Systemic Functional Grammar
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论文:The Systemic Grammar and Functional Grammar
abstract:the history and development of the
renowned and well-accepted systemic-functional
grammar is elaborated under the title of systemic
grammar and functional grammar. the theory is mainly
proposed by m. a. k. halliday, and in recent years, the
hallidayan school has evolved into a team of committed
researchers. with the great efforts of halliday and
other researchers, systemic- functional grammar has
developed into a powerful theory, accepted by the
public in the linguistic world.
key words:systemic grammar;system;functional
grammar;metafunction
clc number:h319 dolument code:aarticle id:1672-1578(2011)02-0009-02
introduction:
m. a. k. halliday, as the representative of london
school and the presenter of systemic-functional
grammar, was born in 1925 in england. he took his first
International I:.nglish I!ducation Research The Discourse Analysis of Ecology from the Perspective of Systemic Functional Linguistics zIIAOXue InnerMongolia University I)cparlmcnlofForeign Languages0l0070 Abstract:In recent decades.ecological problems are becoming more and more serious.which are focused worldwide.”Eco-linguistics” (EL)also called”Ecology of Language”emerges in the situatkm that scholars try their best to solve the problems in linguistics.As an emerging interdisciplinary area of ecology and linguistics,CCO-linguistics aims at analyzing the ecological phenomenon in language, exploring the relation between language and environment,and looking fur the variety of internal patterns of language.At present,scholars at home have made a lot of achievements with the tendency f.r0m theoreticaI studies to practical studies.On the theoreticaI framework of eco—linguistics and the transitivity method ofSystemic Functional Linguistics(SFL),by analyzing two texts excerpted from BBC news reports which involve two kinds ofanimals,this article tries to explore the relation between human and animals and our aRitudes toward different animals.analyze the ecological elements and hidden non-ecological features in the discourses,reveal the essential reasons fur ecological disruption~inherent human ideology。interpret the influences on nature.We expect that people pay more attention to the issues of environment protection,change anthropocentrism to ecocentrism which builds the harmonious relation between human and nature. Keywords:Systemic Functional Linguistics;eco-linguistics;discourse analysis With the development of society,the contradiction between human and nature is increasingly intensified.Animal is a part of nature.In recent years,however,species extinction is more and more serious.For example,reports ofwild animals being killed are often seen.Therefore,it is necessary fur us to get rid of anthropocentrism,protect wild animal and enhance ecological consciousness.The central premise of which is to realize and change anthropocentrism.For many years,linguists study the relation between language and ecology deeply to develop eco-linguistics which emphasizes the ecological elements of human and hidden non—ecological features reflected in language. On the theoretical framework of eco-linguistics and the transitivity method of Systemic Functional Linguistics(SFL),this paper tries to explore the relation between human and animals and our attitudes toward different animals by analyzing two texts excerpted from BBC news reports which describe two kinds ofanimals. 1.Overview of eco-linguistics Eco-linguistics refers to the combination of ecology and linguistics,the crossing field of natural sciences and humanities (Fill,200 1).American linguist Haugen who is the pioneer of eco-linguistics drew the relation between language and nature as an analogy of the relation among animals,plants and nature at a meeting in 1 970 and he formally raised the concept”language ecology”in The Ecology ofLanguage in 1 972,which writes”study the relations between specific languages and environment’’ (Haugen,1 972:325-339).He compared language environment to ecology environment where creatures live in.From 1 990s, ecological crisis has been concerned by all the countries gradually, meanwhile,linguists are trying to study the relation between language and ecology to improve our ecological