Isospin Dependence of EOS of Asymmetric Nuclear Matter in Various Spin-isospin Channels

This is a free sample of content from Fission Yeast.Click here for more information on how to buy the book.PrefaceThis manual describes technologies and experimental approaches often used in studies with fissionyeast.In this Preface,we make a far-from-fully inclusive mention of some who have significantlycontributed to these studies,excluding the Editors of course!It has been70years sinceØjvind Winge suggested to a young PhD student,Urs Leupold,that Schizosaccharomyces pombe may be a useful organism for genetic studies and more than60yearssince Murdoch Mitchison picked it as an ideal organism in which to ask the deceptively simple ques-tion,“How does a cell grow between one division and the next?”The prescient,elegant,and metic-ulous work of these forefathers laid the foundations for a fission yeast community that has placedthis excellent model system at the forefront of many areas of fundamental biology.The fusion of the Leupold and Mitchison approaches in pioneering genetic approaches to cell cycle control secured,for fission yeast,an enduring spot in the limelight of cell cycle research.This inspired Mitsuhiro Yanagida to place fission yeast at the forefront of mitosis research,whileAnwar Nasim,Paul Russell,and Paco Antequera showed just how defining fission yeast studiescan be in the arenas of DNA replication,repair,and checkpoints.While this cell-cycle-driven roller coaster was setting off,studies by Richard Egel and Amar Klar of the most fundamental aspect of any genetic fungal system,mating-type switching,uncoveredsome fascinating biology surrounding DNA imprinting and silencing of nonexpressed cassettes.Understanding how cassettes were silenced was informed by the transposition of studies of positioneffect variegation from Drosophila to S.pombe by Robin Allshire and Amar Klar;these laid the foun-dations for S.pombe’s current preeminent position as the best single-cell model in which to addressfundamental questions involving heterochromatin and the molecular basis for epigenetic inheri-tance.A similar rise to fame in the field of sexual differentiation was driven by Masayuki Yamamo-to’s desire to explain why Richard Egel’s mutants failed to initiate meiosis.This ultimately led toYoshinori Watanabe’s seminal use of S.pombe to define the biology that sits at the heart of sexualreproduction:the molecular basis for chromosome partition in meiosis.A further phase of fissionyeast sexual differentiation studies was propelled to fame by Yasushi Hiraoka’s elegant and incisivework on the postreplicative recombination period of“horsetail”movement that Julie Cooper’s stud-ies have so elegantly shown is a gateway to understanding telomeres and global nuclear organization.As with all organisms,genomics technologies heralded a new era in fission yeast research.Not only did the S.pombe genome sequence provide a definitive list of all genes to exclude the“what if another homolog exists?”question,but it opened the way for new and inspired approaches,pioneered by the Ju¨rg Ba¨hler and Nevan Krogan laboratories,to study uncloned genes individuallyand at the genome-wide level.Ever since the assembly of the initial drafts,Val Wood has been anno-tating and interrogating the S.pombe genome to develop what she ensures will remain a dynamic,ever-expanding,and invaluable database:.Genomics work also inspired Nick Rhind toopen the door to comparative studies and molecular interrogation of S.pombe’s cousins S.octospo-rus,S.cryophilus,and S.japonicus.The sequence comparisons alone and the pioneering interroga-tion of S.japonicus by Hironori Niki and Snezhana Oliferenko are already revealing somefascinating biology.Such emphatic demonstrations of the utility of fission yeast are not unique.They stand alongside studies of the cytoskeleton,transcription,and cell wall biogenesis as just some of the areas wherethe malleability of this excellent model organism has been ruthlessly exploited to great gain.Aswe enter an era focused on noncoding RNA and renewed interest in metabolism and fungaldiseases,we hope that more biologists will embrace fission yeast’s endless potential for simple,direct,and