下载文档原格式
辽宁科技大学本科毕业设计(论文)工作管理规定毕业设计(论文)是实现培养目标不可缺少的综合性实践教学环节，在教学过程中具有重要的地位和作用。
为了贯彻因材施教原则，切实做好毕业设计(论文)的选题、计划、组织、指导和考核工作，不断提高毕业设计(论文)教学质量，特制定本规定。
第一章总则第一条毕业设计(论文)是高等学校本科教学计划的重要组成部分，是实现本科培养目标要求的重要阶段，是深化与升华基础理论学习的重要环节，是全面检验学生综合素质与实践能力培养效果的主要手段，是学生毕业和学士学位资格认证的重要依据，是衡量高等学校教育质量的重要评价内容。
做好毕业设计(论文)工作，对提高本科毕业生综合素质具有重要意义。
第二条毕业设计(论文)环节的重要特征是它的实践性和综合性。
毕业设计(论文)教学环节的基本要求是培养学生综合运用所学基本理论、基本知识、基本技能分析和解决实际问题的能力，培养学生具有从事科学研究工作和综合实验技能或专门技术工作的初步能力，初步掌握科学研究的基本方法，特别是在实践中培养学生勇于探索的创新精神，严肃认真的科学态度和严谨求实的工作作风。
第三条根据培养目标和基本规格的要求，制订各专业“毕业设计(论文)大纲”，作为毕业设计环节组织教学、检查质量的基本依据。
“毕业设计(论文)大纲”的内容一般应包括：毕业设计(论文)目的、任务和作用；毕业设计选题原则、课题类型、研究方向；对毕业设计(论文)质量和进度的基本要求；技术资料和参考文献。
各院(系)根据实际需要可以调整“毕业设计(论文)大纲”内容和格式。
第二章选题第四条选题的基本原则1、选题必须符合本专业的培养目标及教学基本要求，体现本专业基本训练内容，使学生受到比较全面的锻炼。
2、选题应贯彻因材施教原则。
既要注重对学生基本能力的训练，又要注重创新能力、综合素质的培养和个性发展。
选题应尽可能结合生产、科研、管理、教学和实验室建设的实际任务，促进教学、科研与生产实践的有机结合。
辽宁科技学院
本科毕业论文开题报告
题目：30CrMo气瓶钢有害元素P含量的控制研究专题：
系别：冶金工程学院
专业：冶金工程
班级：冶金BG102班
学生姓名：李大瑞
学号：651311210
指导教师：宋满堂孙丽娜
2014年3 月24 日
开题报告撰写要求
1．开题是本科毕业论文最重要环节之一，学生要高度重视开题报告的撰写工作。
2．开题报告一式一份，由学生妥善保管，最后连同毕业论文任务书、毕业论文等相关资料一起装入学生本科毕业论文资料袋中存档。
3．开题报告应在指导教师指导下，由学生独立完成。
4．开题工作应在教学进程表中，本科毕业设计（论文）第二周周末前完成。
5．学生查阅的参考文献（含指导教师推荐的参考文献），设计类题目一般不少于10篇，论文类一般不少于12篇。
本科生毕业设计（论文）专业外文翻译原文：Magnesium alloy electric wheel hubmicro-arc oxidation production research译文：镁合金电动车轮毂微弧氧化生产研究指导教师：张清郁职称：讲师学生姓名：陈孟丽学号：1002130301专业：机械设计制造及其自动化院（系）：机电工程学院2015年4月10日Magnesium alloy electric wheel hub micro-arc oxidation production researchMost electric vehicles at home and abr o ad is configured t o aluminum alloy wheel hub,its quality,energy saving,shock absorption,noise reduction and vehicle dynamics characteristics index is much lower than magnesium alloys.Magnesium alloy is30% lighter than aluminum alloy,th e damping effect is30times that of aluminum alloy. Replace the aluminum alloy with magnesium alloy wheel hub,driving the development of magnesium alloy material development and deep processing technology,t o reduce electric vehicle weight and power consumption,energy conservation and environmental protection; T o reduce vibration and noise;Improve ride comfort and electric vehicle dynamic characteristics such as objective(transportation quality each reduce10%,energy consumption will be r educed8%~10%).But its corrosion resistance is poor,seriously limits the monly used chemical oxidation and anode oxidation formation of oxide film on magnesium alloy has certain protective effect,but its corrosion resistance, environmental friendliness,appearance is not satisfactory,be badly in need of the development of new surface treatment.In recent years,people trying to develop a variety of new technologies,such as micro arc oxidation technology,the betterOne Micro-arc oxidation mechanismMicro-arc oxidation technology is a new surface tr eatment technology of gr een environmental protection,can grow in light metal surface in situ ceramic layer directly.Its technological characteristics,surface treatment,as well as the performance of the since the technology was invented by the favour of people,its mechanism is t o light metals such as aluminum,magnesium,titanium and its alloy pu t in electrolyte a q ueous solution as anode, using the method of electrochemical spark discharge spots on the surface of the material, the thermal chemistry,plasma chemistry and electrochemistry,under the joint action of metal oxide ceramic layers of a surface modification technologyTwo research methods and technologyThis topic in the research on magnesium alloy electric wheel hub,higher requirements on the t oughness of the alloy,so choose AM60B,melt and initial temperatur e of468℃,the melting end temperatur e is596℃,the liquidus temperatur e range of 165℃.The chemical composition as shown in table1.T able1AM60B alloy chemical composition(WB/%)Al Zn Mn Si Cu Ni Fe杂质余量5.6～6.4≤0.200.26～0.5≤0.05≤0.008≤0.001≤0.0040.02Mg Because of the magnesium alloy electric wheel hub surface area is larger,generalabove0.4m2,require micro-arc oxidation power supply is bigger,this subject a do pts the lanzhou university of technology institute of materials and development of MAO-300 type nc micro-arc oxidation production device(figure1)micro-arc oxidation on magnesium alloy wheel casting processing,its similar to ordinary anodic oxidation equipment,including special high-voltage power supply,micro-arc oxidation alkaline solution of electrolytic tank,mixing system,cooling system,workpiece with stainless steel plate for peer electrode.With micro-arc oxidation method in sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide electrolyte fluid system in the preparation of magnesium alloy wheel casting oxide ceramic membrane, the concrete technological process first set oxidation process parameters and the alkaline tank sodium silicate solution,the cleaning after micro-arc oxidation of magnesium alloy wheel casting into cell15~20min,clean with clear water tank2~4min,add ho t water in ho t water(80℃,10~15min),closed,then cool in the cold water tank2min,hoisted ou t drainage,drying,examine the hub.After micro-arc oxidation tr eatment must be closed by ho t water,formed by micro-arc oxidation discharge holes so the distribution of the channel and the surrounding a large number of micro cracks will be closed,prevent oxygen t o cause oxidation.After completion of micro-arc oxidation,from after micro-arc oxidation on magnesium alloy wheel casting intercept film sample were analyzed,and to facilitate test analysis,r equest samples made of circular plate,so the sample interception location choice among wheels,mo s t is shown in ing scanning electron microscope analysis of oxide filmFigure1MAO-300type nc micro-arc oxidation power supplyFigure2after micro-arc oxidation magnesium alloy wheel hub casting andinterception of membrane layer analysis sampleThree micro-arc oxidation process parameters on the quality of the film Based on the research of the sample and analysis of micro-arc oxidation technology is, in fact,the substrate magnesium magnesium oxide.Figure3for the dimension of samples before and after oxidation appearance schematic simulation,which is suitable for ceramic oxide film a outward growth,namely the increase of size part,b is the depth of the internal oxidation t o the matrix,a and b interface for initial sample surface position,h for the total thickness of oxide film.Figure3samples dimension changes before and after micro-arc oxidation diagram Larger influence on test has a positive voltage,frequency,duty cycle,current density and oxidation time on the process parameters.Due to the electric casting of magnesium alloy surface area is larger,micro-arc oxidation micro-arc discharge must be formed in the surface can occur after a certain thickness of oxide film,so the formation of the oxide film is needed for the voltage doesn't need much,the current is larger,the oxide film formation and the process of thickening,o ften accompanied by current and voltage mutation.When the oxide film thickness reaches a certain degree,the need t o increase the voltage on both ends of the workpiece,usually at ar ound150V in the micro arc discharge betw een the workpiece and the electrolyte.Increased with the increase of voltage,current,micro-arc density is mo r e and mo r e close,mo r e and mor e bright,and micro-arc constantly beating, basically,the current and voltage,linear increase abo u t180V voltage,the density of micro-arc basically meet the technological requirements,the current growth slowly.When the thickness of oxide film reaches a certain electricityFrom electric casting magnesium alloys is n o t hard t o find in the micro-arc oxidation test result analysis,micro-arc oxidation in the process can be divided into two steps, namely the oxide film formation stage and the stage of micro-arc oxidation film discharge, the formation of oxide film phase as the initial stage,the stage of the supply voltage is small,and after the film to pr oduce micro-arc discharge requires high voltage,for magnesium alloy electric casting the large workpiece with micro-arc oxidation processing surface area is larger,the film for a long time,t o a large extent affected the production efficiency.Experimental results also found that the dc power of oxide film faster than pulse power,in the absence of micro arc discharge,oxide film layer is not dense,it can be seenfrom appearance,need again with pulse power supply for micro-arc oxidation discharge, the oxide film become mo r e dense.In order to improve the production efficiency,to meet the n eed s of industrial production,suggest early low voltage adjustable dc constant voltage power supply are available t o set up the initial oxidation film,forming a complete insulation film in place to ensure that the first phase,and the oxide film in the late discharge can use digital pulse type adjustable power supply,it can shorten the artifacts of micro-arc oxidation time.The size of the current density in a certain extent reflects the intensity of micro-arc oxidation,strongly affect the resulting performance of the micro arc oxidation ceramic layer.The duration of oxidation also seriously affects the coating corrosion resistance: oxidation time is too short,although generat ed mainly the dense layer,bu t the film is too thin,don't have good corrosion resistance;After oxidation time is too long,at some time, with the increase of time,although the overall film