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大题1.贝塔受体阻断剂的临床应用和不良反应2.氯丙嗪的中枢药理作用作用机制和临床应用3.强心苷正性肌力作用的特点和机制4.糖皮质激素的不良反应5.青霉素G的作用机制和不良反应大题三十分1耐药性耐受性的概念举例说明四分2以阿托品（给的英文）为例，说明药物的两重性（治疗效应不良反应）四分3比较吗啡和阿司匹林的镇痛机制和临床应用（给的英文）四分4抗心律失常药物的机制，分类和代表药物六分5强心苷的临床应用不良反应和防治措施六分6药动学和药效学并举例说明药物相互作用六分大题：毛果芸香碱，阿托品对眼的作用及应用（-）β应用＆不良反应心律失常药分类＆代表药不良反应n+类别糖皮质激素的应用问答题：30分，六道。
画图并解释，说明效能和效价强度的意义。
（4）阿托品的药理作用和临床应用（4）抗（快速型）心律失常的机制，以及抗心律失常药物的分类（6）强心苷的临床应用和不良反应。
（6）青霉素的不良反应和防治措施（4）结合例子说明联合用药的目的（6）三、简答题1. 不良反应（解释、举例）2. β受体阻断药3. 解热镇痛抗炎药的药理作用及其机制4. 抗心律失常药的基本电生理作用、分类5. 从药动学、药效学两方面解释药物的相互作用1.阐述药物作用的选择性、两重性和量效关系（20分）2.简述药物作用的靶点及其作用机制（10分）3.列举几种常用的给药方式以及药物吸收特征（10分）4.简述生物利用度、表观分布容积和半衰期的概念及其意义（10分）5.请列举临床应用的抗菌药物以及作用机制（10分）三、大题（完整版，分好少呀）1.强心苷的药理作用，药理学基础（4分）2.还有阿托品，毛果芸香碱在对眼睛的临床作用及眼科应用（4分）3.列出抗菌素的各类作用（4分）4．药效学，药代学阐述药物相互作用，并举例（10分）5.效价强度与效能的概念及意义（4分）6.阿司匹林的药理作用及机制（4分）1.药物消除半衰期的概念和意义（4分）2.以阿托品为例，说明药物的两重性（治疗效应不良反应）（4分）3.阿司匹林的作用与机制（4分）4.抗心律失常药物的机制，分类和代表药物（6分）5.糖皮质激素的临床应用（4分）6.联合用药适用于什么病与联合用药的意义1.简述aspirin的药理作用及临床应用 6`2.简述糖皮质激素的临床应用和不良反应10`3.抗菌药物的作用机制及其代表药物8`4.根据化学结构，消毒防腐药的分类及其代表药物8`5.抗肿瘤药物的作用机制及代表药物8`三、简答题（30分）1、耐受性和耐药性的概念，举例。
2013广西医科大学内科博士考题，选择题：30分，都是临床的一些常见问题，难度不太大，估计至少能拿25分简答题：30分1.呼吸暂停综合征的定义及分型；2.上消化道出血的定义；3.心梗溶栓再通的指征；4.负反馈调节的机制，举例说明；5.小细胞低色素贫血有哪些。
论述题（内分泌专业）：40分1.病例分析（10分），给出一个病例（，难道不大应该是库欣）（1）诊断和鉴别诊断（2）要做哪些检查进行鉴别2.降糖药肠促胰素的分类和机制（15分）3.妊娠甲亢的治疗原则。
广西医科大学病理生理学博士考题，希望对来年报考的同学有帮助！一、名词解释（共5个）：钙超载、尿毒症、水中毒、混合性酸碱平衡紊乱、外源性致热源二、简答题（共3个小题）：1.低渗性脱水尿量有何改变？2.慢性肾功能衰竭时钾离子有何代谢紊乱？3.还有一题考完了之后一下子脑子短路想不起来了，等我想起来再补上三、论述题（共3个小题）：1.输入大量库存血所致缺氧与贫血性缺氧机制有何不同；2.心脏衰竭时机体如何代偿及其代偿的调控机制；3.DIC血液高凝的机制2013年广西医科大学基础医学院医学生物化学与分子生物学一名词解释1.蛋白质的二级结构2.启动子3.Klenow fragment4.内含子5.外显子6管家基因7顺式作用元件8蛋白伴侣9？10?二简答1真核生物RNA聚合酶的种类和功能？2大肠杆菌表达系统的条件3癌基因激活的方式？4简述酶的温度调节。
三讨论1蛋白质分离纯化的种类和原理2关于三羧酸循环和尿素循环的关联性？为什么说尿素循环的氮原子都直接或间接来源于体内的氨基酸？2013年广西医科大学病理学试题一、名词解释10 *3分：化生，肿瘤的异质性，围管浸润，炎性假瘤，机化，动脉瘤，肾病综合征，早期胃癌，R eed-Sternberg cell，infarction二、简答题4*5分1、一期愈合、二期愈合的主要区别？如何获得一期愈合？2、食管癌浸润性生长可引起哪些后果？3、炎症时血管通透性升高的发生机制。
2013MD全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1．请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。
2．试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(Paper Two)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。
3．试卷一答题时必须使用2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑；如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。
书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。
4．标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。
5．听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。
国家医学考试中心PAPER ONEPart 1 ：Listening comprehension（30%）Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a questionabout what is said, The question will be read only once, After you hearthe question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D.Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following exampleYou will hearWoman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B C DNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. A cough B. Diarrhea C. A fever D. V omiting2. A. Tuberculosis B. Rhinitis C. Laryngitis D. Flu3. A. In his bag. B. By the lamp.C. In his house.D. No idea about where he left it.4. A. He’s nearly finished his work.B. He has to work for some more time.C. He wants to leave now.D. He has trouble finishing his work.5. A. A patient B. A doctor C. A teacher D. A student6. A. 2.6 B. 3.5 C. 3.9 D. 1367. A. He is the head of the hospital. B. He is in charge of Pediatrics.C. He went out looking for Dan.D. He went to Michigan on business.8. A. He has got a fever. B. He is a talented skier.C. He is very rich.D. He is a real ski enthusiast.9. A. To ask local people for help.B. To do as Romans do only when in Rome.C. Try to act like the people from that culture.D. Stay with your country fellows.10.A. She married because of loneliness.B. She married a millionaire.C. She married for money.D. She married for love.11.A. Aspirant B. Courageous C. Cautious D. Amiable12.A. He was unhappy. B. He was feeling a bit unwell.C. He went to see the doctor.D. The weather was nasty.13.A. You may find many of them on the bookseller’ shelves.B. You can buy it from almost every bookstore.C. It’s a very popular magazine.D. It doesn’t sell very well.14.A. A general practitioner. B. A gynecologist.B. An orthopedist D. A surgeon.15.A. Chemotherapy B. Radiation C. Injections D. Surgery Section