四种强度理论.ppt
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四大强度理论1、最大拉应力理论(第一强度理论):这一理论认为引起材料脆性断裂破坏的因素是最大拉应力,无论什么应力状态,只要构件内一点处的最大拉应力σ1达到单向应力状态下的极限应力σb,材料就要发生脆性断裂。
于是危险点处于复杂应力状态的构件发生脆性断裂破坏的条件是:σ1=σb。
σb/s=[σ]所以按第一强度理论建立的强度条件为:σ1≤[σ]。
2、最大伸长线应变理论(第二强度理论):这一理论认为最大伸长线应变是引起断裂的主要因素,无论什么应力状态,只要最大伸长线应变ε1达到单向应力状态下的极限值εu,材料就要发生脆性断裂破坏。
εu=σb/E;ε1=σb/E。
由广义虎克定律得:ε1=[σ1-u(σ2+σ3)]/E所以σ1-u(σ2+σ3)=σb。
按第二强度理论建立的强度条件为:σ1-u(σ2+σ3)≤[σ]。
3、最大切应力理论(第三强度理论):这一理论认为最大切应力是引起屈服的主要因素,无论什么应力状态,只要最大切应力τmax 达到单向应力状态下的极限切应力τ0,材料就要发生屈服破坏。
τmax=τ0。
依轴向拉伸斜截面上的应力公式可知τ0=σs/2(σs——横截面上的正应力)由公式得:τmax=τ1s=(σ1-σ3)/2。
所以破坏条件改写为σ1-σ3=σs。
按第三强度理论的强度条件为:σ1-σ3≤[σ]。
4、形状改变比能理论(第四强度理论):这一理论认为形状改变比能是引起材料屈服破坏的主要因素,无论什么应力状态,只要构件内一点处的形状改变比能达到单向应力状态下的极限值,材料就要发生屈服破坏。
所以按第四强度理论的强度条件为:sqrt(σ1^2+σ2^2+σ3^2-σ1σ2-σ2σ3-σ3σ1)<[σ]。
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