词性来判断词义之外，词义选择一个更为重要的方法就是根据上文来判断词义了。
因为很多英语单词即使弄清楚了词性，但仍须从几个或几十个义项中选定确切的词义。
这就需要借助于上下文提供的各种线索做出合理的分析、推理、判断。
有时候，我们还可能会在考试中碰到生词。
可是，我们绝对不会在一个英语句子中出现这种情况：某一个单词不认识，而这个单词上下文中的所有单词都不认识。
正因为上下文的存在，这也给我们翻译中解决生词提供了突破口。
因此，在翻译中，我们一定要随时注意上下文，上下文的不同在很大程度上决定了单词意义的不同，也在很大程度上决定了翻译中理解和表达的正确性、准确性和译文是否通顺。
第二章词义选择的准确性从安徽大学MTI班论文答辩情况看词义选择的重要性：1. While Brittany remains an integral part of France, the creation of a Scottish Parliament and a Welsh Assembly in the 1990s brought political autonomy from England.【原译】布列塔尼作为法国的一部分，在20世纪90年代加入了苏格兰国会和威尔士议会，让它得到了英国的政治自治权。
论文作者说明：在查阅资料后，没有找到布列塔尼地区政体的介绍，这里的原文也没有做更为详细的介绍，对于这里为什么会出现Scottish Parliament、Welsh Assembly、political autonomy from England感到费解。
【改译】虽然布列塔尼仍然是法国不可或缺的一部分，但是，二十世纪九十年代，在苏格兰产生了议会，在威尔士产生了国民大会，它们从英国获得了政治上的自治。
2. The origins, identity, and geographic parameters of the Yue are a source of scholarly controversy. The Yue presumably lived south of the Yangzi River, possibly living as far as southern and southeastern coasts of present-day China.【原译】越人的出身地、身份及地理参数是学术界一直争论的话题。
据推测，越人以前是住在长江南岸，可能最远会到今天中国的南疆和东南疆。
【改译】越人的出身地、身份及地理位置都是学术争论的话题。
越人大概住在长江以南，可能最远至今天中国的南部和东南部沿海地区。
Lesson 2 Breakfast or lunch?一、教学重点1、代词：it做虚主语时的用法。
2、时态：一般现在时VS现在进行时。
3、副词：频率副词的排序和位置二．知识重点1. It was Sunday.这里的it是虚主语，可以指代时间、天气、温度、距离等多种事物，也可以指代某个不确定的人。
2. I never get up early on Sundays.never从来不、绝对不。
频率副词，可以用在多种时态中。
Never give up.从不放弃Never lose heart. 绝不要灰心丧气。
on Sundays 在每一个星期天。
on用在具体的某一天之前，例如on March 21st，on Monday，on Monday morning 在这里Sundays用了复数，表示在每一个星期天。
3. I sometimes stay in bed until lunchtime.Sometimes 有时Some times 几次几倍Some time 一段时间Sometime 有时用于将来时或者过去时中Stay in bed 躺在床上stay at home 待在家里Until 1）prep 直到……时候I sometimes stay in bed until lunchtime.2)conj 直到……时候后接句子肯定句中的动词为延续性动词否定句中为非延续性动词I won't stop shouting until you let me go.Continue in this direction until you see a sign4. Last Sunday , I got up very late.Get up 起床go to bed 去睡觉fall asleep 睡着Late adj/adv 晚Stay up late 熬夜Lately: recently 最近常用在完成时和一般过去时中。
词义的选择•Warm-up1. Can you see the bottle floating on the sea?•2. It is not surprising, then, that the world saw a return to a floating exchange rate system.•3. There are many floating markets in Thailand.•4. Floating policy is of great importance for export trade.•Warm-up1. Can you see the bottle floating on the sea?•你看见大海上漂浮着的那个瓶子了吗？•Warm-up•2. It is not surprising, then, that the world saw a return to a floating exchange rate system.•那世界各国又恢复了一个浮动汇率系统就不足为奇了。
•Warm-up•3. There are many floating markets in Thailand.•泰国有很多水上市场。
•Warm-up•4. Floating policy is of great importance for export trade.•在外贸中统保单非常重要。
•Practice•Because of these problems and risks, exporters are hesitant to release their goods before receiving payment, while importers prefer to have control over the goods before parting with their money. And in the case of documents against payment (D/P), document will not be released to the importer until payment if effected.•Practice•Because of these problems and risks, exporters are hesitant to release their goods before receiving payment, while importers prefer to have control over the goods before parting with their money. And in the case of documents against payment (D/P), document will not be released to the importer until payment is effected.•Practice•Because of these problems and risks, exporters are hesitant to release their goods before receiving payment, while importers prefer to have control over the goods before parting with their money. And in the case of documents against payment (D/P), document will not be released to the importer until payment is effected.•由于存在这样一些问题和风险，出口商在收到货款前是不愿意发货的，而进口商则在付款之前就希望将货物掌控在自己手里。