thickness increases,bu t the increase is a loose layer,layer density and thinning trend,d o e s n ot favor the coating corrosion resistance,also no t economic.The density of micro arc also related with the pulse frequency,when the pulse frequency increases,the density of micro arc also gradually increased.Will have the electric field set up suddenly,can pr oduce micro arc.In the basic process parameters such as electrolyte concentration,duty ratio and pulse n umbe r of uncertain,the arc voltage is constant commonly,so when the frequency increases,the sustain micro-arc voltage frequency increases,the micro-arc density will increaseFour micro-arc oxide film layer structure characteristicsAfter micro-arc oxidation of magnesium alloy wheel hub interception by Mef3large metallurgical microscope observation of the sample,the micro-arc oxide film surface morphology as shown in figure4.Can be seen from the figure in the wheel hub surface layer is made up of many tiny"small volcanic cone"(figure pr otuberant part ar ound the holes)in dendritic combination,constitute the mesh structure."Small volcanic cone"center has a small hole,this is the electrolyte reaction with matrix micro-arc discharge channel, namely when the micro-arc spew ed molten oxide channel.In addition,because the current micro area local plasma channel is different that differ by the size of the hole,big hole are also distributed ar ound a large n u mbe r of micro cracks,the generation of micro cracks o ften related to the stress that exist in the film.With SSM Analysis Analysis software[6]toanalyze the surface density,including25m film for sample,the hole surface area ratio of 18%,that of micro-arc oxidation film density is better.Figure4magnesium alloy wheel hub micro-arc oxide film layer surface morphologyFigure5AM60B magnesium alloy micro-arc oxidation film section morphology by SEM Figure5is thr ough JMS-6700-f field emission scanning electron microscopy(sem) observed the micro-arc oxide film layer section morphology photos.Figure5shows the average film thickness of a bo u t22(including m,the oxide film and substrate with good, decomposition of a distinct,density on the interface is good,no big holes.By figure5can also see,micro-arc oxide film by the outermost layer of loose layer,the inside of the transition layer and layer in betw een density of three parts,the transitional layer is the interface film layer and substrate,holes and other defects existing in the loose layer,d ens e layer is the key t o improve its corrosion resistance.Figure6is obtained by Phlip X'pert X-ray diffractometer AM60B magnesium alloy wheel hub of micro-arc oxidation film XRD spectrum,according t o the intensity of diffraction peak accumulation analysis shows that the matrix of Mg peak relatively obvious, the main phase of micro-arc oxidation coating is cubic structure of MgO style,surface with Mg2Si2O4and MgAl2O4spinel phase,according t o the test conditions that may also contain SiO2,MgF2and small a mounts of Mg(OH)2,and the oxide of Al,K and Na. Studies have shown that MgAl2O4and Mg2Si2O4can improve the wear resistance of ceramic layer and MgO style the corrosion resistance of ceramic layer play a very important role.This is the micro-arc oxide film performance is higher than the r oot cause of the anode oxidation membrane performance.In addition,micro-arc oxidation ceramic layers of low porosity,and to improve the corrosion resistance of the coatings;Ceramic layer from the substrate on the growth,combined with matrix closely,therefore,is no t easy t o fall off.In addition,the technology can generat e uniform film both inside and outside the material surface layer,expand the scope of application of micro-arc oxidation.Figure6AM60B magnesium alloy micro-arc oxidation film XRD spectrum Five T o detect the corrosion resistance of the micro-arc oxide film layer In order t o meet the requirements of the use of electric cars,micro-arc oxidation on magnesium alloy electric wheel hub on the corrosion resistance test,salt spray testing machine mainly USES the WJ-90after micro-arc oxidation tr eatment of the surface of the wheel hub for salt spray test.After testing found that did not use h ot water seal processing of the surface of the wheel hub48h corrosion rate was0.108%,while only0.073%,afterho t water hole sealing hubs such as chromium than other chemical surface tr eatment processing of low corrosion rate(0.6%).[9],that magnesium alloy after micro-arc oxidation electric wheel hub surface corrosion resistance is superior.T o evaluate a r ough check the appearance of the film,feel is very good,membrane layer uniform light show that membrane surface appearance level is higher.Practice shows that without the micro-arc oxidation of the surface of the magnesium alloy wheel casting coating,its poor corrosion resistance,abrasion resistance,in a very short period of time,began to appear on the surface of parts oxidation falls off ph eno menon,it is difficult t o sell in the market; After micro-arc oxidation treatment,its corrosion resistance,wear-resisting performance is significantSix The conclusion(1)quality of micro-arc oxidation on magnesium alloy electric wheel hub surface influence factor has a positive voltage,frequency,duty cycle,current density and oxidation time on the process parameters.Optimum process parameters for150~180V voltage, current density of1.1A/dm2,oxidation time t o20min,400Hz frequency,duty cycle of 20%.(2)the oxide film is divided into two layers of loose layer and den se layer structure, the dense layer is the main body,the film formed by cubic structure of MgO style,the surface is MgO style and MgA12O4,spinel phase mixture,and combined with matrix and closely for hard ceramic layer and played a key role of the magnesium alloy surface anticorrosion(3)the micro-arc oxidation technology for new surface tr eatment technology of environmental protection,bu t its large area needed for the magnesium alloy casting film for a long time,the production efficiency is low,the mass production t o meet the large area of magnesium alloy castings,micro-arc oxidation power supply can be established by using dc power first initial oxidation film layer,then use pulse power arc discharge strengthening oxide film layer,the ways which are already so den se and har d ceramic oxide film layer can be obtained,also can greatly improve production efficiency.镁合金电动车轮毂微弧氧化生产研究国内外大多数电动车车辆配置为铝合金轮毂，其在质量、节能、减震、降噪和车辆动力学特性等指标大大低于镁合金。
高等教育自学考试英语专业本科毕业论文撰写说明一、论文撰写的步骤与方法本科论文的写作一般由选题、文献检索与资料整理、撰写提纲、起草论文、教师批改、修改定稿等步骤组成。
具体做法是：a)选题撰写论文的第一步就是确定一个恰当的题目，然后围绕选题进行其他各项工作。
选题共分五个方向，即：英美文学、英语语言学、英汉翻译、英美文化和英语教学。
附录1提供了五个方向的部分参考选题，考生可从中选择，也可根据自己的实际情况另选题目。
选题应本照下列原则：1．具有研究价值；2．具有现实意义或理论意义；3．自己在该领域有较扎实的基本功和理论基础；4．自己感兴趣并具有一定的相关资料或初步研究成果。
题目大小要适当，太大太广论文难免失之于肤浅；太小太窄问题不易展开，完不成规定的字数。
b)文献检索与资料整理文献检索与资料整理是论文写作过程中非常重要而又经常被人们忽视的环节。
只有掌握了有关题目的相关资料，了解其研究现状和最新成果，才有可能找到合理恰当的切人点。
因此，在论文写作初期要着力搜集与选题相关的资料，边搜集、边阅读、边整理。
搜集整理资料的过程就是研究的过程，也是形成自己观点的过程。
只有吃透了别人的观点，才能发现自己观点与别人的异同，才能提出自己独特的建树。
c)拟订提纲在对资料进行整理分析的基础上，逐步形成自己的观点，然后根据逻辑关系对这些论点、论据，素材进行整理，构思论文的框架，明确论文的层次，拟就论文提纲。
提纲要提交指导教师审阅，由指导教师提出修改意见，经指导教师认可后，考生即可动笔写作。
论文提纲格式参见附录2：论文提纲格式样本。
d)起草论文论文的起草必须由考生独立完成，不准找人代笔，不准抄袭他人作品或照搬他人观点。
论文应层次分明、论点突出，论述充分。
考生应在规定的最后期限前将初稿交与指导教师批阅。
e)教师批改指导教师对学生的论文初稿要进行认真细致的审阅，要检查论文格式是否符合要求、观点是否正确、论述是否清楚、语言是否通顺。
指导教师要从以上几个方面对论文初稿提出具体修改意见并返还给学生。
毕业设计（论文）开题报告计算机科学与信息工程系（院） 2008届题目（中文）毕业设计选题及成绩管理（英文）Graduating the design chooses and result management 课题类型技术开发课题来源教师指定学生姓名专业班级指导教师职称填写日期：年月日说明：1、该表每生一份，系（院）妥善存档；2、课题来源填：“自选”或“教师指定”或“其它”，课题类型填：“理论研究”或“应用研究”或“技术开发”或“实验设计”或“其它”。
附件：毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献翻译计算机科学与信息工程系（院） 2008届题目（英文）（一）An Active Server Page (ASP)（二）SOFTWARE QUALITY ASSURANCE(三) SOFTWARE TESTIN（中文）（一）asp（二）软件质量保证（三）软件测试学生姓名专业班指导老师职称完成日期：年月日原文：（一）An Active Server Page (ASP)1. This paper firstly introduces multi-tier B/S Architecture and Web-related technology .Based on them , this paper presents system objection, system demand, main feather and system design solution ,particularly describes system design and implement in detail. In system design and implement，and key points in other sub-system are also analyzed further .This paper also introduces mostly technology of system . Lastly, this paper makes a summery and figures out some problem which need to be improved.2. computing has brought about a whole new standard of corporate computing productivity, but at the same time it has introduced many new problems for corporate IT organizations.The advent of low-cost desktop computers makes B/S possible. No longer is it necessary for users to wait even seconds to interact with their corporate data. With their own computer on their desktop they do not need to wait for the mainframe to respond. All of this cheap computer power has also made it possible to support computation- intensive graphical interfaces, which are much easier for users to understand.In order for B/S to work, the application program which used to reside entirely on the mainframe has been split into two pieces, the client piece and the server piece. The portion of the application that resides in the Client personal computer includes logic for the presentation of information to the user and mechanisms for accepting user input. It also includes logic for data interaction at the Client, such as changing the appearance of the graphical interface