2011年12月英语四级考前10天冲刺试卷及答案(7)-2

作文：Nothing succeeds without a strong willThere is a prevalent joke around young people saying that ‘quitting smoking is the easiest thing in the world, and I’ve done it for hundreds of times.’ This seemingly funny statement ironically reflects the fact that the determination of most youngsters is oftentimes started with enthusiasm, but the passion becomes increasingly weaker each day, and then diminishes as if there has been no such thing at all.It is obvious that their failure in ‘quitting smoking’ and decline of determination are all ascribed to their lack of will. Initially, every success involves several stages of setbacks and risks, and we need to summon up our will to conquer them. Moreover, there are enormous temptation in our path of pursuit of success. For instance, when we plan to quit smoking, our roommates may smoke freely in front of us; when we are eager to keep fit, our close friends may invite us to have late night snacks. Under these occasions, only strong will can assist us to resist the temptation, and persist in chasing our goals until we triumphantly realize them.In short, no dream will successfully come true if we do not have strong will. An old famous proverb says that ‘ where there is a will, there is a way’. Let us bear this motton in mind no matter how many thunders and thorns are on our roads ahead, then we will be successful with such precious and powerful spirit.[快速阅读]快速阅读1. A person of integrity not only sets high moral and ethical standards but also _______.A) sticks to them in their daily lifeB) makes them known to othersC) understands their true valuesD)sees that others also follow them选择sticks to them in their daily life定位在原文第一段，文中说正直(integrity)的关键是一致性(consistency)，不仅要有很多道德和伦理的准则，还要每天都坚守。

2011年全国大学英语12月份四级考试试卷Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minute to write a short essay on the topic of Western Festivals: Welcome or Reject. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given bellow:1．很多城市缺电现象严重2．分析原因3．提出建议Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minute to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1.For questions 1-7, markY (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;N (for NO) if statement contradicts the information given in the passage;NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.For question 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.Theft deterrent systemTo deter the vehicle theft, the system is designed to give an alarm and keep the engine from being started if any of the front, sliding and back doors and hood is forcibly unlocked or the battery terminal is disconnected and then reconnected when the vehicle is locked.The alarm blows the horn intermittently and flashes the headlights, tail lights and other exterior lights. The engine cannot be started because the starter circuit will be cut.SETTING THE SYSTEM1. Turn the ignition key to the “LOCK” position and remove it.2. Have all passengers get out of the vehicle.3. Close and lock the front, sliding and back doors and hood.The indicator light will come on when the front, sliding and back doors and hood are closed and locked.As the front doors are locked, the system will give you a preparation time of 30 seconds before the setting, during which the front, sliding and back doors and hood may be opened to prepare for the setting.Be careful not to use the key when opening either front door. This will cancel the system.4. After making sure the indicator light starts flashing, you may leave the vehicle.The system will automatically be set after the preparation time elapses. The indicator light will flash to show the system is set. If any of the front, sliding and back doors and hood is opened at that time, the setting is interrupted until it is closed and locked.Never leave anyone in the vehicle when you set the system, because unlocking from the inside will activate (使起动) the system.WHEN THE SYSTEM IS SETActivating the systemThe system will give the alarm and cut the starter circuit under the following conditions:If any of the front, sliding and back doors and hood is unlocked without using the keyIf the battery terminal is disconnected and then reconnectedAfter one minute, the alarm will automatically stop with the starter circuit cut kept on. Reactivating the alarmOnce set, the system automatically resets the alarm each time the front, sliding and back doors and hood are closed after the alarm stops.The alarm will be activated again under the following conditions:If any of the front, sliding and back doors and hood is openedIf the battery terminal is disconnected and then reconnectedStopping the alarmTurn t he ignition key from the “LOCK” to “ACC” position. The alarm will be stopped with the starter circuit cut kept on. Stopping the alarm in this manner will keep the alarm from being reactivated when any of the front, sliding and back doors and hood is opened.Interrupting the settingWith the system set, the back door can be opened with the key without activating or canceling the system. While it is open, the front and sliding doors and hood may be opened in addition, and the system can be activated only by the battery terminal disconnection.To resume the setting, close and lock the front, sliding and back doors and hood. The back door must be closed with the key removed.CANCELLING THE SYSTEMUnlock either front door with the key, or unlock the sliding door with the key when it has been closed. This cancels the system completely and the starter circuit cut will be cancelled at once. INDICATOR LIGHTThe indicator light gives the following three indications when the system is in use. When the light is:FLASHING—The system is set. You need the key to open the front, sliding and back doors and hood.ON—The system will automatically be set when the time comes. The front, sliding and back doors and hood may be opened without a key.OFF—The system is inactive. You may open any door and hood.TESTING THE SYSTEM1. Open the driver’s and front passenger’s windows.2. Set the system as described above. The front doors should be locked with the key. Be sure to wait until the indicator light starts flashing.3. Unlock one of the front, sliding and back doors from the inside. The system should activate the alarm.4. Cancel the system by unlocking either front door with the key.5. Repeat this operation for the other doors and hood. When testing on the hood, also check that the system is activated when the battery terminal is disconnected and then reconnected.If the system does not work properly, have it checked by your Toyota dealer.1. The system is used to deter the vehicle theft according to the instructions.2. In order to set the system, you should have all passengers get out of the vehicle.3. The system will be cancelled when you use the key to open the back door.4. The system will be not be activated unless you use the key to open any of the front, sliding andback doors and hood.5. In order to stop the alarm, you have to turn the ignition key from the “ACC” to “LOCK” position.6. When the indicator light is flashing, it is needless to use the key to open any of the doors and hood.7. The passage tells us that the system works so effectively that it never breaks down.8. As the front doors are locked, the theft deterrent system will give you a preparation timeof before setting.9. Before leaving the vehicle, make sure that the indicator light .10. According to the passage, if the system refuses to work properly, have it checked by your .Part III Listing Comprehension (35 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer, then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line though the center.11. A. Help Laura with her paper next weekB. Ask Laura to clean the apartment by herselfC. Ask someone else to clean the apartment with LauraD. Ask Laura to wait until next weekend to do the cleaning12. A. Eggs are clearly put next to potatoesB. She thinks potatoes are better than eggsC. Eggs are not as healthful as article saysD. She never believes what the magazine says13. A. The watch can not be repairedB. He is to busyC. he will repair the watch a few the years laterD. he will repair the watch at once14. A.A furnished houseB.A recent bookC. A refinished cellarD.A new record15. A. Make is not serious with JoyceB. Mike loves Joyce without restraintC. Mike loves Joyce heart and soulD. Mike loves Joyce only second to himself16. A. The situation looks better than it isB. The phone connection was badC. The women ought to speak to each other in personD. It is better to be courageous17. A. She has too many dreamsB. She does not put her ideas into practiceC. She likes to sleepD. She does not have many good ideas18. A. The woman will see Kate’s sister in the afternoonB. The woman has to meet Kate after the interviewC. The woman can tell Kate in the afternoons meetingD. The woman must tell Kate’s sister about the interviewQuestions 19 to 21 are based on the conversation you have just heard.19. A. Causes of illnessB. The discovery of antibioticsC. The history of prescription drugsD. Characteristics of antibiotics20. A. To give an example of a bad reaction to penicillinB. To show how penicillin has changed over the yearsC. To emphasize the importance of antibioticsD. To explain why penicillin requires a prescription21. A. In a pharmacology courseB. From her motherC. At the student health centerD. From her doctorQuestions 22 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.22. A. Because he does not have an instrument of his ownB. Because he does not like to play in small groupsC. Because he does not think he can play well enoughD. Because he is not sure whether he has enough free time23. A. Once a week B. Twice a weekC. Every other dayD. Every evening24. A. Beginning B. IntermediateC. AdvancedD. Professional25. A. Try to find his music bookB. Look for a new instrumentC. Start taking lessons from a professionalD. Practice his instrumentSection BSection BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a questions, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C)and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.26. A. The effects of the new drugsB. The growing demand for the drugsC. The increasing threat from forged medicinesD. The decreasing quality of the medicines27. A. In the poorest regionsB. In those disaster areasC. In developing countriesD, In those wealthy countries28. A. There is no effective systemB. Criminals are producing better methodsC. There appears more and more forged medicinesD. An international expert group has not been created.Passage TwoQuestions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard.29. A. Simple B. EasyC. DifficultD. Interesting30. A. He had paid less tax than he should haveB. He had paid more than he should haveC. He had paid as much tax as usualD. He had paid just enough tax31. A. To send him a new tax formB. To return the money over-paidC. To remain him of paying the taxD. To explain the rules of tax-payingPassage ThreeQuestions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.32. A. Private medical care in BritainB. Health services in BritainC. Taxes and free medical careD. Roles of general practitioners33. A．A local hospital.B．A medicine supplier.C．A medical care system.D．An insurance company.34. A．To have pay for the ambulance serviceB．To receive free urgent treatmentC．To see a general practitionersD．In order to have private treatment35. A．People in Britain do not have to pay for any kind of medical careB．People in Britain may wait long for their free medical treatmentC．In Britain you have to pay for ambulance serviceD．British private insurance is freeSection CUS scientists have created an（36）______form of life from synthetic genes，a virus that reproduces itself. The virus known as Phi-x is a simple，well studied（37）_____that is Harmless to humans. VOA’ s David McAlary reports that scientists hope that their man-made（38）______of a natural virus can eat bacteria.In1978，it became the first form of life whose（39）______code was decoded. That is，the scientists（40）_____the sequence of chemicals that make up its DNA，the material that determines the physical（41）______of every living thing.Researchers say their synthetic microbe was able to（42）_____and kill bacterial cells as（43）_____as the natural one。

2011年12月英语四级冲刺预测试题及答案(1)partI Writing (30 minute)注意：此部分试题在答题卡1上。

Directions:For this part ,you are allowed 30minute to write a short essay on the topic of students selecting theirfectures.You should write at least 120 words following theoutline when bellow:1.有些大学允许学生自由选择某些课程的任课教师2.学生选择教师时所考虑的主要因素3.学生自选任课教师的益处和可能产生的问题On Students Selecting Lecturers范文：On Students Choosing LecturersNowadays, some universities give students the right to choose who teaches some of their classes. This has led to some debate over whether students should be given this much power.There are several factors that students consider when choosing a lecturer, including the teaching style of the lecturer, thelecturer's academic background, and the lecturer's reputation among students. The ideal lecturer is one who has an interesting teaching style, a diverse academic background, and a good reputation among students.There are both positive and negative aspects to allowing students to choose their lecturers. Giving students the choice encourages them to take ownership for their classes, and also puts pressure on teachers to improve their teaching quality.However, the factors that students consider might not be the ones that lead to the highest quality of education. Schools might end up with lecturers who teach interesting classes without much content.。

