贸大翻硕考研-2016年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士考研真题

1999年外销员考试外贸英语试题及答案CIPIMFCustoms InvoiceCounter SampleVoyage CharterGross for NetRepayment GuaranteeOptional portFutures Trading1、银行汇票2、互购3、外汇储备4、知识产权5、备用信用证1.We should be pleased to send you a sample____our own expense.A.atB.inC.againstD.of2.Good harvest____this year has made it possible for us to supply walnuts last year’s prices.A.atB.inC.againstD.on3.Any alteration in design would mean re-setting our machines,and the cost of this would be prohibitive____you could place an order for more than5,000.A.untilB.withC.unlessD.when4.After studying our prices and our liberal terms,you will understand why we are working____capacity to meet the demandA.onB.toC.forD.of5.Thank you for your remittance of US$2,150.00____the70%freight due under Invoice No.22B/96.A.of payingB.pay forC.for payment forD.in payment of6.It will be appreciated____you could effect shipment in two equal lots by direct steamer____you receive our L/C.A.when,whenB.if,as soon asC.when,whichD.will,soon7."Virtual shops"may lack see-and-feel sampling,the phenomenal growth of catalogue shopping,TV-and-phone marketing and phone-banking in recent years is proof that see-and-feel is not the only way to sell.A.WhileB.If thatC.WhenD.Which8.The goods were examined by a public surveyor upon arrival at your port,____we cannot but accept your claims as tendered.A.IfB.DespiteC.ThoughD.Since9.The discount of5%agreed on was granted only____no balance was outstandingfrom previous account.A.on conditionB.on condition thatC.thatD.depends on10.We can assure you that these suitings are very popular in the Far-East Markets,____we have had some experience.A.whichB.thatC.of whichD.of that11.In connection with your invitation____for Bid No.0082/95CH dated May30,1996,the____would like to participate in the bid for the supply of Equipment Item No.0302and the Qualifications Documents as required.A.undersign,submitB.undersigning,submittingC.undersingned,submitD.undersigned,submitted12.We are confident that the package of our products will____the roughest handlingin transit.A.stand upB.stand toC.suffer fromD.stand13.We regret having received your offer too late,because we____our needs elsewhere.A.already coverB.already coveredC.have already coverD.had already covered14.In mass media,big advertising dollar rules.But by doing business on the Net,a small firm might____just as effectively through search engines.A.get itself knowB.get himself knowC.get itself knownD.get known himself15.Please check the enclosed fax opening the credit to ensure that it____your instructions.A.agreesB.agrees toC.agrees withD.agrees upon16.Your L/C calls for an insurance amount for130%of the invoice value.____We would request you to amend the insurance clause.A.The Case Being itB.The case is like thisC.Such being the caseD.Such is the case17.We are not in a position to offer firm,as the goods are____.A.out of stockB.outside in stockC.without stockD.no stock18.We are of course___the period for completion of your project has already been exceeded.A.know itB.aware thatC.to know ofD.be sure that19.We confirm____accepted your counter proposal yesterday.A.haveB.havingC.to haveD.has been20.Since the premium varies with the extent of insurance,extra premium is for buyer’s account,additional risks____be covereD.A.ifB.asC.mustD.should21.This agreement may be____six months before its expiry.A.expandedB.renewedC.postponedD.prolonged22.The bank on the buyer’s side in collection arrangement is the____.A.remitting bankB.collecting bankC.opening bankD.notifying bank23.Which of the four choices is NOT an appropriate response to the following sentence:"Do you mind opening the windows?"____.A.Surely notB.Not at allC.That’s all rightD.No,of course not24.The purpose of a promotion letter is to____the prospective buyer’s interest.A.attractB.arouseC.attendD.alter25.When you___an agent,the appointment is usually____in writing.A.need,metB.want,takeC.appoint,made.D.require,makeTranslate the following letter into English in a proper form:纽约ABC贸易有限公司敬启者：你方3月21日来函收到，从中我们遗憾地得悉你方认为我124号货定价偏高。

词汇翻译（30分）英译汉：从10个terms 里面挑5个translate and define them briefly in Chinese (共15分，一个3分）1 added value tax增值税增值税是以商品（含应税劳务）在流转过程中产生的增值额作为计税依据而征收的一种流转税。

从计税原理上说，增值税是对商品生产、流通、劳务服务中多个环节的新增价值或商品的附加值征收的一种流转税。

实行价外税，也就是由消费者负担，有增值才征税没增值不征税。

2 annual financial report年度财务报告年度财务报告是指年度终了对外提供的财务报告。

通常将半年度，季度和月度财务报告统称为中期财务会计报告。

年度财务报告作为综合反映企业单位年末财务状况、全年经营成果和现金流量的报告，在沟通企业单位管理层与财务会计报告使用者之间起着十分重要的桥梁作用。

3 bull market牛市，旺市；多头市场。

牛市，旺市指交易旺盛的市场形势，和"淡市'相对。

多头市场又称买空市场，是指股价的基本趋势持续上升时形成的投机者不断买进证券，需求大于供给的市场现象。

4 11 2016284 law of diminishing marginal returns 边际收益递减规律又称边际效益递减规律，或边际产量递减规律，指在短期生产过程中，在其他条件不变（如技术水平不变）的前提下，增加某种生产要素的投入，当该生产要素投入数量增加到一定程度以后，增加一单位该要素所带来的效益增加量是递减的，边际收益递减规律是以技术水平和其他生产要素的投入数量保持不变为条件的条件下进行讨论的一种规律。

5 angel investment天使投资是权益资本投资的一种形式，是指富有的个人出资协助具有专门技术或独特概念的原创项目或小型初创企业，进行一次性的前期投资。

它是风险投资的一种形式，在根据天使投资人的投资数量以及对被投资企业可能提供的综合资源进行投资。

阅读题源速读测试：在中国“瘦身”的奥利奥数据表明，在庆祝100周年的声光魅影以后，奥利奥饼干的中国市场份额缩小了三分之一，从2012年的近9%下降至现在的6%。

这是一则中国新式消费的寓言：更挑剔、更多变——获利空间可能也更小。

测试中可能遇到的词汇和知识：skyscrapers摩天大楼ubiquitous无所不在的Euromonitor欧睿(公司名)Mainlanders大陆人A parable of Oreos and ovens（716words）By Patti Waldmeir in Shanghai------------------------------------------------------Three scant years ago,Shanghai celebrated the100th birthday of one of history’s most famous junk foods—the Oreo biscuit —with fireworks on the Bund and multi-storey neon adverts projected on to skyscrapers.But now China has put Oreo on a diet.资料来源：育明考研考博官网This is a country where,within living memory,millions starved to death.People will,to this day,tell you how they ate roots or shoots or even dirt to stay alive.Little wonder the Chinese market was a pushover for the ubiquitousblack-and-white sandwich cookie.Foreign treats were seen as healthier than local snacks, because they were imported from places that did not have such a vigorous tradition of poisoning residents with tainted ingredients,as was the fad in China.When I moved here in 2008,it took a while to get used to the notion that McDonald’s was a healthy option,purely because it was less likely to be toxic.Here,when mainlanders tell you something is“healthy”, they often mean that it won’t be immediately fatal.But in the past few years,China has begun to discover that heavy metals are not the only things to avoid in snack foods. There is that small matter of fat and sugar,st week, Chinese media carried stories saying that Mondelez,the maker of Oreo,was shutting down some Shanghai production because people were going right off biscuits.The US company 资料来源：育明考研考博官网waffled a bit about“optimising our supply chain”and shifting production elsewhere,but the company had made clear in the past that Oreo was in trouble in China.Figures from Euromonitor show that,since the sound and light of its centenary celebration,the biscuit has lost one-third of its market share in China,from nearly9per cent of the market in 2012to6per cent now.So that is how Oreo ended up watching its waistline:Mondelez introduced a new“Oreo Thin”,just to woo Chinese consumers, and it did so well that they last month announced that Americans will be able to opt for the skinnier cousin too.All because of a revolution in eating habits that took decades in the west—and only a handful of years in China.That’s not Oreo’s only problem:many of the world’s most successful brands made it to China early and had a long run almost unrivalled,but are losing their first-mover advantage. (KFC has that problem too,compounded by a spot of bad publicity on the food quality front.)资料来源：育明考研考博官网Meanwhile,mainlanders have developed one of the most fickle palates on earth:Americans may want the same cookie Mum gave them with their milk after school;but Chinese want something new every day.Local companies are often nimbler than multinationals at introducing green tea or purple sweet potato alternatives to traditional flavours.And cookie companies are facing competition from an even more unlikely source:home bakers.When I moved here,ovens were rare in normal homes:I figured that was why mine didn’t work too well.But now many a Chinese bride insists on having one.Sales of the countertop ovens preferred on the mainland have more than quadrupled since I started wielding a flour sifter on Chinese shores,and a318-pieceeverything-you-could-ever-need baking set can be had on Alibaba’s Taobao for only137devalued renminbi.For,given that the vast majority of Chinese under30have never known an hour of hunger in their lives,let alone survived on roots and shoots,just filling the tummy is no longer the point.They cook for fun—and for health reasons,资料来源：育明考研考博官网says Qian Zhaoli,a27-year-old marketing manager inShanghai.She’s started baking her own rusks because her first child is teething.“I wanted her to have the healthiest ones,without any additives,”she says,adding that shop-boughtrusks have such a long shelf life,and“who knows how many artificial colours and preservatives they contain?”Plus,western-style baking is far easier than cooking any of China’s complicated cuisines,she says,noting that in Shanghai most cooking is done by men.This is not just a tale of Oreos and ovens.It is a parable for a new type of Chinese consumption:more finicky,more fickle—potentially less profitable.Anyone selling almost anythinghere should watch it closely.May the best rolling pin win.What is the author's attitude about Oreo?∙Healthy∙yucky∙bad for health∙good for teethWhat is the meaning of“healthy”by mainlanders about food?∙it won’t be immediately fatal资料来源：育明考研考博官网∙little fat and sugar∙it is non-toxic∙all of non-gm ingredientsWhere is production closed by Mondelez,the maker of Oreo?∙Guangzhou∙Beijing∙Chengdu∙ShanghaiWho is the competition from an even more unlikely source for cookie companies?∙Cake shop∙Supermarket∙Home oven∙Male chef在中国“瘦身”的奥利奥解析C第一段作者说奥利奥是junk foods之一，所以应该是对健康无益的食物。