as the user make various choices.The Client software often includes corporate business rules that allow data to be validated before it is sent to the server.The portion of the application that remains on the Server is usually just the portion that stores data at a central location, accessible to other users. The once mighty mainframes have been reduced to database servers, while the rest of the application has migrated out to the clients.This migration has caused many problems. The Client machines have become "fat". As the complexity of applications has risen it has become necessary to supply users with more and more powerful computers with faster processors, more disk storage, and more RAM. It is true that personal computer manufacturers have been able to deliver better and better computers for the same amount of money, but the constant upgrades required are costly for corporations. It takes more people and time to upgrade hundreds or thousands of personal computers than it used to take to just upgrade the mainframes. Setting aside the cost of Client equipment, the proliferation of corporate applications, including business logic, to hundreds or thousands of machines has become a major cost factor for corporations. Where IT staffs used to be able to maintain all the corporate software assets in one central location, they now need to maintain corporate software spread all across the corporation, often housed in computers that are out of IT control.There are many estimates available that the cost of Client/Server computing is eight or more times the cost of the equipment alone. Several companies offer large,expensive systems that have the sole purpose of maintaining corporate software spread out all over the corporation.The issue here is not personal-productivity software such as word processors and spreadsheets. Personal software products have enabled knowledge workers to attain new heights of productivity. The issue is the maintenance of corporate software, such as order-entry and accounting. Imagine the difficulty of making a schema change in a corporate database, and synchronizing that change with the updating of thousands of copies of the corresponding Client software.It is true that the use of department-level LANs can bring down the number of copies that need to be updated to hundreds, instead of thousands. The size of the LANs must be limited, because the large size of the fat client software requires a responsive LAN or else the users will just copy the enterprise software to their own machines, bringing us back to thousands of copies to be maintained.The task of making simultaneous changes to even hundreds of copies of client software is still a daunting one.3. which in turn serves it back to the client in your personal computer, which displays the information for you.The client/server model has become one of the central ideas of network computing. Most business applications being written today use the client/server model. So does the Internet's main program, TCP/IP. In marketing, the term has been used to distinguish distributed computing by smaller dispersed computers from the "monolithic" centralized computing of mainframe computers. But this distinction has largely disappeared as mainframes and their applications have also turned to the client/server model and become part of network computing.In the usual client/server model, one server, sometimes called a daemon, is activated and awaits client requests. Typically, multiple client programs share the services of a common server program. Both client programs and server programs are often part of a larger program or application. Relative to the Internet, your Web browser is a client program that requests services (the sending of Web pages or files) from a Web server (which technically is called a Hypertext Transport Protocol or HTTP server) in another computer somewhere on the Internet. Similarly, your computer with TCP/IP installed allows you to make client requests for files from File Transfer Protocol (FTP) servers in other computers on the Internet.Other program relationship models included master/slave, with one program being in charge of all other programs, and peer-to-peer, with either of two programs able to initiate a transaction.ASP is also an abbreviation for application service provider.An Active Server Page (ASP) is an HTML page that includes one or more scripts (small embedded programs) that are processed on a Microsoft Web server before the page is sent to the user. An ASP is somewhat similar to a server-side include or a common gateway interface (CGI) application in that all involve programs that run on the server, usually tailoring a page for the user. Typically, the script in the Web page at the server uses input received as the result of the user's request for the page to access data from a database and then builds or customizes the page on the fly before sending it to the requestor.ASP is a feature of the Microsoft Internet Information Server (IIS), but, since theserver-side script is just building a regular HTML page, it can be delivered to almost any browser. You can create an ASP file by including a script written in VBScript or JavaScript in an HTML file or by using ActiveX Data Objects (ADO) program statements in the HTML file. You name the HTML file with the ".asp" file suffix. Microsoft recommends the use of the server-side ASP rather than a client-side script, where there is actually a choice, because the server-side script will result in an easily displayable HTML page. Client-side scripts (for example, with JavaScript) may not work as intended on older browsers.For Web service applications, Microsoft provides a new version of ASP support called .4. Browser/Server is a trademark for the new paradigm of corporate computing that is now possible using technology developed for the World Wide Web.At the present time the Web is used by the many corporations to distribute marketing materials. The corporate Web Server is usually just a Brochure Server for the Marketing department.The potential exists for using Web Browsers and Severs for much more, especially behind the corporate firewall. Browser/Server technology can be used to enhance most corporate computing systems, not just the system used for marketing.To understand the important new role that Browser/Server technology can play within a company it is useful to examine the previous paradigms that have paved the way for Browser/Server computing.Computers were first used in Batch mode. End users had little interaction with the corporate computing systems. Inputs would be gathered in a "batch" and keyed into punch cards, which were fed by operators into the mainframe computer when the computer was done running previous batch jobs. When the mainframe processed the job it usually produced printed output which eventually made its way to the end user.The batch process included no user interaction, and the only recourse a user had after discovering errors in the batch run was to go through the cycle, which often took hours or even days, again and again.The addition of dumb terminals to the mainframe gave the users direct, hands-on, connections to the corporate computer. Users no longer had to wait for a computer operator to run their jobs, they could enter the data and initiate processing themselves.There were still delays involved. Dumb terminals were useful for inputting and displaying information, but because they had no processing ability it was necessary for the user to interact with the mainframe in order to interact with their data. Batch jobs previously could be run one-by-one if necessary, but mainframes had to deal with all attached terminals seemingly at once. This lead to delays as users waited for the mainframe to "turn around" their terminal messages while they interacted with their data.Still, the delays were now down to seconds or minutes, instead of hours or days. Client/Server computing has brought about a whole new standard of corporate computing productivity, but at the same time it has introduced many new problems for corporate IT organizations.The advent of low-cost desktop computers makes Client/Server possible. No longer is it necessary for users to wait even seconds to interact with their corporate data.With their own computer on their desktop they do not need to wait for the mainframe to respond.All of this cheap computer power has also made it possible to support computation- intensive graphical interfaces, which are much easier for users to understand.In order for Client/Server to work, the application program which used to reside entirely on the mainframe has been split into two pieces, the client piece and the server piece.The portion of the application that resides in the Client personal computer includes logic for the presentation of information to the user and mechanisms for accepting user input. It also includes logic for data interaction at the Client, such as changing the appearance of the graphical interface as the user make various choices.The Client software often includes corporate business rules that allow data to be validated before it is sent to the server.The portion of the application that remains on the Server is usually just the portion that stores data at a central location, accessible to other users. The once