BDirection:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, readthe four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Dialogue16.A. It is a genetic disorder.B. It is a respiratory condition in pigs.C. It is an illness from birds to humans.D. It is a gastric ailment.17.A. Eating pork.B. Raising pigs.C. Eating chicken.D. Breeding birds.18.A. Running nose.B. Inappetence.C. Pains all over.D. Diarrhea.19.A. To stay from crowds. B. To see the doctor immediately.C. To avoid medications.D. To go to the nearby clinic.20.A. It is a debate.B. It is a TV program.C. It is a consultation.D. It is a workshop.Passage One21.A. About 10,000,000.B. About 1,000,000.C. About 100,000.D. About 10,000.22.A. A cocktail of vitamins.B. A cocktail of vitamins plus magnesium.C. The combination of vitamins A, C and E.D. The combination of minerals.23.A. The delicate structures of the inner ear. B. The inner ear cells.C. The eardrums.D. The inner ear ossicles.24.A. General Motors. B. The United Auto Workers.C. NIH.D. All of above.25.A. An industrial trial in Spain.B. Military trials in Spain and Sweden.C. Industrial trials in Spain and Sweden.D. A trial involving students at the University of Florida.Passage Two26.A. The link between obesity and birth defects.B. The link between obesity and diabetes.C. The risk of birth abnormalities.D. The harmful effects of obesity.27.A. Neural tube defects. B. Heart problems.C. Cleft lip and palate.D. Diabetes.28.A. 20 million. B. 200 million.C. 400 million.D. 40 million.29.A. A weight-loss surgery. B. A balanced diet.C. A change of life style.D. More exercise.30.A. Why obesity can cause birth defects.B. How obesity may cause birth defects.C. Why obesity can cause diabetes.D. How obesity may cause diabetes.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirection:In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A B C and D .are given beneath each of them. You are tochoose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then markyour answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31. Having a bird’s eye view from the helicopter, the vast pasture was __________ with beautiful houses.A. overlappedB. segregatedC. intersectedD. interspersed32. As usual, Singapore Airlines will reduce trans-pacific capacity in _________ seasons this year.A. sternB. slackC. sumptuousD. glamorous33. As to the living environment, bacteria’s needs vary, but most of them grow best ina slightly acid ___________.A. mechanismB. miniatureC. mediumD. means34. Under an unstable economic environment, employers in the construction industry place great value on ___________ in hiring and laying off workers as their volumes of work wax and wane.A. flexibilityB. moralityC. capacityD. productivity35. In a stark _________ of fortunes, the Philippines – once Asia’s second richest country – recently had to beg Vietnam to sell its rice for its hungry millions.A. denialB. reversalC. intervalD. withdrawal36. Web portal Sohu has gone a step further and called for netizens to join in an all-out boycott of __________ content.A. wholesomeB. contagiousC. vulgarD. stagnant37. Experts urge a reforesting of cleared areas, promotion of reduced-impact logging, and _____________ agriculture, to maintain the rain forest.A. sustainableB. renewableC. revivableD. merchandisable38. In the U.S., the Republican’s doctrines were slightly liberal, whereas the Democrats’ were hardly _____________.A. rationalB. radicalC. conservativeD. progressive39. Officials from the Department of Agriculture confirmed that the __________ floods and drought this summer did not affect the country’s grain output.A. ripplingB. waningC. fluctuatingD. devastating40. It is believed that the Black Death, rampant in the Medieval Europe __________, killed 1/3 of its population.A. at largeB. at randomC. on endD. on averageSection BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phase underlined. There are four words or phases beneath each sentence, Choose the word orphase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it issubstituted for the underlined part, Mark your answer on theANSWER SHEET.41. Christmas shoppers should be aware of the possible defects of the products sold ata discount.A. deficitsB. deviationsC. drawbacksD. discrepancies42. The goal of this training