16年考研详解与指导风俗习惯30■媒人的最早产生，大约在（周代）。

31■嫁娶六礼：纳采、问名、纳吉、纳征、请期、亲迎。

32.转房婚：形式主要是兄死，弟以嫂为妻；姐死，妹代姐为妻；父死，子以异母为妻。

在西南地区和东北地区的一些少数民族曾较长时间的流行过。

33■阿注婚：流行于云南的一支纳西族和一支普米族。

“阿注”是纳西语，意为“伴侣、朋友”。

只要不是同一母系血统的成员及其后裔，都可以互为阿注。

他们之间的性关系非常自由，到晩上，男阿注就到女阿注的专用放里过夜，天明赶回家去劳动，这种阿注关系时间可长可短，每人除一个长期阿注以外，还有许多临时阿注。

所生子女不知其父，都归母家。

34■抢夺婚：云南地区的景颇族、傣族、苗族欧曾实行过强夺婚，是男子通过强夺手段与女子成婚。

是一种民俗，民间的“抢夺婚”其实只是一种形式，在此之前，双方早已换过婚礼，选定成亲日子，但在迎亲那天，男方还是要组织一帮人，隐蔽在约定的地点，等新娘一到，一拥而上，捆绑回家，新娘则大呼救命，女方家人假追一通。

35■(父权）制度确立后，形成了_夫_妻制。

36■据《墨子》《荀子》记载，我国在（先秦）时代就有了火葬。

37■石棺葬：就是用石板或石块构筑成长方形的棺材，置于地面，即为墓地。

地区主要集中在东北的松花江流域、四川西部的岷江和金沙江流域以及云南境内的一些地方。

时间跨度起于商周，盛行于战国到两汶，延续到明代。

据近年来的学术研究，石棺葬起源于古人对石的崇拜。

38■悬棺葬：就是把棺木高悬于崖壁的木粧上或洞穴里。

这种悬棺葬在福建省武夷山、江西、四川等地都有发现，其中武夷山的悬棺已有3800年之久。

这些悬棺离地面有的几十米，有的上百米。

悬棺形似小船。

据认为，采用这一葬法的少数民族，迷信灵魂升天，认为把棺木放得越高，灵魂就越容易升天。

39■考古发掘最早的龙形在（河南省濮阳市仰韶文化遗址）。

40■龙与皇帝合而为_，始于（汶高祖刘邦）。

41■龟龙：比喻人中英杰。

外销员考试常考术语和缩写一、国际货物买卖适用的法律与惯例INCOTERMS2002，International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》URC522，Uniform Rules for Collection《托收统一规则522》UCP500，Uniform Customs and Practice for Commercial Documentary Credits500《跟单信用证统一惯例》Warsaw-Oxford Rules1932《1932年华沙一牛津规则》Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions1941《1941年美国对外贸易定义修订本》二、价格术语EXW(ex works)工厂交货FCA(free carrier)货交承运人FAS(free alongside ship)装运港船边交货FOB(free on board)装运港船上交货CFR(cost and freight)成本加运费CIF(cost，insurance and freight)成本加保险费、运费CPT(carriage paid to)运费付至CIP(carriage and insurance to)运费、保险费付至DAF(delivered at frontier)边境交货DES(delivered ex ship)目的港船上交货DEQ(delivered ex quay)目的港码头交货DDU(delivered duty unpaid)未完税交货DDP(delivered duty paid)完税后交货FOB liner terms FOB班轮条件FOB under tackle FOB吊钩下交货FOB stowed FOB理舱费在内FOB trimmed FOB平舱费在内FOBST(FOB stowed and trimmed)FOB包括理舱费和平舱费在内的各项装船费用CFR liner terms CFR班轮条件CFR landed CFR卸至码头CFR ex tackle CFR吊钩下交货CFR ex ship's hold CFR舱底交货CIF liner terms CIF班轮条件CIF landed CIF卸至码头CIF ex tackle CIF吊钩下交货CIF ex ship's hold CIF舱底交货the seller's obligations卖方义务三、货物的品名、质量、数量与包装name of commodity品名quality0f goods品质condition合同要件actual quality实际品质sample样品sale by sample凭样品买卖quality as per seller's sample品质以卖方样品为准buyer's sample买方样品counter sample对等样品confirming sample确认样品for reference only仅供参考colour sample色样pattern sample款式样quality shall be about equal to the sample品质与样品大致相同quality shall be nearly same as the sample品质与样品近似specification of goods商品规格sale by specification凭规格买卖FAQ，fair average quality良好平均品质sale by descriptions and illustrations凭说明书和图样买卖trade mark商标sophisticated market精致市场name of origin产地名称quality tolerance品质公差weigh重量metric ton公吨long ton长吨short ton短吨kilogram公斤gram克ounce盎司number数量piece件pair双set套dozen打roll卷ream令gross罗bag袋bale包length长度meter米foot英尺yard码area面积square foot平方英尺volume体积cubic yard立方码capacity容积bushel蒲式耳litre升gallon加仑the metric system公制the british system英制the U.S.system美制SI，the international system of units国际单位制gross weight毛重net weight净重gross for net以毛作净actual tare实际皮重real tare实际皮重average tare平均皮重customary tare习惯皮重computed tare约定皮重conditioned weight公量theoretical weight理论重量legal weight法定重量net net weight实物净重about大约circa近似approximate左右nude pack裸装in bulk散装full packed全部包装part packed局部包装shipping mark运输标志，唛头indicative mark指示性标志warning mark警告性标志UCC，Universal Code Council统一编码委员会UPC，Universal Product Code统一产品编码European Article Number Association欧洲物品编码协会EAN，European Article Number欧洲物品编码neutral pacing中性包装seaworthy packing海运包装inquiry询盘offer发盘counter offer还盘acceptance接受IGO inter-government organization政府间国际组织NGO non-government organization非政府间国际组织ICS international chamber shipping国际航运公会BIMCO Baltic and international maritime council波罗的海国际海事协会CMI committee maritime international国际海事委员会IMO international maritime organization国际海事组织LNG liquified natural gas液化天然气LPG liquified petroleum gas液化石油气SF stowage factor货物积载因数IMDG Code international maritime dangerous goods code国际海运危险货物规则ISO international standard organization国际标准化组织SOC shipper's own container货主箱COC carrier's own container船公司箱TEU twenty-foot equivalent units计算单位,也称20英尺换算单位FCL full container load整箱货LCL less container load拼箱货CY container yard集装箱堆场CFS container freight station集装箱货运站DOOR货主工厂或仓库DPP damage protection plan损害修理条款SC service contract服务合同B/N booking note托运单S/O shipping order装货单，也称下货纸、关单M/R mate's receipt收货单，也称大副收据M/F manifest载货清单，也称舱单S/P stowage plan货物积载图，也称船图、舱图D/O delivery order提货单，也称小提单MSDS maritime shipping document of safety危险货物安全资料卡D/R dock's receipt场站收据EIR(E/R)equipment interchange receipt设备交接单CLP container load plan集装箱装箱单SOF statement of facts装卸事实记录B/L bill of lading提单HB/L house bill of lading代理行提单，或称子提单、分提单、货代提单、无船承运人提单、仓至仓提单等Sea B/L(Master B/L,Ocean B/L,Memo B/L)海运提单，或称母提单、主提单、船公司提单、备忘提单等On board B/L,Shipped B/L已装船提单Received for Shipment B/L收货待运提单Straight B/L记名提单Open B/L(Blank B/L,Bearer B/L)不记名提单Order B/L指示提单Clean B/L清洁提单Foul B/L(Unclean B/L)不清洁提单Direct B/L直达提单Transshipment B/L转船提单Through B/L联运提单Combined Transport B/L(Intermodal Transport B/L,Multimodal Transport B/L)多式联运提单Minimum B/L最低运费提单，也称起码提单Advanced B/L预借提单Anti-dated B/L倒签提单Stale B/L过期提单On Deck B/L甲板货提单过期Switch B/L转换提单NVOCC non-vessel operations common carrier无船公共承运人或无船承运人《Hague Rules》《海牙规则》，正式名称为《统一关于提单若干法律规定的国际公约》《Visby Rules》《维斯比规则》，正式名称为《关于修订统一提单若干法律规定的国际公约》《Hamburg Rules》《汉堡规则》，正式名称为《1978年联合国海上货物运输公约》SDR special drawing rights特别提款权LOI letter of indemnity保函，也称损害赔偿保证书SLAC shipper's load and count货主装载、计数SLACS shipper's load,count and seal货主装载、计数和加封STC said to contain内容据称SWB seaway bill海运单V/C voyage charter航次租船，简称程租T/C time charter定期租船，简称期租TCT time charter on trip basis航次期租COA contract of affreightment包运租船，简称包船C/P charter party租船合同F/N fixture note确认备忘录，也称订租确认书GENCON"金康"合同，全称为BIMCO统一杂货租船合同NYPE Form"土产格式"，全称美国纽约土产品交易定期租船合同BALTIME"波尔的姆格式"，全称为BIMCO标准定期租船合同BARECON'A'标准光船租船合同A格式SINO TIME中租期租合同DWT dead weight tonnage载重吨GRT gross registered tonnage总登记吨，简称总吨NRT net registered tonnage净登记吨，简称净吨LOA length over all船舶总长度BM beam船宽MT metric tons公吨（1000千克）LAYCAN layday/canceling date受载期与解约日LINER TERMS班轮条款，即船方负担装卸费BERTH TERMS泊位条款，即船方负担装卸费GROSS TERMS总承兑条款，即船方负担装卸费FAS free alongside ship船边交接货条款，即船方负担装卸费FI free in船方不负担装货费FO free out船方不负担卸货费FILO free in,liner out船方不负担装货费但负担卸货费LIFO liner in,free out船方不负担卸货费但负担装货费FIO free in and out船方不负担装卸费FIOST free in and out,stowed and trimmed船方不负担装卸费、平舱费和堆舱费2015年8月资料来源：育明考研考博官网。