mighty mainframes have been reduced to database servers, while the rest of the application has migrated out to the clients.This migration has caused many problems. The Client machines have become "fat". As the complexity of applications has risen it has become necessary to supply users with more and more powerful computers with faster processors, more disk storage, and more RAM. It is true that personal computer manufacturers have been able to deliver better and better computers for the same amount of money, but the constant upgrades required are costly for corporations. It takes more people and time to upgrade hundreds or thousands of personal computers than it used to take to just upgrade the mainframes. Setting aside the cost of Client equipment, the proliferation of corporate applications, including business logic, to hundreds or thousands of machines has become a major cost factor for corporations. Where IT staffs used to be able to maintain all the corporate software assets in one central location, they now need to maintain corporate software spread all across the corporation, often housed in computers that are out of IT control.There are many estimates available that the cost of Client/Server computing is eight or more times the cost of the equipment alone. Several companies offer large, expensive systems that have the sole purpose of maintaining corporate software spread out all over the corporation.The issue here is not personal-productivity software such as word processors and spreadsheets. Personal software products have enabled knowledge workers to attain new heights of productivity. The issue is the maintenance of corporate software, such as order-entry and accounting. Imagine the difficulty of making a schema change in a corporate database, and synchronizing that change with the updating of thousands of copies of the corresponding Client software.It is true that the use of department-level LANs can bring down the number of copies that need to be updated to hundreds, instead of thousands. The size of the LANs must be limited, because the large size of the fat client software requires a responsive LAN or else the users will just copy the enterprise software to their own machines, bringing us back to thousands of copies to be maintained.The task of making simultaneous changes to even hundreds of copies of client softwareis still a daunting one.The split-up of the corporate applications is different for Browser/Server . The user interface and the data interaction components are still run on the user machine, but the business logic usually remains on the Server, usually in a special Server called an Application Server.The user interface and data interaction components do run on the Client, but they are not ultimately stored there. They are most probably Java applets stored in a corporate Intranet Web Server, and they are automatically loaded into the Browser software on the user machine as they are needed. If a newer version becomes available, then that version is automatically loaded.We have achieved the same benefits as with Client/Server, but without the enormous distribution and maintenance problem. The only software that the user machine needs, besides an operating system and personal productivity software, is a Web Browser that runs Java applets.Since much of the "fat" of the application resides in the business logic Application Server, the need to constantly upgrade the user machines is greatly reduced. There is no need to spend precious time and hard disk space installing corporate software on thousands of user machines, or hundreds of departmental LANs. Corporate software assets now all reside in corporate servers, under IT control. Updates to systems are now easily coordinated.So exactly what is Browser/Server technology? Browser/Server is an important adaptation of modern network-centric computing that optimizes the performance of mission critical enterprise applications deployed via the corporate intranet and/or World Wide Web.Browser/Server accomplishes these performance gains with customized multi-tiered infrastructure and application designs that produce production solutions with reduced network requests and increased user interaction.（二）SOFTWARE QUALITY ASSURANCEThe activity of software quality assurance is closely related to verification and validation activities carried out at each stage of the software life cycle[1]．Indeed，in many organizations there is no distinction made between these activities．However，quality assurance and other verification and validation activities are actually quite separate，with quality assurance being a management function and verification and validation being part of the process of software development[2]．An appropriate definition of software quality assurance is provided by Bersoff（1984）：Quality assurance consists of those procedures，techniques and tools applied by professionals to ensure that a product meets or exceeds prespecified standards during a products development cycle[3]；and without specific prescribed standards，quality assurance entails ensuring that a product meets or exceed a minimal industrial and / or commercially acceptable level of excellence．This definition is，of course[4]，a fairly general one and it suggests that，firstly，software standards can be established and，secondly，the level of excellenceof a software product can be estimated．The development of software engineering project standards is an extremely difficult process. A standard is some abstract representation of a product which defines the minimal level of performance，robustness，organization，etc.，which the developed product must attain[5]．At the time of writing，some software standards have been developed by the IEEE，ANSI and military organizations．These standards describe configuration management plans，documentation，specification practices，software comparisons，etc．Other standards which are currently under development include standards for reliability，measurement，the use of Ada as PDL[6]，software testing and others．Bransta d and Powell（1984）describe both existing and planned software standards as well as discussing standardization in more general terms．The problem with national software standards is that they tend to be very general in nature. This is inevitable as，unlike hardware，we are not yet capable of quantifying most software characteristics．Effective quality assurance within an organization thus requires the development of more specific organizational standards．Of course，the problem which arises in developing software standards for quality assurance and which makes the assessment of the level of excellence of a software product difficult to assess is the elusive nature of software quality．Boehm et al．（1978）suggest that quality criteria include but are not limited to：Economy Correctness ResilienceIntegrity Reliability UsabilityDocumentation Modifiability ClarityUnderstandability Validity MaintainabilityFlexibility Generality PortabilityInteroperability Testability EfficiencyModularity ReusabilityExactly how some of these criteria may be quantified is not clear．Furthermore，as Buckley and Poston（1984）point out，parts of this definition may have no value for a particular product．It may be possible to transfer a system from a microcomputer to a large mainframe but this is often a nonsensical thing to do．Assessment of software quality thus still relies on the judgement of skilled individuals although this does not mean that it is necessarily inferior to quantitative assessment．After all，we cannot assess a painting or a play quantitatively yet this does not preclude a judgement of its quality．Within an organization，quality assurance should be carried out by an independent software quality assurance team who reports directly to management above the project manager level．The quality assurance team should not be associated with any particular development group but should be responsible for quality assurance across all project groups in an organization．The activity of quality assurance involves sitting in on design reviews[7]，program walkthroughs，etc. ，and reporting on the overall quality of the product as it is developed．It also involves checking that the finished product and its associated documentation conform to those standards which exist．The quality assurance team mayalso assess if the different representations of a product（requirements，design，code）are consistent and complete．Notice that quality assurance is not the same as system testing．It is the development or testing team’s responsibility to validate the system，with the quality assurance team reporting on both the validation and the adequacy of the validation effort．This naturally involves quality assurance being closely associated with the final integration testing of the system．Software quality assurance is now an emerging subdiscipline of software engineering[8]．As Buckly and Poston point out，effective software quality assurance is likely to lead to an ultimate reduction in software costs．However，the major hurdle in the path of software management in this area is the lack of usable software standards．The development of accepted and generally applicable standards should be one of the principal goals of research in software engineering．