翻译方法之增译法、减译法、重复法
•英汉两种语言，由于表达方式不尽相同，翻译时既可能要将词义进行转换，有可能要在词量上加以增减。
•有的时候，为了明确、强调或生动，也需要将一些关键性的词加以重复。
•什么叫增译法？我们可以这样确定它的定义：为了使译文忠实地表达原文的意思与风格，并使译文合乎表达习惯，必须按意义上（修辞上）和句法上增加一些词语，这就叫做增译法。•一、根据意义(修辞)上的需要
•二、根据句法上的需要
一、根据意义(修辞)上的需要
•（一）增加动词
•（二）增加形容词
•（三）增加副词
•（四）增加名词
•（五）增加表示名词复数的词
•（六）增加表达时态的词
•（七）增加语气助词
•（八）增加量词
•（九）增加根据上下文需要及反映背景情况的词
•（十）增加概括词
•（十一）增加承上启下的词
（一）增加动词
•根据意义的需要，可以在名词前后增加动词。
•如：
In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on ……
Practice
•They talked for almost eight hours, through dinner and well into the night. •My work, my family, my friends were more than enough to fill my time.
（二）增加形容词
•With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are building socialism!
中国人民正在以多么高涨的热情建设社会主义啊!
•O, Tom Canty, born in rags and dirt and misery, what sight is this! (Mark Twain) 出生在破烂、肮脏和苦难中，现在这番景象却是多么煊赫啊！
Practice
•With the meeting to begin in hours, I hadn’t have time to worry about such trifles.
我没有闲功夫为这些琐事操心。
•College is the place that will make a man of him.
大学将是一个使他成为一个堂堂男子汉的地方。
（三）增加副词
•The crowds melted away.
•人权渐渐散开了。(Malted融化 )
•As he sat down and began talking, words poured out.
•滔滔不绝地讲个没完。
•Tremaine sank down with his face in his hands.
一屁股坐了下去，两手捧着脸。
Practice
•Now and then his boots shone.
闪闪发亮
•They lingered long over his letter.
他们不断的反复玩味着他的信。（Linger vi.踌躇、徘徊 vt.无所事事）
（四）增加名词
• 1.在不及物动词后面增加名词
• 2.在形容词前增加名词
• 3.在抽象名词后增加名词
• 4.在具体名词后增加名词
1.在不及物动词后面增加名词
•英语中有些动词有时用作及物动词，优势用作不及物动词；当它作不及物动词用时，宾语实际上是隐含在动词后面的，译成汉语时往往需要把它表达出来。
•如： to wash before meal
to wash after getting up
to wash before going to bed
•Day after day he came to his work---sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning.
扫地、擦地板、收拾房间
•First you borrow, then you beg.
头一遭借钱下一早就讨饭。
•Mary washed for a living after her husband died.
玛丽的丈夫死后，她就靠洗衣服维持生活。
Practice
•He ate and drank, for he was exhausted.
他吃了点东西、喝了点酒
•The invading troops looted and raped wherever they went.
•入侵士兵每到一处就抢劫财物、奸污妇女。
2.在形容词前增加名词
•The typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.
这台打字机确实是物美价廉。
• A new kind of aircraft—small, cheap, pilotless---is attracting increasing attention.
一种体积不大、价格便宜、无人驾驶的新型飞机正引起了越来越多的注意。
Practice
•He was wrinkled and black, with gray hair.
他满脸皱纹，皮肤黝黑，头发花白
•They, weary but high, decided to take a break.
他们人已疲倦，但兴致甚高，决定休息会儿。
3.在抽象名词后增加名词
•某些由动词或形容词派生来的抽象名词，翻译时可根据上下文在其后面增添适当的名词，使译文更合乎规范。
•如：
4.在具体名词后增加名词
•当具体名词表达一种抽象概念时，译文中也常根据上下文增加一些适当的名词。
•He felt the patriot rise within his breast.
他感到一种爱国情怀在胸中激荡。
•He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declared his own son guilty.
他让法官的智者战胜了父子的私情，而判决他儿子有罪。Guily 犯罪的。
（五）增加表示名词复数的词
•汉语名词的复数没有词形变化，很多情况下不必表示出来。但是表达指多数人的名词时，可在该名词后面加“们”字。
•此外，英语名词复数，汉译时还可以根据情况，增加重迭词、数词或其他一些词来表达。这样做还可以提高修辞效果。
1.增加重迭词表示复数
•Flower s bloom all over the yard.
朵朵鲜花开满了庭院。
•Newsmen went flying off to Mexico.
•记者纷纷飞到墨西哥去了。
•There were rows of houses which he had never seen before.
•这一排排的房子他以前从没看到过。
• 2.增加数词或其他词表示复数
•The lion is the king of animals.
•狮子是百兽之王。