阅读题源被LED灯吸引的工业巨头LED（Light Emitting Diode）是发光二极管的简称。

目前LED的应用包括汽车信号灯、交通信号灯、室外全色大型显示屏以及特殊的照明光源等。

LED优越的特性正使之逐渐取代电灯泡，而众多注意到这一趋势的工业巨头正在不断调整自身战略，以适应市场的新变化。

测试中可能遇到的词汇和知识：conglomerate联合大企业upheaval突变oligopoly求过于供的市场情况hitherto迄今sophisticated精致的Industrial giants caught in LED headlights（451words）By Chris Bryant in Frankfurt------------------------------------------------------Shoppers at the Carrefour hypermarket in Lille no longer have to ask for help to find items on special offer—instead they can navigate to them using their smartphone.Philips,the Dutch technology conglomerate,has installed800light-emitting diode fixtures at the7,800square metre store that can send a location signal to a customer’s phone using light invisible to the human eyes.“With the right sensors installed,an LED light-fitting could become the best GPS ever by directing customers or visitors to where they want to go”says Gaia Nocchi,director at Frost&Sullivan,the research and consulting firm.Lighting is starting to become part of the“internet of things”—where different devices are all connected on telecoms networks—but for incumbent manufacturers this rapid technological shift is causing huge upheaval.资料来源：育明考研考博官网Industrial giants Philips,Siemens and General Electric for decades enjoyed an oligopoly in the hitherto slow-moving lighting market,which James Stettler,an analyst at Barclays,compares with a“licence to print money”,partly because people have to regularly replace their bulbs.Now LEDs are fast displacing traditional light sources such asincandescent,halogen and fluorescent bulbs,catalysed partly bydouble-digit annual price declines in components.Government regulations also have supported the growth of LEDs because of their energy efficiency.They produce light using semiconductors—whereas traditional light bulbs rely on filaments—and therefore consume less electricity.LEDs also last much longer than old-style bulbs and are far moresophisticated.For example,the new68-storey International Youth Culture Centre in Nanjing,China,has700,000LED lights capable of illuminating the building façade in different colours at night.Frost&Sullivan estimates the global LED lighting market grew35per cent to$32.3bn last year,and it is forecast to more than double to$70bn by 2019.LED as a proportion of the total lighting market is set to near50 per cent by the end of2015and reach84per cent by2020.The incumbents saw the tech revolution coming and are now among the biggest players,but the rapid growth in LEDs has attracted new low-costcompetitors,particularly from Asia.The incumbents are responding to these challenges in different ways,but broadly speaking they are restructuring legacy,high-volume lighting units and regearing their business models towards“smart”and“connected lighting”.“In10years there might not be a single light bulb left.If your core competence isn’t needed any more,then you need to adapt—the challenge is to move from being a general lighting company to a solution provider,”says Ms Nocchi.How can shoppers at the Carrefour hypermarket find items on special offer? Using their smartphones资料来源：育明考研考博官网∙Asking the shop assistants∙Looking for special signs∙Using GPSWhich of the following is not mentioned as one of the industrial giants having enjoyed an oligopoly in the lighting market?∙Philips∙Siemens∙ A.O.Smith∙General ElectricWhy have government regulations supported the growth of LEDs?∙Their universality∙Their Energy efficiency∙Their low price∙Their high qualityWhich of the following is not mentioned as LED’s advantage?∙Consuming less electricity∙Creating less pollution∙Lasting longer∙Being more sophisticated被LED灯吸引的工业巨头资料来源：育明考研考博官网解析A文章第一和第二段提到顾客可以通过使用智能手机接收LED光信号来找到特价商品，而不需要寻求他人帮助。

阅读题源速读测试：谁动了苹果投资者的“奶酪”？周三早上，苹果的股票在接连五天下跌至自一月以来股价最低点之后，终于刹住了脚步。

在苹果股价的连续走低背后，到底隐藏着投资者怎样的顾虑？市场是否不再接受苹果独居鳌头的状况？消费者对于苹果的期待值和需求狂潮是否就此消退？究竟是谁，动了苹果投资者的“奶酪”？测试中可能遇到的词汇和知识：bullish积极乐观的，看涨的behemoth巨头Atop在…顶上What is eating Apple investors?（432words）By Kadhim Shubber------------------------------------------------------Apple’s shares slid to their lowest point since January on Wednesday morning before its five-day losing streak finally halted as buyers emerged.The world’s most valuable company has been hit by investor concern about its business in China,where there are signs economic growth is slowing and where Apple has recently slipped from its pre-eminent position in the smartphone market.Despite Tim Cook’s bullish comments on China during Apple’s recent third-quarter earnings call,investors have sold off the company,wiping more than$111bn off its market value since July21,a15per cent drop.资料来源：育明考研考博官网Shares opened a further2per cent lower on Wednesday but recovered by mid-morning,leaving it up 1.6per cent at$116.44.The technology behemoth has fallen in10out of the past12trading sessions and a further drop on Wednesday would have been the stock’s sixth straight day of losses —the longest such stretch since February2013Apple’s share price slide has weighed heavily on broader stock market indices,with every$1change in Apple’s share price resulting in a0.65 point shift in the S&P500,according to Howard Silverblatt,senior index analyst at S&P Dow Jones Indices.“The combination of Apple’s size and price moves results in an enormous impact on indices,with the only comparison being International Business Machines’impact in the early1980s,when PCs were new,and IBM was expected to own the market,”he said in a note.Although Apple more than doubled its sales in China to nudge third-quarter revenues and earnings just ahead of market forecasts,investors were rattled as iPhone sales fell short of expectations.Their concerns were reinforced after research outfit Canalys said this week that Apple has lost its position atop the Chinese smartphone market to local upstart Xiaomi during the second quarter.Apple dropped to third in China in the second quarter,according to Canalys, falling behind Xiaomi at number one and Huawei in second place.“Competition among major brands has never been so intense,”said Jingwen Wang in the report.Sliding commodity prices,which Wall Street has taken as evidence of a 资料来源：育明考研考博官网slowdown in China’s economy,along with turmoil in the country’s stock markets,have added to bearish investor sentiment around Apple.During Apple’s earnings call on July21,chief executive Tim Cook shrugged off concerns about the sharp drop in China’s stock markets and worries about its economic growth,saying the company remained“extremely bullish”on the country.“Nothing that’s happened has changed our fundamental view that China will be Apple’s largest market at some point in the future,”he said.Which market is the most concerning to investors?∙America∙India∙China∙UKWhich company in the1980s’market can be a comparison of Apple in today’s market?∙Microsoft∙Intel∙Cisco∙IBMWhat is Tim Cook’s attitude towards the Chinese market?∙Indifferent资料来源：育明考研考博官网∙Negative∙Don’t know∙PositiveWhich domestic company did Apple lose its atop position in the Chinese market to?∙Xiaomi∙Huawei∙Samsung∙HTC谁动了苹果投资者的“奶酪”？解析C文章第二段提到投资者最担心对他们有影响的就是苹果在中国市场的表现。

