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英美文学考研复习资料重要作品整理文学流派解析英美文学是世界上最为重要的文学流派之一，它涵盖了从古典到现代的各种文学作品。
本文将为您整理英美文学考研复习资料中的一些重要作品，并对其中代表性的文学流派进行解析。
一、文学流派解析1. 古典主义文学古典主义文学是英美文学史上的重要流派之一，其诞生于17世纪，充分借鉴了古希腊罗马文学的风格和理念。
代表作品包括约翰·米尔顿的《失乐园》，这部史诗被视为英国文学史上最伟大的作品之一，展现了古典主义文学的典型特征。
2. 浪漫主义文学浪漫主义文学兴起于18世纪末至19世纪初，追求个性、情感和自然的恢弘力量。
其中的重要作品有威廉·华兹华斯的《賓納山诗集》和塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治的《孤独的旅行者》，这两部作品以描绘自然风光和表达人内心情感为主要特点。
3. 现实主义文学现实主义文学盛行于19世纪中叶至20世纪初，追求真实和客观的描写方式，反映社会问题和人民生活。
查尔斯·狄更斯的《雾都孤儿》和托马斯·哈代的《傲慢与偏见》是现实主义文学的代表作品，揭示了当时英美社会的不公与剥削。
4. 自然主义文学自然主义文学是现实主义文学的延伸，强调人的行为和命运受到自然和社会环境的决定。
斯蒂芬·克莱恩的《追逐》和杰克·伦敦的《野性的呼唤》是自然主义文学的经典之作，通过对人性的观察呈现了残酷的现实。
5. 现代主义文学现代主义文学兴起于20世纪初，以对传统文学形式的反叛和对意识流的运用为特点。
弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫的《到灯塔去》和詹姆斯·乔伊斯的《尤利西斯》是现代主义文学中的杰作，以其独特的叙事结构和思想深度引领了当时文学的新潮流。
二、重要作品整理1. 威廉·莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》《哈姆雷特》是莎士比亚最著名的戏剧之一，被誉为西方文学史上最伟大的作品之一。
它通过对主人公哈姆雷特的心理描写，探讨了复仇、死亡和道德的问题，展现了莎士比亚独特的戏剧艺术和人物塑造能力。
英美文学选读复习资料英美文学选读复习资料一、英国文学1、文艺复兴时期：莎士比亚的戏剧《哈姆雷特》、《李尔王》、《麦克白》等，以及弥尔顿的《失乐园》。
2、17世纪：约翰·多恩的玄学派诗歌，以及约翰·班扬的《天路历程》。
3、18世纪：启蒙时期，亨利·菲尔丁和理查逊的小说，以及亚历山大·蒲柏的讽刺诗歌。
4、19世纪：浪漫主义时期，包括拜伦、雪莱、济慈等人的诗歌，以及简·奥斯汀、爱米莉·勃朗特等的小说。
5、维多利亚时期：查尔斯·狄更斯、乔治·艾略特、托马斯·哈代等作家的小说，以及马修·阿诺德、约翰·罗斯金等人的诗歌。
二、美国文学1、浪漫主义时期：包括华盛顿·欧文的《睡谷传说》、爱伦·坡的短篇小说、以及纳撒尼尔·霍桑的《红字》。
2、现实主义时期：包括马克·吐温的《汤姆·索亚历险记》、亨利·詹姆斯的小说、以及艾米莉·狄金森的诗歌。
3、20世纪：包括F.斯科特·菲茨杰拉德的《了不起的盖茨比》、欧内斯特·海明威的《老人与海》、杰克·凯鲁亚克的《在路上》等文学作品。
三、文学术语和概念1、象征主义：通过象征性的符号或形象来表达某种思想或情感。
2、叙事视角：从特定的角度来描述故事，常见的有第一人称、第二人称、第三人称等。
3、意象主义：通过形象和比喻来表达情感和思想。
4、文艺复兴：欧洲历史上的一次文化运动，强调人文主义和古希腊罗马文化。
5、玄学派：17世纪英国的一种文学流派，强调诗歌中的哲学思考和神秘主义。
6、悲剧：一种戏剧类型，通常表现英雄人物的悲惨命运。
7、喜剧：一种戏剧类型，通常表现幽默、讽刺等轻松愉快的主题。
8、自然主义：一种文学流派，强调对自然和社会现实的客观描写。
9、超验主义：一种哲学思想，强调个人经验和直觉，反对传统权威。
英美文学重点知识归纳1. 英美文学的定义英美文学是指英国和美国的文学作品，包括小说、诗歌、戏剧、散文等。
英美文学具有悠久的历史，涵盖了从古代文学到现代文学的各个时期和流派。
2. 英美文学的时期和流派2.1 古代英美文学古代英美文学包括早期安格鲁-撒克逊文学、中世纪文学和文艺复兴时期文学。
其中，早期安格鲁-撒克逊文学以史诗《贝奥武夫》为代表，中世纪文学以《坎特伯雷故事集》为代表，文艺复兴时期文学以莎士比亚的戏剧作品为代表。
2.2 浪漫主义文学浪漫主义是英美文学的一个重要流派，包括诗人拜伦、雪莱和济慈等人的作品。
浪漫主义文学强调个体的感情和想象力，关注自然、爱情、自由等主题。
2.3 现实主义文学现实主义是英美文学的另一个重要流派，出现于19世纪后期。
代表作家包括狄更斯、托尔斯泰和马克·吐温等人。
现实主义文学揭示社会问题，关注人性的复杂性和社会的不公平。
2.4 现代主义文学现代主义是20世纪英美文学的主要流派，代表作家有弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫、塞缪尔·贝克特和詹姆斯·乔伊斯。
现代主义文学对传统的文学形式进行了颠覆和重塑，追求形式上的创新和思想上的深度。
3. 英美文学的重要作家和作品3.1 威廉·莎士比亚（William Shakespeare）威廉·莎士比亚是英国文学史上最伟大的戏剧家和诗人之一。
他的代表作品包括《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《麦克白》等。
3.2 简·奥斯汀（Jane Austen）简·奥斯汀是19世纪英国小说家，被誉为英国小说的经典作家。
她的代表作包括《傲慢与偏见》、《理智与情感》和《艾玛》等。
3.3 弗朗西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德（F. Scott Fitzgerald）弗朗西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德是20世纪美国作家，代表作品有《了不起的盖茨比》。
他被认为是美国“爵士时代”的象征之一。
英美文学考试复习点重点整理1.现实主义、批判现实主义（代表人物、作品，以及每部作品讲了什么故事）P276—比如《匹克威克外传》主要讲什么？P281 《双城记》主要讲什么？P298 《大卫科波菲尔》主要讲什么？P2922.其中自传体形式的作品有哪些？3.傲慢与偏见的第一个名字：first impression(Pride and prejudice现)4.三姐妹指的是？5.19世纪有名小说名利场副标题：“A Novel Without a Hero”作者：William Makepeace Thackeray P3036.18th浪漫主义作家、代表作P211 反对什么,反抗什么思想？7.Pop代表作有哪些？P134 剪发记？8.玄学诗派有哪些人物组成？Leading Feature? P1169.乌托邦is written in form of ?P3310.Universal Wicks大学才子是谁？P5011.中世纪文学流行的是? 主题特征骑马精神P8？12.最著名作家：乔叟P1913.对于三次征服的概念（1）罗马征服P1 （2）英国人征服P2（3）诺曼征服P514.人民大宪章什么时候出现？