而在付款交单的情况下，只有在货款付清之后才能将装运单据交给进口商。
•翻译方法讲解•根据语境选取一个词的意思，使之符合目标语的表达需要。
•译技讲解•词义的选择从五个方面入手：•1 常用意义/ 专业意义•2 搭配意义•3 感情色彩•4 语体色彩•5 引申意义•1 常用意义VS 专业意义•【例1】Shares staged a spectacular recovery yesterday and regained a lot of the ground lost in Thursday’s bloodbath.•1 常用意义VS 专业意义•【例1】Shares staged a spectacular recovery yesterday and regained a lot of the ground lost in Thursday’s bloodbath.•译文：•股票价格昨日有了惊人的回升，这是自星期四惨跌之后的一次大幅反弹。
•1 常用意义VS 专业意义•【例2】Deutsche Bank jumped 28.5 marks early in the session, pulling the broader market along. But profit-making soon wiped out these gains.•1 常用意义VS 专业意义•【例2】Deutsche Bank jumped 28.5 marks early in the session, pulling the broader market along. But profit-making soon wiped out these gains. •译文：•通过拉动更广阔的市场，德意志银行在萧条前期上涨了28.5个点。
但投机行为很快就把这些收益给抵消了。
•1 常用意义VS 专业意义•【例3】Dickerson is an international marketing company specializing in fertilizers, chemicals, cocoa, pesticides, coal, agricultural products and many others.•1 常用意义VS 专业意义•【例3】Dickerson is an international marketing company specializing in fertilizers, chemicals, cocoa, pesticides, coal, agricultural products and many others.•译文：体现“国际”视野•狄格森公司是一家国际贸易公司，专营化肥、化工产品、可可粉、杀虫药、煤炭、农产品及许多其他产品。
•1 常用意义VS 专业意义•【例4 】Not only a panic run on banks, but snowballing deposit cancellation could trigger an ominous chain reaction leading to a financial crisis.•1 常用意义VS 专业意义•【例4 】Not only a panic run on banks, but snowballing deposit cancellation could trigger an ominous chain reaction leading to a financial crisis.•译文：•不仅仅是在各家银行发生的恐慌性挤兑，还有那如滚雪球般的取消存款，都有可能引发导致金融危机的不良连锁反应。
•Practice•翻译下列两个句子：P28 Textbook• 1. The claim concerning the quality of the commodity shall be lodged within 30 days after arrival of the cargo at the port of destination.• 2. All seven major banking groups reported after-tax losses for the second consecutive business year in their fiscal 2010 earning reports due to the burden of disposing of bad loans and slumping stock markets.2 词的搭配意义•丰收•令人悲痛的消息•泥泞的路•波涛汹涌的海洋•忧伤的心•沉闷冗长的读物•大雨•2 搭配意义•【例】credit•1. He bought the furniture on credit. •2. Deposits are, so to speak, unsecured credit held by the people and kept at financial institutions.•3. There’s no financial risk in selling to East European countries on credit.•2 搭配意义•【例】credit•借记；债权；赊销；信贷；信用；学分•1. He bought the furniture on credit. •他是靠赊账买下那件家具的。
•2 搭配意义•【例】credit•借记；债权；赊销；信贷；信用；学分•2. Deposits are, so to speak, unsecured credit held by the people and kept at financial institutions.•如此说来，存款就是人们手中持有的放在金融机构里没有担保的债权。
•2 搭配意义•【例】credit•借记；债权；赊销；信贷；信用；学分•3. There’s no financial risk in selling to East European countries on credit.•向东欧各国赊销是没有财务风险的。
•Assuming the laboratory tests go well, and you can quote us a competitive price, we’d certainly be able to place more substantial orders on a regular basis.•译文1：若实验室检验进展顺利，且你们的报价具有竞争力，我们一定会定期大量订货。