2011年12月大学英语四级全真预测试题四及答案解析D之2011年12月大学英语四级全真预测试题四及答案解析2011年12月大学英语四级全真预测试题四及答案解析一、选词填空题第1题：It seems you always forget—your readingglasses when you are rushing to work, your coat when you are going to the cleaners, your credit card when you are shopping...Such absent-mindedness may be 1 to you; now British and German scientists are developing memory glasses that record everything the2 sees.The glasses can play back memories later to help the wearer remember things they have forgotten such as where they left their keys. And the glasses also 3 the user to "label" items so that information can be used later on. The wearer could walk around an office or a factory identifying certain 4 by pointing at them. Objects indicated are then given a 5 label on a screen inside the glasses that the user then fills in.It could be used in 6 plants by mechanics looking to identify machine parts or by electricians wiring a 7 device.A spokesman for the project said: "A car mechanic for8 could find at a glance where apart on a certain car model is so that it can be identified and repaired. For the motorist the system could 9 accident black spots or dangers on the road."In other cases the glasses could be worn by people going on a guided tour, 10 points of interest or by people looking at panoramas where all the sites could be identified.[A] allow[B] instance[C] blank[D] industrial[E] frustrating[F] items[G] indicating[H] highlight [I] user[J] complicated[K] white[L] annoying[M] successful[N] articles[O] simple【参考答案】：略二、阅读理解第2题：What makes Americans spend nearly half their food dollars on meals away from home? The answers lie in the way Americans live today. During the first few decades of the twentieth century, canned and other convenience foods freed the family cook from full-time duty at the kitchen range.Then, in the 1940s, work in the wartime defense plants took more women out of the home that ever before, setting the pattern of the working wife and mother. Unless family members pitch in with food preparation, women are not fully liberated from that chore.It's easier to pick up a bucket of friedchicken on the way home from work or take the family out for pizzas or burgers than to start opening cans or heating up frozen dinners after a long, hard day. Also nowadays, the rising divorce rate means that there are more single working parents with children to feed. And many young adults and elderly people, as well as unmarried and divorced mature people, live alone rather than as a part of a family unit and don't want to bother cooking for one. Fast food is appealing because it is fast, it doesn't require any dressing up, it offers a "fun" break in the daily routine, and the outlay of money seems small. It can be eaten in the car-sometimes picked up at a drive-in window without even getting out-or on the run. Even if it is brought home to eat, there will never be any dirty dishes to wash because of the handy disposable wrappings. Children, especially, love fast food because it's finger food, no struggling with knives and forks, no annoying instructions from adults about table manners.1. Americans enjoy fast food mainly because ________.[A] it can be eaten in the car[B] it is much more tasty than home-made food[C] one only uses his fingers while eating it[D] it is time-saving and convenient2. It can be inferred that children ________.[A] want to have freedom at table[B] wash dishes after each meal[C] are not good at using forks and knives while eating[D] take eating time as a fun break3. Many Americans are eating out and not cooking at home nowadays because ________.[A] they want to make a change after eating the same food for years at home[B] the food made outside home tastes better than food cooked at home[C] many of them live alone or don't like taking trouble to cook[D] American women refuse to cook athome due to women's liberation movement4. According to the text, a drive-in window isa ________.[A] car window from which you can see the driver[B] window in the restaurant from which you get your meal in the car[C] place where you check the mechanic condition of your car[D] entrance where you return the used plates after eating5. The expression "pitch in with" (Line 2, Para. 2) probably means________.[A] complain[B] enjoy[C] help[D] deny1小题>、【正确答案】：D2小题>、【正确答案】：C3小题>、【正确答案】：C4小题>、【正确答案】：B5小题>、【正确答案】：C【参考解析】：无第3题：InfraGard is a grass-roots effort to respond to the need for cooperation and collaboration in countering the threat of cyber crime and terrorism to private businesses and the government. By the end of September, there will be InfraGard chapters in all 50 states, Calloway said. With advice from the FBI, each local chapter will be run by a board of directors that includes members of private industry, the academic community and public agencies. Bands, utilities, and other businesses and government agencies will use a secure Web site to share information about attempts to hack into their computer networks. Members can join the system free. A key feature of the system is a two-pronged method of reporting attacks.A "sanitized" description of a hackingattempt or other incident-one that doesn't reveal the name or information about the victim-can be shared with the other members to spot trends. Then a more detailed description also can be sent to the FBI's computer crimes unit to interfere if there are grounds for an investigation. Cyber crime has jumped in recent years across the nation, particularly in hotbeds of financial commerce and technology like Charlotte. "Ten years ago, all you needed to protect yourself was a safe, a fence and security officers," said Chris Swecker, who is in charge of the FBI's Charlotte office. "Now any business with a modem is subject to attack." FBI agents investigate computer hacking that disrupted popular Web sites including Amazon. com, CNN and Yahoo!several North Carolina victims have been identified this year. The investigation has also identified computer systems in North Carolina used by hackers to commit such attacks. Prosecutions of hackers have been hampered bythe reluctance of companies to report security intrusions for fear of bad publicity and lost business. Meanwhile, too many corporations have made it too easy for criminals by sacrificing security for speed and accessibility. Jack Wiles, who will lead the local InfraGard chapter's board, said a recent report estimated 97 percent of all cyber crime goes undetected. Wiles, a computer security expert, has a firewall on his personal computer to prevent hackers from getting into his files. "I get at least one report a day that somebody was trying to get into my computer," he said, "the Net is a wonderful place, but it's also a dangerous one."1. From the first paragraph, we know ________.[A] InfraGard is a protective measure against cyber crime[B] InfraGard is a measure of cooperation and collaboration[C] there will be 50 InfraGard chapters in all states[D] private business and the government are now committing cyber crime2. Each local chapter of InfraGard will be run by the following EXCEPT ________.[A] academic communities[B] public agencies[C] FBI[D] private industry3. By saying "too many corporations...speed and accessibility" (Lines 3～4, Para. 3), the author means ________.[A] too many corporations take no notice of the security problem of computers[B] criminals are sacrificing security for speed and accessibility[C] it's very easy to sacrifice security for speed and accessibility[D] many companies suffer from computer hacking because they value speed and accessibility more than security4. All the following are reasons for the rise in cyber crime EXCEPT ________.[A] victims won't report intrusions by hackers[B] victims have no firewalls[C] the use of modem is increasing[D] companies don't pay enough attention to security5. It can be concluded from the passage that ________.[A] not all hacking attempts are worthy of investigation[B] information of the victims is inaccessible[C] InfraGard chapters will be in effect by the end of September[D] was often disrupted by hacking1小题>、【正确答案】：C2小题>、【正确答案】：C3小题>、【正确答案】：D4小题>、【正确答案】：B5小题>、【正确答案】：A【参考解析】：无三、完型填空第4题：Today, most countries in the world have canals. Many countries have built canals near the coast, and parallel1 the coast. Even in the twentieth century, goods can be moved more cheaply by boat than by any other2 of transport. These 3 make it possible for boats to travel 4 ports along the coast without being 5 to the dangers of the open. Some canals, such as the Suez and the Panama, save ships weeks of time by making their6 a thousand miles shorter. Other canals permit boats to reach cities that are not 7 on the coast; still other canals8 lands where there is too much water, help to 9 fields where there is not enough water, and 10 water power for factories and mills. The size of a canal11 on the kind of boats going through it. The canal must be wide enough to permit two of the largestboats using it to 12 each other easily. It must be deep enough to leave about two feet of water13 the keel of the largest boat using the canal. When the planet Mars was first 14 through a telescope, people saw that the round disk of the planet was crises-crossed by a15 of strange blue-green lines. These were called "canals"16 they looked the same as canals on earth 17 are viewed from an airplane. However, scientists are now 18 that the Martian phenomena are really not canals. The photographs 19 from space-ships have helped us to 20 the truth about the Martian "canals".1. [A] off [B] with [C] to [D] by2. [A] way [B] means [C] method [D] approach3. [A] waterways [B] waterfronts [C] channels [D] paths4. [A] among [B] between [C] in [D] to5. [A] revealed [B] exposed [C] opened [D] shown6. [A] trip [B] journey [C] voyage [D]route7. [A] lain [B] stationed [C] set [D] located8. [A] escape [B] drain [C] dry [D] leak9. [A] water [B] wet [C] soak [D] irrigate10. [A] furnish [B] afford [C] offer [D] give11. [A] focuses [B] bases [C] depends [D] takes12. [A] cross [B] pass [C] move [D] advance13. [A] down [B] beneath [C] below [D] off14. [A] studied [B] researched [C] surveyed [D] observed15. [A] plenty [B] number [C] deal [D] supply16. [A] although [B] because [C] so [D] if17. [A] that [B] where [C] when [D] as18. [A] exact [B] definite [C] certain [D] decisive19. [A] held [B] taken [C] got [D] developed20. [A] find [B] expose [C] uncover [D]discover1小题>、【正确答案】：C 2小题>、【正确答案】：B 3小题>、【正确答案】：A 4小题>、【正确答案】：B 5小题>、【正确答案】：B 6小题>、【正确答案】：C 7小题>、【正确答案】：D 8小题>、【正确答案】：B 9小题>、【正确答案】：D 10小题>、【正确答案】：A 11小题>、【正确答案】：C 12小题>、【正确答案】：B 13小题>、【正确答案】：C 14小题>、【正确答案】：D 15小题>、【正确答案】：B 16小题>、【正确答案】：B 17小题>、【正确答案】：A 18小题>、【正确答案】：C 19小题>、【正确答案】：B20小题>、【正确答案】：D【参考解析】：无四、阅读理解第5题：Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, markY (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.To Save Trees, Fighting One Alien Insect with OthersRusty rhea sighs wistfully as he talks about the beauty and peace of standing amid agrove (小树林) of deep green hemlocks in Appalachia, some of them up to 160 feet (50 meters) tall and more than 500 years old."This is a very special tree," said Rhea, an entomologist for the U.S. Forest Service's Forest Health Protection program in Asheville, North Carolina, "I was brought up here, and I don't want to see another species go by the wayside."The evergreen trees, a hallmark of southern Appalachia's national parks, are under attack by an invasive inse4ct barely visible to the eye but potent enough to fell the giants of the eastern United States' old-growth forests.Already the tiny bug from Japan, known as the hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA), has killed upward of 95 percent of the hemlocks in Virginia's Shenandoah National Park. Now they are making their way through the half-million-plus-acre (200,000-plus-hectare) Great Smoky Mountains National Park in North Carolina and Tennessee.The hemlocks shade streams, keepingwater temperatures just right for brook trout (鲑鱼) and other fish. They also house birds such as the black-throated green warbler, solitary vireo, and northern goshawk, all three of which mainly shelter in stands of hemlock trees.Because of the insect's broad impact on the entire ecosystem of southern Appalachia, HWA stands to cause wider damage than the American chestnut blight (枯萎病)of the early 1900s. That fungus from Europe killed off the once dominant chestnut trees from the northeast United States to the southern Appalachian Mountains.In addition, a species related to HWA, the balsam woolly adelgid, has already killed about 90 percent of the mature Fraser fir trees in the Smokies.Acting QuicklyHWA arrived in the U.S. Pacific Northwest via nursery plants from Japan in 1924. By 1951 the tiny invader had been foundin Virginia. Since then the insect has spread to more than 15 U.S. states.The key to killing the HWA is to catch it early and act quickly. It's already well established in the Great Smoky Mountains, where Rhea and others are trying to stem the spread of the bugs.HWA multiply quickly: All of the insects are females that reproduce asexually (无性地), laying several hundred eggs a year. When they get to the nymph, or crawler, stage, they are dormant from about June until October, after which they emerge and establish themselves on trees.Winds and birds and other animals spread the crawlers through the forest.HWA crawlers feed on the new growth of hemlocks by piercing the twigs that hold the branches, sucking the sap, and injecting toxic saliva. The needles turn from a deep green to a grayish green and eventually die, depriving the tree of nutrition from photosynthesis.An infected tree usually dies within five years of initial attack. Infection is signaled by either a white, cottonlike material that appears along a tree's twigs or by the "baldness" of a tree's upper branches.Plans of AttackIn the Pacific Northwest the hemlocks seem to be tolerant of the creatures' feeding, and in the cold northeast, winters seem to keep them at bay. But in the warm southeast, with weather approximating that of the insects' native Asian homes, they thrive.Chemical sprays-such as insecticidal soaps and horticultural oils as well as trunk or soil injections-have helped to kill some of the HWA infestations.But spraying must be repeated every six months, and injections are expensive and last only two years at most. These methods can't be used conveniently or safely in remote areas or near the streams where hemlocks grow thickly.Long term, the best way to control thepests appears to be releasing other insects that feed exclusively on HWA. Scientists have studied HWA in Japan and China and identified three such species. One of them, the Sasajiscymnus tsugae (St) beetle, was released in areas of Great Smoky Mountains National Park in 2002.Studying what controls a species in its native habitat-including climate, predators, and host resistance-provided clues about which insects to use against HWA, said Kristine Johnson. Based in Gatlinburg, Tennessee, Johnson is a supervisory forester for Great Smoky Mountains National Park."Biological control is the only long-term hope to save the trees in the backcountry (穷乡僻壤)," she said. "We have 800 square miles (2,100 square kilometers) of contiguous wilderness. We value the native forest, and it's entirely worth defending."Risky BusinessReleasing one species of non-native bug to kill another could be risky business, potentiallycreating another type of infestation. But scientists first quarantined and studied the HWA-killer insects.They believe the St beetles are the best answer to the HWA problem and that they won't cause side damage. This tiny black female beetle, the size of a poppy seed, is already spreading in the Great Smoky Mountains.But the beetle and other HWA-killer insects are seasonal, so it will take several different ones operating year-round to keep HWA in check, Rhea said. He doesn't believe HWA will be completely eradicated (根除) but will instead be kept in balance by the predator insects. "We're trying to insert a balance in a system that's out of balance," he said.Each St beetle can lay 200 to 300 eggs, said Ernest Bernard, professor of entomology at the University of Tennessee in Knoxville.Bernard's laboratory is one of several that are breeding the beetles."Each beetle eats hundreds of babyadelgids a year," he said. And about 120,000 of the beetles have been released in the past couple years in the Smokies, but it is still too early to measure their impact.One good sign, Bernard said, is that some beetle larvae (幼虫) have been found in areas where they were not released, indicating that the HWA killers may be reproducing and spreading.1. The passage gives a general description of an invasive insect, HWA.2. Hemlock is a hallmark of southern Appalachia's national parks.3. The invasive insect, known as the hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA), is from Japan.4. The key to killing the HWA is to catch it early and act quickly.5. An infected tree usually dies immediately.6. The Hemlock in the U.S. will be saved from HWA soon.7. The long term, best way to control the pests HWA is spraying.8. Since 1951 the HWA has spread to more than________.9. Releasing one species of non-native bug to kill another could create________.10. It will take several different insects operating year-round to________.1小题>【参考答案】：Y2小题>【参考答案】：Y3小题>【参考答案】：N4小题>【参考答案】：N5小题>【参考答案】：Y6小题>【参考答案】：Y7小题>【参考答案】：NG8小题>【参考答案】：15 U.S. states9小题>【参考答案】：another type of infestation10小题>【参考答案】：keep HWA in check五、翻译第6题：It is time the whole society began to take action to ________________________(使我们的环境免于毁灭).【参考答案】：save our environment from destruction第7题：If we had set out earlier, ________________________(我们就不会在雨中行走).【参考答案】：we wouldn’t have walked in the rain第8题：When this semester is over, ________________________ (我就能抽空读这部小说了).【参考答案】：I should be able to get around to reading this novel第9题：________________________ (在我设计出这个问题的解决方案后)，I’ll submit a report to the committee.【参考答案】：After I work out a solution to the problem第10题：________________________ (我已得出结论)that it would be unwise to accept his proposal.【参考答案】：I have come to the conclusion六、写作题第11题：Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: Online Education. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese:1. 目前网络教育形成热潮2. 我认为形成这股热潮的原因是……3. 我对网络教育的评价Online Education【参考答案】：Online EducationBeing online is no longer something strange in our life.To some degree, it has become part of our daily life. We can do a lot of things online, such as searching for information and communicating with friends far and near. But recently another helpful online activity has become very "in". That is online education.Why could online education be so popular within such a short period of time? Among all the reasons, the quick development of the internet should be the essential one, which makes our dreams of attending class in the distance possible. Another underlying reason is the quick development of both society and technology. Today, modern science and technology are developing at lightening speed. To catch up with the development we all feel an urgent and strong desire to study. However, due to the great pace of modern society, many people are too busy to study full time at school. Online education just comes to their aid.Personally, I appreciate this new form of education. It’s indeed a helpful complement tothe traditional education system. It can provide different learners with more flexible and versatile ways of learning. Most of all, with online education, we can absorb the latest knowledge while working.。