国际商务英语---考试要点Equities:company stocksRatify:make an agreement or a treaty officially valid by signing itControversy:public argument about sth.Which many people disagree withBiennial:happening every alternate yearClout:influenceAnti-dumping:one form of action which may be taken by a government to protect industries from unfair competition by which goods are sold at a price lower than in the country where they are manufactured Mandate:authority given to perform a dutyStillborn:(of a child)dead at birth;(of an idea or a plan)not developing furtherContracting party:a country of film that signs a legal agreementAkin to:similar,related toOptimal:best or most favorableTerms of trade:the relation of export and import pricesPreference:a practical advantage given to one over othersExport earnings:money earned on the sales of goods to other countriesProvisions:a formal or explicit statement of conditions demandedTariffs:customs duties imposed by a government on imports or exportsInvisibles:trade in servicesBoard:an official group of persons who direct or supervise some activities of a firmPermanent:lastingCounterpart:a person or thing that closely resembles another in position or functionForum:an outlet for discussing of matters of interest to a given group外刊经贸知识选读1.The writer examines the development of China’s trade policy and the present state of the overseaseconomic links.2.The pattern of China’s foreign trade has changed substantially since the founding of People’sRepublic.3.China exported agricultural products to the USSR and East European countries in return formanufactured goods and the capital equipment required for the country’s industrialization programme which placed emphasis on the development of heavy industry.4.The Great Leap Forward of1958-1959initially produced gains in agricultural and industrialproduction,but subsequently resulted in serious economic imbalances.5.Economic problems were exacerbated by three bad harvests with the result that national income andthe volume of foreign trade contracted during1960-1962.6.The withdrawal of Soviet economic and technical aid in the early-1960s caused trade to shift awa yfrom the USSR and its Comecon partners towards Japan and Western Europe.7.The growth of foreign trade was disrupted again during the Cultural Revolution(1966-1976)whenagricultural and industrial production fell sharply and transportation constraints became more serious.8.Foreign trade,which has a major role in the Four Modernizations programme,has grown rapidly overthe past few years.9.The Sino-USA agreement on trade relations,which came into force in February1980,accords Chinamost-favored nation treatment.10.A commodity breakdown of China’s trade shows that fuels accounted for24percent of total exportsin1982……11.But the leading categories of imports in1982were food,which accounted for22percent of the total,light manufactured items with a share of20percent and machinery and transportation equipment with 17percent.12.The US dollar value of Chinese exports increased at an average rate of almost18percent perannum between1978and1983……13.As a result,the visible trade surplus rose sharply from US$3.7billion in1981to US$4.4billion in1982and US$3.7billion in1983.14.Official recognition that foreign technology could play a major role in modernizing the Chineseeconomy had caused imports to rise by more than50percent in1978placing undue strain on the national economy.15.China became a net gain exporter in1984.16.The pattern of foreign trade growth was reserved in1984:the value of exports increased by10percent,but imports jumped38percent with the result that the visible trade account was in deficit by US$1.1billion.17.The strong increase in imports last year is attributed to buoyant economic activity as well as to thesuccess of the Government’s trade and foreign investment policies.18.HK is China’s major export market accounting for approximately26percent of total exports in1983(though much in re-exported to other destinations from there).19.The EEC’s share of China’s exports has generally been around11-12percent over the past few years(the leading export markets within the European Community are Germany and the United Kingdom),…….20.The most important suppliers among the industrial countries were Japan……21.The successful outcome to negotiations between Britain and China about the future of HK willstrengthen the Sino-British relations and is expected to boost trade between the two countries.22.The value of Chinese exports to Britain,which rose rapidly between1977and1980,declined in1981-1982,but recovered strongly in1983….23.Chinese officials stress the importance of introducing advanced technology to domestic industry,but the need is for technology of varying degrees of sophistication,not necessarily for advanced technology as that term is understood in the West.24.The size of the visible account of the balance of payments,but the size of the visible trade surplusduring1981-1983and a pronounced increase in earnings from tourism suggest that the current account has been in surplus over the past few years.25.Foreign exchange reserves have risen rapidly from approximately US$2.5billion at end-1980to US$17.0billion by October1984.26.The balance of foreign exchange reserves is controlled by the Bank of China which specializes inforeign exchange business.27.The authorities are willing to permit a run-down in the country’s international reserves over the nextfew years as a means of accelerating the introduction of foreign technology.28.Foreign countries are encouraged to mount exhibitions of their goods and China itself hasparticipated in a number of trade fairs and exhibitions held abroad.29.Since the late1970s China has also adopted foreign trade practices long-established in many othercountries.30.Assembly manufacturing began in1978and particular forms of foreign trade are eligible forexemption from customs duties and taxation.31.a series of policies designed to encourage foreign investment have accompanied these tradereforms.32.The debt problems confronting a number of developing countries have reinforced China’sdetermination to introduce foreign technology by means of direct investment and concessionary finance rather than by raising substantial sums of money on the international capital markets.33.Foreign investment is advantageous insofar as it facilitated the transfer of technology and skills andavoids creating an overhang of debt.34.The authorities do not consider it appropriate to incur large amounts of external debt until a number ofpractical bottlenecks in the economy.35.China’s access to substantial sums of money from the World Bank also reduces the need to borrowon commercial terms.36.Figures compiled by the OECD and the Bank of International Settlements show borrowings fromwestern commercial banks of approximately US$2billion,but also show that the bulk of China’s foreign obligations consist of non-bank trade related credits which exceed US$4billion.37.There appears considerable scope for foreign banks to undertake profitable business over the longerterm.1.The four special economic zones(SEZs)in Guangdong and Fujian provinces,14coastal cities(allformer treaty ports)and Hainan island(19“open”areas in all)have specifically designed tax and other incentives for the foreign investor.2.But every provincial capital is doing its best to attract foreign investment.3.The following year,a tax law for joint ventures was promulgated.4.Chinese leaders were growing impatient with the rate of progress in the showpiece SEZ-Shenzhen.5.The State Council declared14cities along the entire coast plus Hainan island open to foreigninvestment,thus introducing a real element of competition into the country’s economic-development programme.6.Even local factories are taking note of the vast potential sales in their own domestic market.7.The central government’s determination to raise the level of industrial technology is clearly behind thedecision to open the14coastal cities.8.The Bank of China has also said that new and more flexible loan policies will enable“thousands”ofdomestic enterprises to borrow foreign exchange to import equipment and repay in Renminbi.9.The need to upgrade industrial equipment is great.10.The combined industrial output of the15coastal areas is reportedly equal to a quarter of the nation’stotal.11.But while the reasons for throwing19areas and cities open to foreign investment and technologytransfer are clear,how the preferential systems will operate is not.12.This is due largely to the intensity of competition among the19,coupled with the inexperience ofmost local authorities both in making decisions and in dealing with the outside world.13.In the SEZs,which are being built almost from scratch,foreigners can invest in anything which thestate deems useful for the country,be it,for examples,production of goods for export or construction of private-housing estates.14.These can be joint ventures,cooperative enterprises or wholly foreign-owned operations.15.….imports of capital and consumer goods(except cigarettes and liquor)are exempted from customsduties,and a uniform15%income-tax rate is applied.16.In the coastal cities,only factories where plant is being upgraded by foreign investment,enjoy the15%tax rate.17.The Economic and Technical Development Zone(ETDZ)outside the coastal city centre will offer auniform tax rate of15%for all the projects and waive the usual10%profit-remittance tax.18.A joint venture outside the Zone is liable to the standard33%tax rate.19.Tourist enterprises and any other service industry outside the Zone are not entitled to any specialstatus.20.The major source of confusion for foreign investors,however,is not the tax rate but who has theauthority to approve projects.21.China International Economic Consultants Inc.is the consultancy arm of the China International Trustand Investment Corp.22.But if we start putting too many rules and regulations,they will get discourage.23.….it will be some time before the dust settles and local authorities and foreign investors can dealwith one another in a systematic way.24.Stock-taking of the open policy will come later this year when the National People’s Congressdiscusses the seventh five-year plan.1.China has the most dynamic economy in the world today.2.Its boom radiates from Guangdong,its richest province…3.After a slowdown through1990,China’s economy bounced back mightily,reaching a recent peak of13percent growth last year.4.Some Western experts are predicting that China could become the world’s dominant economy earlyin21st century.5.Membership in this club,which includes all the world’s leading economies,could provide a hugeboost for a low-wage export economy.st year China’s trade surplus surged,buoyed by exports of toys,textiles and consumerelectronics.7.Its trade surplus with the United States hit a record$18billion.8.The U.S.Congress due to consider the renewal of China’s most-favored nation trade status inJune…9.After Japan,we’ll be first in line for retaliation.10.American has an increasingly large stake in good relations with China.11.In1992American companies led a rush of foreign investors who signed more than$30billion worthof contracts in China.12.McDonnell Douglas has built35MD-80series aircraft in Shanghai—and has contracted to build40more.13.Other state-affiliated companies,including CITIC and China Resources,Inc.,are branching out fromHK to establish overseas posts are varied as diamond-trading operations in Sri Lanka and brokerage services in New York.14.Inflation has recently climbed back into double digits…1.In1991,for the second year in a row,the economies of low-income and middle-income countriesvirtually stagnated,as measured by an increase in per capita gross domestic product(GDP).2.Aggregate output for developing countries advanced by slightly less than2percent during1991(similar to the weak performance of1990),implying an easing in per capita income of0.1percent.3.Excluding Central and Eastern Europe,growth in developing countries in1991was3.4percent,compared with3.8percent during the1980s.4.An increase in China’s growth rate helped to sustain high rates of growth in the East Asia region.5.International conditions for growth in developing countries deteriorated in1991.6.The seven major industrial countries(the G-7)experienced a significant slowdown in GDP growth…7.The weakness in demand in the United States contributed to a drop of over6percent in non oilcommodity prices…8.Policy reforms in Latin America helped to moderate inflation and domestic demand;East Asianeconomics,supported by growth in export volume in the range of10percent and by robust domestic demand,continued to grow rapidly.9.The index of non oil primary commodity prices in nominal dollar terms decline for the thirdconsecutive year,and the index in real terms hit an all-time low.10.There were no breakthroughs in the Uruguay Round of GATT negotiations on key elements,andthe outcome remains in doubt.11.Growth in the G-7countries decelerated from2.8percent in1990to1.9percent in1991.12.The broad trend was the outcome of largely unexpected setbacks to recovery in the United Statesand the United Kingdom and the apparent onset of a slower period of economic growth in Japan and Germany.13.A slump in construction of rental housing and the fading of a tax-cut-induced boom in auto sales alsocontributed to the weaker growth of Japan.14.Unification further boosted investment,which then appeared to diminish,as expectations ofprofitability were dampened by higher wages and high short-term nominal and real interest rates.15.Inflation as measured by the GDP deflator slackened in most of the G-7countries.16.It continued to decelerate in North America and edged down in Japan,17.Financial institutions in these two countries adopted more conservative lending policies,curtailingfinancing of high-risk projects…18.These developments played some part in the general tightening of credit during1991…19.A notable development in1991was a narrowing of current-account imbalances of most majorindustrial countries…20.The trade component of the deficit narrowed as lower inflation and earlier dollar depreciationimproved competitiveness…21.A continuation of the surge of imports that followed unification,as well as the earlier appreciation ofthe deutsche mark,contributed to the swing.22.In Germany,the slope of the yield curve turned positive.23.Because slowdown in industrial-country growth dampened demand for exports of both primarycommodities and manufactures from developing countries,the volume of merchandise exports of developing countries declined by2percent.24.The influence of the Gulf crisis,including the spike in oil prices and dislocations in the Middle East,was widespread.25.…the sharp compression of imports by the Soviet Union adversely affected its other tradingpartners.26.…a pick-up in China helped sustain Asian activity.27.The sharp acceleration of GDP growth in China,from4.5percent to over6percent,was supported byimprovements in industrial output,higher levels of consumer spending,and significant gains in the export of manufactures.28.Export volumes for the group of East Asian countries advanced at double-digit rates.29.Economic weakness in some of the region’s traditional export markets has underlined the importanceof market diversification…30.The decline was partly caused by India’s reining in of its budget deficit and the short-term effects ofthe implementation of strong emergency stabilization measures…31.The emergency measures included a serve compression of imports,tight credit policies andexchange-rate devaluation.32.In Europe and Central Asia,GDP contracted by about7percent,as stabilization and reform programs,in several countries had not yet led to bottoming-out in their economies.1.The Clinton Administration is drawing the first lines of a tougher U.S.policy on trade…2.The strongest signal came last week,when Mickey Kantor,the U.S.trade representative,movedquickly to cite the12-nation European Community for“intolerable”discrimination against U.S.companies seeking government contracts within the Community.3.The administration will begin retaliating in six weeks if EC policies remain unchanged.4.A willingness to impose sanction on major trading partners to reduce trade barriers abroad,with lesspatience for drawn-out negotiations.5.Administration officials see little risk that this more aggressive policy could escalate into full-fledgedtrade war that would shock the world’s fragile economies.6.Tokyo appears more“results-oriented”than the Community,prompting hopes that bargains can bereached with Japan to ease frictions on a range of issues.7.A pledge to Mexico and Canada to seek rapid congressional approval of the North AmericanFree-trade Agreement as the highest trade priority.8.Some representatives of U.S.business,seething over what they view as protectionist EC policies,praised Mr.Kantor’s action.9.…if the dispute with European Community over government procurement is soon followed by casheswith Europe over steel…10.Anyone who thinks Europe and Japan will be bullied into meeting American deadlines and prioritiesisn’t awake to the changes that have occurred.2015年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士——英语翻译基础考研真题育明状元学员回忆一.词汇翻译（30分）英译汉：从10个terms里面挑5个translate and define them briefly in Chinese(共15分，一个3分）1added value tax增值税增值税是以商品（含应税劳务）在流转过程中产生的增值额作为计税依据而征收的一种流转税。

