翻译实务教学资料 - 句子结构
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现代汉语语句结构
现代汉语语句结构主要包括主语、谓语、宾语、状语等基本成分,具体如下:
1. 主语(Subject):表示动作或状态的执行者或承受者。
通常位于谓语之前,回答“谁”或“什么”的问题。
例如:
-我(主语)喜欢吃水果。
2. 谓语(Predicate):表示动作或状态。
是一个句子的核心部分,用来说明主语的动作、状态或属性。
例如:
-我喜欢(谓语)吃水果。
3. 宾语(Object):受到动作影响或接受动作的对象。
回答“什么”、“谁”等问题。
例如:
-我喜欢吃(谓语)水果(宾语)。
4. 状语(Adverbial):修饰动词、形容词或副词的成分,用来表达时间、地点、方式、原因等信息。
例如:
-我经常(状语)在家里吃水果。
此外,现代汉语还有一些其他常见的语句结构。
5. 表语(Predicative):说明主语的性质、身份、状态等的成分。
例如:
-他是(表语)一名医生。
6. 定语(Attributive):修饰名词或代词的成分,用来限定名词或代词的意义。
例如:
-这本书(定语)很有趣。
7. 独立成分:指在句子中不依附于其他成分的独立存在的部分,如独立主格、独立谓语等。
例如:
-天气虽然冷,但我还是出去了。
总之,现代汉语语句结构的基本组成成分包括主语、谓语、宾语和状语,而表语、定语和独立成分等则是在此基础上的补充。
根据不同的句型和语境,这些成分会有所变化和调整。
英语专业四级翻译句子结构句子是语言表达的基本单位,在英语翻译中,准确地理解和转换句子结构至关重要。
本文将探讨英语专业四级考试中常见的句子结构,并提供相应的翻译技巧。
一、简单句简单句(Simple Sentence)是由一个主语和一个谓语构成的句子。
在翻译中,我们需要注意动词形式和时态的变化。
例句1: He studies English every day.翻译:他每天学习英语。
例句2: She is a teacher.翻译:她是一位教师。
二、并列句并列句(Compound Sentence)由两个或多个主句通过连接词(如and,but,or)连接而成。
在翻译中,我们需要注意连接词在汉语中的表达方式。
例句1: Tom likes playing basketball and his sister likes swimming.翻译:汤姆喜欢打篮球,而他姐姐喜欢游泳。
例句2: I wanted to go shopping, but it was raining.翻译:我想去购物,但是下雨了。
三、复合句复合句(Complex Sentence)是包含一个主句和一个或多个从句的句子。
从句可以是名词从句、形容词从句或者副词从句。
在翻译中,我们需要根据从句的类型选择合适的翻译方法。
1. 名词从句名词从句(Noun Clause)在句子中担任名词的成分。
常见的引导词有that,whether和疑问词(如who,what,when,where,why)。
例句1: She asked if I could help her.翻译:她问我能否帮助她。
例句2: I don't know where he went.翻译:我不知道他去哪里了。
2. 形容词从句形容词从句(Adjective Clause)在句子中担任形容词的成分,修饰名词或代词。
常见的引导词有that,which,who,whom,whose。
英语句子结构、成分及分析举例一、英语语句基本结构分析:(一)主谓宾结构:1、主语:可以作主语的成分有名词(如boy),主格代词(如you),数词,动词不定式,动名词等。
主语一般在句首。
注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家!Eg: The boy comes from America.He made a speech.Tow and tow is four.To be a teacher is my dream.Doing a research is a necessary step of covering a story.2、谓语:谓语由动词构成,是英语时态、语态变化的主角,一般在主语之后。
谓语可以是不及物动词(vi.)没有宾语,形成主谓结构,Eg:We come.Many changes took place in my home town.注(以下这些词是不及物动词:表发生、出现的,如:take place, appear, happen, break out; 表来、去,如:come, go 等)3、宾语:宾语位于及物动词之后,一般同主语构成一样,不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是…代词宾格‟,如:me,him,them等。
除了代词宾格可以作宾语外,名词,动名词,不定式等可以作宾语。