2011年12月四级考试试题及答案2011年12月大学英语四级真题PartI Writing(30 minutes)Nothing succeeds without a Strong WillOnline Shopping注意：此部分试题在答题卡1上。

Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes) Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). For questions 8-10, complete the sen tences with the information given in the passage.British Cuisine: the Best of Old and NewBritish cuisine (烹饪) has come of age in recent years as chefs (厨师) combine the best of old and new.Why does British food have a reputation for being so bad? Because it is bad! Those are not the most encouraging words to hear just before eating lunch at one of Hong Kong's smartest British restaurants, Alfie's by KEE, but head chef Neil T omes has more to say."The past 15 years or so have been a noticeable period of improvement for food in England," the English chef says, citing the trend in British cuisine for better ingredients, preparation and cooking methods, and more appealing presentation. Chefs such as Delia Smith, Nigel Slater, Jamie Oliver and Gordon Ramsay made the public realise that cooking - and eating - didn't have to be a boring thing. And now, most of the British public is familiar even with the extremes of Heston BlumenthaPs moleculargastronomy, a form of cooking that employs scientific methods to create the perfect dish."It's no longer the case that the common man in England is embarrassed to show he knows about food," Tomes says.There was plenty of room for improvement. The problems with the nation's cuisine can be traced back to the Second World War. Before the War, much of Britain's food was imported and when German U-boatsbegan attacking ships bringing food to the country, Britain went on rations (配给)."As rationing came to an end in the 1950s, technology picked up and was used to mass-produce food," T omes says. "And by then people were just happy to have a decent quantity of food in their kitchens." They weren't looking for cured meats, organic produce or beautiful presentation; they were looking for whatever they could get their hands on, and this prioritisation of quantity over quality prevailed for decades, meaning a generation was brought up with food that couldn't compete with neighbouring France, Italy, Belgium or Spain.Before star chefs such as Oliver began making cooking fashionable, it was hard to find a restaurant in London that was open after 9pm. But in recent years the capital's culinary (烹饪的) scene has developedto the point that it is now confident of its ability to please the tastes of any international visitor.With the opening of Alfie's in April, and others such as The Pawn, two years ago, modern British food has made its way to Hong Kong. "With British food, I think that Hong Kong restaurants are keeping up," says David Tamlyn, the Welsh executive chef at The Pawn in Wan Chai. "Hong Kong diners areextremely responsive to new ideas or presentations, which is good news for new dishes."Chefs agree that diners in Hong Kong are embracing the modern British trend. Some restau rants aremodifying the recipes (菜谱) of British dishes to breathe new life into the classics, while others are usingbetter quality ingredients but remaining true to British traditions and tastes.Tamlyn is in the second camp. "We select our food very particularly. We use US beef, New Zealand lamb and for our custards (牛奶蛋糊)we use Bird's Custard Powder," Tamlyn says. "Some restaurants go forcustard made fresh with eggs, sugar and cream, but British custard is different, and we stay true to that." Matthew Hill, senior manager at the two-year-old SoHo restaurant Yorkshire Pudding, also uses better ingredients as a means of improving dishes. "There are a lot of existing perceptions about British food and so we can't alter these too much. We're a traditional British restaurant so there are some staples (主菜) that will remain essentially unchanged."These traditional dishes include fish and chips, steak and kidney pie and large pieces of roasted meats. At Alfie's, the newest of the British restaurants in town and perhaps the most gentlemen's club-like indesign, Neil Tomes explains his passion for provenance (原产地)."Britain has started to become reallyproud of the food it's producing. It has excellent organic farms, beautifully crafted cheeses, high-quality meats."However, the British don't have a history of exporting their foodstuffs, which makes it difficult for restaurants in Hong Kongto source authentic ingredients."We can get a lot of our ingredients once a week from the UK," Tamlyn explains. "But there is also pressure to buy local and save on food miles, which means we take our vegetables from the local markets, and there are a lot that work well with British staples."The Phoenix, in Mid-Levels, offers the widest interpretation of "British cuisine", while still trying to maintain its soul. The gastro-pub has existed in various locations in Hong Kong since 2002. Singaporean head chef Tommy Teh Kum Chai offers daily specials on a blackboard, rather than sticking to a menu. This enables him to reinterpret British cuisine depending on what is avail able in the local markets. "We use a lot of ingredients that people wouldn't perhaps associate as British, but are pre sented in a British way. Bell peppers stuffed with couscous, alongside ratatouille, is a very popular dish."Although the ingredients may not strike diners as being traditional, they can be found in dishes across Britain.Even the traditional chefs are aware of the need to adapt to local tastes and customs, while maintaining the Britishness of their cuisine.At Yorkshire Pudding, Hill says that his staff asks diners whether they would like to share their meals. Small dishes, shared meals and "mixing it up" is not something commonly done in Britain, but Yorkshire Pudding will bring full dishes to the table and offer individual plates for each diner. "That way, people still get the presentation of the dishes as they were designed, but can carve them up however they like," Hill says.This practice is also popular at The Pawn, although largely for rotisseries (烤肉馆),Tamlyn says. "Sometables will arrive on a Sunday, order a whole chicken and a shoulder of lamb or a baby pig, and just stay for hours enjoying everything we bring out for them."Some British traditions are too sacred (神圣的)to mess with, however, T omes says. "I'd never change afull English breakfast."注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。

备注:由于是方正转文本文件,有些格式符号等都发生变化,望见谅!2011年12月大学英语四级真题答案与解析Part ⅠWriting参考范文：Nothing Succeeds Without a Strong WillIt is generally agreed that the easiest thing tends to be the hardest one, as is the case with some heavy smokers who have tried to quit smoking for hundreds of times without any success. The reason for their failure is the lack of a strong will.Success depends on many factors, of which, in my opinion, mental factors are by far the most decisive. A strong will is more important than repeated efforts in giving up smoking. In any of other tasks, people need, at the very first, to set a goal and stick to it with a strong willpower. Without a strong will, they may easily give up half way. Those who do succeed reaching their goals succeed simply because they have that mental power which enables them to hold on even in the most difficult times.As university students, we also need to develop a strong will to pursue our academic studies, as we are also frequently faced with various challenges. So we need to be mentally prepared to make painstaking efforts. I believe this is the only way we can achieve our success. Remember, meanwhile, that there will be nothing difficult in the world, if we make up our mind to accomplish it.Part ⅡReading Comprehension （Skimming and Scanning）篇章层次分析：这是一篇关于“正直、诚信（integrity）的说明文。