阅读题源速读测试：朗姆酒：从轻柔基酒到浓香烈酒朗姆酒，是以甘蔗糖蜜为原料生产的一种蒸馏酒，口感甜润、芬芳馥郁，是用甘蔗压出来的糖汁，经过发酵、蒸馏而成。

近年来朗姆酒在美国的受欢迎程度不断提升，销售量也奋起直追，紧跟在伏特加和威士忌之后。

测试中可能遇到的词汇和知识：turquoise蓝绿色的lagoon环礁湖throwback大倒退connoisseurship鉴赏家integral构成整体所必需的premium优质的Rum:From cocktails to the tipple of connoisseurs（888words）By Shannon Bond------------------------------------------------------In the Tonga Room,in San Francisco’s swanky Fairmont Hotel,rainstorms break out every20minutes,a band plays on a boat floating in a turquoise lagoon and some drinks are served in giant pineapples.With nearly60varieties of rum,as well as the requisite piña coladas, daiquiris and oversized scorpion bowls,the cocktail menu is a throwback to1945,when the hotel first converted its indoor swimming pool into a sprawling tiki-themed bar.Most Americans associate rum with the Tonga Room’s fruit-flavoured 资料来源：育明考研考博官网tropical concoctions.However,a new generation of bartenders and distillers is trading on the spirit’s rich history to help lift it into the realms of connoisseurship.“In America,rum was whisky before whisky was whisky.It was the spirit we all would drink every day,”says Kenneth McCoy,bartender and owner of the Rum House,a New York cocktail lounge.“Now people are going back and realising,hey,this is actually the original American drink.”The sugar cane-derived liquor was the first spirit to be produced in significant quantities in the colonial era,according to the Distilled Spirits Council of the US.By the time of the American Revolution,the US colonies were home to140distilleries producing nearly5m gallons of rum a year,compared with imports of nearly4m.The drink was an integral part of the“triangle trade”:New England-produced rum was used to buy slaves in Africa who were sold in the West Indies for molasses that were sent to New England to make more rum.Today rum is third—behind vodka and whisky—in US sales volume.Sales reached25.2m9-litre cases in2014,up16per cent from a decade earlier, although growth has flattened in recent years,according to Distilled Spirits Council figures.Over the same period,US sales of the most expensive super premium rum —a category that barely existed in the early2000s—have more than tripled to447,000cases.It is a small but growing part of the spirits market that,like premium whisky,bourbon and tequila,is seeing a boost from the cocktail revival that has swept the US in recent years.“Rum is definitely a cocktail spirit.We love it for that reason,”says 资料来源：育明考研考博官网Derek Brown,owner of several bars in Washington DC including Eat the Rich and Mockingbird Hill.“I make daiquiris,real daiquiris,with rum,lime and sugar,the way it was originally created.I will also substitute aged rum in a Manhattan for bourbon or rye.There’s not a lot of spirits you can do that with.”Mr Brown and fellow spirits experts say that they are drawn to rum’s versatility and variety,which allow for a broad range of experimentation.Dan Kleinman,vice-president of marketing for rums at Diageo North America, whose Captain Morgan is one of the top-selling US rum brands,says the liquor can appeal to a range of tastes.“On the light side it refreshes as well as a vodka and on the bold,dark side it has that complexity and flavour that stands up in crafted cocktails.”The rising popularity of dark spirits such as bourbon and Scotch is creating opportunity for aged rums in particular.“We’re now in a whisky boom that is going to help everyone.People are starting to understand barrel ageing and what that does in other drinks as well,”says H Joseph Ehrmann,owner of the Elixir bar in San Francisco.“Consumers are more adventurous with their palates and their wallets.”New craft distilleries in states such as Massachusetts and New York,which were centres of rum making in colonial days,are also elevating the spirit away from its associations as a party drink.Bridget Firtle,a former hedge fund analyst,runs the Noble Experiment, a distillery in Brooklyn that is reviving rum production in the US.She believes that wider consumer trends are fuelling the interest in rum.“We’资料来源：育明考研考博官网re entering an age,a movement of farm to table,focused on using less ingredients.People want to learn about what they’re eating and drinking, whether it’s a craft rum from Brooklyn or Rhum Agricole from Martinique.”Her distillery produces about500,six-pack cases a month and is expanding distribution this year to states including California,Florida and Illinois.Martin Cate,who owns the tiki lounge Smuggler’s Cove in San Francisco, says the US is seeing“a boom in domestic rum production that we really haven’t seen since colonial America”.But he says that while rum has the advantage of being an“approachable”drink with an attractive price point compared with whisky and tequila, he believes that it faces challenges to gain market share.“Rum still has a long way to go in terms of the name-brand recognition that whisky,tequilas and vodkas enjoy.The brand loyalty that exists with vodkas and scotch is much more sporadic in rum,”he says.“But when it’s at its best,it’s as sophisticated,as complex and as enjoyable as any other premium aged fine spirit.”By the time of the American Revolution,how many gallons of rum could the US colonies produce within a year?∙4m∙3m∙9m资料来源：育明考研考博官网∙5mWhich quality of rum has drawn Mr Brown and fellow spirits experts?∙Variety∙Compatibility∙Unicity∙ComplexityWhich of the following is mentioned as one of the top-selling US rum brands?∙Blanton’s∙Captain Morgan∙Crown Royal∙Early TimeWhich of the following states is mentioned as a center of rum making in colonial days?∙Ohio∙Nevada∙Massachusetts∙California朗姆酒：从轻柔基酒到浓香烈酒解析资料来源：育明考研考博官网资料来源：育明考研考博官网D 文章第五段提到截至到独立战争前，殖民地每年可生产近五百万加仑的朗姆酒。

对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士考研真题--百科知识解析1.2经济1.2.1考研真题及详解9.“中国经济实现8%以上的增长已无悬念，全世界的经济学家形成了共识。

回想年初，对经济走势有‘V’形、‘U’形、‘L’形、‘W’形等争论，很多人很悲观。

现在争论平息，中国经济成功实现了‘V’形反转。

”国家统计局总经济师姚景源在接受新华社记者采访时说,中国为世界经济摆脱危机作出了巨大贡献。

环顾全球，经济复苏的脚步缓慢而曲折。

虽然三季度发达国家经济形势出现好转,但据经济合作与发展组织预测，今年全年美国经济将萎缩2.5%,日本和欧元区将分别萎缩 5.3%和2.5%。

“金砖四国”中,俄穸斯经济仍处于深度负增长状态。

刚刚结朿中国之行的世界银行集团高级副行长托马斯认为,从规模看，中国一揽子计划是最大的。

“中国应当得高分，•因为中国是把这些政策付诸实施最及时、力度最明显的国家之一。

”上海汽车集团股份有限公司总裁陈虹对此深有感触。

今年国家出台了汽车产业振兴规划、小排量汽车减半征收购置税、汽车下乡等一系列扶持政策.上汽集团今年汽车销量同比增长45%，有望成为世界第八大汽车集团。

（南京大学2010翻译硕士）答：（1)国家统计局，成立于丨952年，是国务院直属机构，主管全国统计和国民经济核算工作，拟定统计工作法规、统计改革和统计现代化建设规划以及国家统计调査计划，组织领导和监督检査各地K、各部门的统计和国民经济核算工作，监督检査统计法律法规的实施。

其宗旨是及时、准确地发布最新、最全面的统计信息。

国家统计局设有11个职能司(室），包括：办公厅、政策法规司、统计设计管理司、国民经济综合统计司、国民经济核算司、工业交通统计司、固定资产投资统计司、贸易外经统计司、人口和社会科技司、人事司和财务基建司。

（2）新华社，全称新华通讯社，是中华人民共和国政府官方的国家通讯社，提供实时文字新闻、经济信息、新闻图片图表等，同时也是中华人民共和国国务院授权行使一定行政职能的国务院直属事业单位，是中国大陆法定新闻监管机构。