Eg:I will do it tomorrow.The boy needs a pen.I like swimming.I like to swim this afternoon.(二)主系表结构:1、主语:同…主谓宾‟结构。
2、谓语:联系动词(Link verb):be动词(am,is,are,was,were,have been);其他联系动词如:become成为,turn变成,go变和感官动词如:feel, touch, hear, see等。
其特点是联系动词与其后的表语没有动宾关系,表语多为形容词或副词,既,不可能是宾语。
翻译三级口译实务-(暂无语音,只提供参考1(总分:100.00,做题时间:90分钟)一、{{B}}Part Ⅰ{{/B}}(总题数:1,分数:20.00)1.Mike: Let's go get something to eat.I am starving.李:我也有点饿。
正好,前面有家麦当劳。
Mike: There is always a McDonald's up ahead.Everywhere you turn there is another blasted McDonald's.They arejust too convenient.I amjust plain sick ofseeing the“GoldenArches”everywhere I turn.Do you know that there are over 8,000 McDonald's res- taurants in the U.S.alone and over 11,000 franchises worldwide?By the year 2020,everyone will eat at McDonald's every day.李:反正我爱吃汉堡包。
现在全世界好像没有几个地方没有麦当劳,卖出的汉堡包都超过1000亿个了。
光中国这几年就建了几百家,小孩都到那儿过生日。
当然,也不是每种产品都好吃,可起码都很标准,不管什么时候去吃,汉堡包都是一个样儿。
Mike: Whatever you say.I just don't think their food is all that great.By the way,do you know that theirs pokesman,Ronald McDonald,is now recognized by 96% of all American children?They are the largest minimum—wage employers in America and own more real estate than any other company on earth.What is more,they say that one of every seven American millionaires got their start at McDonald's.李:别说了,我都要饿死了。
英语句子成分和基本结构
英语句子的基本结构包括主语、谓语、宾语和其他补语、状语等。
每个句子都包含一个主语和一个谓语,其他部分根据需要可以加入。
1.主语:表示句子的核心,通常是一个名词或代词。
例如:
- The cat
-I
2.谓语:表示主语所做的动作或状态,并通常由动词构成。
例如:
- is playing
- ran
3.宾语:表示动作的接受者或作用对象。
例如:
- the ball
- a book
4.补语:补充主语或宾语的信息,通常由形容词、名词、副词或介词短语构成。
例如:
- beautiful
- a teacher
5.状语:用于描述动作发生的方式、时间、地点等情况。
例如:
- yesterday
- in the garden
除了基本结构外,句子还可能包含其他成分,如定语、同位语、插入语等。
-定语:修饰名词或代词,描述其性质、特征等。
例如:
- the blue car
- a tall man
-同位语:用于说明名词或代词的意义,通常位于名词之后。
例如:
- The president, John F. Kennedy,
-插入语:用于在句子中插入附加信息,并用括号或破折号括起来。
例如:
- I, by the way,
- She, however,
以上是常见句子成分及其基本结构的说明。
然而,请注意,实际的句子可能会更复杂,具体结构可能因句式、语境和句子的目的而有所变化。
英汉句法结构对比与翻译
1.主谓结构:英语中主语和谓语动词之间的位置固定,而且一般不允许有其他成分插入;汉语中则允许主谓之间插入状语、宾语等成分,主语通常出现在句首,谓语动词出现在句尾。
英语:He is reading a book.
汉语:他正在看书。
2.宾语结构:英语中宾语通常出现在动词后面,而且一般不允许有其他成分插入;汉语中宾语可以放在动词前面或后面,并且可以有其他成分插入。
英语:She likes to eat apples.