consciousness. Halliday emphasized that linguists played an important role in environmental protection in the ALLA of 1 990.which promoted the deeper introspection on the relation between language and environment in linguistic circle:whether language can reflect people’s ecological consciousness in lexicon and syntax. Eco—linguist Fill(2001)divided the methods proposed by Haugen and Halliday into two paradigms:(1)Haugen paradigm:ecology of language presented by Haugen regards ecology as metaphor, whose main work is to research and protect endangered species; (2)Halliday paradigm:eco-linguistics presented by Halliday explores the relation between language and environment and the direct impact of language on environment instead of regarding ecology as metaphor,fur example”classism”,”growthism”and so on in language reflect inherent human ecological consciousness. With the development of eco-linguistics,more and more scholars at home and abroad are studying it.Chinese scholars who firstly discussed the relation between language and environment are Feng Guangyi(2013),Hart Jun(2013),Huang Guowen(2013,2016),Li Guozheng(1 989,1 991),Fan Junjun(2005),Wang Jinjun(2007) and Xin Zhiying and Huang Guowen(20 1 3).In this paper, Halliday paradigm is applied to explore ecological consciousness of human in language. 2.Transitivity system in Systemic Functional Linguistics Halliday (1 994)argues that language possesses three metafunctions:ideational function,interpersonal function,textual function.The experiential function in ideational function applies widely,which means we use language to talk about our experience of the world,including the world in our own mind,to describe events and states and entities involved in them.By transitivity method,there are basically six types ofprocesses:material process, mental process,relational process,behavioural process,verbal process,existential process.In the transitivity system,material process,mental process and relational process are three main processes and others are in the marginal area of them successively (see Figure 1).The junction of material process and mental process is behavioural process which is the external reaction of mental state.Verbal process by which the mental images of people draw an analogy to objects of real world is between the mental process and relational process.The junction of relational process and material process is existential process because all relative conditions are directedly regarded as”existing”or”happening”. The six processes form a circle or a circulating process,starting 一119
系统功能语法概述
公元 20 世纪,当传统语法威名坠地、逐渐衰落之际,世界的语言学界便迎来了群雄割据的时代……
把语言看作功能的流派,看重语言环境重要性的流派,把语言看作复杂结构的流派,崇尚寻求语言极致规律的流派……除此之外许多小流派在这之间登场,也在这之间消逝……
当前,语言学界仍存在着众多流派;在此之中,具有比较大影响力的有:
1. 强调共时、系统性、语言功能的布拉格学派 (Prague School)
2. 强调语言环境和语音系统重要性的伦敦学派 (London School)
3. 注重描写语言研究结构的美国结构主义 (American Structuralism)
4. 寻求人类极致的语言知识的转换生成语法 (Transformative-Generative Grammar)
不同的语言学流派的见解不同之处主要集中在句子是怎么组成的,也就是在句法学上面(以后会再说明语言学的不同分支)。而今天将要涉及的,就是以韩礼德 (Halliday) 为首的伦敦学派。
20 世纪初,人类学教授马林诺夫斯基 (Malinowski) 认为,一个人所在的语言环境(语境)会对一个人怎么使用和理解语言产生很大的作用。例如说,有些词语只能在某一群人里面才有特定的意思,或者说在某个特定的场合才有特定的意思。
马林诺夫斯基这种光辉的思想被语言学家弗斯 (Firth) 继承了下来。弗斯把这种光辉思想和现代语言学之父索绪尔 (Saussure)的思想结合起来,创立了伦敦学派。而现在,伦敦学派传承到了韩礼德这一代;因为这个学派注重语言环境和语言系统的重要性,因此伦敦学派也被称为系统语言学 (systemic linguistics) 和功能语言学 (functional linguistics).
韩礼德,人称 Halliday, 英格兰约克郡里兹人。对语言很感兴趣,本科阶段在伦敦大学学习汉语语言文学,之后在北京大学深造,接着在岭南大学(中山大学的前身……)攻读现代汉语。此后回国,并在弗斯的指导下继续学习,获得了 Ph D. 学位。毕业后,韩礼德在多所大学任教,最后前往澳大利亚悉尼大学创立了语言学系并且担任系主任。1987年韩礼德退休至今。
Chapter 4 Morphology
What is morphology?
The total number of words stored in the brain is called the lexicon.
Words are the smallest free units of language that unite sounds with meaning.
Morphology is defined as the study of the internal structure and the formation of words.
Morphemes and allomorphs
The smallest meaningful unit of language is called a morpheme.
A morpheme may be represented by different forms, called allomorphs.
“zero” form of a morpheme and suppletives
Some countable nouns do not change form to express plurality. Similarly, some regular verbs do
not change form to indicate past tense. In these two cases, the noun or verb contains two
morphemes, among which there is one “zero form” of a morpheme.
Some verbs have irregular changes when they are in past tense. In this case, the verbs also have