时间：1837年1.John MiltonHe was born in London in 1608. He is a master of the blank verse, and a great stylist. And he is famous for his grand style.But his style is never exactly natural. He devoted almost twenty years of his best life to the fight for political, religious and personal liberty as a writer. His famous works are Paradise lost, Paradise Regained, and Samson Agonistes.2.RomanceRomance was the most prevailing kind of literature of theupper class in feudal England in the Medieval Ages. It is a long composition in verse or in prose which describes the life and chivalric adventures of a noble hero. The central character of romances is the knight, a man of noble birth skilled in the use of weapon. The theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romances.3.the EnlightenmentIt is the philosophical and artistic movement growing out of the Renaissance and continuing until the nineteenth century. It was an optimistic belief that humanity could improve itself by applying logic and reasons to all things. Typically, these enlightenment writers would use satire to ridicule what they felt illogical errors in government, socialcustom, and religious belief.4.NeoclassicismThe neoclassical movement began in the mid-18th century and brought about a revival of interest in the old classical work. The neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be in judged in terms of its service to humanity./doc/0d16361832.html,ke poetsAlso called Lake School, it is a name applied to a group of poets in the 19th century, including Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Southey. They had lived in the Lake District in the northwest of England and shared a community of literary and social outlook in their works.6.MetaphysicalAbout the beginning of the 17th century appeared a schoolof poets called “Metaphysical”, including Donne, Herbert, Marvell, Vaughan, and Crashaw. The work of the metaphysical poets are characterized their wit, imaginative picturing, compressions, often cryptic expression and by generally speaking, by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form.7.Heroic coupletsA heroic couplet is a traditional form for English poetry, commonly used for epic and narrative poetry; it refers to poems constructed from a sequence of rhyming pairs of iambic pentameter lines. The rhyme is always masculine. The use of the heroic couplet was first pioneered by Chaucer in The legend of Good Women and The Canterbury Tales.8.BalladsBallad was the most important department of English folk literature. A ballad is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed. They are anonymous narrative poems bearing the characteristics of folklore and designed for singing or oral recitation in various English and Scottish dialects. Ballad is mainly the literature of the common people and one is able to understand the outlook of the English common people in feudal society through the ballads. The subjects of ballad are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal—minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of the civil war, and the matters of class struggle. Usually a ballad deals with a single episode and the beginning is often abrupt, without any introduction to the characters and background information.回答问题1.撒旦为什么选择伊甸园作为复仇之地2.写一个关于傲慢与偏见的小结（作者、人物角色、情节、后果）和主题评价Pride and Prejudice is a novel by Jane Austen, first published in 1813.翻译题1.P103①Throw open all doors; let the re be light ; let every man think and bring his thoughts to the light;dread not any diversities of opinion.②Truth is compared in Scripture to a streaming fountain; if her waters flow not in a perpetual progression, they sicken into a muddy pool of conformity.③Where there is much desire to learn, there of necessity will be much arguing, much writing, many opinions; for opinion in good men is but knowledge in the marking.2.P193It was marked by a strong protest against the bondage of Classicism, by a recognition of the claims of passion and emotion, and by a renewedinterest in medieval literature.。