汉语:她喜欢吃苹果。
3.状语结构:英语中状语通常出现在动词后面,表示时间、地点、方式等信息;汉语中状语的位置比较灵活,可以出现在句首、句中或句尾。
英语:He goes to school by bus every day.
汉语:他每天坐公交车去学校。
在进行翻译时,需要根据英语和汉语的句子结构差异进行相应的调整和转换。
具体翻译方法有:
1.主谓结构的翻译:将英语的主语翻译为汉语的主语,谓语动词翻译为汉语的谓语动词。
2.宾语结构的翻译:将英语中的宾语翻译为汉语中的宾语,并根据需要放置在动词前面或后面。
3.状语结构的翻译:将英语中的状语翻译为汉语中的状语,并根据需要放置在句首、句中或句尾。
需要注意的是,不仅要考虑句子结构的差异,还要考虑语言的习惯表达方式和上下文的语境。
对于复杂的句子结构和长篇文章的翻译,还需要进行更加细致的分析和翻译。
Part 1
1. If you think you have what it takes to be admitted to Harvard, a university known for its scientific research, attracting students both home and abroad and enjoying international prestige, you can plan your holiday.
2. Evidence found through the thorough investigation will soon be released by the media.
3. China Daily, established in 1981 and often called the “Voice of China” or “Window to China”also serves as an important source for high-end Chinese readers who want to know more about the world.
4. With rich water resources, plus abundant sunshine creating suitable farming conditions, the locally produced apples, grapes and melons are famous around the country.
5. With a widespread transportation network, covering rail, road and air, to take shape in the city, the municipal government must make new policies so as to adapt to economic growth based on social benefits.
6. Earthquakes related to volcanic activity may produce hazards which include ground cracks, ground deformation and damage to man-made structures according to the historical records available.
7. Two people confirmed on Saturday to be infected with bird flu were reported to be in critical condition yesterday after being tested positive for the deadly H5N1 virus.
8. The closure of Xiangyang market, synonymous with counterfeit brands, was announced because of its intellectual property infringements.
9. Many Chinese students attracted abroad to take language courses later found the situation there failed to live up to the promise of the advertisement.
10. The plan expected to increase the proportions of China’s GDP spent on research and development from today’s 1.3 percent to 2.5 percent by 2020 will for sure propel innovation greatly if approved of.
Part 2
1. The new policy made by the government to meet the growing needs from the public is sure to be conducive to the improvement of our daily life.
2. Skin long exposed to direct sunshine faces the risk of developing cancer.
3. The National Maritime Museum located at the northern end of Darling Harbour is a distinctive indoor attraction – a great day’s entertainment for the entire family.
4. A crash in computing is a condition where a program (either an application or part of the operating system) stops performing its expected function and also stops responding to other parts of the system.
5. The annual origami competition, open to MIT students and sponsored by the office of the Arts is designed to promote interest in origami and to showcase students’ works.
Part 3
1. “Shanghai keen to build a Disneyland theme park is awaiting central government’s approval”, the mayor told the press yesterday.
2. The heart of the city has a vibrant culture featuring good food, arts and theatre, historic places to visit and of course, a world-class shopping center.
3. These awards support the departments’advanced nuclear technology development efforts
and foster the education and training of the next generation of scientists and engineers needed to move this vital industry forward.
4. The growing use of computer networks can multiply a breach of security, making large numbers of people more vulnerable than when they were using simple, stand-alone computers.
5. Don’t give him more money than is necessary because money burns a hole in his pocket.
6. There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than exists in the public mind today.
7. Most Chinese people, especially women, are losing sleep, which is a much more serious problem than most realize.
8. In return, the US is believed to have provided the Ethiopians with arms, fuel, and other logistical support for a much larger intervention than it has previously mounted in Somalia.
9. Broader access to music, be it from online recommendation engines or satellite radio, gives consumers many more choices than they had in the old days.
10. The task is more easily completed than you might think.。