incisive experiments in both novel and established fields.xiii © 2016 by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. All rights reserved.This is a free sample of content from Fission Yeast.Click here for more information on how to buy the book.xiv/PrefaceFission yeast is often described as a“simple eukaryotic model system”;however,nowhere is the complexity of biology exposed more extensively than in this“simple”model.Invariably,the abilityto execute utterly conclusive,fully controlled experiments in fission yeast leads to the inevitable con-clusion that“it is a bit more complicated than we thought”or“Oh...it is precisely the oppositeresult to the one we anticipated.”The greater the complexity,the greater the demand for the defi-nition and malleability that systems such as the fission yeasts have to offer.We firmly believe that thedefinitive nature of experiments in these most malleable of model systems means that the list oflandmark discoveries arising from fission yeast research will continue for many years to come.We hope that this manual will facilitate this exploitation of undiscovered riches.The manual can be divided into two parts.The fundamental technologies that underpin core fission yeast research activity are covered in Chapters1–10,whereas Chapters11–18cover technol-ogies in key areas in which fission yeast is widely exploited.Although space limitations made itimpossible to be as comprehensive as we would have liked,our ambition has been to provideboth a useful resource to facilitate moves into new aspects of fission yeast biology for the experiencedfission yeast laboratory and an easy entry point for newcomers to exploit the bounty fission yeastundoubtedly has to offer.We apologize for omissions but believe certain areas will be covered inthe more dynamic technology review literature,which will undoubtedly surpass sections of thismanual in years to come.We would like to thank the fission yeast community for their support in compiling this manual.We are indebted to the authors for their enthusiasm in embracing the unenviable task of condensingaccounts of their complex fields into such constrained Topic Introduction and Protocol formats.Their attention to detail and engagement made our task as editors a simple one.We are also deeplyindebted to members of the community,too numerous to list,who provided extensive and usefulcomments to guide the evolution of each chapter.Special thanks go to Maria Smit,Maryliz Dick-erson,and Richard Sever at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press,whose positive,enthusiastic,andflexible approach made this manual an easy reality.Iain M.HaganAntony M.CarrAgnes GrallertPaul NurseGeneral Safety and Hazardous Material InformationThis manual should be used by laboratory personnel with experience in laboratory and chemicalsafety or students under the supervision of such trained personnel.The procedures,chemicals,and equipment referenced in this manual are hazardous and can cause serious injury unless per-formed,handled,and used with care and in a manner consistent with safe laboratory practices.Students and researchers using the procedures in this manual do so at their own risk.It is essentialfor your safety that you consult the appropriate Material Safety Data Sheets,the manufacturers’manuals accompanying products,and your institution’s Environmental Health and Safety Office,as well as the General Safety and Hazardous Material Information Appendix,for proper handlingof hazardous materials.Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory makes no representations or warrantieswith respect to the material set forth in this manual and has no liability in connection with theuse of these materials.All registered trademarks,trade names,and brand names mentioned in this book are the prop-erty of the respective owners.Readers should please consult individual manufacturers and otherresources for current and specific product information.Appropriate sources for obtaining safety information and general guidelines for laboratory safety are provided in the General Safety and Hazardous Material Information Appendix.© 2016 by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. All rights reserved.。