program is to raise children with a sense of responsibility and necessary courage to be willing to take on challenges in life.A. despiseB. evadeC. demandD. undertake43. After “9.11”, the Olympic Games severely taxed the security services of the host country.A. improvedB. burdenedC. inspectedD. tariffed44. The clown’s performance was so funny that the audience, adults and children alike, were all thrown into convulsions.A. a fit of enthusiasmB. a scream of frightC. a burst of laughterD. a cry of anguish45. We raised a mortgage from Bank of China and were informed to pay it off by the end of this year.A. loanB. paymentC. withdrawalD. retrieval46. The advocates highly value the “sport spirit”, while the opponent devalue it, asserting that it’s a sheer hypocrisy and self-deception.A. fineB. suddenC. finiteD. absolute47. Whenever a rattlesnake is agitated, it begins to move its tail and make a rattling noise.A. irritatedB. tamedC. stampedD. probed48. The detective had an unusual insight into criminal’s tricks and knew clearly how to track them.A. inductionB. perceptionC. interpretationD. penetration49. My little brother practices the speech repeatedly until his delivery and timing were perfect.A. presentationB. gestureC. rhythmD. pronunciation50. In recent weeks both housing and stock prices have started to retreat from their irrationally amazing highs.A. untimelyB. unexpectedlyC. unreasonablyD. unconventionallyPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Video game players may get an unexpected benefitfrom blowing away bad guys—better vision. Playing “action” video games improves a visual ability __51__ tasks like reading and driving at night, a new study says. The ability, called contrast sensitivity function, allows people to discern even subtle changes __52__ gray against a uniformly colored backdrop. It’s also one of the first visual aptitudes to fade with age. __53__ a regular regimen of action video game training can provide long-lasting visual power, according to work led by Daphne Bavelier of the University of Rochester.Previous research shows that gaming improves other visual skills, such as the ability to track several objects at the same time and __54__ attention to a series of fast-moving events. Bavelier said, “A lot of different aspects of the visual system are being enhanced, __55__.”The new work suggests that playing video games could someday become part of vision-correction treatments, which currently rely mainly on surgery or corrective lenses. “__56__ you’ve had eye surgery or get corrective lenses, exposing yourself to these games should help the optical system to recover faster and better, you need to retrain the brain to make use of the better, crisper information that’s coming in __57__ your improved eyesight,” Bavelier said.Expert action gamers in the study played first-person shooters Unreal Tournament 2004 and Call of Duty 2. A group of experienced nonaction gamers played The Sims 2, a “life simulation” video game. The players of nonaction video games didn’t see the same vision __58__, the study says. Bavelier and others are now trying to figure out exactly why action games __59__ seem to sharpen visual skill. It may be that locating enemies and aiming accurately is a strenuous, strength-building workout for the eyes, she said. Another possible __60__ is that the unpredictable, fast-changing environment of the typical action game requires players to constantly monitor entire landscapes and analyze optical data quickly.51. A. crucial forB. available inC. resulting fromD. ascribed to52. A. in disguise ofB. in shades ofC. in search ofD. in place of53. A. This is howB. That’s whyC. It is not thatD. There exists54. A. paidB. paysC. payD. paying55. A. thoughB. not to sayC. not just oneD. as well56. A. UntilB. WhileC. UnlessD. Once57. A. as opposed toB. in addition toC. as a result ofD. in spite of58. A. benefitsB. defectsC. approachesD. risks59. A. in caseB. in advanceC. in returnD. in particular60. A. effectB. reasonC. outcomeD. conclusionPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B,C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET.Passage oneThere is plenty we don’t know about criminal behavior. Most crime goes unreported so it is hard to pick out trends from the data, and even reliable