国际商务英语—名词解释Visible trade有形贸易:The form of commodity trade,i.e.exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another.(including cash transaction-by means of money and market,and counter trade)Invisible trade无形贸易:The form of transportation,communication,banking,insurance, consulting,information etc.is called invisible trade or service industries.FDI(foreign direct investments)is made of returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in a host country.Portfolio investment证券投资:Purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling.Stocks股票:Capital stocks or bonds.Bonds债券:The papers issued by a government or a firm with promise to pay back the money lent or invested together with interest.Licensing许可经营:In licensing,a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country.They choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to stat business,and can simply receive income in the form of royalty.Franchising特许经营:a firm called the franchisee,is allowed to operate in the name of another, called the franchiser who provides the former with trademarks,brand names,logos,and operating techniques for royalty.Franchiser特许方:A firm who provides the franchisee with trademarks,brand names,logos and operating techniques for royalty.Franchisee被特许方:A firm is allowed to operate in the name of another.Management contract管理合同:Under a management contract,one company offers managerial or other specialized services to another within a particular period for a flat payment or a percentage of the relevant business volume.Turnkey project“交钥匙”工程:a firm signs a contract with a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing,contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon completion.International investment国际投资:Supplying capital by residents of one country to another.International business国际商务:Transaction between parties from different countries.Sometimes business across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export.BOT is a popular variant of the turnkey project where B stands for build,O for operate and T for transfer.For a BOT project,a firm operate a facility for a period of time after bulding it up before finally transferring it to a foreign company.GNP国民生产总值:Gross national Product.The market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy.GDP国内生产总值:Gross Domestic Product.The market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy.Per capita GDP人均国内生产总值:It is calculated by dividing its total GDP by its population,which reveals the average income level of consumers.Income distribution收入分布:The proportions of its rich,middle income and poor people. capability at/in cost for/of at reasonable costs levied on take into account without reference to(不针对)make efforts to engage inFree trade area自由贸易区:The members remove barriers to trade among themselves while still adopts each own external policyCustoms union关税同盟:The members remove barriers to trade among themselves and adopt the same external policyCommon market共同市场:The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of production and adopt the same external policy.Economic Union(EU)经济同盟:The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of production,adopt the same external policy and harmonize their taxation,government expenditure,industry policies and use the same currency.Parent MNC headquarter跨国公司母公司总部is the original investing multinational corporation.It is also the international headquarters of the MNE.MNC跨国公司=TNC:Multinational corporation,are made up of vast numbers of foreign subsidiaries,companies in which over50percent is owned by the parent company.MNE跨国企业:Multinational enterprise:A typical multinational enterprise shall be defined as a business organization which owns(whether wholly or partly),controls and manages assets,often including productive resources,in more than one country,through its member companiesincorporated separately in each of these countries.Each member company is known as a multinational corporation.Home county母国:The country where the headquarter of the investor is located.Host country东道国:The host country is a foreign country where the investor operates.Absolute advantage绝对利益:It holds that a commodity will be produced in the country where it costs least in terms of resources(capital,land and labor)Comparative advantage比较利益:Even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodities,there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.International trade国际贸易:The exchange of goods and services produced in one country with those produced in another sufficient.Primary commodities those commodities not processed or only slightly processed usually farm produce or raw materials.Specialization专业化:To restrict one’s economic activities to certain particular fields.Import duties进口关税:Tariffs levied on goods entering an areaExport duties出口关税:Taxes levied on goods leaving an areaTariff关税:A tax levied on a commodity when it crosses the boundary of a custom area.Quota配额:A quota limits the imports or exports of a commodity during a given period of time.It is the most common form of non-tariff barriers.Drawback退税:Duties paid on imported goods that are refunded if the goods are reexported. Most-favored-nation(MFN)treatment最惠国待遇:A tariff treatment under which a country is required to extend to all signatories any tariff concessions granted to any participating country Contract proper the main body of a contractIncoterms国际贸易术语解释通则:It is a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade.Thus,the uncertainties of different interpretations of such terms in different countries can be avoided or at least reduced to a considerable degree.Trade terms are terms used in international trade to describe the general information about thetrade,such as the unit price port of shipment,port of destination and the kind of currency. Protectionism is a trade barrier to international trade for the purpose of protecting a nation’s own domestic market and industries.It includes tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers.A multinational enterprise is a business organization which owns,controls and manages assets,in more than one country,through its member companies incorporated.Multi-model transportation:Inquiry/enquiry询盘、询价:It is made by the buyers to get information about the goods to be ordered such as quantity,specifications,prices,time of shipment and other terms.Quotation报盘:Estimate of how much something will costCounter offer还盘:New offer made by the original offeree to the original offererOfferee收盘人A first enquiry首次询价:An enquiry sent to an exporter whom the importer has never dealt with A contract一个合同:An agreement which sets forth binding obligations of the relevant partiesA firm offer一个实盘:Statement that you are willing to pay a certain amount of money to by something.Force majeure不可抗力:is a default of the contract which is given rise to not because of the contracting parties’default,but of the uncontrollable causes.One type of the cause is the natural force and the other is social cause.Or social or natural calamities that take place beyond the control of a contracting partyHyperinflation极度通货膨胀is a kind of inflation in which the market prices are soaring quickly. The devaluation rate of the currency is astronomical.The normal economic activities are out of the order,and finally lead to the collapse of the wholemonetary system.inflation:Rise in prices brought about by the excess demand,expansion of money supply,credit etc Devaluation贬值Barter易货贸易:The direct exchange of goods and services,which is completed in a short period of time.Counter purchase反向购买、互购贸易:The assumption by an exporter of a transferable obligation through separate but linked contract to accept as full or partial payment goods and services from the importer or importing country.Buyback回购贸易:An agreement by an exporter of plant and equipment to take back in the future part of the output produced by these goods as full or partial payment.Remittance汇付:This method is always employed by the parties who are familiar with and trust each otherDocumentary draft跟单汇票:The draft is accompanied by the relevant documents.Documentary collection跟单托收:It is means of ensuring that the goods are only handed over to the buyer when the amount shown on a bill of exchange is paid or when the customer accepts the bill as a contract to pay by a specified date.Payee收款人、领款人:The person receiving the payment.Sight draft即期汇票:The draft calls for immediate payment on presentation to the drawee.Usance draft远期汇票Term draft=Tenor draft:The draft is payable at a later date on presentation to the drawee.Draft汇票:=Bill of exchange.It is an unconditional order to a bank or a customer to pay a sum of money to someone on demand or at a fixed time in the future.Drawer出票人:The person who draws the draft(usually the exporter)Drawee受票人:The person to whom the draft is drawn.Clean draft光票:The draft without documentsApplicant(Opener or Principal)申请人:The person who instructs his bank to issue an L/C.(the importer)applicant of an L/C:The importer that goes to a bank for the establishment of an L/COpening bank(Issuing bank,Establishing bank)开证行:The bank that issues the credit.Opening bank:the bank that issues the letter of credit is called the opening bank.Beneficiary受益人:The exporter in whose favor the credit is openedCorrespondent band往来行、关系行:The bank in the exporter’s country,which the opening bank sends the credit to itAdvising bank通知行:The bank in the exporter’s country,which advises the exporter the L/C,is received.Confirming bank保兑行:The bank adds its confirmation to the credit.The letter of Credit(L/C、L/C)信用证:The credit is a letter issued by a bank at the request of the importer in which the bank promises to pay upon presentation of the relevant documents.Paying bank付款行:The bank accepts or negotiates the bill of exchange.Negotiating bank议付行:The bank buys the exporter’s draft submitted to it under a credit. Recipient:A person or an organization etc.that receives something2015年8月2015年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士——英语翻译基础考研真题育明状元学员回忆一.词汇翻译（30分）英译汉：从10个terms里面挑5个translate and define them briefly in Chinese(共15分，一个3分）1added value tax增值税增值税是以商品（含应税劳务）在流转过程中产生的增值额作为计税依据而征收的一种流转税。

2016年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士考研真题，辅导讲义，考研参考书357英语翻译基础第一部分短语翻译加解释七个选五个翻译加解释E-Cbarries to entrycar poolingspecial drawing rightscurrent accountquotaexport credittertiary industryC-E全面二孩灵猫六国跨太平洋伙伴合作协定一带一路首次公开募股国际收支平衡表投资组合理论第二部分E-C世界银行集团的风险管理C-E第一部分三个古文句子翻译1.百川汇海阔风正好扬帆（后半句不大确定了）2.同心合意，庶几有成3.急人之急，雪中送炭，是中国所推崇的处世之道第二部分，篇章翻译是关于RCEP的，貌似是李克强的一个讲话。

211翻译硕士英语单选20题考的基本上都是词义辨析改错10题不是很难阅读四篇第一篇用机器鸟赶鸽子T/F/NG第二篇关于学习英语的（FT中文网原文）四选一第三篇关于Creation的选headings的题目第四篇关于Uber的文章（没记错的话也是FT中文网的文章）选句子填空写作图表作文给了两个图，第一个是FDI的图，第二个China's trade with Georfia（记不清是不是这个国家了）通过这两个图标分析说明中国在这个地区建立自由贸易区的可行性。

百科福之祸所依是谁说的2015诺贝尔文学奖武汉的意义法国西班牙分界线孙思邈写的书获得普利策奖和诺贝尔文学奖的唯一女作家狄更斯的小说晏殊的昨夜西风凋碧树中东地区矛盾冲突的原因二十四节气育明教育夏老师扣扣2017年英语翻译基础书目推荐1、庄绎传，《英汉翻译简明教程》。