Unit 1 Genetically modified foods -- Feed the World?If you want to spark a heated debate at a dinner party, bring up the topic of genetically modified foods. For many people, the concept of genetically altered, high-tech crop production raises all kinds of environmental, health, safety and ethical questions. Particularly in countries with long agrarian traditions -- and vocal green lobbies -- the idea seems against nature.如果你想在某次晚宴上挑起一场激烈的争论，那就提出转基因食品的话题吧。

对许多人来说，高科技的转基因作物生产的概念会带来诸如环境、健康、安全和伦理等方面的各种问题。

特别是在有悠久的农业生产传统和主张环保的游说集团的国家里，转基因食品的主意似乎有悖自然。

In fact, genetically modified foods are already very much a part of our lives. A third of the corn and more than half the soybeans and cotton grown in the US last year were the product of biotechnology, according to the Department of Agriculture. More than 65 million acres of genetically modified crops will be planted in the US this year. The genetic is out of the bottle.事实上，转基因食品已经成为我们生活重要的一部分。

海绵英语作文Sponges are fascinating creatures that have been around for millions of years. They are simple yet highly efficient organisms that play a crucial role in marine ecosystems. In this essay we will explore the characteristics of sponges their habitat and their importance to the environment.Characteristics of SpongesSponges belonging to the phylum Porifera are multicellular organisms that lack true tissues and organs. They are composed of cells that are organized into a few distinct cell types but these cells are not separated by specialized tissues. The most notable features of sponges include1. Porosity Sponges have a porous structure that allows water to flow through their bodies. This is crucial for their filterfeeding mechanism.2. Chambered Body The body of a sponge is made up of a series of chambers connected by a network of canals.3. Lack of Nervous System Unlike more complex animals sponges do not have a nervous system brain or even a true digestive system.4. Reproduction Sponges reproduce both asexually and sexually. They can regenerate from small fragments which is a form of asexual reproduction.Habitat of SpongesSponges can be found in a variety of aquatic environments predominantly in marine settings. They are known to inhabit1. Shallow Waters Many species prefer shallow waters where sunlight is abundant aiding in the photosynthesis of their symbiotic algae.2. Deep Sea Some sponges can survive in the deep sea where they adapt to the high pressure and lack of light.3. Coral Reefs Sponges are often found in coral reefs where they contribute to the biodiversity and provide habitats for other marine creatures.4. Polar Regions Surprisingly some sponges can be found in the cold waters of polar regions demonstrating their adaptability.Importance of SpongesSponges are vital to the health of marine ecosystems for several reasons1. Filter Feeders By filtering water sponges help remove excess nutrients and pollutants thus contributing to water purification.2. Biodiversity As a part of the coral reef ecosystem sponges provide habitats and food for a variety of marine species.3. Bioindicators Sponges are sensitive to environmental changes and can serve as bioindicators of water quality.4. Sponge Products Some species of sponges have been used by humans for various purposes including as cleaning tools and in the medical field for their unique properties. In conclusion sponges are not just simple organisms they are complex and integral parts of marine ecosystems. Their ability to thrive in diverse environments and their contributions to the marine food web and water quality make them an essential component of our planets biodiversity. Understanding and protecting sponges is crucial for maintaining the health of our oceans.。

英文外刊，抗击疟疾的科学家们，陷入了生物伦理学的争论Scientists at this lab in Burkina Faso have deployed gene warfare against the parasite carrying mosquitoes that spread malaria.布基纳法索一个实验室的科学家已经对传播疟疾同时携带寄生虫的蚊子进行了基因改造。

The conventional tools at our disposal today have reached a ceiling and can't become more efficient than they are right now.我们现在使用的传统工具已经达到了极限，不能比现在的效率更高。

We have no choice but to look at complementary methods.我们别无选择，只能寻找辅助性疗法。

That is why we're using genetically modified mosquitoes.这就是我们对蚊子进行转基因的原因。

Professor Diabate runs the experiment for target malaria, a research consortium backed by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.迪亚巴特教授为目标疟疾组织(比尔和梅琳达.盖茨基金会支持的研究联盟)开展了这项实验。

The group developed an enzyme that sterilizes male mosquitoes.研究小组研发出一种可以使雄蚊绝育的酶，可以使雄蚊绝育。