2011年12月英语四级考前10天冲刺试卷及答案(8)2011年12月英语四级完型填空精练(12.6)首发通知：2011年12月英语四级考试试题及答案首发通知2011年12月英语四级考前10天冲刺试卷及答案(7)Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Universities Taking Donations. You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below.1. 目前大学接受社会捐赠现象很普遍2. 人们对这一现象看法不同3. 我的看法Universities Taking DonationsPart II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.Social media presents challenge to universitiesUniversities have a new weapon in the battle to protect their reputations: the friendly student bloggerA few days ago, Vshuf, an international student, posted a message on the Student Room discussion site. He/she wanted to know which university —Glasgow, Birmingham, Warwick, Nottingham or the Institution (sic) of Education would be the best place to study business. The academic reputation of the institution was important, but there was another consideration. “How are people like in these universities?” the post asked. “I have watched some videos about Warwick on Yo uTube and it seems to me that the people are snobby and arrogant in contrast to those from Nottingham.” Members were quick to defend Warwick, but Vshuf remained unconvinced.The thread highlights the difficulty that universities face in the age of social media. At a time when reputation is more important than ever because of higher student fees and greater global competition, the ability to manage their reputations is increasingly falling out of their hands.How to reach an increasingly networked generation that is more inclined to trust the opinion of their anonymous peers on the internet than official bodies such as universities was a problem discussed at last week’s Youth Strategy Marketing Conference 2011.Helen Pennack, head of marketing communications at the University of Leicester, says students now post queries on Facebook or the Student Room about open days or where to find their timetables, rather than simply contact the university directly. “When we do relationship marketing communications, we are trying to strike up a two-way dialogue with students and they are taking the conversation away from us and having it with other people,” she says. “How we make ourselves part of that conversation again is quite a challenge.”Her university has responded by setting up a system that allows students to sync (与……同步) communications from Leicester with their Facebook account. But she says universities also need to be present in other web spaces used by students, such as Twitter.Warwick, which appointed a digital and online communications manager last year, knows well the benefits of having a social media presence. “A year ago, an applicant tweeted, ‘Oh, no. I hear the University of Warwick is closing, what am I going to do?’” says Warwick’s spokesm an, Peter Dunn. While this tweet could have caused huge problems if spread, the university was able to tweet back, “We’re still here, honest”.He says the communications team check what is being said about the university on social media once or twice a day, and responds if someone is confused or asking for information. But it depends on the forum. “If they are on the Student Room we assume they want to bitch (抱怨) about us behind our backs,” he says. “If it is on a much more public space like Twitter or Facebook, someone like us can see it and respond.”The challenge for universities is not only to know where to respond but when, and getting the tone right. “We are always careful about proactively intervening (主动干涉) in the conversation because that woul d be seen as rude,” says Pennack. “What is much more effective is if one of our students wades in there and puts somebody straight.”Some universities have already responded to this, she says, by having a group of students “primed to some extent to join the conversation and correct people where it is appropriate to do so”. It is not something Leicester has tried yet, but, she says, “we may consider it”.While Imperial College does not prime students, it does recruit a team of official student bloggers to write regularly about their experiences at the university. They are not paid or moderated, and are free to blog about whatever they like. But there are occasional prizes for the most frequent bloggers. Pamela Agar, head of digital mediaat Imperial, says the college could potentially ask them to blog on a particular subject, but had not done so yet.“They can and do say negative things about us,” she says. “When they do, it’s useful feedback.” It can also make the blogs more authentic, she says — something that is particularly important to the social media generation.Chris Fonseka, a third-year information systems student at Imperial, says he applied for a student blogger role because he was attracted by the idea of having a voice around campus. He blogs about his general activities at the university. He also receives regular emails from students and prospective (未来的) students anxious to put queries about accommodation or finances to a real student.He says he has never felt restricted in what h e writes. “If I honestly felt negative about Imperial, I would write about it,” he says.Tom Ridgewell went a step further. While studying media at the University of Lincoln, he decided to create a television advertisement for the university and put it up on YouTube. “I labelled the videos as ‘banned’ simply because it’s funnier to imagine that I actually showed them to a board of directors and got thrown out of the room. Also, videos generally do a little better with an exaggerated title.”Ian Richards, press officer at Lincoln, says the university only became aware of the advertisements once they were an online hit and Google alerts showed people were blogging about them. “We didn’t know what to make of them, but when students were talking about them on open days we felt it was something totally left field, but a bit of a blessing for us.” Ridgewell has since been commissioned to carry out work for the marketing department.How far universities should try to control what members of their community say about them on social media is something some have already faced with academic bloggers. In 2006, Erik Ringmar resigned from his lecturing post at the London School of Economics after the university objected to him posting a speech critical of the university on his blog.But, while institutions are paying increasing attention to what is said about them on the web, most recognise that there is little they can do about it. “Is it realistic to control every word that’s out there about us?” asks Richards.“I don’t think so.”1. In the post, Vshuf asked about several institutions’ _______.A) competitive strength C) academic reputationB) tuition fees D) social activities2. What do we learn about universities in the age of social media?A) They are seeking cooperation of foreign schools.B) They find it harder to manage their reputation.C) They have difficulty in balancing their budget.D) They are able to recruit more international students.3. When having questions about things like their timetables, students tend to _______.A) communicate with their instructors directlyB) contact the public office set by the universityC) call or email another student for the informationD) post messages and seek help on the internet4. According to Helen Pennack, to respond to the challenge, universities need to _______.A) have a social media presence C) restrict the use of social mediaB) own a Facebook or Twitter account D) talk with students face-to-face5. Peter Dunn assumes those who post messages on the Student Room intend to _______.A) get an immediate response from a real studentB) update the information about their universitiesC) help establish a good reputation for their universitiesD) complain about universities without their knowing6. What is said about the official student bloggers recruited by Imperial College?A) They will correct people if they are wrong.B) They are not restricted in what they write.C) They are asked to blog on a particular subject.D) They get low pay for sharing their experiences.7. Pamela Agar holds that official student bloggers’ saying negative things about Imperial can _______.A) turn off prospective students C) make the blogs more trustworthyB) ruin the university’s reputation D) draw an angry response from the viewer8. Chris Fonseka wanted to be a student blogger because blogging about his university was an ______________________________ idea to him.9. The University of Lincoln only noticed the ads when they were ______________________________ and provoked people’s discussion.10. Erik Ringmar quit the job at the London School of Economics due to his blog which ______________________________ the university.Part IV Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not useany of the words in the bank more than once.Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage.Distance learning has moved far away from the traditional correspondence course, aimed at the individual student working 47 . The global reach of the Internet makes it possible to 48 geographically-scattered students in a 49 classroom. Methods such as multimedia, video-conferencing and the Internet will 50 allow students both to proceed at their own pace, and to interact with one another and their teachers.Even without taking the technology to its limits, the idea of education as alifelong process is catching on throughout the 51 world. Already, working adults who pursue their studies part-time make up roughly half of students taking college coursesin the United States.However, there is 52 in scholarly circles about how far the new technology should be used for teaching academic subjects in which personal contacts between teacher and students are still vital. Britain’s Open University, for example, a world leader in distance education, has embraced information technology 53 , believing it to be no 54 for books and the exchange of ideas at live tutorials and summer schools.But the Open University is also moving with the tide. It has set up a “knowledge media institute” to e xplore ways of adopting information technology. Some teachers are concerned about this trend, arguing that the heavy investment that students are 55 to make in computer and communications equipment 56 the concept of “open”. Cost, of course, is an important factor in many developing countries, where few people have computers or even phones. Rather than uniting the world, the new technologies could lead to societies of information haves and have-nots.Section BDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.In an experiment published last month, researchers from the University of Illinois recruited schoolchildren, ages 9 and 10 and asked them to run on a treadmill, hoping to learn more about how fitness affects the immature human brain.The researchers sorted the children, based on their treadmill runs, into highest-, lowest- and median-fit categories. Only the most- and least-fit groups continued in the study (to provide the greatest contrast). Both groups completed a series of cognitive (认知的) challenges. Finally, the children’s brains were scanned, using MRI technology to measure the volume of specific areas.Previous studies found that fitter kids generally scored better on such tests. And in this case, too, those children performed better on the tests. But the MRIs provided a clearer picture of how it might work. They showed that fit children had significantly larger basal ganglia, a key part of the brain that aids in maintaining attention and “executive control”. Since both groups of children had similar socioeconomic backgrounds, body mass index and other variables, the researchers concluded that being fit had enlarged that portion of their brains.The findings arrive at an important time. For budgetary and administrative reasons, school boards are reducing physical education, while on their own, children grow increasingly sluggish (懒散的). Roughly a quarter of children participate in zero physical activity outside of school.At the same time, evidence accumulates about the positive impact of even small amounts of aerobic (有氧的) activity. Past studies found that “just 20 minutes of walking” before a test raised children’s scores, even if the children were otherwise unfit or overweight.But it’s the neurological (神经的) impact of sustained aerobic fitness in young people that is especially compelling. A years-long Swedish study published last year found that, among more than a million 18-year-old boys who joined the army, better fitness was correlated with higher IQs, even among identical twins. The fittest of them were also more likely to go on to profitable careers than the least fit, rendering them less likely to live in their parents’ basements.No correlation was found between muscular strength and IQ scores. There’s no evidence that exercise leads to a higher IQ, but the researchers suspect that aerobic exercise, not strength training, produces specific growth factors and proteins that stimulate the brain.57. The purpose of the University of Illinois experiment was to figure out .A) schoolchildren’s cognitive developmentB) the fitness levels of today’s sc hool childrenC) the effect of exercise on children’s brainsD) the structure of immature human brains58. The University of Illinois experiment was different from previous studies in that .A) its researchers categorized the children only by fitness levelsB) it highlighted the importance of students’ running on a treadmillC) it showed how being fit affects children’s performance on the testsD) it asked the subjects to complete tests that were beyond their levels59. What conclusion did researchers from the University of Illinois draw?A) Basal ganglia helped maintain attention.B) Fitness enlarged children’s basal ganglia.C) Overweight affected children’s complex memory.D) Kids with similar backgrounds performed similarly.60. What did the Swedish study published last year reveal?A) People who were unfit were more likely to live a miserable life.B) Boys who served in the army would have better job prospects.C) Soldiers’ IQ scores were strongly influence d by strength training.D) The fitter the young adults were, the higher IQs they would have.61. What does the author try to tell us in this passage?A) Aerobic exercise can make children smarter.B) Schools are responsible for children’s fitne ss.C) Military training should be taken seriously.D) Running on a treadmill is the best way of exercise.Passage TwoQuestions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage.Until last spring, Nia Parker and the other kids in her neighborhood commuted to school on Bus 59. But as fuel rose, the school district needed to find a way to cut its transportation costs. So the school’s busing company redrew its route map, eliminating Nia’s bus altogether. Now, Nia and her neighbors travel the half mi le to school via a “walking school bus” — a group of kids, supervised by an adult or two, who make the walk together.Like the rest of us, school districts are feeling pinched by rising fuel costs—and finding new ways to adapt. The price of diesel fuel has gone up 34 percent in the past two years. For the typical American school district, bus bills total 5 percent of the budget. As administrators look to trim, busing is an inviting target, since it doesn’t affect classroom instruction (or test scores). More than one third of school administrators have eliminated bus stops or routes in order to stay within budget.Many parents are delighted to see their kids walking to school, partly because many did so themselves: according to a 1969 survey, nearly half of school kids walked or biked to school, compared with only 16 percent in 2001. Modern parents have been leery of (对……存有戒心) letting kids walk to school for fear of traffic, crime or simple bullying, but with organized adult supervision, those concerns have diminished.Schools and busing companies are finding other ways to save. In rural areas where busing is a must, some schools have even chosen four-day school weeks. Busing companies instruct drivers to eliminate extra stops from routes and to turn off the engine while idling. They are also using computer software to determine the most fuel-efficient routes, which aren’t always the shortest ones.There could be downsides, however, to the busing cutbacks. If every formerly bused student begins walki ng to school, it’s an environmental win—but if too many of their parents decide to drive them instead, the overall carbon footprint can grow. Replacing buses with many more parent-driven cars can also increase safety risks: A 2002 report concluded students are 13 times safer on a school bus than in a passenger car, since buses have fewer accidents and withstand them better due to their size. And some students complain about the long morning hikes, particularly when the route contains a really big hill.62. What do we learn about the “walking school bus” from the passage?A) It is a heavy burden on the traffic.B) It does not consume fuel at all.C) It is very popular with school kids.D) It aims to keep children strong and healthy.63. As regards walking to school, modern parents seem much concerned about .A) the sudden changes in the routeB) their children’s physical conditionsC) their children’s safety on the wayD) the distance their kids have to take64. What do some schools do in order to save on transportation costs?A) They choose to shorten the school week.B) They stop giving drivers good training.C) They eliminate routes or take the shortest routes.D) They switch to buses which are more fuel-efficient.65. What may eventually happen with the busing cutbacks?A) More students may choose to take public transportation.B) The safety of school buses may be decreased sharply.C) Competition among bus companies may become fiercer.D) There may be an increase in carbon dioxide emissions.66. The author’s attitude towards busing cutbacks is .A) critical B) favorable C) objective D) indifferentPart V Cloze (15 minutes)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D) on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Population aging is a triumph of civilization. It is the 67 consequence of attaining desired smaller family sizes and longer lives, with many living beyond 100 years. This achievement, 68 , requires vital social and economic adjustments 69 expected future demographic (人口的) realities. In particular, population aging raises critical issues 70 economic growth, employment and retirement, 71 , health care and social support services. As a population ages, the 72 of elderly increases, and that of children decreases. For much of the past, children outnumbered (超过) the elderly by a factor of more than six to one. Today the ratio has 73 to about three children per one older person. 74 within the next few decades, perhaps by 2060, the world’s elderly population will begin to 75 the population of children, when each group is expected to 76 for slightly less than one-fifth of the world population. Developed countries have already moved well along this transformation. But a notable 77 is the comparatively young U.S. population, where the number of children is 50% 78 than those aged 65 and older.Developing countries are now 79 a similar aging process, but 80 a much faster pace. Many developing countries that have experienced rapid fertility (人口出生率) are passing through this transition in a 81 of 25 years or less. As a(n) 82 of such rapid changes, accommodating the necessary social and economic adjustments to older population age structures will likely be 83 more difficult for developing countries.The wide 84 of consequence of population aging is of mounting 85 and significance for more developed countries —and are also 86 a worry for less developed countries.67. A) indispensable C) inevitableB) potential D) incredible68. A) however C) otherwiseB) yet D) moreover69. A) at C) overB) with D) to70. A) as for C) far fromB) such as D) by far71. A) donations C) salariesB) earnings D) pensions72. A) portion C) proportionB) rate D) percentage73. A) declined C) descendedB) lessened D) slipped74. A) But C) AndB) Or D) So75. A) multiply C) assumeB) exceed D) reveal76. A) account C) regardB) call D) make77. A) occasion C) excuseB) expectation D) exception78. A) smaller C) fewerB) greater D) superior79. A) going by C) going throughB) going under D) going with80. A) at C) byB) on D) within81. A) extension C) rankB) scale D) span82. A) development C) contrastB) consequence D) influence83. A) even C) justB) still D) only84. A) amount C) rangeB) extent D) scope85. A) care C) considerationB) attention D) concern86. A) completely C) sincerelyB) increasingly D) absolutelyPart VI Translation (5 minutes)Directions: Complete the sentences by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets. Please write your translation on Answer Sheet 2.87. If I had been on the spot then, I ___________________________ (绝对不会错过这个机会).88. Achievements in education should not ___________________________ (纯粹用考试结果来衡量).89. Having settled in that remote area, the young man quickly ___________________________ (适应了那里恶劣的天气).90. They have a good knowledge of English but little ___________________________ (他们懂德语).91. She felt keenly thrilled ___________________________ (一想到要见他).Part I Writing【参考范文一】Universities Taking DonationsIt is common now for people to give and universities to take donations. Many universities, especially those elite ones, can receive millions from the individuals and companies every year. For example, Zhejiang University was reported to have accepted more than 520 million yuan in 2010 from its alumni.People have different views on universities’ taking donations. Some believe that more funds will contribute to a better development of the university, and donations can aid students who come from low-income families. Others, however, argue that colleges shouldn’t accept endowment, since the governmental funds allocated to universities are enough for their development. They also point out that many universities fail to make good use of the donations and most money don’t go to poor students.In my opinion, taking donations benefits not only the university but also its students. Even if most donations are not given to poor students directly, they help update teaching facilities and improve the school environment, which will benefit the students indirectly. Therefore, universities’ taking donations should be advocated.【参考范文二】Universities Taking DonationsDonations to universities have become commonplace with the rapid economic development and people’s emphasis on education. Some donations universities receive come from the individuals, most of who are their alumni, while some are made by large companies, domestic or international ones.People differ on universities’ taking donations. Supporters say receiving donation helps universities develop faster. It also provides chances to those willing to promote higher education. Critics, however, maintain that universities are sacrificing independence, since most large donations are conditional ones. For example, many large donors would require schools to publicize their contributions, such as naming a teaching building after their names.Personally, I think universities should be careful in receiving endowment. Ageneral rule: donations that are given with no conditions can be accepted. Besides, universities should examine the sources of the donations and resist the commercial pressures which are put on them.Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)1. C)2. B)3. D)4. A)5. D)6. B)7. C)8 attractive 9. an online hit 10. criticizedPart III Listening Comprehension11. A) 12. B) 13. A) 14. A) 15. A) 16. C) 17. B) 18. B)19. B) 20. A) 21. D) 22. D) 23. D) 24. C) 25. A)26. A) 27. D) 28. B)29. D) 30. A) 31. C) 32. A)33. C)34. D) 35. A)36. services 37. agrees 38. immediately 39. receives40. promises 41. nowadays 42. issued 43. purchases44. Credit cards from credit companies can be used to buy things almost anywhere45. Most large credit companies are connected to large banks46. After an applicant receives a credit card, he or she can use the card to make purchasesPart IV Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth)47. O) 48. I) 49. M) 50. H) 51. L) 52. B) 53. E) 54. D) 55. N) 56. F)57. C) 58. C) 59. B) 60. D) 61. A)62. B) 63. C) 64. A) 65. D) 66. C)Part V Cloze67. C) 68. A) 69. D) 70. B) 71. D) 72. C) 73. A) 74. C) 75. B) 76. A)77. D) 78. B) 79. C) 80. A) 81. D) 82. B) 83. A) 84. C) 85. D) 86. B)Part VI Translation87. would never have missed the chance88. be measured purely by examination results89. adjusted to the harsh weather there90. do they know about German91. at the thought of meeting him。