北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2002。

2、叶子南，《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》。

北京：清华大学出版社，2001。

3、中国日报（China Daily）：英语点睛：新词新译4、王恩冕，《大学英汉翻译教程》，对外经济贸易大学出版社，第三版，2010。

1995年外销员考试外贸英语试题及答案I.Translate the following(10%)A.From English into Chinese:(5%)VAT__________________________PICC__________________________DES__________________________Bonded warehouse__________________________Promissory note__________________________Institute Cargo Clauses__________________________Certificate of origin__________________________Multilateral trade__________________________Sole agency__________________________Sale by sample__________________________B.From Chinese into English:(5%)零售价_________________________偿付行_________________________习惯包装_______________________大陆桥_________________________保函__________________________Ⅱ.Choose the correct answer:(20%,strike A or B or C or D.)1.No discount will be granted_you place an order for more than1000dozen.A.ifB.unlessC.whetherD.but for2.When_the contract,please include the arbitration clause.A.draftB.draftingC.to draftD.drafted3.We have received news_that the wool market on your side is showing signs of recovery.A.to an effectB.to this effectC.to that effectD.to the effect4.Please open your L/C immediately to facilitate_.A.our shipping arrangementB.for shipmentC.to arrange shipment to arrange shipment5._an order for100pieces or more,we allow a special discount of5%for payment by L/C.A.AtB.InC.OnD.From6.If you can improve your price by3%,we shall be prepared to_for5,000metric tons.A.book with you an orderB.book your orderC.be in the marketD.place a order with you7.We suggest that you_our representative in Beijing for your requirements.A.will contactB.contactingC.contact withD.contact8._crowded orders,we have sold out all the goods scheduled for shipment within this year.A.As a result ofB.In result ofC.With the result ofD.As result of9.Under no circumstances,_goods on their own account.A.the middlemen will buyB.will the middlemen buyC.the middlemen would buyD.will buy the middlemen10.This agreement shall be cancelled in case the second party fails to sell the agreed quantity within six months.A.up toB.toC.atD.with11.The goods under L/C No.1234left here_.A.in a good conditionB.in good conditionsC.in good conditionD.in the good condition12.Please see that such an_does not occur again.A.mistakeB.negligenceC.oversightD.carelessness13.Our clients asked us to bring down our prices because they consider them_.A.on the high sideB.out of line withC.are running highD.be too high14.In case you can make a reduction_5%_your price,we may strike the deal with you.A.of,ofB.by,byC.of,inD.for,for15.If business had been carried out to our satisfaction,we_to renew the Agency Agreement.A.had agreedB.already agreedC.shall agreeD.should have agreed16._appreciating your order,we must point out that our prices have already been cut to a minimum.A.HowB.WhileC.Since we areD.Anyway17.We could manage to arrange the shipment in August,subject to your L/C_us not later than July15.A.reachesB.being reachedC.reachingD.reach18.We are sorry to find that the damage_the goods was caused by heavy rain during transportation.A.onB.forC.aboutD.to19.Not until this morning_your L/C.We can_make shipment as stipulated in the contract.A.we receive,notB.we have received,neverC.did we receive,hardlyD.had we received,certainly20._we would like to assist you,we do not think there is room for a reduction in our price.A.EvenB.AsC.MuchD.Much as外销员外贸英语试卷参考答案Ⅰ.A.英译汉5%1.增值税；价值附加税2.中国人民保险公司3.目的港船上交货(指定目的港)4.保税仓库5.本票;期票6.协会货物(保险)条款；伦敦保险协会货物(保险)条款7.原产地证明书，产地证8.多边贸易9.独家代理10.凭样(品)销售，照样(品)销售B.汉译英5%1.retail price(s)2.reimbursement bank,reimbursing bank,bank of reimbursement3.customary packingnd bridge,continental bridge5.Letter of Guarantee(L/G)Ⅱ.1.b2.b3.d4.a5.c6.b7.d8.a9.b10.a11.c12.c13.a14.c15.d16.b17.c18.d19.c20.d2015年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士——英语翻译基础考研真题育明状元学员回忆一.词汇翻译（30分）英译汉：从10个terms里面挑5个translate and define them briefly in Chinese(共15分，一个3分）1added value tax增值税增值税是以商品（含应税劳务）在流转过程中产生的增值额作为计税依据而征收的一种流转税。

阅读题源好莱坞UTA进军音乐领域UTA创建于1991年，是好莱坞五大经纪公司中的后起之秀，由鲍尔•班尼戴克和领先艺术家（Bauer Benedek and Leading Artists agencies）两家中型经纪公司合并而成。

很多好莱坞一线明星都是UTA的客户，其中包括约翰尼•德普、哈里森•福特、米莉•赛鲁斯、科恩兄弟。

测试中可能遇到的词汇和知识：acquisition收购veteran老手hedge fund对冲基金peers同行Hollywood talent agent UTA expands into global music business（637words）By Shannon Bond in New York------------------------------------------------------United Talent Agency is expanding into the global music business with the acquisition of The Agency Group of the UK, as the Hollywood agency boosts its financial firepower with an investment from ValueAct Capital’s Jeffrey Ubben.The move to raise UTA’s profile comes as the fiercely competitive talent management sector is being rocked by a new round of inter-agency wars and as the broader media business is undergoing a sweeping digital shift.The purchase of TAG,whose line-up of more than2,000 clients includes Mariah Carey,Ringo Starr,The Black Keys and Dolly Parton,significantly increases UTA’s representation 资料来源：育明考研考博官网资料来源：育明考研考博官网of big global touring acts.“Our desire and appetite to grow in the music business really mirrored [The Agency Group’s]desire and appetite to provide a much more complete platform for their artists,”said Jeremy Zimmer,UTA chief executive.TAG was founded in 1981by Neil Warnock,a music industry veteran who has represented acts including the Rolling Stones,The Doors and Michael Jackson.It has expanded aggressively in recent years to represent global clients from seven offices in Britain,US,Sweden and Canada.Mr Warnock will become UTA’s head of worldwide music.Gavin O’Reilly,TAG’s chief executive who joined in 2013and who was previously chief executive of Ireland’s Independent News &Media,is leaving the company.UTA is boosting its financial muscle with a minorityinvestment from Mr Ubben,founder of ValueAct,the US activist hedge fund that holds stakes in 21st Century Fox and Rolls-Royce.In addition to helping fund the purchase of TAG,theinvestment will provide growth capital and fund strategic initiatives.Mr Ubben will join UTA’s board as a non-voting member.“We want access to somebody who really understands how businesses expand,how businesses continue to provide a smart transition for the next generation of executives,all the things that fast-growing businesses deal with,”Mr Zimmer said.Like its larger rivals Creative Artists Agency and William Morris Endeavor,UTA has been expanding its range ofservices from its traditional business representing Hollywood actors,directors and writers to areas including branding,资料来源：育明考研考博官网corporate marketing,digital strategy and investing.However,Mr Zimmer said UTA’s primary focus remains on representing artists and advising them on the opportunities created by new technologies and platforms.“Where some of our colleagues are trying to diversify out of representation and get into much more broad ownership of businesses,we’re really doubling down on the representation business,”he said.“We believe that representing artists,to have opportunities to connect with a fan base,that’s a super powerful business to be in,whether with musicians,actors or fine artists.”Earlier this year,UTA won 12agents and a number ofhigh-profile clients including Kanye West,Chris Pratt and Will Ferrell from CAA in one of the industry’s largest defections in decades.Unlike its bigger peers,UTA has not pursued private equity backing in the course of its growth.CAA’s majorityshareholder is TPG,and WME’s recent $2.3bn purchase of IMG was backed by Silver Lake,the technology-focused private equity firm.Mr Zimmer said UTA had looked at different ways to bring in outside financing but the company was “not comfortable with the traditional structure of private equity”investment.“The investment from Jeff is a very different kind ofinvestment.He’s a private individual —he has no controls on the business and no rights over how we operate on aday-to-day basis.And there’s no built-in exit provision that puts a ticking clock on the relationship.”Mr Ubben is a long-time value investor who has been involved in dealmaking and overhauls at companies includingMicrosoft and Valeant.He played a role in Thomson’s 2007acquisition of Reuters,as the UK news and data company’s second-biggest shareholder,and he served as chairman ofMartha Stewart Living Omnimedia following Martha Stewart’s indictment.Which company will be acquired by UTA?∙Cosmos Music∙The Agency Group∙Soundcloud∙ValueAct CapitalWhich company is UTA’s model in the music business?∙ECG∙TPG∙TAG∙CAAHow can we describe TAG in the music industry?∙inexperienced∙Operating rich∙callow∙evilWho is CAA’s majority shareholder?∙IMG资料来源：育明考研考博官网∙UTA∙TAG∙WME好莱坞UTA进军音乐领域解析：B文章第一段，UTA将要收购世界最大的独立音乐代理公司The Agency Group。

阅读题源速读测试：恐惧和贪婪：中国O2O热潮的动力O2O即Online To Offline（在线离线/线上到线下），是指将线下的商务机会与互联网结合，让互联网成为线下交易的前台。

在移动互联网基本已经成为生活构成要素的今天，抢占时下最热的O2O市场无疑就成了一块可以立于不败之地的战略抉择，百度等一些公司的大规模投入都是为了抢占这块未来的战略高地。

测试中可能遇到的词汇和知识：enthuse充满热情地说commodity商品wariness小心jargon术语hype夸张的广告宣传clout影响力Fear and greed drive China’s online to offline commerce craze（764words）By Richard Waters------------------------------------------------------Sometimes,simply invoking the latest hot consumer internet trend is not enough.Chinese search engine Baidu learned that late last month,as its deepening investment in so-called“online to offline”commerce,or O2O, left a chill on its stock price.In China,O2O has been all the rage.But the term has been slapped on such a broad range of businesses that it has become meaningless.Chinese consumers,for instance,think the most useful aspect of O2O is going to a physical store to pick up and return things bought online,according to consultancy firm McKinsey.Others use the term to describe online ordering of local services from independent suppliers.Elsewhere in the world this is known as the on-demand economy.资料来源：育明考研考博官网Low labour costs in China have made this model particularly attractive, according to its supporters.Local media enthuse breathlessly about manicurists who can make a multiple of the median wage and tour guides who are suddenly a hot commodity.Investor wariness is therefore understandable.Some of the old categories of the consumer internet are breaking down,and it is not entirely clear what lasting new business models will emerge—let alone who will come out on top.O2O,internet-plus,on-demand,full-stack start-ups—all of thehalf-formed jargon being applied to these new approaches is one indication of the definitional vagueness.It also leaves room for plenty of hype.Of the many different O2O services being promoted,the most effective seem to link an online user interface to a service or product that has not been deeply touched by the internet.Silicon Valley venture capital firm Andreessen Horowitz calls these“full-stack start-ups”,because they offer a more integrated style of commerce.Companies claiming part of this new market come in many shapes,but they share two broad aims.One is to vacuum up online orders in volume,giving them extra clout in negotiations with real-world retailers or service providers.Dominant digital platforms that are able to aggregate large numbers of users—a trend accelerated by the shift to mobile apps—have been the main forces behind this.In China,all but one of the15most actively used mobile apps is owned by or associated with one of the three leading internet companies:Baidu, Alibaba and Tencent.That is according to Weibo,the Twitter-like service that is itself affiliated with Alibaba.Some specialist apps have had enough of a headstart that they have been able to establish themselves as platforms in their own right.Uber and Airbnb are prime examples.But many others are likely to be drawn into the orbits of the big internet companies,which have the ecommerce capabilities to support their operations.This points to the second common aim of companies in the O2O space:they want to deliver an end-to-end service,from collecting an order to 资料来源：育明考研考博官网arranging for a service and handling the payment.Having a digital wallet offering is both a key part of“closing the loop”and,potentially,a highly profitable opportunity in its own right.One question hanging over the heads of these companies is whether they can keep the high-margin online profits to themselves while shuffling off the more prosaic“offline”aspects of the job to others.In the US,this is under threat due to legal questions about whether the independent contractors that on-demand companies use to keep their costs low should be reclassified as employees.However,another even bigger issue is how defensible these new businesses will be in the long run.For now,money is being poured into subsidisinga land grab,as companies race to offer services at below cost to signup users.In a bull market—where user numbers rather than profits are the key—the sums being committed are huge.Once the dust settles,the companies that have signed up the most customers will be in control.Barriers to entry and switching costs for users will allow them to raise prices.But this is still only a theory.Those business that will not make it into the ranks of major platform players will face an even more uncertain future.That explains the recent nervousness of Baidu’s investors,but the company has few options.Growth in PC-based online markets is slowing and established ways of making money—like the lead-based advertising on Baidu’s search engine—are under threat from the rise of the smartphone.This is one internet craze that is being driven as much by fear as greed.Which of the following factors in China have made the O2O modelparticularly attractive?∙Grand online market∙A great number of customers∙Low labour costs资料来源：育明考研考博官网∙Support from the governmentWhich of the following names is not mentioned as one of the O2O’s alternative name?∙Internet-plus∙On-demand∙Full-stack start-ups∙Internet-to-offlineWhich of the following platforms is mentioned as affiliated with Alibaba?∙Weibo∙Twitter∙Uber∙AirbnbWhich of the following businesses of Baidu is mentioned as beingthreatened by the rise of the smartphone?∙Smartphone-based online market∙Baidu’s O2O platform∙The lead-based advertising on Baidu’s search engine∙Baidu’s search engine解析C文章第三段提到中国的廉价劳动力使得O2O商业模式格外具有吸引力。