The action of the enzyme continues after fertilization which means if the male copulates with a female, the embryo is dead and the female can no longer have offspring.这种酶在雌蚊子受精后继续发挥作用，这意味着如果雄蚊子与雌蚊子交配，胚胎就会死亡，雌蚊子就不能再生育后代。

a r X i v :n u c l -t h /9605015v 1 9 M a y 1996Phys.Rev.Lett.(June 3,1996)in press.Isospin dependence of collective flow in heavy-ion collisions atintermediate energiesBao-An Li a ,Zhongzhou Ren b,c ,C.M.Ko a and Sherry J.Yennello da Cyclotron Institute and Department of Physics Texas A&M University,College Station,TX 77843,USAb Ganil,BP5027,F14021Caen Cedex,Francec Department of Physics,Nanjing University,Nanjing 210008,P.R.Chinad Cyclotron Institute and Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University,College Station,TX 77843,USA Within the framework of an isospin-dependent Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck (BUU)model using initial proton and neutron densities calculated from the non-linear relativistic mean-field (RMF)theory,we compare the strength of trans-verse collective flow in reactions 48Ca +58F e and 48Cr +58Ni ,which have the same mass number but different neutron/proton ratios.The neutron-rich sys-tem (48Ca +58F e )is found to show significantly stronger negative deflection and consequently has a higher balance energy,especially in peripheral collisions.Nuclear collectiveflow in heavy-ion collisions at intermediate energies has been a sub-ject of intensive theoretical and experimental studies during the last decade,for a general introduction and overview see[1].The study of the dependence of collectiveflow on en-trance channel parameters,such as,the beam energy,mass number and impact parameter, have revealed much interesting physics about the properties and origin of collectiveflow.In particular,by studying the beam energy dependence it has been found that the transverse collectiveflow changes from negative to positive at an energy E bal(defined as the balance en-ergy)due to the competition between the attractive nuclear meanfield at low densities and the repulsive nucleon-nucleon collisions[2–10].The balance energy was found to depend sensitively on the mass number,impact parameter and properties of the colliding nuclei, such as the thickness of their surfaces[11].Furthermore,detailed theoretical studies mainly using transport models(for a review see e.g.[12–14])have shown that both the strength of transverseflow and the balance energy can be used to extract information about the nuclear equation of state and in-medium nucleon-nucleon cross sections(e.g.[15–26]).With high intensity neutron-rich or radioactive beams newly available at many facilities, effects of the isospin degree of freedom in nuclear reactions can now be studied in more detail for a broad range of beam energies and projectile-target combinations(e.g.[27,28]).These studies will put stringent constraints on the isospin-dependent part of nuclear equation of state.The latter is vital for determining,for example,the maximum mass,moment of inertia and chemical composition of neutron stars[29],where in the crust neutron-rich nuclei coexist with a gas of free neutrons and in the core the isospin dependence of the nucleon-nucleon interaction determines the stiffness of the equation of state[30,31].In this Letter we report results of thefirst theoretical study on the isospin dependence of transverseflow in heavy-ion collisions at intermediate energies.A strong isospin dependence of the transverseflow was found at energies around and below the balance energy,especially in peripheral collisions. An experimental study of the isospin dependence of transverse collectiveflow will soon be carried out at NSCL/MSU[28].Detailed comparisons between experimental data and model predictions in the future will shed light on the form and strength of the isospin-dependentpart of nuclear equation of state,the isospin-dependent in-medium nucleon-nucleon cross sections,and the properties of neutron-rich nuclei.In this study we use a Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck(BUU)transport model which in-cludes explicitly isospin degrees of freedom.The model has been used recently to explain successfully several phenomena in heavy-ion collisions at intermediate energies which de-pend on the isospin of the reaction system[32,33].The isospin dependence comes into the model through both the elementary nucleon-nucleon cross sectionsσ12and the nuclear mean field U.Here we use the experimental nucleon-nucleon cross sections with explicit isospin dependence[34].We keep in mind,however,that in-medium cross sections and their isospin dependence might be strongly density dependent[35,36].The nuclear meanfield U including the