2011年12月英语四级真题及详细答案Part I WritingDirections: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of Where There Is a Will There Is a Way. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below: Where There Is a Will There Is a Way1．坚强的意志是成功的重要保证。

2．意志坚定的人才能完成伟大的使命，3．学生也是这样，不刻苦学习，才用。

Nothing Succeeds Without a Strong WillNothing runs smoothly in our life. To achieve things successfully, a strong will is essential. Life is like a Marathon. Many people can’t get to the terminal. This is not because they are lack of vitality but because their will of success is not strong enough.To take quitting smoking as an example, some regard it as a piece of cake. They make up their minds to quit it in the morning, but in the evening they feel that the smell of cigarettes is tempting. Their throats are sore, their mouths are thirsty, and their hands are shaking. After the painful mental struggle, th ey tell themselves that “One cigarette is enough. Just take one, and the next day I will quit it.” By doing this, they surrender to their weak will. In the end, they have quitted smoking “a hundred times”, but in no time they succeed.Just like quitting sm oking, nothing succeeds without a strong will. To be successful in one’s life, a strong will means that you know where you go and you will persist on the road you choose. Undoubtedly success belongs to those who overcome their weak will and who hang in there until the last minute.注意：此部分试题在答题卡1上．For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Nothing Succeeds Without a Strong Will by commenting on the humorous saying, "Quitting smoking is the easiest thing in the world. I've done it hundreds of times." You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)Why Integrity MattersWhat is Integrity?The key to integrity is consistency--not only setting high personal standards for oneself (honesty, responsibility, respect for others, fairness) but also living up to those standards each day. One who has integrity is bound by and follows moral and ethical standards even when making life's hard choices, choices which may be clouded by stress, pressure to succeed, or temptation.What happens if we lie, cheat, steal, or violate other ethical standards? We feel disappointed in ourselves and ashamed. But a lapse of integrity also affects our relationships with others. Trust is essential in any important relationship, whether personal or professional. Who can trust someone who is dishonest or unfair? Thus, integrity must be one of our most important goals.Risky BusinessWe are each responsible for our own decisions, even if the decision-making process has been undermined by stress or peer pressure. The real test of character is whether we can learn from our mistake, by understanding why we acted as we did, and then exploring ways to avoid similar problems in the future.Making ethical decisions is a critical part of avoiding future problems. We must learn to recognize risks, because if we can't see the risks we're taking, we can't make responsible choices. To identifyrisks, we need to know the rules and be aware of the facts. For example, one who doesn't know the rules about plagiarism may accidentally use words or ideas without giving proper credit, or one who fails to keep careful research notes may unintentionally fail to quote and cite sources as required. But the fact that such a violation is "unintentional" does not excuse the misconduct. Ignorance is not a defense."But Everybody Does It"Most people who get in trouble do know the rules and facts, but manage to fool themselves about the risks they're taking by using excuses: "Everyone else does it," "I'm not hurting anyone," or "I really need this grade." Excuses can get very elaborate: "I know I'm looking at another's exam, even though I'm supposed to keep my eyes on my own paper, but that's not cheating because I'm just checking my answers, not copying." We must be honest about our actions, and avoid excuses. If we fool ourselves into believing we're not doing anything wrong, we can't see the real choice we're making--and that leads to bad decisions.To avoid fooling yourself, watch out for excuses and try this test: Ask how you would feel if your actions were public, and anyone could be watching over your shoulder. Would you feel proud or ashamed of your actions? If you'd rather hide your actions, that's a good indication that you're taking a risk and rationalizing it to yourself.Evaluating RisksTo decide whether a risk is worth taking, you must examine the consequences, in the future as well as right now, negative as well as positive, and to others as well as to yourself. Those who take risks they later regret usually focus on immediate benefits ("what's in it for me"), and simply haven't considered what might go wrong. The consequences of getting caught are serious, and may include a "0" on a test or assignment; an "F" in the class; suspension or dismissal from school; transcript notation; and a tarnished reputation. In fact, when you break a rule or law, you lose control over your life, and give others the power to impose punishment: you have no control over what that punishment might be. This is an extremely precarious and vulnerable position. There may be some matters of life and death, or highest principle, which might justify such a risk, but there aren't many things that fall in this category.Getting Away With It--Or NotThose who don't get caught pay an even higher price. A cheater doesn't learn from the test, depriving him/herself of an education. Cheating undermines confidence and independence: the cheater is a fraud, and knows that without dishonesty, he/she would have failed. Cheating destroys self-esteem and integrity, leaving the cheater ashamed, guilty, and afraid of getting caught. Worst of all, a cheater who doesn't get caught the first time usually cheats again, not only because he/she is farther behind, but also because it seems "easier." This slippery slope of eroding ethics and bigger risks leads only to disaster. Eventually, the cheater gets caught, and the later he/she gets caught, the worse the consequences. Students have been dismissed from school because they didn't get this simple message: Honesty is the ONLY policy that works.Cheating Hurts Others, TooCheaters often feel invisible, as if their actions "don't count" and don't really hurt anyone. But individual choices have a profound cumulative effect. Cheating can spread like a disease, and a cheater can encourage others just by being seen from across the room. Recent statistics suggest 30% or more of college students cheat. If a class is graded on a curve, cheating hurts others' grades. Even if there is no curve, cheating "poisons" the classroom, and others may feel pressured to join in. ("If I don't cheat, I can't compete with those who do.") Cheating also has a destructive impact on teachers. The real reward of good teaching is seeing students lear n, but ⑧.a cheater says, "I'mnot interested in what you're trying to teach; all I care about is stealing a grade, regardless of the effect on others." The end result is a blatant and destructive attack on the quality of your education. Finally, cheating can hurt the reputation of the University, and harm those who worked hard for their degree.Why Integrity MattersIf cheating becomes the norm, then we are in big trouble. ⑨.We must rely on the honesty and good faith of others every day. If not, we couldn't put money in the bank, buy food, clothing, or medicine from others, drive across a bridge, get on a plane, go to the dentist--the list is endless. There are many examples of the vast harm that is caused when individuals forget or ignore the effect their dishonesty can have. The savings and loan scandal, the stock market and junk bond swindles, and, of course, ⑩.Watergate, have undermined the faith of many Americans in the integrity of political and economic leaders and society as a whole. Such incidents take a tremendous toll on our nation's economy and our individual well-being. For example, but for the savings and loan debacle, there might be funds available to reduce the national debt and pay for education.In sum, we all have a common stake in our school, our community, and our society. Our actions do matter. It is essential that we act with integrity in order to build the kind of world in which we want to live.1. A person of integrity not only sets high moral and ethical standards but also _______。

临近四级考试还有一个月的时间，不妨将该月平均划分三期，前10天为第一期，中间10天为第二期，最后10天为第三期（可按自身情况制定不同时间间隔，但确保三阶段）。

之所以如此，是基于所谓的过程化管理理论，即将目标散化并合理置于各管理阶段中，以有效完成阶段性管理任务，从而实现最终目标。

而且，从实际操作角度来说，对三个10天的分别操控，难度上大大低于对一个30天的操控，考生可以在充实有效地复习过程中不知不觉完成最后的备考直至冲刺。

那么这三期中，前期重点为阅读和听力，中期重点为写作（含翻译）和听力。

最后一期为全套模拟题训练。

之所以如此安排，是因对阅读和写作而言，前者目标更难达至，故置前，只因阅读作为一种输入过程，不由己身，视输入对象而有不同心理感触和答题反应；而写作，作为一种输出过程，由己而发，得分高低跟内心句型储存量成正比，在模版盛行的今天，倒是可以通过多背记一些普适性优秀句型，从而得分，不会毫无斩获。

另外，这三期中听力是从始至终贯穿的，它除了起到良好的催眠作用外，每天坚持两个小时的精听和一个小时的泛听对提高听力成绩很有帮助，它最能证明坚持就是胜利的道理。

精听可以往年真题或模拟题（甚或六级听力题目）为材料，并做题，重点是长对话和短文听力，泛听即找来一些新闻类（BBC/VOA/CRI）或者网络下载听力材料进行训练，无需做题。

相信这样点面结合，坚持30天左右，会亲眼看到成效。

下面是具体的操作建议。

（1）前期----第一个10天期间，重点：阅读和听力。

上午：首先阅读然后听力。

题目来源即是往年真题，若已做过，再快速做一遍，对于曾做错的题目进行重复回看，教训要吸取，痛楚要记恨，如：“沉着气地将四个选项看完后再做选择，不可轻易选择着急付出”，并将此类教训醒目地贴于每天必看之处，（如床头，镜前等等）。

做完上述内容后若有时间，还可选择近几年的六级阅读进行训练。

其实阅读过程最是学习过程，很多人通过备考，英语水平提高了，这其中，大量阅读题目的练习，功不可没。

Nothing succeeds without a strong willThere is a prevalent joke around young people saying that …quitting smoking is the easiest thing in the world, and I’ve done it for hundreds of times.‟ This seemingly funny statement ironically reflects the fact that the determination of most youngsters is often started with enthusiasm, but the passion becomes increasingly weaker each day, and then diminishes as if there has been no such thing at all.It is obvious that their failure in …quitting smoking‟ and decli ne of determination are all ascribed to their lack of will. Initially, every success involves several stages of setbacks and risks, and we need to summon up our will to conquer them. Moreover, there are enormous temptation in our path of pursuit of success. For instance, when we plan to quit smoking, our roommates may smoke freely in front of us; when we are eager to keep fit, our close friends may invite us to have late night snacks. Under these occasions, only strong will can assist us to resist the temptation, and persist in chasing our goals until we triumphantly realize them.In short, no dream will successfully come true if we do not have strong will. An old famous proverb says that …where there is a will, there is a way‟. Let us bear this motto in mind no matter how many thunders and thorns are on our roads ahead, and then we will be successful with such precious and powerful spirit.1. A) sticks to them in their daily life2. C) It is the basis of mutual trust3. A) To ensure we make responsible choices.4. B). it is claimed to be unintentional.5. A). Avoid making excuses.6. C). value immediate benefits most.7. A) pay more dearly8. steal a grade.9. honesty and good faith.10、the Watergate scandal11-15 BDCAB 16-20 DABCC21-25 CBCCD 26-30 CBABD31-35 BDABA36. company37. single38. completely39. vacation40. sewn41. electricity42. evidence43. journey44. I remember being carefully taught that independence, not interdependence,was everything45. what my parents were trying to teach me was to take responsibility for my actions and my choices.46. I would do almost anything not to be a burden, and not require any help from anybody.47、H 根据this确定此空必然填一单数名词，15词中D/E/H备选，E/H 相似，其中必有一个答案，前文所说人口、能源消耗等，均只能用“增长”来指代，而不能说是进步；故选择H.growth，根据相似原则，E和H可以一起划去。

2011年12月全国大学英语四级等级考试试题及答案Part I WritingDirections: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of Where There I a Will There Is a Way. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below: Where There Is a Will There Is a Way 1．坚强的意志是成功的重要保证。