sets of statistics can be difficult to compare. But here is one thing we do know: those with a biological predisposition to violent behavior who are brought up in abusive homes are very likely to become lifelong criminals.Antisocial and criminal behavior tends to run in families, but no one was sure whether this was due mostly to social-environmental factors or biological ones. It turns out both are important, but the effect is most dramatic when they act together. This has been illustrated in several studies over the past six years which found that male victims of child abuse are several times as likely to become criminals and abusers themselves if they were born with a less-active version of a gene for the enzyme monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), which breaks down neurotransmitters crucial to the regulation of aggression.Researchers recently made another key observation: kids with this “double whammy” of predisposition and an unfortunate upbringing are likely to show signs of what’s to come at a very early age. The risk factors for long-term criminality – attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, low IQ, language difficulties – can be spotted in kindergarten. So given what we now know, shouldn’t we be doing everything to protect the children most at risk?No one is suggesting testing all boys to see which variant of the MAO-A gene they have, but what the science is telling us is that we should redouble efforts to tackle abusive upbringings, and even simple neglect. This will help any child, but especially those whose biology makes them vulnerable. Thankfully there is already considerable enthusiasm in both the US and the UK for converting the latest in behavioral science into parenting and social skills: both governments have schemes in place to improve parenting in families where children are at risk of receiving poor care.Some people are uncomfortable with the idea of early intervention because it implies our behavior becomes “set” as we grow up, compromising the idea of free will. That view is understandable, but it would be negligent to ignore what the studies are telling us. Indeed, the cost to society of failing to intervene －in terms of criminal damage, dealing with offenders and helping victims of crime －is bound to be greater than the cost of improving parenting. The value to the children is immeasurable.61. Researchers have come to a consensus: to explain violent behavior ________.A. in terms of physical environmentB. form a biological perspectiveC. based on the empirical dataD. in a statistical way62. When we say that antisocial and criminal behavior tends to run in families, asindicated by the recent findings, we can probably mean that ___________.A. a particular gene is passed on in familiesB. child abuse will lead to domestic violenceC. the male victims of child abuse will pass on the tendencyD. the violent predisposition is exclusively born of child abuse63. The recent observation implicated that to check the development of antisocialand criminal behavior ___________.A. boys are to be screened for the biological predispositionB. high-risk kids should be brought up in kindergartenC. it is important to spot the genes for the risk factorsD. active measures ought to be taken at an early age64. To defend the argument against the unfavorable idea, the author makes it apoint to consider ___________.A. the immeasurable value of the genetic research on behaviorB. the consequences of compromising democracyC. the huge cost of improving parenting skillsD. the greater cost of failing to intervene65. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Parenting Strategies for KidsB. The Making of a CriminalC. Parental EducationD. Abusive ParentingPassage twoAfter 25 years battling the mother of all viruses, have we finally got the measure of HIV? Three developments featured in this issue collectively give grounds for optimism that would have been scarcely believable a year ago in the wake of another failed vaccine and continuing problems supplying drugs to all who need them.Perhaps the most compelling hope lies in the apparent “cure” of a man with HIV who had also developed leukemia. Doctors treated his leukemia with a bone marrow transplant that also vanquished the virus. Now US Company Sangamo Biosciences is hoping to emulate the effect patients being cured with a single shot of gene therapy, instead of taking antiretroviral drugs for life.Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is itself another reason for optimism. Researchers at the World Health Organization have calculated that HIV could be effectively eradicated in Africa and other hard-hit places using existing drugs. The trick is to test everyone often, and give those who test positive ART as soon as possible. Because the drugs rapidly reduce circulating levels of the virus to almost zero, it would stop people passing it on through sex. By blocking the cycle of infection in this way, the virus could be virtually eradicated by 2050.Bankrolling such a long-term program would cost serious money – initially around $3.5 billion a year in South Africa alone, ring to $85 billion in total. Huge as it sounds, however, it is peanuts compared with the estimated $1.9 trillion cost of the Iraq war, or the $700 billion spent in one go propping up the US banking sector. It also look small beer compared with the costs of carrying on as usual, which the WHO says can only lead to spiraling cases and costs.The final bit of good news is that the cost of ART could keep on falling. Last Friday, GlaxoSmithKline chairman Andrew Witty said that his company would offer all its medicines to the poorest countries for at least 25 per cent less than the typical price in rich countries. GSK has already been doing this for ART, but the hope is that the company may now offer it cheaper still and that other firms will follow their lead.No one doubt the devastation caused by AIDS. In 2007, 2 million people died and 2.7 million more contracted the virus. Those dismal numbers are not going to turn around soon – and they won’t turn around at all without huge effort and investment. But at least there is renewed belief that, given the time and money, we can finally start riddling the world of this most fearsome of viruses.66. Which is the following can be most probably perceived beyond the first paragraph?A. The end of the world.B. A candle of hope.C. A Nobel prize.D. A Quick Fix.67. According to the passage, the apparent “cure” of the HIV patient who had alsodeveloped leukemia would ___________.A. make a promising transition from antiretroviral medication to gene therapyB. facilitate the development of effective vaccines for the infectionC. compel people to draw an analogy between AIDS and leukemiaD. would change the way we look at those with AIDS68. As another bit of good news, ___________.A. HIV will be virtually wiped out first in AfricaB. the cycle of HIV infection can be broken with ARTC. the circulating levels of HIV have been limited to almost zeroD. the existing HIV drugs will be enhanced to be more effective in 25 years69. The last reason for optimism is that ___________.A. governments will invest more in improving ARTB. the cost of antiretroviral therapy is on the declineC. everybody can afford antiretroviral therapy in the worldD. the financial support of ART is coming to be no problem70. The whole passage carries a tone of ___________.A. idealismB. activismC. criticismD. optimismPassage ThreeArchaeology can tell us plenty about how humans looked and the way they lived tens of thousands of years ago. But what about the deeper questions? Could early humans speak, were they capable of self-conscious reflection, did they believe in anything?Such questions might seem to be beyond the scope of science. Not so. Answering them is the focus of a burgeoning field that brings together archaeology and neuroscience. It aims to chart the development of human cognitive powers. This is not easy to do. A skull gives no indication of whether its owner was capable of speech, for example. The task then is to find proxies (替代物)for key traits and behaviors that have stayed intact over millennia.Perhaps the most intriguing aspect of this endeavor is teasing out the role of culture as a force in the evolution of our mental skills. For decades, development of the brain has been seen as exclusively biological. But increasingly, that is being challenged.Take what the Cambridge archaeologist Colin Renfrew calls “the sapient (智人的) paradox (矛盾)”. Evidence suggests that the human genome, and