Coulomb and isospin symmetry terms is parameterized asρn−ρpU(ρ,τz)=a(ρ/ρ0)+b(ρ/ρ0)σ+(1−τz)V c+C58F e.While the matter densities(n+p)in48Ca and48Cr are almost identical,the matter density in58F e is more extended than in58Ni.The calculated charge densities of these nuclei are actually very close to those measured from electron scattering experiments[41]. In the BUU model,we then initialize the spacial coordinates of neutrons and protons in the four nuclei according to the calculated densities.The momentum distributions of nucleons are generated using the local Thomas-Fermi approximation.It is worth mentioning that one can also initialize the neutron and proton distributions by running the Vlasov mode of the BUU model for each nucleus.Indeed,certain neutron skins can be produced for heavy nuclei by using a strong symmetry potentials within the Vlasov model[32,33,42,43].Nevertheless, the approach used in the present study is much more reliable in terms of reproducing the ground state properties of neutron-rich nuclei.The standard transverse momentum analysis[15](see also[1])was performed for the two reaction systems.Typical results for central collisions at an impact parameter of2fm and beam energies of50,60and70Mev/nucleon are shown in Fig.3.At a beam energy of50MeV/nucleon,the transverseflow in the reaction of48Ca+58F e is still negative while that in the reaction of48Cr+58Ni is already positive.The difference disappears at beam energies above70MeV/nucleon.To be more quantitative we have extracted theflow parameter F defined as the slope of the transverse momentum distribution at the center of mass rapidity y cm.The beam energy dependence of theflow parameter for the two reaction systems at impact parameters of2fm and5fm are shown in Fig.4.The lines are the least-squarefits to the calculations using linear functions F(Ca+F e)=−32.2+0.55E/A and F(Cr+Ni)=−23.9+0.48E/A at b=2fm;and F(Ca+F e)=−35.9+0.22E/A and F(Cr+Ni)=−23.2+0.18E/A at b=5fm.It is seen that in both central and peripheral collisions the neutron-rich system48Ca+58F e shows systematically smallerflow parameters indicating a stronger attractive interaction during the reaction.The effect is more appreciable in peripheral collisions as one expects.Consequently,the balance energy in48Ca+58F e reaction is higher than that in the reaction of48Cr+58Ni by about10to 30MeV/nucleon.The difference betweenflow parameters in the two systems decreases asthe beam energy increases andfinally disappears as the beam energy becomes far above the balance energy.The observed isospin dependence of the collectiveflow is a result of the competition among several mechanisms in the reaction dynamics.First,it is well known that nucleon-nucleon collisions cause repulsive collectiveflow,and this effect is proportional to the number of collisions in the overlapping volume.While the number of particles in this volume in the two reaction systems is roughly the same,the number of collisions in the reaction of two neutron-rich nuclei is smaller since the neutron-neutron cross section is about a factor of three smaller than the neutron-proton cross section in the energy region studied here.This effect is stronger in peripheral collisions where two thick neutron skins are overlapping during the reaction of two neutron-rich nuclei.Second,the Coulomb potential also causes repulsive scatterings.This effect is obviously weaker in a neutron-rich system.Third,the isospin-independent part of the nuclear equation of state is attractive at low densities.Since this effect is proportional to the total surface area of the system,it increases rapidly with increas-ing thickness of the colliding nuclei[11].For neutron-rich nuclei,the nucleon density distri-bution is more extended as shown in Fig.1and Fig.2.Therefore,the isospin-independent attractive interaction is stronger in the neutron-rich system.Finally,the symmetry po-tential is generally repulsive.One expects a stronger effect of the symmetry potential in neutron-rich systems in which larger differences between neutron and proton densities ex-ist.Although a more quantitative study on the relative importance of these mechanisms remains to be worked out,it is clear that the isospin-independent meanfield plays a dom-inating role in causing the stronger negative deflection in neutron-rich systems.Moreover, the relative effects of these mechanisms depend strongly on the beam energy.As the beam energy increases the repulsive nucleon-nucleon collisions become dominant and effects of the neutron skin become less important.Also,the isospin dependence of the nucleon-nucleon cross sections becomes weaker at high energies[34].It is therefore understandable that the isospin