（三）SOFTWARE TESTING1. Purpose of TestingNo matter how capably we write programs，it is clear front the variety of possible errors that we should check to insure that our modules are coded correctly．Many programmers view testing as a demonstration that their programs perform properly．However，the idea of demonstrating correctness is really the reverse of what testing is all about．We test a program in order to demonstrate he existence of an error．Because our goal is to discover errors，we can consider a test successful only when an error is discovered．Once an error is found，“debugging”or error correction is the process of determining what causes the error and of making changes to the system so that the error no longer exists．2．Stages of TestingIn the development of a large system，testing involves several stages．First，each program module is tested as a single program，usually isolated from the other programs in the system．Such testing，known as module testing or unit-testing，verifies that the module functions properly with the types of input expected from studying the module design．Unit testing is done in a controlled environment whenever possible so that the test team can feed a predetermined set of data to the module being tested and observe what output data are produced[1]．In addition，the test team checks the internal data structures，the logic，and the boundary conditions for the input and output data．When collections of modules have been unit-tested，the next step is to insure that the interfaces among the modules are defined and handled properly．Integration testing is the process of verifying that the components of a system work together as described in the program design and system design specifications．When collections of modules have been unit-tested，the next step is to insure that the interfaces among the modules are defined and handled properly．Integration testing is the process of verifying that the components of a system work together as described in the program design and system design specifications．Once we are sure that information is passed among modules according to the designprescriptions，we test the system to assure that it has the desired functionality．A function test evaluates the system to determine if the functions described by the requirements specification are actually performed by the integrated system [2]．The result，then，is a functioning system．Recall that the requirements were specified in two ways：first in the customer’s terminology and again as a set of software and hardware requirements．The function test compares the system being built with the functions described in the software and hardware requirements．Then，a performance test compares the system with the remainder of the software and hardware requirements．If the test is performed in the customer’s actual working environment，a successful test yields a validated system．However，if the test must be performed in a simulated environment，the resulting system is a verified system．When the performance test is complete，we as developers are certain that the system functions according to our understanding of the system description．The next step is to confer with the customer to make certain that the system works according to the customer’s expectations．We join with the customer to perform an acceptance test in which the system is checked against the customer’ s requirements description．When the acceptance test is complete，the accepted system is installed in the environment in which it will be used；a final I nstallation test is performed to make sure that the system still functions as it should．Fig. 8-2 illustrates the several stages of testing．Although systems may differ in size，the type of testing described in each stage is necessary for assuring the proper performance of any system being developed．译文：（一） asp技术1. 本文首先介绍了课题研究所用的技术:浏览器/服务器结构以及Web应用的相关数据库访问技术。
本科毕业设计（论文）中英文对照翻译(此文档为word格式,下载后您可任意修改编辑!)原文The investigation of an autonomous intelligent mobile robot systemfor indoor environment navigationS KarelinAbstractThe autonomous mobile robotics system designed and implemented for indoor environment navigation is a nonholonomic differential drive system with two driving wheels mounted on the same axis driven by two PID controlled motors and two caster wheels mounted in the front andback respectively. It is furnished with multiple kinds of sensors such as IR detectors ,ultrasonic sensors ,laser line generators and cameras,constituting a perceiving system for exploring its surroundings. Its computation source is a simultaneously running system composed of multiprocessor with multitask and multiprocessing programming. Hybrid control architecture is employed on the rmbile robot to perform complex tasks. The mobile robot system is implemented at the Center for Intelligent Design , Automation and Manufacturfing of City University of Hong Kong.Key words:mobile robot ; intelligent control ; sensors ; navigation IntroductionWith increasing interest in application of autonomous mobile robots in the factory and in service environments，many investigations have been done in areas such as design，sensing，control and navigation，etc. Autonomousreaction to the real wand，exploring the environment，follownng the planned path wnthout collisions and carrying out desired tasks are the main requirements of intelligent mobile robots. As humans，we can conduct these actions easily. For robots however，it is tremendously difficult. An autonomous mobile robot should make use of various sensors to sense the environment and interpret and organize the sensed information to plan a safe motion path using some appropriate algorithms while executing its tasks. Many different kinds of senors havebeen utilized on mobile robots，such as range sensors，light sensors，force sensors，sound sensors，shaft encoders，gyro scope s，for obstacle awidance，localizatio n，rmtion sensing，navigation and internal rmnitoring respectively. Many people use infrared and ultrasonic range sensors to detect obstacles in its reaching ser range finders are also employed in obstacle awidance behavior of mobile robots in cluttered space.Cameras are often introduced into the vision system for mobile robot navigation. Although many kinds of sensors are available，sensing doesn’t mean perceiving. The mechanical shape and driving type are commonly first taken into consideration while implementing a rmbile robot. A robot’s shape can have a strong impact on how robust it is，and DC serve rmtors or stepOper motors are often the two choices to employ as actuators. The shape of a robot may affect its configurations of components，ae sthetics，and even the movement behaviors of the robot. An improper shape can make robot run a greater risk of being trapped in a cluttered room or of failing to find its way through a narrow space. We choose an octahedral shape that has both advantages of rectangular and circular shapes，and overcomes their drawbacks. The framework of the octahedral shaped robot is easy to make，components inside are easily arrange and can pass through narrow places and rotate wrath corners and nearby objects，and is more aesthetic in appearance. The perception subsystem accomplishes the task of getting various data from thesurroundings，including distance of the robot from obstacles，landmarks，etc.Infrared and ultrasonic range sen}rs，laser rangefinders and cameras are utilized and mounted on the rmbile robot to achieve perception of the environment. These sensors are controlled independently by some synchronously running microprocessors that are arranged wrath distributive manner，and activated by the main processor on which a supervising program runs. At present，infrared and ultranic sensors，laser rangefinders are programmed to detect obstacles and measure distance of the robot from objects in the environment，and cameras are programmed for the purpose of localization and navigation.The decision-making subsystem is the most important part of an intelligent mobile robot that organizes and utilizes the information obtained from the perception subsystem. It obtains reasonable results by some intelligent control algorithm and guides the rmbile robot. On our mobile robotic system intelligence is realized based on behaviourism and classical planning principles. The decision-making system is composed of twa levels global task planning based on knowledge base and map of working enviro nment，reactive control to deal with the dynamic real world. Reaction tasks in the decision-making system are decomposed into classes of behaviors that the robot exhibits to accomplish the task. Fuzzy logic is used to implement some basic behaviors. A state machine mechanism is applied to coordinate different behaviors. Because manykinds of electronic components such as range sensors，cameras，frame grabbers，laser line generators，microprocessors，DC motors，encoders，are employed on the mobile robot，a power source must supply various voltage levels which should are stable and have sufficient power. As the most common solution to power source of mobile robots，two sealed lead acid batteries in series writh 24 V output are employed in our mobile robot for the rmtor drive components and electronic components which require 24 V，15V，士12V，+9V，士5V，variously. For the conversion and regulation of the voltage，swritching DC DC converters are used because of their high efficiency，low output ripple and noise，and