hence the brain, has changed little in the past 60,000 years. Yet it wasn’t until about 10,000 years ago that profound changes took place in human behavior: people settled in villages and built shrines. Renfrew’s paradox is why, if the hardware was in place, did it take so long for humans to start changing the world?His answer is that the software – the culture – took a long time to develop. In particular, the intervening time saw humans vest (赋予) meaning in objects and symbols. Those meanings were developed by social interaction over successive generations,passed on through teaching, and stored in the neuronal connections of children.Culture also changes biology by modifying natural selection, sometimes in surprising ways. How is it, for example, that a human gene for making essential vitamin C became blocked by junk DNA? One answer is that our ancestors started eating fruit, so the pressure to make vitamin C “relaxed” and the gene became unnecessary. By this reasoning, early humans then became addicted to fruit, and any gene that helped them to find it was selected for.Evidence suggests that the brain is so plastic that, like genes, it can be changed by relaxing selection pressure. Our understanding of human cognitive development is still fragmented and confused, however. We have lots of proposed causes and effects, and hypotheses to explain them. Yet the potential pay-off makes answers worth searching for. If we know where the human mind came from and what changed it, perhaps we can gauge where it is going. Finding those answers will take all the ingenuity the modern human mind can muster.71. The questions presented in the first paragraph ___________.A. seem to have no answers whateverB. are intended to dig for ancient human mindsC. are not scientific enough to be answered hereD. are raised to explore the evolution of human appearance72. The scientists find the proxy to be ___________.A. the role of cultureB. the passage of timeC. the structure of a skullD. the biological makeup of the brain73. According to Renfrew’s paradox, the transition from 60,000 to 10,000 years agosuggests that ___________.A. human civilization came too lateB. the hardware retained biologically staticC. it took so long for the software to evolveD. there existed an interaction between gene and environment74. From the example illustrating the relation between culture and biology, wemight conclude that ___________.A. the mental development has not been exclusively biologicalB. the brain and culture have not developed at the same paceC. the theory of natural selection applies to human evolutionD. vitamin C contributes to the development of the brain75. Speaking of the human mind, the author would say that ___________.A. its cognitive development is extremely slowB. to know its past is to understand its futureC. its biological evolution is hard to predictD. as the brain develops, so as the mindPassage FourDespite the numerous warnings about extreme weather, rising sea levels and mass extinctions, one message seems to have got lost in the debate about the impact of climate change. A warmer world won’t just be inconvenient. Huge swathes (片) of it, including most of Europe, the US and Australia as well as all of Africa and China will actually be uninhabitable--- too hot, dry or stormy to sustain a human population.This is no mirage. It could materialize if the world warms by an average of just 4°C, which some models predict could happen as soon as 2050. This is the world our children and grandchildren are going to have to live in. So what are we going to do about it?One option is to start planning to move the at-risk human population to parts of the world where it will still be cool and wet. It might seem like a drastic move, but this thought experiment is not about scaremongering (危言耸听). Every scenario is extrapolated from predictions of the latest climate models, and some say that 4°C may actually turn out to be a conservative estimate.Clearly this glacier-free, desertified world---with its human population packed into high-rise cities closer to the poles---would be a last resort. Aside from anything else, it is far from being the most practical option: any attempt at mass migration is likely to fuel wars, political power struggles and infighting.So what are