dependence of the collectiveflow disappears at high energies.It is well known that the momentum-dependent interaction also affects significantly thetransverseflow[18,26,44–46].Most importantly,the momentum-dependent interaction gives more weight in terms of determining the collectiveflow to the meanfield relative to the col-lision term.The observed stronger negative deflection in the neutron-rich system using the momentum-independent equation of state in Eq.1would therefore be further enhanced by the momentum-dependent interaction.Consequently,the balance energies in the two systems studied here would be even more separated,and this makes the isospin-dependence of the collectiveflow to be more easily observable.To quantitatively compare with forth-coming experimental data one thus needs to include carefully both the momentum-and isospin-dependence of the equation of state in transport models.In summary,within the framework of an isospin-dependent BUU model using as in-puts the neutron and proton density distributions calculated from the relativistic mean-field theory,we have demonstrated that there is a strong isospin dependence of the transverse collectiveflow.The reaction involving neutron-rich nuclei is found to have a significantly stronger attractiveflow and consequently a higher balance energy compared to reaction systems having the same mass number but lower neutron/proton ratios.This isospin de-pendence is mostly easily observed in peripheral collisions at beam energies around and below the balance energy.Our study indicates that the isospin dependence of collective flow may provide a new approach to extract the isospin-dependent equation of state and to investigate properties of neutron-rich nuclei.We would like to thank W.Bauer and G.D.Westfall for their suggestions and encourage-ment to carry out this study.We are also grateful to J.B.Natowitz,Gongou Xu,Zhongyu Ma and W.Mittig for helpful discussions.This work was supported in part by the NSF Grant No.PHY-9212209,PHY-9509266and PHY-9457376,DOE Grant FG05-86ER40256 and the Robert A Welch Foundation under Grant A-1266.One of us(ZZR)was supported in part by grants from the Foundation of National Educational Commission of P.R.China and Ganil in France.One of us(SJY)also acknowledges the support from an NSF National Young Investigator Award.REFERENCES[1]S.Das Gupta and G.D.Westfall,Physics Today,46(5),34(1993).[2]D.Krofcheck et al.,Phys.Rev.Lett.63,2028(1989).[3]C.A.Ogilvie et al.,Phys.Rev.C40,2592;ibid,C42,R10(1990);Phys.Lett.B231,35(1989).[4]J.P´e ter et al.,Phys.Lett.B237,187(1990).[5]J.P.Sullivan et 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rapidity for reactions48Ca+58F e and48Cr+58Ni at an impact parameter of2fm and beam energies of50,60and70MeV/nucleon.Fig.4Theflow parameter as a function of beam energy for reactions48Ca+58F e and 48Cr+58Ni at impact parameters of2fm and5fm.The lines are the least-squarefits to the calculations using linear functions.This figure "fig1-1.png" is available in "png" format from: /ps/nucl-th/9605015v1This figure "fig1-2.png" is available in "png" format from: /ps/nucl-th/9605015v1This figure "fig1-3.png" is available in "png" format from: /ps/nucl-th/9605015v1This figure "fig1-4.png" is available in "png" format from: /ps/nucl-th/9605015v1。

In 1887, the German physicist Erwin Schrödinger proposed a radial solution to the Maxwell-Schrödinger equation. This equation describes the behavior of an electron in an atom and is used to calculate its energy levels. The radial solution was found to be valid for all values of angular momentum quantum number l, which means that it can describe any type of atomic orbital.The existence and multiplicity of this radial solution has been studied extensively since then. It has been shown that there are infinitely many solutions for each value of l, with each one corresponding to a different energy level. Furthermore, these solutions can be divided into two categories: bound states and scattering states. Bound states have negative energies and correspond to electrons that are trapped within the atom; scattering states have positive energies and correspond to electrons that escape from the atom after being excited by external radiation or collisions with other particles.The existence and multiplicity of these solutions is important because they provide insight into how atoms interact with their environment through electromagnetic radiation or collisions with other particles. They also help us understand why certain elements form molecules when combined together, as well as why some elements remain stable while others decay over time due to radioactive processes such as alpha decay or beta decay.。