wride input voltage range. Three main processors are Motorola MC68040 based single board computers on which some supervisory programs and decision-making programs run. These MC68040 boards run in parallel and share memory using a VMEbus. Three motorola MC68HC11 based controllers act as the lower level controllers of the infrared and ultranic range senors，which communicate with the main processors through serial ports. The multi-processor system is organized into a hierarchical and distributive structure to implement fast gathering of information and rapid reaction. Harmony，a multiprocessing and multitasking operating system for real-time control，runs on the main processors to implement multiprocessing and multitasking programming. Harmony is a runtime only environment and program executions are performed by downloadingcrosscompiled executable images into target processors. The hardware architecture of the mobile robot is shown in Fig. Robots control For robots，the three rmst comrmn drive systems are wheels，tracks and legs. Wheeled robots are mechanically simpler and easier to construct than legged and tracked systems that generally require more complex and heavier hardware，so our mobile robot is designed as a wheeled robot. For a wheeled robot，appropriate arrangements of driving and steering wheels should be chosen from differential，synchro，tricycle，and automotive type drive mechanisms. Differential drives use twa caster wheels and two driven wheels on a common axis driven independently，which enable the robot to move straight，in an arc and turn in place. All wheels are rotate simultaneously in the synchro drive;tricycle drive includes two driven wheels and one steering wheel;automobile type drive rotates the front twa wheels together like a car. It is obvious that differential drive is the simplest locomotion system for both programming and construction.However，a difficult problem for differentially driven robots is how to make the robot go straight，especially when the motors of the two wheels encounter different loads. To follow a desired path，the rmtor velocity must be controlled dynamically. In our mobile robot system a semv motor controller is used which implements PID control.Ibwer amplifiers that drive the motors amplify the signals from each channel of serwcontroller. Feedback is provided by shaft encoders on the wheels.The block diagram of the motor control electronic components are shown in Fig. 2，and the strategy of two wheel speed control based PID principle is illustrated in Fig.3. Top loop is for tracking the desired left motor velocity;bottom loop for tracking right motor velocity;Integral loop ensures the robot to go straight as desired and controls the steering of the robot. This is a simple PI control that can satisfy the general requirements.Sensing subsystemSensor based planning makes use of sensor information reflecting the current state of the environment，in contrast to classical planning，which assumes full knowledge of the environment prior to planning. The perceptive subsystem integrates the visual and proximity senors for the reaction of the robot. It plays an important role in the robot behavioral decision-making processes and motion control. Field of view of perceptive subsystem is the first consideration in the design of the sensing system. Fneld of view should be wide enough with sufficient depth of field to understand well the robot’s surroundings. Multiple sensors can provide information that is difficult to extract from single sensor systems. Multiple sensors are complementary to each other，providing a better understanding of the work environment. Omnidirectional sensory capability is endowed on our mobile robot. When attempting to utilize multiple senors，it must be decided how many different kinds of sensorsare to be used in order to achieve the desired motion task，both accurately and economically.Ultrasonic range sensing is an attractive sensing rmdalityfor mobile robots because it is relatively simple to implement and process，has low cost and energy consumption. In addition，high frequencies can be used to minimize interference from the surrounding environment. A special purpose built infrared ranging system operates similar to sonar，determining the obstacle’s presence or absence and also the distance to an object. For detecting smaller obstacles a laser rangefinder can be used. It can be titled down to the ground to detect the small objects near the robot. Identifying robot self position and orientation is a basic behavior that can be part of high level complex behaviors. For localizing a dead reckoning method is adopted using the output of shaft encoders. This method can have accumulated error on the position and orientation. Many external sensors can be used for identification of position and orientation. Cameras are the most popular sensor for this purpose，because of naturally occurring features of a mom as landmarks，such as air conditioning system，fluorescent lamps，and suspended ceiling frames.Any type of sensor has inherent disadvantages that need to be taken into consideration. For infrared range senors，if there is a sharply defined boundary on the target betweendifferent materials，colors，etc.，the sensor may not be able to calculate distance accurately. Some of these problemscan be avoided if due care is taken when installing and setting up the sensor. Crosstalk and specular reflection are the two main problems for ultrasonic sensors. The firing rates，blanking intervals，firing order，and timeouts of the ultrasonic sensor system can configured to improve performance. Laser ranging systems can fail to detect objects made of transparent materials or with poor light reflectivity. In this work，we have chosen range sensors and imaging sensors as the primary source of information. The range sensors employed include ultrasonic sensors and short and long range infrared sensors with features above mentioned. The imaging sensors comprise gray scale video cameras and laser rangefinders. Twenty-four ultrasonic sensors are arranged in a ring with a separation angle of 15 degrees on our mobile robot to detect the objects in a 3600 field of view. This will allow the robot to navigatearound an unstructured environment and to construct ac curate sonar maps by using environmental objects as naturally occurring beacons. With the sonar system we can detect objects from a minimum range of 15 cm to a maximum range of 10. 0 m. Infrared range sensors use triangulation，emitting an infrared spot from an emitter，and measuring the position of the imaged spot with a PSD (position sensitive detector).Since these devices use triangulation，object color，orientation，and ambient light have greater effect on sensitivity rather than accuracy. Since the transmission signal is light instead of sound，we may expect a dramatically shortercycle time for obtaining all infrared sensor measurements. A getup of 16 short and a group of 16 long infrared sensors are mounted in twa rings with equal angular Generally speaking，the robot motion closed control loops comprising sensing，planning，and acting should take very short cycle times，so a parallel computation mechanism is employed in our mobile robot based on multiprocessor. Usually we can make events run in parallel on single microprocessor or multiprocessor by twa methods，multitasking and multiprocessing. Well known multitasking OS is like Microsoft window' 95 and UNIX OS that can make multitask run in parallel on a sequential machine by giving a fraction of time to each behavior looply. In fact，multitask mechanism just simulates the effect of all events running simultaneously. Running all events on multiprocessor can realize true parallelism. In our mobile robot，using Harmony OS both multitasking and multiprocessing programming is implemented on multiprocessor (MC68040 processors) which share memories and communicate each other by VMEbus. Harmony allows creating many tasks as desired which can be map toseveral microprocesors and run in parallel .In addition，tasks written in C run on MC68040 can activate the assembly code in the MC68HC11 SBC which control infrared and ultrasonic sensors and get distances dates. These SBC run simultaneously with MC68040 processors. An instance of an implemented task structure is shown in Fng. 5.Some experiments，such as following lines，avoiding obstacles and area filling have been carried out on the rmbile system to demonstrates its real-time reactions to the working surroundings and robustness of the system. ConclusionWe have described the implementation of a intelligent mobile robot testbed for autonomous navigation in indoor environments and for investigation of relative theories and technologies of intelligent systems. The robot is furnished with range sensors，laser line generators and vision system to perceive its surroundings. Parallel computation based on multiprocessor is employed in the mobile robot to improve its power of reasoning and response. Low level processing and sensor control is carried out with low cost dedicated microcontrollers. A task based real-time operating system supports a variety of different control structures，allowing us to experiment with different approaches. The experiments indicate the effectiveness of the mobile robot system .The platform has been used for experimenu and research such as sensor data fusion，area filling，feedback control，as well as artificial intelligence.译文基于室内环境导航的智能自动移动机器人系统研究卡若琳摘要这种为室内境导航条件下设计生产的自主移动机器人系统是一个不完整的差速传动系统，它有两个安装在同一轴上通过两个PID控制的电机驱动的驱动轮和两个分别安装在前部和后部的脚轮。