16年考研详解与指导百科知识部分第一讲中国文学知识第一章中国古代文学第一节上古时期：神话传说（1）神话是上古文学的一种重要样式，是原始先民通过幻想以一种不自觉的艺术方式对自然现象和社会生活所作的形象描述和解释，是远古先民生产力和认识水平极其低下的条件下口头创作的，具有集体性、直观性，充满情感、富于想象力。

（2）上古神话的主要内容有：A、解释自然现象的：女娲补天、女娲造人（始祖神话）、盘古开天（创世神话）（育明教育注：南京大学2011年真题）B、反映人类同自然斗争的：大禹治水（洪水神话）、后羿射日、精卫填海（反映抗争精神）（育明教育注：上海外国语大学2011年真题，名解）C、反映社会斗争的：黄帝战蚩尤（战争神话）第二节先秦时期：散文（历史散文、诸子散文）春秋战国时期，是一个社会发生急剧变化的时代，此一时期，在中国文学史上占有重要一席之地的即是先秦散文。

百花齐放、百家争鸣的文化氛围促进了文学的繁荣，也迎来了文化光辉灿烂的时代，尤其是儒、墨、道、法几家学说，奠定了中国传统文化的基础。

一、《诗经》《诗经》我国第一部诗歌总集，由孔子编辑。

收录了自西周初年至春秋中叶约五百年间的作品。

《诗经》通称为《诗》或《诗三百》，到汉代，儒家把它奉为经典才称《诗经》，共305篇。

分为“风”、“雅”、“颂”三部分。

《诗经》是我国诗歌现实主义优良传统的源头，其思想内容和艺术成就，对我国文学，尤其是诗歌的发展有着深远的影响。

诗歌的形式以四言为主，多数为隔句用韵，并普遍运用“赋”、“比”、“兴”的手法，在章法上具有重章叠句反复咏唱的特点。

诗的内容包括：风（十五国风：周南、召南、邶〔bèi〕、墉〔yōng〕、卫、王、郑、齐、魏、唐、秦、陈、桧〔huì〕、曹、豳〔bīn）〕多半是经过润色后的民间歌谣。

“风”包括了十五个地方的民歌，包括今天山西、陕西、河南、河北、山东、湖北北部一些地方（齐、楚、韩、赵、魏、秦），叫“十五国风”，有160篇，是《诗经》中的核心内容。

阅读题源读测试：助力抢滩好莱坞中国作为仅次于美国的第二大票房市场有着足够巨大的魅力吸引投资者前赴后继。

然而中国公司除了充足的资金之外，仍需要加深对好莱坞的了解：有时要成功完成一项收购，一位具有丰富经验和相关知识的中介是必不可少的。

测试中可能遇到的词汇和知识：blockbuster大片complementarity并协性conglomerate联合大企业venture商业冒险contingent代表团orchestrate精心策划China will need to rely on intermediaries to succeed in Hollywood （664words）By Henny Sender------------------------------------------------------Last week Relativity Media,a Hollywood film studio,filed for bankruptcy protection.But even before its fall from grace,Chinese companies including Alibaba Pictures,Baidu,Dalian Wanda,Tencent,and Huayi Brothers Media Corp had been eyeing the business closely.A lot of Chinese money has already found its way into California.In the past year Chinese investors have put billions into Silicon Valley companies including Uber,Airbnb and LinkedIn.But of late China Inc has become increasingly focused on the US film industry—in a bid to crack how to make Hollywood blockbusters with Chinese characteristics.This relationship has a natural complementarity. US studios have the know-how but are cash-strapped and risk averse,while the Chinese have abundant capital and an appetite for risk,which lends itself to financing films.Hunan Television and Broadcast,a government-controlled company,has 资料来源：育明考研考博官网already put$375m into Lions Gate Entertainment,the studio behind the blockbuster action film series The Hunger Games.Fosun,a privately held conglomerate,plans to spend up to$200m backing Studio8,an independent studio founded by Jeff Robinov,former head of Warner Brothers.And an arm of Citic,the Chinese state-owned group,has committed$125m to a venture run by Dick Cook,a former Walt Disney executive.Certainly,the economic fundamentals make sense.China is already the second-largest movie market after the US by value of tickets sold,and it is expected to become the largest by2020.If the country is to shift from a manufacturing-led,export-driven economy to one based on domestic demand and services,entertainment will become ever more important.For non-Chinese companies seeking to profit from this growth market,local partnerships offer a way of keeping a greater share of revenues. Regulations restrict the number of entirely foreign films that can be shown and the percentage of box revenues that foreign studios may collect.It is for these reasons that Chinese technology companies have been visiting Los Angeles in search of content,strategic investors and film distributors.A few months ago,Sequoia Capital China was part of a large contingent of Chinese entrepreneurs that spent days with executives at Fox,Sony Pictures Entertainment and STX Entertainment.New companies are also looking at getting involved.Li Ruigang,former president of Shanghai Media Group,is heading up China Media Capital,a vehicle to invest in content on both sides of the Pacific.Some of the most successful technology entrepreneurs and investors in China want to take big stakes in CMC.In addition,some strategic players are considering partnering with online asset management firms in China to help crowdfund potential acquisitions.Donald Tang,a former Bear Stearns executive who shuttles between Los Angeles and Shanghai,has formed a venture with backing from Tencent and others to capitalise on this trend.He has already orchestrated two of the biggest marriages between Hollywood and China:he was deeply involved in Dalian Wanda’s$2.6bn purchase of AMC,the US’s second-biggest cinema chain,and Huayi’s commitment to put hundreds of millions of dollars into STX(which also has money from China-based Hony Capital and the growth capital arm of TPG,the private equity firm).Of course,the Chinese are not the first to succumb to the lure of Hollywood.资料来源：育明考研考博官网But whether they succeed will depend on their willingness to accept a reliance on intermediaries and co-investors,such as Mr Tang.“They havea lot of ambition but not a lot of knowledge,”says one mainlander familiarwith the Chinese initiatives.Historically,Chinese companies have been reluctant to pay for advice—or acknowledge their need for it.Yet it is often not enough simply to pay the highest price.Sellers want certainty that a deal will be done, but all too often Chinese buyers fail,either because they cannot get approval or because they lack the financing.Still,one day it will probably be a Chinese dragon that roars out from American movie screens before the opening titles roll.Which of the following companies is not mentioned as having been eyeing Relativity Media closely?∙Alibaba Pictures∙Tencent∙Baidu∙SOHUWhich of the following Silicon Valley companies is not mentioned as having been invested by Chinese companies?∙Radiant Entertainment∙Uber∙Airbnb∙LinkedInWhy do non-Chinese companies need local partnerships in China?∙Keeping a greater share of revenues资料来源：育明考研考博官网资料来源：育明考研考博官网∙Broadening international horizon∙Deepening understanding of Chinese cultures ∙Cutting down expenses解析D 文章第一段提到曾经密切关注相对论传媒的中国公司包括阿里巴巴、腾讯和百度等。

国际商务英语术语解释1.Customs union a customs area extengding beyond national boundaries toinclude two or more independent nations is called a customs union.关税同盟一个海关区extengding以外国界包括两个或两个以上独立的国家被呼吁一个关税同盟。

2.Trade terms,trade terms are terms used in international trade to describlethe general information about the trade,such as the unit price port of shipment,port of destination and the kind of currency.贸易术语使用在国际贸易值得要的一般信息关于行业例如单价装运港目的港币种。

3.Protectionism.protectionism is a trade barrier to international trade forthe purpose of protecting a nation's own domestic market and industries.Itincludes tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers.保护主义保护主义一个贸易壁垒国际贸易为了保护一个国家的自己国内市场industries。

it 包括关税壁垒非关税壁垒。

4.Multinational enterprise.A multinational enterprise is a trade barrierto international trade for the purpose of protecting a nation's own domesticmarket and industries.It includes tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers.跨国企业.一个跨国企业一个贸易壁垒国际贸易为了保护一个国家的自己国内市场industries。