the alternatives? The most obvious answer is to radically reduce carbon dioxide levels now, by fast-tracking green technologies and urgently implementing energy-efficient measures. But the changes aren’t coming nearly quickly enough and global emissions are still rising. As a result, many scientists are now turning to “Earth’s plan B”.Plan B involves making sure we have large scale geoengineering technologies ready and waiting to either suck CO2 out of the atmosphere or deflect the sun’s heat. Most climate scientists were once firmly against fiddling with the Earth’s thermostat, fearing that it may make a bad situation even worse, or provide politicians with an excuse to sit on their hands and do nothing.Now they reluctantly acknowledge the sad truth that we haven’t managed to reorder the world fast enough to reduce CO2 emissions and that perhaps, given enough funding research and political muscle, we can indeed design, test and regulate geoengineering projects in time to avert the more horrifying consequences of climate change.Whatever we do, now is the time to act. The alternative is to plan for a hothouse world that none of us would recognize as home.76. To begin with, the author is trying to remind us of ____________.A. the likelihood of climate change making life inconvenientB. the warning against worsening climate changeC. the inevitable consequence of global warmingD. the misconception of a warmer world77. As the thought experiment shows, those at risk from global warming will ____________.A. live with the temperature raised by an average of 4°CB. have nowhere to go but live in the desertC. become victims as soon as 2050D. move closer to the poles78. It is clear from the passage that a practical approach to global warming is _________.A. to reduce massively CO2 emissionsB. to take protective measures by 2025C. to prepare a blueprint for mass migrationsD. to launch habitual constructions closer to the poles。
南京大学医学院2005-2020年博士考试病理生理学真题汇总一、2020年真题南京大学医学院病理生理学真题1、《新型冠状病毒肺炎诊疗方案》（试行第7版）中建议重症患者行连续性肾脏替代治疗，请对该方案的具体指征和病理生理学基础进行分析。
2、请结合《新型冠状病毒肺炎诊疗方案》（试行第7版）对新冠肺炎患者呼吸衰竭的建议分析，新冠肺炎患者呼吸衰竭的机制及治疗的病理生理学基础。
3、案例分析题(1)诊断：高渗性脱水、低容量行休克、失代偿性酸中毒、缺氧、发热、电解质紊乱、高钠血症。
(2)分析该患者休克的病因，休克所处的阶段及该阶段的病理生理特点。
二、2015-2019南京大学医学院病理生理学真题1.慢性肾衰竭何时出现低钾血症、高钾血症？答：慢性肾脏病（chronic kidney disease，CKD）：1.肾损害（病理，血，尿，影像学异常）≥3个月；2.GFR<60 ml/min/1.73m2，持续时间3个月；具有以上两条中的任何一条，即可诊断为chronic kidney disease.Chronic kidney disease的特点是肾单位减少，排泌K+的集合管数量减少。
而长期远端肾单位和集合管结构损伤导致残余肾单位代偿性K+排泌增加。
此外，肾单位减少还可导致残余肾单位血流量增加、远端钠转运增加。
1）低钾血症一般在钾摄入不足，胃肠道丢钾过多（胃肠引流，反复呕吐），利用排钾利尿剂等情况时发生。
慢性肾脏疾病，如肾小管性酸中毒，Bartter综合征，Liddle综合征，肾素分泌瘤、库欣综合征等。
2）CKD患者代偿性变化可维持血钾<5.5 mmol/L，但当GFR<15 ml/min/1.73m2，少尿，钾摄入过多，组织分解增加，醛固酮分泌减少时，肾脏失代偿，即可出现高钾血症。
2.左心衰出现呼吸困难的机制?端坐呼吸的机制？答：1）左心衰患者可发生肺淤血，严重时可出现肺水肿。
肺淤血、肺水肿的共同表现是呼吸困难。
考博外科学外科学总论（共50分）⼀名词解释：1.基因诊断2.⾼温灭菌法3.NHSTR4.GHTRS5.MODS⼆简答题：1 简述外科疾病的分类2 外科⼿术进⾏中的⽆菌原则3 感染性休克的治疗三问答题低渗性缺⽔的定义病因临床表现诊断治疗普外科各论（50分）⼀名词解释mastopathy 原发性腹膜炎strangulated hernia （狂晕刚意识到答成绞窄性肠梗阻了）abdominal compartment syndrome 第五个忘了⾼选择⾏迷⾛神经切断术（英⽂）⼆问答题甲状腺功能亢进症的病因术前术中注意事项⼿术适应症⼿术禁忌症术后常见并发症及处理原则原发性肝癌的病因病理临床表现诊断和鉴别诊断治疗2007年第⼆军医⼤学考博普通外科学⼀、多选题（12题，每题1分）1、腹腔镜⼿术禁忌：2、能叩诊出移动性浊⾳的腹腔积液：A、100ml B、200ml C、300ml D、400ml E、⼤于500ml3、急性胰腺炎⾎淀粉酶的变化：4、胆囊癌最佳的诊断⽅法：B超、CT、ERCP、？、？5、⼩⼉肠扭转病例6、肝脓肿病例7、以下胃、⼗⼆指肠穿孔描述不正确的是：⼆、填空题（8分）1、影响胃癌预后的因素有：（7空）2、下消化道出⾎的诊断⽅法有：（5空）3、下肢深静脉栓塞分为四型：_____型（4空）三、名词解释（6分，每题2分）1、buerger病2、charcot 综合征3、TME四、问答题1、家族性结肠息⾁病的发病原理、诊断、⼿术⽅式、术后随访原则？（20分）2、甲亢术后并发症及处理？（24分）3、肠梗阻按梗阻原因的分类；肠梗阻的治疗原则以及⾮⼿术治疗⽅法？（30分）第三军医⼤学2013博⼠普外专业⼀、名词解释1、richer疝2、倾倒综合征（英⽂）3、布加综合征（英⽂）4、⼆、简答题1、乳腺癌根治术切除范围2、胰腺癌⼿术切除范围3、简述直肠癌超低位保肛术4、chiold分级及其临床意义三、问答题1、急性梗阻性黄疸治疗原则2、论述胃癌外科治疗的最新进展2013南京医科⼤学普外科学（总论+普外）考博真题回忆版简答4分*61、创伤组织修补基本过程？2、30秒内确定⼼搏骤停的⽅法？3、输⾎后常见并发症？4、低钾的常见病因？5、营养⽀持⽅法选择原则？6、⼿术中的⽆菌原则？问答19分*41、胰腺假性囊肿的⼿术指征、⽅式、要点？2、甲状腺⼿术并发症及治疗？3、腹膜后⼗⼆指肠破裂诊断依据及治疗？4、完善的科研设计标志有哪些？第三军医⼤学2013年外科专业基础之⼈体解剖真题名词解释：胸⾻⾓纵隔膜迷路动脉韧带肺段简答脑屏障的主要特点喉的结构，运动及功能的关系胆汁的产⽣，排出的主要特点问答⽪质核束的主要特点内脏传导通路的主要特点迷⾛神经的主要特点腰丛的主要特点2013中⼭⼤学博⼠⽣⼊学考试（普外）1糖⽪质激素外科感染性休克2糖尿病围术期准备要点3开放⽓胸处理原则4影像学在泌尿系结⽯的诊断应⽤5胃癌腹腔镜禁忌6胆管囊性扩张的分型7下肢静脉体格检查名称8外科真菌感染因素和抗真菌药物9切⼝裂开预防10⿊⾊素瘤的临床表现11CEA.AFP.CA199.CA125.PSA，中⽂名称及诊断价值12门脉⾼压⾮⼿术治疗及贲门⾎管离断理由13 低渗性缺⽔的原因14乳腺癌分⼦分型及治疗建议15胃癌根治原则，根治划分，远端胃癌根治切除范围16慢性胰腺炎⼿术指征，⼿术原则，⼿术⽅式。