．坚强的意志是成功的重要保证。

2．意志坚定的人才能完成伟大的使命，3．学生也是这样，不刻苦学习，才用。

才用。

注意：此部分试题在答题卡1上．For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Nothing Succeeds Without a Strong Will by commenting on the humorous saying, "Quitting smoking is the easiest thing in the world. I've done it hundreds of times." You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) Why Integrity Matters What is Integrity? The key to integrity is consistency--not only setting high personal standards for oneself (honesty, each day. One who has responsibility, respect for others, fairness) but also living up to those standards integrity is bound by and follows moral and ethical standards even when making life's hard choices, choices which may be clouded by stress, pressure to succeed, or temptation. What happens if we lie, cheat, steal, or violate other ethical standards? We feel disappointed in ourselves and ashamed. But a lapse of integrity also affects our relationships with others. Trust is essential in any important relationship, whether personal or professional. Who can trust someone who is dishonest or unfair? Thus, integrity must be one of our most important goals. Risky Business We are each responsible for our own decisions, even if the decision-making process has been undermined by stress or peer pressure. The real test of character is whether we can learn from our mistake by understanding why we acted as we did, and then exploring ways to avoid similar problems in the future. Making ethical decisions is a critical part of avoiding future problems. We must learn to recognize risks, because if we can't see the risks we're taking, we can't make responsible choices. To identify risks, we need to know the rules and be aware of the facts. For example, one who doesn't know the rules abouto keep plagiarism may accidentally use words or ideas without giving proper credit, or one who fails careful research notes may unintentionally fail to quote and cite sources as required. But the fact that such a violation is "unintentional" does not excuse the misconduct. Ignorance is not a defense. "But Everybody Does It" Most people who get in trouble do know the rules and facts, but manage to fool themselves about the risks they're taking by using excuses: "Everyone else does it," "I'm not hurting anyone," or "I really need this grade." Excuses can get very elaborate: "I know I'm looking at another's exam, even though I'm supposed to keep my eyes on my own paper, but that's not cheating because I'm just checking my answers not copying." We must be honest about our actions, and avoid excuses. If we fool ourselves into believing we're not doing anything wrong, we can't see the real choice we're making--and that leads to bad decisions. To avoid fooling yourself, watch out for excuses and try this test: Ask how you would feel if your actions were public, and anyone could be watching over your shoulder. Would you feel proud or ashamed of your actions? If you'd rather hide your actions, that's a good indication that you're taking a risk and rationalizing it to yourself. Evaluating Risks To decide whether a risk is worth taking, you must examine the consequences, in the future as well as right now, negative as well as positive, and to others as well as to yourself. Those who take risks the later regret usually focus on immediate benefits ("what's in it for me"), and simply haven't considered what might go wrong. The consequences of getting caught are serious, and may include a "0" on a test o assignment; an "F" in the class; suspension or dismissal from school; transcript notation; and a tarnished reputation. In fact, when you break a rule or law, you lose control over your life, and give others the power to impose punishment: you have no control over what that punishment might be. This is an life and death, or highest extremely precarious and vulnerable position. There may be some matters of principle, which might justify such a risk, but there aren't many things that fall in this category. Getting Away With It--Or Not Those who don't get caught pay an even higher price. A cheater doesn't learn from the test, depriving him/herself of an education. Cheating undermines confidence and independence: the cheater is a fraud, and knows that without dishonesty, he/she would have failed. Cheating destroys self-esteem and integrity, leaving the cheater ashamed, guilty, and afraid of getting caught. Worst of all, a cheater who doesn't get caught the first time usually cheats again, not only because he/she is farther behind, but also because it seems "easier." This slippery slope of eroding ethics and bigger risks leads only to disaster. Eventually, the cheater gets caught, and the later he/she gets caught, the worse the consequences. Students have been dismissed from school because they didn't get this simple message: Honesty is the ONLY policy that works. Cheating Hurts Others, Too Cheaters often feel invisible, as if their actions "don't count" and don't really hurt anyone. But individual choices have a profound cumulative effect. Cheating can spread like a disease, and a cheater can encourage others just by being seen from across the room. Recent statistics suggest 30% or more of college students cheat. If a class is graded on a curve, cheating hurts others' grades. Even if there is n curve, cheating "poisons" the classroom, and others may feel pressured to join in. ("If I don't cheat, I can't compete with those who do.") Cheating also has a destructive impact on teachers. The real reward of good teaching is seeing students learn, but ⑧.a cheater says, "I'm not interested in what you're trying to teach; all I care about is stealing a grade, regardless of the effect on others." The end result is a blatayour education. Finally, cheating can hurt the reputation of the and destructive attack on the quality of University, and harm those who worked hard for their degree. Why Integrity Matters If cheating becomes the norm, then we are in big trouble. ⑨.We must rely on the honesty and good faith of others every day. If not, we couldn't put money in the bank, buy food, clothing, or medicine from others, drive across a bridge, get on a plane, go to the dentist--the list is endless. There are many example of the vast harm that is caused when individuals forget or ignore the effect their dishonesty can have. The savings and loan scandal, the stock market and junk bond swindles, and, of course, ⑩.Watergate, have undermined the faith of many Americans in the integrity of political and economic leaders and society as a whole. Such incidents take a tremendous toll on our nation's economy and our individual well-being. For example, but for the savings and loan debacle, there might be funds available to reduce the national debt and pay for education. In sum, we all have a common stake in our school, our community, and our society. Our actions do matter. It is essential that we act with integrity in order to build the kind of world in which we want live. 1. A person of integrity not only sets high moral and ethical standards but also _______。

2011年12月大学英语四级考试真题及答案详解Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions：For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled How Should Parents Help Children to Be Independent? You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below.1. 目前不少父母为孩子包办一切2. 为了让孩子独立, 父母应该……How Should Parents Help Children to Be Independent?..Part II Reading Comprehension(Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.A Grassroots RemedyMost of us spend our lives seeking the natural world. To this end, we walk the dog, play golf, go fishing, sit in the garden, drink outside rather than inside the pub, have a picnic, live in the suburbs, go to the seaside, buy a weekend place in the country. The most popular leisure activity in Britain is going for a walk. And when joggers (慢跑者) jog, they don’t run the streets. Every one of them instinctively heads to the park or the river. It is my profound belief that not only do we all need nature, but we all seek nature, whether we know we are doing so or not.But despite this, our children are growing up nature-deprived (丧失). I spent my boyhood climbing trees on Streatham Common, South London. These days, children are robbed of these ancient freedoms, due to problems like crime, traffic, the loss of the open spaces and odd new perceptions about what is best for children, that is to say, things that can be bought, rather than things that can be found.The truth is to be found elsewhere. A study in the US: families had moved to better housing and the children were assessed for ADHD—attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (多动症). Those whose accommodation had more natural views showed an improvement of 19%; those who had the same improvement in material surroundings but no nice view improved just 4%.A study in Sweden indicated that kindergarten children who could play in a natural environment had less illness and greater physical ability than children used only to a normal playground. A US study suggested that when a school gave children access to a natural environment, academic levels were raised across the entire school.Another study found that children play differently in a natural environment. In playgrounds, children create a hierarchy (等级) based on physical abilities, with the tough ones taking the lead. But when a grassy area was planted with bushes, the children got much more into fantasy play, and the social hierarchy was now based on imagination and creativity.Most bullying (恃强凌弱) is found in schools where there is a tarmac (柏油碎石) playground; the least bullying is in a natural area that the children are encouraged to explore. This reminds me unpleasantly of Sunnyhill School in Streatham, with its harsh tarmac, where I used to hang about in corners fantasising about wildlife.But children are frequently discouraged from involvement with natural spaces, for health and safety reasons, for fear that they might get dirty or that they might cause damage. So, instead, the damage is done to the children themselves: not to their bodies but to their souls.One of the great problems of modern childhood is ADHD, now increasingly and expensively treated with drugs. Yet one study after another indicates that contact with nature gives huge benefits to ADHD children. However, we spend money on drugs rather than on green places.The life of old people is measurably better when they have access to nature. The increasing emphasis for the growing population of old people is in quality rather than quantity of years. And study after study finds that a garden is the single most important thing in finding that quality.In wider and more difficult areas of life, there is evidence to indicate that natural surroundings improve all kinds of things. Even problems with crime and aggressive behaviour are reduced when there is contact with the natural world.Dr William Bird, researcher from the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, states in his study, “A natural environment c an reduce violent behaviour becau se its restorative process helps reduce anger and impulsive behaviour.” Wild places need encouraging for this reason, no matter how small their contribution.We tend to look on nature conservation as some kind of favour that human beings are granting to the natural world. The error here is far too deep: not only do humans need nature for themselves, but the very idea that humanity and the natural world are separable things is profoundly damaging.Human beings are a species of mammals (哺乳动物). For seven million years they lived on the planet as part of nature. Our ancestral selves miss the natural world and long for contact with non-human life. Anyone who has patted a dog, stroked a cat, sat under a tree with a pint of beer, given or received a bunch of flowers or chosen to walk through the park on a nice day, understands that.We need the wild world. It is essential to our well-being, our health, our happiness. Without the wild world we are not more but less civilised. Without other living things around us we are less than human.Five ways to find harmony with the natural worldWalk: Break the rhythm of permanently being under a roof. Get off a stop earlier, make a circuit of the park at lunchtime, walk the child to and from school, get a dog, feel yourself moving in moving air, look, listen, absorb.Sit: Take a moment, e very now and then, to be still in an open space. In the garden, anywhere that’s not in the office, anywhere out of the house, away from the routine. Sit under a tree, look at water, feel refreshed, ever so slightly renewed.Drink: The best way to enjoy the natural world is by yourself; the second best way is in company. Take a drink outside with a good person, a good gathering: talk with the sun and the wind with birdsong for background.Learn: Expand your boundaries. Learn five species of bird, five butterflies, five trees, five bird songs. That way, you see and hear more: and your mind responds gratefully to the greater amount of wildness in your life.Travel: The places you always wanted to visit: by the seaside, in the country, in the hills. Take a weekend break, a day-trip, get out there and do it: for the scenery, for the way through the woods, for the birds, for the bees. Go somewhere special and bring specialness home. It lasts forever, after all.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。