英美文学选读要点整理英美文学是指主要产生于英国和美国的文学作品。
这些作品普遍被认为是世界文学史上的经典之作，它们不仅反映了当时人们的思想、风俗和历史背景，而且对后世的文学创作和思想影响深远。
本文将对英美文学的一些经典作品和代表人物展开介绍，以便读者了解基本要点。
一、莎士比亚戏剧威廉·莎士比亚是英国文学中最伟大的戏剧家之一，他的戏剧作品为后世文学创作和人类思想发展做出了重要贡献。
《哈姆雷特》、《麦克白》、《李尔王》、《奥赛罗》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等都是经典之作，其传世的主题和人物追求真理、权力、爱情、自由等，至今仍然在全球范围内广为演出和阅读。
二、乔治·爱留信的小说乔治·爱留信是19世纪英国小说的代表人物之一，她的作品关注现实、自由与平等等问题，无论在文学、政治、社会观点上均有着极高的分量。
《简爱》、《呼啸山庄》、《租户人生》等作品都曾引发社会议题的讨论，一些作品甚至被认为标志着英国小说的“新浪潮”。
三、查尔斯·狄更斯的小说查尔斯·狄更斯是19世纪英国最著名的小说家之一，他的作品关注社会中下层人民的生活、权利和不公平，以及对社会的批判。
他的作品被认为是英国小说的巅峰之一，如《呼啸山庄》、《人间喜剧》等均建立了极高的声誉。
四、海明威的小说海明威是20世纪美国最著名的小说家之一，他的作品具有天才的文学技巧和特立独行的风格。
《老人与海》、《太阳也辉煌》、《对一个没有人问津的人说话》等作品，都标志着他的文学成就。
他的作品关注人物的生命意义，对现代文化产生了深远的影响。
五、弗兰纳·奥康纳的短篇小说弗兰纳·奥康纳是20世纪美国南方最著名的小说家之一，她的短篇小说关注信仰、教育和人的本性等问题。
她的作品以强烈的宗教信仰和犀利的文学抨击而著名，如《下海湾》、《一朵草地》、《歌者猝死》等作品，刻画出各种虚伪、愚昧和堕落的形象。
英美文学选读要点总结精心整理英国』Chapter1 The Renaissance period〔14世纪至十七世纪中叶〕文艺复兴1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。
2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的根底是以“人〞为中心，人是万物之灵。
3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充分的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断开展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们疑心，探究以及享受。
4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
5. Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。
一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒)2、代表作:The Song of Beowulf (national epic民族史诗)metaphor alliteration。
3、Angles, Saxons and Jutes.二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350)1、The Roman Conquest: In 1066, the Duke of Normandy William led the Norman army to invade England. The result of this war was William became the king of England. After the conquest, feudal system was established in English society. Chivalry was introduced by the Normans into England. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight头韵2、传奇ramances：描写骑士的冒险精神和典雅爱情文学。
seek adventures , fighting for his lord in battle,humility,honor,sacrifice,brave,honesty,love with women三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400)（反封建、反教会、追求个性自由）1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、purely English(the London dialect伦敦方言)3、heroic couplet英雄双韵体4、Writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity.5、代表作：The Canterbury Tales (英国文学史的开端)内容：The pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups.特点：Each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character. The story was endowed with what medieval romancelacked-interest of character as well as incident.观点：He believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions and a blind belief in fate.