ⅠⅣⅡⅢ Examination Paper in Pharmacology for Students Majored inBasic Medicine (2001)1．agonist ：2．first pass effect ：3．bioavailability ：4．steady state concentration(Css)：5．multidrug resistance ：1. The time-concentration relationship of a drug is shown in the figure. Please judge that the drug belongs to what kind of elimination kinetics(first-order or zero-order) ? And please describe the properties of this kind of elimination kinetics. (6%)2. Give a brife discription of the pharmacological action of Ca 2+3. Give a brife discription of the mechanism of Morphine’s relieving pain action in the central nervous system. (6%)channel blockers. (6%)4.Describe the molecular mechanism and clinical uses of furosemide.(6%)5.Describe the common properties of quinolones(喹诺酮类).（6%）6. Please discuss the whole course of a drug from its oral absorption to excretion. (10%)7.What are the strategies for the treatment of congestine heart failure (CHF)? List the classes of drugs that can be used in CHF and give an example for each class. (10%)1、 通常药物与受体以______、 _______、_______键方式结合时容易解离，不易产生持久作用。
药理学博士考试真题G蛋白偶联受体在信号传导中的主要作用是？
A. 直接激活效应蛋白
B. 识别并结合配体
C. 催化化学反应
D. 转运离子
下列哪种药物是细胞周期非特异性药物？
A. 紫杉醇
B. 阿霉素
C. 顺铂
D. 氟尿嘧啶
哪种药物主要用于治疗支气管哮喘的急性发作？
A. 去甲肾上腺素
B. 氨茶碱
C. 沙丁胺醇
D. 麻黄碱
糖皮质激素大剂量突击疗法最适用于哪种情况？
A. 恶性淋巴瘤
B. 肾病综合征
C. 感染中毒性休克
D. 结缔组织病
下列哪种药物通过阻断M受体来抑制胃酸分泌？
A. 氢氧化铝
B. 雷尼替丁
C. 奥美拉唑
D. 哌仑西平
苯二氮卓类药物的中枢作用机制是什么？
A. 直接激动GABA受体
B. 增强GABA能神经功能
C. 直接抑制中枢
D. 直接促进氯离子内流
下列哪种情况不宜使用糖皮质激素治疗？
A. 湿疹
B. 麻疹
C. 荨麻疹
D. 皮肌炎
哪种药物主要用于治疗心室纤颤？
A. 奎尼丁
B. 维拉帕米
C. 利多卡因
D. 普萘洛尔。
较新一篇 / 较旧一篇【药理】【2011级（康达全科）药理试卷】好友可见2013-07-09 19:31 |(分类:默认分类)选择60*1（53+7道配伍题）红霉素适用军团菌。
1血浆结合蛋白特点：可逆2消除半衰期10H，问口服后多长时间药物消除3不良反应考到缺少什么酶--特异质反应4静外滴注是5高血压伴心动过速选什么药等等大题8*5试述阿托品与毛果芸香碱对眼的药理作用及临床应用试述比较吗啡与阿司匹林的镇痛作用试述正性肌力机制及特点试述胰岛素的不良反应青霉素G的耐菌机制及抗药机制【药理】【2010级（临床）药理重修试卷】好友可见2013-06-09 11:24 |(分类:默认分类) 2010级临床专业药理重修试卷选择（1*60）阿司匹林在碱性尿液中：解离；再吸收；排泄半衰期，基本消除时间药物产生副作用的药理学基础竞争性拮抗药特点抗胆碱酯酶药的适应症不包括治疗外周血管痉挛可选用普鲁卡因不用于癫痫大发作合并小发作对惊厥治疗无效的是阵发性室上性心动过速宜用治疗变异性心绞痛较好的药物预防支气管哮喘发作的首选药甲状腺手术前给药使甲状腺腺体变小的药物化疗指数的表达方式与意义治疗军团菌感染应首选问答（8*5）1.阿托品对眼的药理作用，作用机制，临床应用2.阿司匹林与吗啡镇痛作用的比较3.强心苷的不良反应及防治措施4.糖皮质激素的临床应用5.抗菌药物的作用机制，并各举一例【药理】【2010级（口腔）药理试卷】好友可见2013-06-09 11:20 |(分类:默认分类) 2010级口腔药理（A）单选60x1‘包括53个纯单选和7个配伍题十分非常的细节考了好多314道题我后悔没有多看几遍啊举例肝素的禁忌症，可乐定的降压机制，体外抗菌作用最强的喹诺酮类药物等等问答5x8’β-受体阻断剂的临床应用和不良反应；吗啡和阿司匹林镇痛作用的比较；强心苷的不良反应和抢救措施；糖皮质激素的临床应用；β-内酰胺类抗生素的抗菌机制和耐药性的产生较新一篇 / 较旧一篇【药理】【药学专业药理试卷】好友可见2012-07-21 20:10 |(分类:默认分类)2011.01.19 药学专业药理一.选择题25个，忽略二.名词解释1. 肾上腺素的翻转作用2.竞争性拮抗药3.治疗指数4.生物利用度5.多药耐药性三.简答1.毛果芸香碱对眼睛的作用及临床用途2.强心苷的不良反应3.阿司匹林对血小板的影响及作用机制4.磺酰脲类、双胍类降糖药特点的对比5.抗菌药耐药性的作用机制四.问答1.ACE降压药的降压特点及作用机制2.β受体阻断药的药理作用3.氯丙嗪的药理作用及机制4.抗肿瘤药的不良反应5.糖皮质激素的药理作用较新一篇 / 较旧一篇【药理】【2010级（医检）药理试卷】好友可见2013-02-11 12:39 |(分类:默认分类) 2012年下医检药理名解：1.首过效应2.效能3.二重感染4.抗菌后效应5.副作用问答：1.阿托品的药理作用及临床应用2.氯丙嗪和阿司匹林解热机制的不同3.强心苷的不良反应和防治措施4.糖皮质激素的药理作用及临床应用5.青霉素的不良反应及防治措施较新一篇 / 较旧一篇1．选择：（1分×60）第一题是生物利用度高的药物怎么样？（选项有：脂溶性、经肾脏排泄、与蛋白结合等等）pKa 值是指什么？根据药物的半衰期算几天到达稳态浓度。
2000一.名词解释(每小题 2 分)1.药物作用(Drug action)2.药理效应(Pharmacology effect)3.药物的副作用(Side reaction)4.药物的毒性反应(Toxic reaction)5.药物的剂量-效应关系(Dose-effect relationship)6.耐受性(Tolerence)7.药物的安全范围(Margin of safety)8.耐药性(Drug resistance)9.药物的消除半衰期(Elimination half-life time) 10.绝对口服生物利用度二.问答题(每小题 10 分)1.试写出 5 种参与细胞内信息转化的主要物质(包括细胞内第二信使)2.试写出 9 种不同的给药途径,并指出哪些给药途径可避免首关消除3.四类器官组织:a.皮肤和黏膜;b.腹腔内脏;c.骨骼肌;d.冠状动脉;它们血管平滑肌的收缩和舒张,分别收什么神经递质受体的调控?试分别写出这些受体(受体亚型) 被激动或被阻断时所产生的药理效应,并写出它们的激动药和阻断药各一个.4.苯二氮卓类药物与巴比妥药物对神经中枢的作用和作用机制有什么异同?5.理论上预计钙拮抗药有广泛的药理效应,然而到目前为止临床上使用的钙拮抗药仅作用于心血管系统,对其他器官组织的影响较少,为什么?6.试述洋地黄类强心甘对心脏的主要药理效应及可能的作用机制.7.糖皮质激素对免疫过程的哪些环节具有抑制作用?8.试按对生物大分子的作用方式,将恶性肿瘤药进行分类,每类列出二个代表药物.2002一.名词解释(每小题 2 分)1.Toxic reaction2.Drug dependence3.Agonist and antagonist4.Half-life5.Efficacy6. Tolerence7.Marginof safety8.Withdraw reaction9. Maximum efficacy10.Modian Effective dose二.问答题(每小题 10 分)A 卷1.效价强度与效能在临床用药上有什么意义?2.比较吗啡和乙酰水杨酸在镇痛机制,镇痛部位及临床应用的区别.3.请叙述阿托品的临床应用.4.请列表比较红霉素,链霉素,四环素及氯霉素的临床应用(首选)及不良反应5.治疗充血性心力衰竭的药物类型有哪些,各举一例代表药,并简单评价各类药物目前在心脏治疗中的地位.6.简述卡托扑利的药理作用及临床应用.7.简述糖皮质激素类药物的抗炎机制.8.简述一,二,三,四代头孢菌素各自的作用特点.二.问答题(每小题 10 分)B 卷1.比较吗啡和阿司匹林的镇痛作用机制2.简述糖皮质激素的临床应用3.呕吐是临床上常见的症状,各种原因引起的呕吐,请从药物治疗的角度分析有哪些方法可以止吐,并各举一例代表药.4.简述抗心律失常的分类并各举一例代表药.5.请写出三种常用的强心苷类药物的名称,应用药物之前应考虑药物本身的哪些因素.6.新斯的明治疗重症肌无力及中毒的作用机制.7.试简述青霉素的作用机制和耐药性产生的原因.8.试简述青霉素 G 的抗菌谱,重要不良反应及防治.2004一. 请翻译下列名词并用中文解释(20 分，每个4 分) 1．Biopharmaceutics2．Injectiones ( Injectio )3．Limit test4．QSAR5. Combinatorial Chemistry二．简答题（30 分，每道6 分）1．常用的液体制剂及制法要点是什么？2．软膏剂的质量要求是什么？3．药物中的杂质是什么？其来源有哪些？4．硝酸甘油的特异性鉴定反应包括哪些内容？5．简述阿司匹林的抗炎作用机制。