耶鲁教育4 级考前冲刺题参考答案及录音文本参考答案Part I Writing【参考范文一】Students’ Driving to SchoolStudents’ driving to school is no longer as rare as it was two decades ago. According to a news report, in Chongqing University alone, the number of student drivers now reaches over 50. MBA students included, the number will be up to 500.People have different views on students’ driving to school. Some people say it is a natural phenomenon connected with China’s growth — millions of families can afford private cars now. Some consider it improper, since it will cause parking problems in the already crowded school. Still, there are people who worry that driving to school is showing off to some extent and might lead to blind comparison among students.In my opinion, as long as students own cars and get driving licenses, they should be allowed to drive themselves to schools. After all, car is a transportation tool. Like cycling and walking, driving just serves as a way to travel between school and home. Therefore, there is nothing to fuss over driving to school, even if the drivers are college students.【参考范文二】Students’ Driving to SchoolWith the development of society, more and more families possess private cars, and many college students now drive themselves to school. This sparks off a heated debate on students’ driving to school.Some are in favor of students’ driving to school. They claim that it can save time to go to school or go home, especially for those living far off the campus. Besides, driving is a basic skill for future work, which is always required in job recruitment. On the contrary, some are against it. They hold that young drivers, known as road killers,are not careful enough in driving. “Li Gang Gate” incident is a typical lesson and should be prevented forever. What’s more, they believe that it is a way of showing off, an ill mental state.For my part, I object to students’ driving to school. For one thing, driving to school adds a financial burden to many families. For another, parking is a serious problem. As more and more cars are parked in campus, our beautiful schools will be messy parking lots.Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)1. C)2. A)3. D)4. B)5. C)6. B)7. D)8 growth 9. change jobs 10. stuckPart III Listening Comprehension11. A) 12. C) 13. C) 14. D) 15. D) 16. C) 17. C) 18. C)19. B) 20. A) 21. D) 22. B) 23. B) 24. A) 25. D)26. A) 27. C) 28. D)29. A) 30. D) 31. B)32. A) 33. B) 34. A) 35. D)36. share 37. responsibility 38. adulthood 39. uniform40. includes 41. considerable 42. determining 43. consequently44. This term refers to a husband and wife united through marriage and their dependent children45. create many specialized jobs which tend to scatter family members among different employers46. is better able to adapt to rapid change and to move when jobs movePart IV Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth)47. O) 48. I) 49. M) 50. D) 51. B) 52. H) 53. F) 54. J) 55. K) 56. L)57. C) 58. D) 59. B) 60. A) 61. B)62. C) 63. D) 64. A) 65. C) 66. B)Part V Cloze67. C) 68. A) 69. B) 70. A) 71. D) 72. C) 73. A) 74. C) 75. D) 76. B)77. D) 78. A) 79. B) 80. C) 81. B) 82. C) 83. D) 84. A) 85. B) 86. D)Part VI Translation87. mobilize the army in an emergency88. It is unbelievable that89. the lower its dropout rate is90. did the factory fulfill the production91. were further narrowed down录音文本Part III Listening ComprehensionSection A11. W: I’m glad that you win the singing contest. The award money may enable you to travel around Africa thisautumn.M: I wish I could, but I have to save the money to pay for my daily bills for the next year. You know how expensive things are nowadays.Q: What does the man imply?12. W: I haven’t got enough cash for this suit and the discount will end tomorrow.M: That’s all right. The credit card always does in such case.Q: What will the woman most probably do next?13. M: I’d like to book a table for four this evening at 7:00.W: Wait a minute and let me check if there is any table available at that time. You know, we have been busy these days since Christmas.Q: What does the woman mean?14. M: There is nothing I like more than rock and roll music when I listen to the tape. It is really exciting.W: Actually I don’t listen to popular music. I prefer classical music.Q: What does the woman mean?15. W: I have received your school report for this term and you failed in the subject of The Introduction toEconomics.M: You know, this class is so dull. The professor puts us all to sleep with his lectures.Q: What does the man mean?16. W: It is said that you have made a new pretty girlfriend. And we’re having a party tonight. Why not join ustogether with your girlfriend?M: Well…I’m breaking up with Cathy.Q: What does the man mean?17. M: I have studied French for nearly two months. But it is still hard for me to talk with my French friends.W: You see, usually it is hard to start out and it is a long way to master a foreign language.Q: What does the woman mean?18. W: We have been working on this paper for several hours and I feel really tired.M: Why don’t we just stop and breathe some fresh air outdoors? We have plenty of time to finish it tomorrow.Q: What does the man mean?Now you will hear the two long conversations.Conversation OneM: Say, Lisa, what show are you watching?W: An old Japanese film. I figure if I’m going to spend all next year there, I’d better start familiarizing myself with the culture.M: You mean you were accepted into the program?W: Sure.M: That’s wonderful. You must be excited.W: Excited and nervous. You know I owe a lot to Professor Mercheno. He wrote a letter of recommendation for me and he bought me a set of practice tapes and a book that goes with them just so I can work on my basic conversation skills.M: How much Japanese can you understand?W: Not a lot right now. But I signed up for intensive Japanese this semester.M: I wish I were as talented as you are in foreign languages. I’d love to study abroad.W: Then why don’t you? The university has lots of overseas programs that don’t require mastery of a foreign language.The tuition is about the same. You just have to be the kind of person who is receptive to new ways of looking at things and willing to adapt to a different kind of lifestyle.M: I had assumed that all programs require you to know a foreign language. I might check into this.W: You won’t regret it.Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.19. What is the woman doing when the man interrupts her?20. Why is the woman so excited?21. Why does the woman feel grateful to Professor Mercheno?22. What does the woman say one needs to have in order to study in a program like hers?Conversation TwoW: I haven’t seen you here for a couple of weeks. Have you stopped eating or something?M: No. Does it look as if I’ve stopped eating? I’ve been spending a lot of time in the library.W: Working on a paper?M: I wish I were working on a paper. I was working on three different papers: anthropology, English literature, and history.W: Wow. That is a lot of work.M: Yeah. And what’s frustrating is that I’m studying 19th-century British Empire in all three classes. But I can’t write a single paper for all the three.W: Why not?M: The professors won’t let me. Even if I make it three times as long as the suggested length.W: Oh. That’s too bad. Could you write your paper on three aspects of one topic?M: Mm. What do you mean? Do you have something in mind?W: Well, let’s see. Maybe you could do something with Romanticism, like — write your anthropology paper on the cultural basis of Romanticism, and your history paper on the influence of the Romantic poets on the British foreign policy, and OK... and your English paper on analysis of some Romantic poems.M: Hey, that’s not a bad idea. I’ve already started the research for one of my papers. So I can use that. Oh, it’s so nice! What can I do to repay you?W: You want to wrap up my chemistry lab for me?M: I’d love to, but I’ve never taken chemistry. So I’m not sure if you will like the results.W: Oh, well, not necessary then. Have a good weekend. And try to get out of the library and get some sleep. You look tired. You have big circles under your eyes.M: OK. I’ll try. See you later.W: See you.Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.23. What has the man been busy doing all week?24. What does the woman suggest the man do to make his work easier?25. Why doesn’t the woman want any help from the man?Section BPassage OneAnimals perform many useful and entertaining jobs. Dogs are particularly valuable in guiding the blind, protecting property, finding lost people, and hunting criminals. Horses are used in guarding herds, carrying men in lands when there are no roads and helping farmers work their lands. Pigeons have long been used to carry messages.Dogs are extremely useful as companions for blind people. When a dog has been properly trained, he will always lead its blind master in the right direction and keep him out of danger. For example, seeing-eye dogs learn never to cross a busy road when cars are coming, even if their masters command them to do so.Horses are also able to learn a lot of things. Horses that are used for guard or police duty must learn never to be frightened of noises, traffic and other disturbances. Therefore it is necessary for those who train them to be very patient and understanding.Pigeons have a natural instinct to return home, even if they are far away and the trip is very hard and dangerous. Men utilize this instinct to send messages on small pieces of paper whic h are fastened to the pigeon’s backs or legs.In wartime, pigeons have been known to fly as fast as 75 miles an hour and to cover a distance of 500 to 600 miles.People have realized that although animals may not have the intelligence as human beings, they are smart enough to learn many things.Questions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.26. What is the passage mainly about?27. What can be inferred from the passage?28. What is required for trainers of horses used for guard?Passage TwoMany changes are taking place in the way in which men and women look at their roles in society. We see these changes most dramatically in jobs and business situations. It is no longer unusual to find a male nurse or a female construction worker. Years ago, however, a man who worked as a nurse would have been looked down upon for doing a “woman’s job”, and a female construction worker would have been roared off the construction site by her male co-workers. However, the most important changes that have tak en place can be found in men’s and women’s roles in family life.Household work that used to be done by women is now often shared equally by men and women. Men have discovered at last that they too are capable of preparing the family dinner, rather than thinking that they are only capable of taking out the garbage.Perhaps the greatest change that has taken place in the family is in parents’ new attitude towards bringing up children. While it is true that only mothers can breastfeed their infants, nowhere is it written that fathers cannot bathe their own babies or change diapers. And more and more of them are doing just that. These days, being a full-time parent is a job that fathers and mothers both share.As a result of these changes, we no longer insist that little boys play with trucks and grow up to be doctors, while little girls play with dolls and grow up to be housewives. Many men no longer feel that they must maintain a masculine attitude all the time, and many women no longer feel that they should be submissive and obedient. Changes like these do not occur overnight or even in a few years because they involve fundamental changes in attitude and behavior.Questions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard.29. Where do the most important changes of men’s and women’s roles take place?30. What is the greatest change that has taken place in the family?31. What is the passage mainly about?Passage ThreeAn elderly carpenter was ready to retire. He told his employer, a contractor, of his plans to leave the house-building business and live a more leisurely life with his wife enjoying his extended family. He would miss the paycheck, but he needed to retire. They could get by. The contractor was sorry to see his good worker go and asked if he could build just one more house as a personal favor. The carpenter said yes, but in time it was easy to see that his heart was not in his work. He resorted to shoddy workmanship and used inferior materials. It was an unfortunate way to end his career. When the carpenter finished his work and the builder came to inspect the house, the contractor handed the front-door key to the carpenter. “This is your house,” he said, “my gift to you.” What a shock! What a shame! If he had only known he was building his own house, he would have done it all so differently. Now he had to live in the home he had built none too well. So it is with us. We build our lives in a distracted way, reacting rather than acting, willing to put up less than the best. At important points we do not give the job our best effort. Then with a shock we look at the situation we have created and find that we are now living in the house we have built. If we had realized that we would have done it differently. Think of yourself as the carpenter. Think about your house. Each day you hammer a nail, place a board, or erect a wall. Build wisely. It is the only life you will ever build. Even if you live it for only one more day, that day deserves to be lived graciously and with dignity. The plaque on the wall says, “Life is a do-it-yourself project.” Your life tomorrow will be the result of your attitudes and the choices you make today.Questions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.32. What did the carpenter plan to do?33. How did the contractor plan to deal with the house he asked the carpenter to build?34. What can we know about the last house the carpenter built?35. What does the story intend to tell us?Section CThroughout history the basic unit of almost every human society has been the family. Members of a family live together under the same roof, and they (36) share the economic burdens of life as well as its affectionate (有感情的) joys. It is the family that has primary (37) responsibility for the important task of raising children to (38) adulthood.The family is not a (39) uniform concept in all societies. In many places it is an extended group that (40)includes uncles, aunts, cousins and in-laws. The head of the family usually has (41) considerable influence in arranging marriages, selecting careers and (42) determining all the important moves and purchases by any member of the family. Particularly where the society or the state does not give aid and where (43) consequently the responsibilities of the family are greater, this larger group provides better.In many other societies, including most industrialized ones, the “nuclear family” is the basic social unit. (44) This term refers to a husband and wife united through marriage and their dependent children, whether natural or adopted. Industrialization and urbanization (45) create many specialized jobs which tend to scatter family members among different employers and thus to separate residences as soon as they become wage earners. The small family, with one or perhaps two incomes, (46) is better able to adapt to rapid change and to move when jobs move.。

2011年12月英语四级真题及答案解析完整版Part I Writing (1)Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (3)Part III Listening Comprehension (7)Section A (7)Conversation One (10)Conversation Two (14)Section B (16)Passage Three (20)Passage Three (26)Section C (35)Passage Two (36)Part V Cloze (36)Part VI Translation (43)Part I Writing【标准版】Nothing Succeeds Without a Strong WillNothing runs smoothly in our life. To achieve things successfully, a strong will is essential. Life is like a Marathon. Many people can’t get to the terminal. This is not because they are lack of vitality but because their will of success is not strong enough.To take quitting smoking as an example, some regard it as a piece of cake. They make up their minds to quit it in the morning, but in the evening they feel that the smell of cigarettes is tempting. Their throats are sore, their mouths are thirsty, and their hands are shaking. After the painful mental struggle, they tell themselves that “One cigarette is enough. Just take one, and the next day I will quit it.” By doing this, they surrender to their weak will. In the end, they have quitted smoking “a hundred times”, but in no time they succeed.Just like quitting smoking, nothing succeeds without a strong will. To be successful in one’s life, a strong will means that you know where you go and you will persist on the road you choose. Undoubtedly success belongs to those who overcome their weak will and who hang in there until the last minute.【文章点评】本文属于话题类作文，只看题目“Nothing Succeeds without a strong will”考生会觉得比较抽象，难以下手。

2011年12月大学英语四级真题及答案汇总2011年12月19日 14:50:00 来源：人民网2011年12月大学英语四六级考试已结束，人民网教育频道第一时间收集整理试题及参考答案，供考生参考，以下为新东方版英语四级真题汇总。