攀枝花学院本科毕业设计（论文）题目审核表人文社科学院院（系）汉语言文学专业2008 年级指导教师周莹职称讲师填报时间2011-12-22 课题名称透过《小山词》看晏几道的歌妓情结课题性质理工类A工程设计□B理论研究□C实验研究□D计算机软件□E综合论文□F其它□文管类A专题□B论辩□C综述□D综合论文□√E其它□课题来源A科研题目□B生产现场□C教学□D其它□E自拟题目□√成果类别A论文型□√B设计型□完成课题所需时间4个月所需学生人数1人实习（考察）地点攀枝花市论文（设计）地点攀枝花学院学生应具备的条件1.系统了解中国古代文学史、语言学、文学概论等专业知识，了解作品的相关理论知识；2.理解和掌握有关学术论文的写作要求、规范；具备独立思考、独立完成写作任务的能力；3.掌握基本的电脑写作技能；了解各种专业网站（如“中国知网”、“维普期刊网”），能通过使用专业网站扩大阅读视野、掌握利用互联网搜集资料的能力。
立题依据（主要指研究设计该课题的背景介绍及目的、意义）攀枝花学院汉语言文学专业主要培养德智体全面发展的，能在新闻、文艺、出版部门、学校、科研机构、党政机关和企事业单位等单位从事相关实际工作的高级专门人才。
开设了《中国文学史》、《中国语言学史》、《古代汉语》、《语言学概论》、《比较文学》等专业课程，在实际的学习过程中引起了对晏几道歌妓情结这一课题的思索。
在阅读了晏几道的《小山词》后，对其作品中的歌妓情结进行了深入思考，并提出了此课题。
本课题要求学生通过对晏几道《小山词》的分析，结合当时的社会背景、社会现状以及文化制度，来揭示晏几道的歌妓情结的形成原因影响。
本课题的意义在于：通过写作这篇论文，可以促进学生对相关理论知识的进一步学习，并将课堂理论知识与时代和社会结合起来，提高学生对文学作品的鉴赏和分析能力。
本课题预期目标（含：本课题应完成的工作，课题预期目标和课题价值估计，工作量大小、难易程度）1．本课题应完成的工作包括：拟制大纲、搜集整理资料并形成学生个人观点、撰写初稿、二稿、三稿，和最终定稿。
本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译（附外文原文）学院：信息科学与工程学院课题名称：基于单片机的定时显示设计专业(方向)：通信工程班级：通信09-1学生：何探指导教师：牛秦洲日期： 2013.4.231.1 LED display background of the development and research statusMore and more places in shopping malls, railway stations, docks, subway stations and a variety of work window LED dot matrix display graphics and characters. LED industry has become a fast-growing emerging industry, a huge market space and broad prospects. With the rapid development of the information industry, LED display has been widely used as an important means of dissemination of information, content and services aim to promote the need for indoor and outdoor public places, such as indoor and outdoor advertising in public places, the airport station visitors guide bus stop vehicles, securities and banking information display, restaurants offer information beans shown, highway variable information boards, stadiums the games, building lighting, traffic lights, landscape lighting. Clearly, LED display has become an important symbol of the city lighting, modern information society.LED dot matrix design is mainly used in display, it is a light emitting diode dot matrix module or unit of pixels composed of a flat display screen. Because it has the advantages of high luminous efficiency, long life, and flexible configuration, rich colors, and the indoor and outdoor environmental adaptability.The 1970s, the first GaP, GaAsP homogeneous knot red, yellow, green and low luminous efficiency LED began to be used indicator, numbers, and text. From the LED starts to enter a variety of applications, including aerospace, aircraft, automotive, industrial applications, communications, consumer products, etc., throughout the various departments of the national economy, and thousands of families. 1996 LED sales have reached billions of dollars around the world. Over the years the LED has been subject to the limitations of color and luminous efficiency, but because of the GaP and GaAsP LED with long life, high reliability, operating current, and thus has many advantages with TTL, CMOS digital circuits compatible green by user Mi. In recent years, high brightness, full color LED material and device technology research topics at the forefront. The ultra-high brightness (UHB) is the luminous intensity at or above 100mcd LED, also known as the candela (cd) level LED. The development of high-brightness InGaN LED A1GaInP and progressed very rapidly and has now reached conventional materials GaA1As, GaAsP, GaP impossible to achieve the level of performance. In 1991, Toshiba Corporation of Japan and the United States HP company developed into InGaA1P 620nm orange ultra-high brightness LED 1992 InGaA1p590nm yellow high brightness LED practical. Thesame year, Toshiba developed InGaA1P 573nm yellow-green ultra-high brightness LED, normal light intensity 2CD. 1994 Nichia Corporation of Japan for the development of ultra-high brightness LED InGaN blue 450 nm (green) color. At this point, the color display the required three primary colors red, green, blue, and orange, and yellow colors of LED have reached cd luminous intensity level, to achieve a super high brightness, full color, so that the light emitting tube outdoor panchromatic become a reality. Was started in the 1970s, China's development of LED industry in the 1980s. About 100 enterprises, 95% of manufacturers are engaged in the back-end packaging production, the required die almost all imported from abroad. Through several "Five-Year Plan" technological innovation, technology research, the introduction of foreign advanced equipment and key technologies, LED production technology in China has step forward.1.2 LED display classification1 classification by colorSingle-color display: single color (red or green).Dual color display, you can display 65,536 colors: red and green dual-color, 256 levels of gray.Full-color display: red, green and blue color, 256 levels of gray, full-color screen can display more than sixteen million kinds of colors.By display CategoryLED digital display: display 7-segment digital tube, suitable for the production of the clock screen, such as interest rates screen, display digital electronic display.LED dot-matrix graphic display: display device is composed by many evenly light-emitting diode dot matrix display module, suitable for broadcast text, image information. LED video display: the display device is composed of a plurality of light-emitting diode, you can display video, animation and other video files.3 occasions by the use of classificationIndoor display: the luminous point is small, generally ⌀ 3mm - 8mm, shows the general area of a few dozen square meters.Outdoor display: the general area of tens of meters to several hundred square meters, high brightness, can work in the sun, wind, rain, water resistant.4 light spot diameterIndoor screen: Φ3mm,Φ3.75mm,Φ5mm.Room shielding: 10mm, 12mm, 16mm, 19mm, Ø 20 mm, 21mm, Φ22mm,Φ26mm.1.3 LED display indicates that the program1 dot matrix module program: the first design, evolved by the indoor pseudo-color dot matrix screen.Advantages: raw material costs have an advantage, and the production process is simple, stable quality.Disadvantages: poor color consistency the mosaic phenomenon is more serious, look much worse.2 single lamp program: to solve lattice screen color problem, drawing on a program of outdoor display technology, outdoor pixel multiplexing (also known as pixel sharing technology, virtual pixel technology) transplanted to the indoor display.Advantages: good color consistency than dot matrix module way.Disadvantages: poor color mixing effect, the perspective is not about viewing color in the horizontal direction. The processing is more complex, requiring high antistatic. The actual pixel resolution is more difficult to do more than 10000.3 patch program: SMD LED display elements of the program.Advantages: color consistency, perspective and other important display indicators are the best kind of existing programs, especially the triple paste the mixing effect is very good. Disadvantages: processing trouble, the cost is too high.Stickers program: in fact, an improvement of the single lamp program, is still improving. Advantage: color consistency, perspective and other primary indicators and stickers program is not very different, but at a lower cost, good display, high resolution. Disadvantages: processing or more complex, high anti-static requirements.The 1.4 LED role and market prospects1.LED display(1) until the product publicity and attract the customer's role.(2) play a store decoration, enhance the role of enterprise grade.(3) play lighting, unconventional role.(4) play a role of universal knowledge (which can be used to play small enterprise product information, industry knowledge, and so on).(5) play the role of the bulletin board (promotion, recruitment information release).(6) play a role to heighten the atmosphere. The display screen can be played superiors andvarious guests come to visit, guidance words of welcome, a variety of major festivals celebrate words.Undeniable, businesses establish the ultimate purpose of the billboard is to advertise their products to attract target customers, to the maximum extent possible and maximizing profits. LED billboards precisely in order to achieve this goal to become the first choice of the corporate propaganda.The 2.LED the market prospectsLED display expensive, mainly used in the more upscale places, mainly in the city's bustling places, as part of a multimedia advertising. Single color LED display is mainly used in transport, highways, banks, securities trading and other financial establishments. With the advancement of technology and people's living standards improve, LED display will gradually used in various industries.1.1 LED显示屏的发展背景及国内外研究现状在大型商场、车站、码头、地铁站以及各类办事窗口等越来越多的场所需要用LED点阵显示图形和汉字。