PartⅠWriting (30 minutes)注意：此部分试题在答题卡1上．For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Nothing Succeeds Without a Strong Will by commenting on the humorous saying, "Quitting smoking is the easiest thing in the world. I've done it hundreds of times." You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.PartⅡReading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7 choose the best answer from the fourchoices marked A), B), C) and D). For questions 8-10, complete the sentence with the information given in the passage.Why Integrity MattersWhat Is Integrity?The key to integrity is consistency- not only setting high personal standards for oneself (honesty, responsibility, respect for others, fairness) but also living up to those standards each and every day. One who has integrity is bound by and follows moral and ethical (道德上的) standards even when making life's hard choices, choices which may be clouded by stress, pressure to succeed, or temptation.What happens if we lie, cheat, steal, or violate other ethical standard?(道德底线，道德标准) We feel disappointed in ourselves and ashamed. But a lapse (缺失) of integrity also affects our relationships with others. Trust is essential in any important relationship, whether personal or professional. Who can trust someone who is dishonest or unfair? Thus integrity must be one of our most important goals.Risky Business（乖仔也疯狂）We are each responsible for our own decisions, even if the decision, making process has been undermined by stress or peerpressure. The real test of character is whether we can learn from our mistake, by understanding why we acted as we did and then exploring ways to avoid similar problems in the future.Making ethical decisions is a critical part of avoiding future problems. We must learn to recognize risks, because if we can't see the risks we're taking, we can't make responsible choices. To identify risks, we need to know the rules and be aware of the facts. For example, one who doesn't know the rules a about plagiarism (剽窃) may accidentally use words or ideas without giving proper credit or one who fails to keep careful research notes may unintentionally fail to quote and cite sources as required. But the fact that such a violation is "unintentional" does not excuse the misconduct, Ignorance is not a defense."But Everybody Does It"Most people who get in trouble do know the rules and facts but manage to fool themselves about the risks they're taking by using excuses: "Everyone else does it." "I'm not hurting anyone", or "I really need this grade." Excuses can get very elaborate: "I know I'm look at another's exam, even though I'm supposed to keep my eyes on my own paper, but that's not cheatingbecause I’m just checking my answers, not copying." We must be honest about our actions and avoid excuses, if we fool ourselves into believing we're not doing anything wrong, we can't see the real choice we're making - and that leads to bad decisions.To avoid fooling yourself, watch out for excuses and try this test: Ask how you would feel if your actions were public and anyone could be watching over yore shoulder. If you'd rather hide your actions, that's an indication that you're taking a risk and rationalizing it to yourself.Evaluating RisksTo decide whether a risk is worth taking, you must examine the consequences, in the future as well as right now, negative as well as positive, and to others as well as to yourself. Those who take risks they later regret usually focus on immolate benefits and simply haven't considered what might go wrong. The consequences of getting caught are serious and may include a "O" on a test or assignment, an "F" in the class, suspension (暂令停学) or dismissal from school and a ruined reputation. In fact, when you break a role or law, you lose control over your life and give others the power to impose punishment thatyou have no control over. This is an extremely vulnerable (脆弱的) position. There may be some matters of life and death or highest principle, which might justify such a risk, but there aren't many things that fall in this category.Getting Away with it - Or NotThose who don't get caught pay an even higher price. A cheater doesn't learn from the test, which deprives (剥夺) him her of an education. Cheating undermines confidence and independence: the cheater is a fraud, and knows that without dishonesty, he/she would have failed. Cheating destroysself-respect and integrity, leaving the cheater ashamed, guilty and afraid of getting caught.Worst of all, a cheater who doesn't get caught the first time usually cheats again, not only because he/she is farther behind, but also because it seems "easier." This slippery slope of eroding ethics and bigger risks leads only to disaster. Eventually, the cheater gets caught, and the later he/she gets caught, the worse the consequences.Cheating Hurts Other, TooCheaters often feel invisible, as if their actions "don't count" and don't really hurt anyone. But individual choiceshave an intense cumulative (累积的) effect. Cheating can spread like a disease. Recent statistics suggest 30％or more of college students cheat. If a class is graded on a curve, cheating hurts others' grades. Even if there is no curve, cheating "poisons" the classroom, and others may feel pressured to join in. ("If I don't cheat I can't compete with those who do") Cheating also has a destructive impact on teachers. The real reward of goof teaching is seeing students learn. But a cheater says. " I'm not interested in what you're trying to teach, all I care about is stealing a grade, regardless of the effect on others." The end result is a destructive attack on the quality of your education. Finally, cheating can hurt the reputation of the university and harm those who worked hard for their degree.Why Integrity MartenIf cheating becomes the norm, then we are in big trouble. We must rely on the honesty and good faith of others, if not, we couldn't put money in the bank, buy food, clothing, or medicine from others, drive across a bridge, get on a plane, go to the dentist--the list is endless. There are many examples of the vast harm that is caused when individuals forget or ignore the effect their dishonesty can have. The savings andloan scandal, the stock market and junk bond swindles, and, of course, Watergate, have undermined the faith of many Americans in the integrity of political and economic leaders and society as a whole. Such incidents take a tremendous toll on our nation's economy and our individual well-being. For example, but for the savings and loan debacle, there might be funds available to reduce the national debt and pay for education.In sum, we all have a common stake in our school, our community, and our society. Our actions do matter. It is essential that we act with integrity in order to build the kind of world in which we want to live.1. A person of integrity not only sets high moral and ethical standards but also _______.A) sticks to them in their daily lifeB) makes them known to othersC) understands their true valuesD) sees that others also follow them2. What role does integrity play in personal and professional relationships?A) It helps to create team spiritB) It facilitates communicationC) It is the basis of mutual trustD) It inspires mutual respect3. why must we learn to identify the risks we are going to take？A. To ensure we make responsible choices.B. To avoid being overwhelmed by stress.C. so that we don’t break any rules.D. so that we don’t run into trouble.4. Violation of a rule is misconduct even if _______?A. it has caused no harm.B. it is claimed to be unintentional.C. it has gone unnoticed.D. it is committed with good intentions.5. What should one do if he doesn’t wish to fool himself?A. Avoid making excuses.B. Listen to other people’s advice.C. Make his intensions public.D. Have others watch over his shoulder.6. Those who take risks they regret later on _______.A. will often become more cautiousB. are usually very aggressiveC. value immediate benefits most.D. may lose everything in the end7. According to the author, a cheater who doesn’t get caught right away will _______.A) pay more dearlyB) become more confidentC) be widely admiredD) feel somewhat lucky8. Cheaters at exam don’t care about their education, all they care about is how to stealing a grade9. Integrity matters in that all social activities rely on people’s honesty and good faith.10. Many Americans lost faith in the integrity of their political leaders as a result of the Watergate scandal.PartⅣ Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage.With the world's population estimated to grow from six to nine billion by 2050, researchers. businesses and governments are already dealing with the impact this increase will have on everything from food and water to infrastructure (基础设施) and jobs. Underling all this47 willbe the demand for energy, which is expected to double over the next 40 years.Finding the resources to meet this demand in a 48 . sustainable way is the cornerstone (基石) of our nation's energy security, and will be one of the major 49 of the 21st century. Alternative forms of energy- bio-fuels, wind and solar, to name a few are 50 being funded and developed, and will play a growing 51 in the world's energy supply. But experts saythat even when 52 , alternative energy sources will likely meet only about 30% of the world's energy needs by 2050.For example, even with 53 investments, such as the $93 million for wind energy development 54 in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, important alternative energy sources such as wind and bio-fuels 55 only about 1% of the market today.Energy and sustainability experts say the answer to our future energy needs will likely come from a lot of 56 both traditional and alternative.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

2011年12月全国大学英语四级考试模拟试题Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions：For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Should College Students Do Part—timeJobs?You should write at least120 words following the outline given below.1、越来越多的大学生做兼职工作;2、大学生做兼职的利弊;3、我的观点……Should College Students Do Part—timeJobs?Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1.For questions 1-7, markY (for YES)if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;NG (for NOT GIVEN)if the information is not given in the passage.For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.Robot Cars to Do Battle in Desert RaceWhen 15 competitors lined up in Nevada last year for the U.S. Defense Department's first million-dollar robot race, hopes were high. The challenge: to drive a vehicle without a human driver or remote control some 150 miles (241 kilometers) through the Mojave Desert.But those hopes quickly went up in a cloud of dust as most robots barely managed to get off the starting line. The best performer, a modified Humvee built by engineers at Pennsylvania's Carnegie Mellon University, traveled 7 miles (11 kilometers) before breaking down.To robot devotees(热爱者), however, it was a miinor hiccup.No surprise, then, that 43 teams showed up to try out for this year's race, dubbed(被称作) the Grand Challenge. For the past week, teams ranging from garage enthusiasts to well-funded university engineers have been fine-tuning their machines at qualifying rounds here at the California Speedway in Fontana, California. (Watch the robots in action in our exclusive video.)Twenty-three finalists were announced Thursday for Saturday's Grand Challenge. The 175-mile (282-kilometer) course starts and finishes in Primm, Nevada.The race promises to be even tougher than last year's run. But 18 months is an eternity in the robotics world, and the technology has vastly improved.Organizers believe several teams have a real shot of finishing the race in less than ten hours to earn the grand prize of two million U.S. dollars.When the first team out of the chute(斜道)—Mojavaton, a small team out of Colorado—made it successfully around the 2.2-mile (3.5-kilometer) qualification course, I knew right there and then that we had something special," said Ron Kurjanowicz, the chief of staff for the Pentagon's Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), which is sponsoring the race.Unknown CourseThe aim of the Grand Challenge, Defense Department officials say, is to spur development of autonomous ground vehicles that can operate in dangerous environments, such as war zones, keeping soldiers out of harm's way.A U.S. Congress mandate(训令)requires that one-third of military ground vehicles drive themselves by 2015, but the technology to meet that mandate does not yet exist.So the government looked to enterprising teams to develop the technology for driverless vehicles, sweetening its offer with the two-million-dollar purse.None of the 23 teams knows what lies ahead for this year's race. DARPA won't reveal the exact route until two hours before the start of the race on Saturday.But the obstacles on the Fontana qualification course-including a steel—enforced tunnel that wipes out a vehicle's global positioning system—are made to resemble the rugged, real-life conditions that the vehicles will have to navigate.The vehicles use sensors such as lasers, cameras, and radar to help them avoid obstacles such as rocks and cliffs. The computer's brain has to figure out how to resolve unexpected conflicts, like a boulder sitting in the middle of the road."Think about all the decisions that you and I have to make when we drive from our house to the store," Kurjanowicz said. "These vehicles have to do the same thing, without a driver."Among the top contenders in Saturday's race is TerraMax, a massive truck originally built by the Wisconsin-based Oshkosh Truck Corporation for the U.S. Marine corps.In last year's race, TerraMax managed to go only 1.2 miles (2 kilometers). Team leader Gary Schmiedel expects to domuch better this year. He pointed to the new all-wheel steering feature on the truck as an important addition."We can move this large, 15-ton (13.5-metric ton) payload vehicle in a turn that's equivalent to that of a umveHe," he said.GhostriderThe resources of teams like TerraMax or Carnegie Mellon University, which has two vehicles in the race this year, are a far cry from those of some of the other competitors, including inventors, electricians, and even a high school team.One entry, from a Southern California team of engineers, racers, and hot-rodders, is called It Came From the Garage. It has a beer keg(小桶)stuck on the back and an on-off switch that says "brain.""Most of the schools and organizations we're up against are just accessorizing conventional vehicles," said team leader Chris "C.J." Pedersen, a former actor. "Our [vehicle] is a custom-built, 21st-century hot rod... complete with hood scoop and exhaust coming off the side."Anthony Levandowski, a robotics builder from Berkeley, California, is back with Ghostrider, the only motorcycle robot in the qualifications. Studded with sensors and computers, it toppled (翻倒)over after 3 feet (1 meter) in last year's race.Levandowski, who had to postpone his graduate studies when he couldn't find a faculty advisor who believed it would be possible to build the motorcycle robot, says his vehicle has some distinct advantages."We're smaller and go a lot more places," he said while tinkering with the robot before another trial run. "We're also a lot less expe nsive. This bike costs as much as a tire or a wheel of some of these other guys' machines."Smart Money Neither Ghostrider nor It Came From the Garage made the final cut this week's qualifying races.However, another crowd-pleaser, Cajunbot—or the Ragin' Cajun—a converted all-terrain vehicle developed by a team from the University of Louisiana in Lafayette, did.The smart money in Saturday's race may be on Stanley, a converted V olkswagen Touareg made by a team at California's Stanford University. It was the only vehicle that didn't hit an obstacle in the trial runs.Even if none of the vehicles finishes the race this year, DARPA's Kurjanowicz said, the event has succeeded in galvanizing robotics developers and pushing the creation of new technologies."The beauty of the Grand Challenge is that it doesn't tell people how to solve the problem," he said. "The community has come up with its own elegant solutions."1. The passage mainly describes the advantages and disadvantages of robot car races.2. Last year's robot race in Nevada was a great success.3. It is a surprise that up to 43 teams came for this year's race called the Grand Challenge.4. The Pentagon's Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency(DARPA) is sponsoring the race.5. The aim of the Grand Challenge is to spur development of autonomous ground vehicles.6. Ghostrider and It Came From the Garage both made the final cut at this week's qualifying races.7. TerraMax will finish the race and win the grand prize of two million U.S. dollars.8. The obstacles on the Fontana qualification course are made to resemble the ________________.9. The only motorcycle robot in the qualifications is ________________.10. The only vehicle that didn't hit an obstacle in the trial runs is ________________.Part III Listening Comprehension(35 minutes)Section ADirections:In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked ［A］,［B］,［C］and［D］, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

2011年12月英语四级冲刺预测试题及答案(7)Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Paying Kids for Chores? You should write atleast 120 words according to the outline given below.1. 现在有不少家长付钱让孩子做家务2. 有人对此赞成，也有人表示反对3. 我的看法Paying Kids for Chores?Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.Universities must deal better with complaintsWith student complaints at a record high, universities will haveto raise their game once tuition fees riseTwo universities that have broken official rules for dealing with student complaints are named today in the independent adjudicator’s (仲裁人) annual report. The two, Southampton and Westminster, are the first to be exposed in this way — yet another sign of the new era in which universities are expected to be more accountable (负责) to students who expect to be treated as customers.The Office of the Independent Adjudicator (OIA), which reviews complaints when students have exhausted their university’s procedures, also reports a record rise in the number of cases. Last year the office received 1,341 complaints against universities in England and Wales, the highest number ever and an unprecedented (空前的) rise of one-third on the year before.。