本科毕业设计（论文）中英文对照翻译(此文档为word格式,下载后您可任意修改编辑!)文献出处：Benoy Joseph W, Granot E, et al. Strategies for sustaining the edge in offshore outsourcing of services: the case of India [J]. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 2016, 3(6): 475-486.Strategies for sustaining the edge in offshore outsourcing of services:the case of IndiaBenoy; Joseph; AndrewIntroductionOver the past three decades, the outsourcing of business operations has spread like a pandemic with corporations looking far beyond theirnational political borders to source manufactured goods and services that could give them a competitive advantage. Globalizing on this large scale began with the dismantling of US trade barriers with China in the 1970s and the shift of manufacturing operations from high‐cost locations in the US and Europe to emerging economies in China, Mexico, Southeast Asia, Brazil, and Central Europe (Javalgi and Martin, 2007). The 1990s marked the growth of services being outsourced to nations such as Ireland, Russia, Philippines, and India (Javalgi et al., 2009; Cavusgil et al., 2008). This type of global activity, known as offshore outsourcing, has become a vital and necessary component of a firm's business value chain. Outsourcing offers significant competitive advantages when goods and services are produced economically and with acceptable or superior quality by outside suppliers (see Kotabe et al., 2008; Bunyaratavej et al., 2011).A recent Duke University study on offshoring (Lewin et al., 2009) reports that, from 2001‐2009, US firms preferring captive offshore suppliers for high technology and telecom services dropped from 52 percent (2001‐2003) to 27 percent for 2007‐2009, whereas preference for offshore outsourcing to independent suppliers grew from 6 to 45 percent (p. 5). Offshore outsourcing offers competitive advantages when goods and services are produced economically and with acceptable or superior quality by suppliers located outside a firm's home country.Creating value through outsourcing has emerged as an important strategy for firms the services sector in the knowledge based global economy. In spite of the growing significance of outsourcing, we have limited knowledge of offshoring and outsourcing to emerging markets that are moving up from providing low‐end services to high‐end services (Javalgi et al., 2009).This article examines and identifies strategic drivers and options that a major outsourcing supplier nation, such as India, might consider in order to build a sustainable advantage in consolidating its position as an exporter of services and its relationships with global partners. More specifically, this article discusses the India's competitive edge as a leading supplier of knowledge‐based services and proposes a model for sustaining this edge. The model proposes key strategic steps to move from the current position (e.g. supplier of business process outsourcing services) to a role of knowledge leader by providing advanced value added services to global clients. This model suggests ways in which a supplier nation can gain leverage in the value chain. The remainder of the article is organized as follows. Section 1 provides a brief study background. Section 2 presents the discussion on the globalization and the rise of outsourcing to emerging markets. Section 3 focuses on India as offshore outsourcing destination and its competitive challenges. Section 4 discusses strategies for positioning India as a global knowledge leader inthe offshore outsourcing area, followed by conclusions.The study backgroundOff shoring business modelsOutsourcing, in its simplest sense, is an extension of the classic “make‐or‐buy”decision that manufacturers and other organizations face as they search for cost‐saving alternatives or outside technical expertise while focusing on their core competencies. With the emergence of today's global economy, high‐cost manufacturing and service firms have realized that survival in a competitive marketplace requires a careful decoupling of selected operations from a firm's captive divisions and high ‐cost domestic suppliers that can be outsourced to qualified suppliers in offshore locations. Offshore outsourcing is the business practice of hiring organizations or employees to perform company operations overseas. For example, a company may manufacture and sell computer parts in the US yet use offshore outsourcing to handle its customer service, basic technical support, etc. As firms are increasingly locating their core activities overseas, the choice of offshore sourcing strategies depends on the firm's value proposition, which depends on the type of business model chosen to accomplish desired goals.Globalization and the rise of outsourcing to emerging market The key driving factors impacting the knowledge‐driven economies ofnations in emerging markets such as Indonesia or India are the rising importance of the globalization of services, access to global talent, and the rise of offshore outsourcing of services and advancements in information and communication technologies. Emerging markets such as South Korea, Malaysia, India, China, Russia, and Brazil continue to lead in the outsourcing of knowledge‐based services (Radhakrishnan, 2007). The relocation of labor‐intensive services (e.g. payroll processing, telephone call centers) to lower‐wage emerging markets is consistent with the well‐known “comparative advantage.”axiom of international trade. According to this axiom, countries such as India, China, or Vietnam, with their relative abundance of unskilled labor, should specialize in producing goods and services that are labor‐intensive, giving these nations a natural comparative advantage over advanced economies which are handicapped by high labor costs, hence likely to outsource manufacturing and service operations to lower cost nations. But the decision to outsource offshore goes beyond just a drive to reduce costs; strategic outsourcing can shorten the supply chain, bring advanced technological skills to solve key problems, free the client firm to concentrate on its core competencies, and improve its long term viability in the harsh and unforgiving global marketplace. India as offshore outsourcing destination: competitive challenges India's competitive advantagesWith resource optimization, scalability and adoption of newer technologies as the defining factors, the western enterprises searching for newer ways of investing more on core business function thereby outsource the peripheral ones to outsourcing destinations like India and Indonesia, China, and Philippines. SourcingLine, a provider of business information and research services, compiles an online database of outsourcing country statistics where each country is scored across dozens of key factors within three broad areas: cost competitiveness, resources and skills, and business and economic environment. A list of the top 20 outsourcing countries (Table I) shows India leading the list with reportedly the best mix of advantages even if it does not lead across all dimensions (SourcingLine, 2012). India remains a highly cost‐competitive location with a substantial resource and skill base. Other leaders in the survey include numerous other countries from Asia, but also Latin America and Europe.Concerns that threaten India's competitive edge Since the turn of the century, India's economy has enjoyed an enviable rate of growth, ranging from 5 percent in 2001 to nearly 10 percent in 2010 and about 7 percent in 2011 (World Bank, 2012a, b). But competitive advantages in fast‐changing global environments can be ephemeral. Indeed, in the wake of the global economic crises of the past four years, the Reserve Bank of India revised India's GDP forecast to an annual growth of 5.5 percent in2012‐2013 as against 5.7 percent estimated earlier (Moneycontrol, 2013). ConclusionIndia is regarded to be a super power when it comes to providing offshore IT and IT enabled outsourcing services. Over 50 percent of the Fortune 500 companies have already outsourced their requirements to Indian software vendors. Some of these beneficiaries in the current trend of outsourcing to India are: Microsoft, Oracle, Citibank, General Electric, Reebok, General Motors, Morgan Stanley, Wal‐Mart, A T&T, Sony, Boeing, Coca‐cola, Pepsi, Swissair, United Airlines, Philips, IBM, among many more.To achieve knowledge leadership position in the outsourcing world, India needs to take additional steps in variety of areas. For instance, India has to ease up on bureaucratic rules, improve infrastructure, encourage even more entrepreneurial ventures, and expand its domestic market. Specifically, in rising even further on the value chain, research and development centers will have to be developed for high‐tech services that complement high‐tech manufacturing, e.g. R&D for advanced materials, better instrumentation, and high‐end consultative services that range from intelligence gathering to anti‐piracy enforcement. In addition to better intellectual property protection, Indian firms and government agencies are likely to be involved in all aspects of access, security, and privacy concerns in the field of telecommunication andelectronics interchange. One field that holds major promise here is that of “big data” with strong emphasis on high level analytics, pattern recognition, and data base management. India is an ideal offshore outsourcing destination due to a variety of advantages it possesses over other countries. It has the opportunity to establish itself as a knowledge leader in the services sector in the knowledge based global economy.离岸外包服务竞争策略分析：以印度为例埃拉德；安德鲁引言在过去的三十年中，公司经营业务外包就像一种瘟疫蔓延至世界各地，看起来远远超出了他们国家的政治边界，在世界范围内，跨越边境地制造商品和提供服务，给企业以很大的竞争优势。