主要故事: ①The Knight’s Tale ②The Pardoner’s Tale ③The Merchant’s Tale④The Wife of Bath四、The Renaissance (16世纪)1、背景：14-17century,a period of the breaking of feudal relations and the establishing the foundations of capitalism. New monarchy. It is a revival of classical arts and sciences.2、主要文学成就：Poetry: Wyatt: first to introduce the sonnet into English literature.Sidney Spenser: the poet’s poet.Drama: Marlowe: blank verse(无韵诗) the principal vehicle of expression in drama. . William Shakespeare(1564-1616)Novels:John Lyly Thomas Loge Thomas NasheEssays /prose: Francis Bacon(1561-1626)、Thomas More(1478-1535)3 works of shakespeare:37palys ,tow narrative poems and 154sonnetsFirst period (1590-1600):comdies: <As You Like It>皆大欢喜; <Twelfth Night>第十二夜; <A Midsummer Night’S Dream>仲夏夜之梦; <Merchant Of Venice>威尼斯商人Second period(1601—1608):tragedies<Hamlet>哈姆莱特; <Othello>奥赛罗; <King Lear>李尔王; <Macbeth>麦克白Third period(1609—1612)historiesLyric poem:Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefggSonnet 18:Theme：The poet writes beautifully on the conventional theme that his poetry will bring eternity to the one he loves and eulogizes.Sonnet 29:Theme：①The poet complains of his own miseries and dissatisfaction in life and then becomes happy upon the thought of the one he loves. ②Here Shakespeare is supposed to reveal his own thoughts and feelings, especially in the first octet.The character of Hamlet:①Hamlet was a humanist, a man who is from medieval prejudices and superstitions.②Starting from his humanist love of man, he turns to those around him with the same eagerness.③His intellectual genius is outstanding.④Hamlet’s melancholy is not the negative, hair-splitting and fruitless kind. It is rather the result of his penetrating habit of mind.五、The Period of Revolution and Restoration (17C)1、文学特点concerned with the tremendous social upheavals, influence by puritan. 光荣革命意义the supremacy of parliament, beginning of modern England,final triumph of the political liberty2、代表人物：①John Donne“metaphysical poets玄学A. Metaphysical poetry is characterized by: verbal wit, irregular rhythms, ingenious structure and strange images or “conceits奇喻”.a kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two different things.B. A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning意象:compasses、golden beaten(金箔)union of body and soul,physically and spiritually②John MiltonThe indomitable Puritan sprit finds its noblest expression in him.诗歌：Paradise Lost失乐园freedom knowledge oppose to monarchy Paradise Regained复乐园戏剧：Samson Agonistes力士参孙Shorter poems: L‘Allegro Il Penseroso ;Lycidas ComusPrincipal pamphlets: Areopagitica: attacks the censorship of the press and appeals for the freedom of the pressEikonoklaste: justifies the execution of Charles IDefense for the English People: a defense of the Commonwealth and Revolution Sonnet: On His Deceased Wife(唯一的爱情诗) On His Blindness③John Bunyan(1628-1688)班扬:The Pilgrim’s Progress④John Dryden(1631-1700):critic、poet、playwright六、The Age of Enlightenment (18世纪)1、文学特点：The main literary stream of the 18th century was realism. The 18th century was an age of prose. Novel writing made a big advance in this century. In thisstage,staire was much used in writing.2. classicism(neoclassicism), (pre-romanticism), (modern novel and sentimentalism)3.emphsis on reason,order ,balance and harmony.4、文学名人及作品：①classicism/neoclassicism Richard Steele：The Spectator Addison Pope johnson②pre-romanticismWilliam Blake:Song of Innocence. London、The Tiger、The Chimney Sweeper均节选自Song of Experience经验之歌Poetical Sketches 诗的素描The Book of Thel 塞尔书The Marriage of Heaven and HellRobert Burns(1759-1796):用苏格兰方言书写, ,著有Poems Chiefly in Scottish Dialect苏格兰方言诗集 <A Red, Red Rose> My Heart’s in the n Highlands> <The Tree Of Liberty>③modern novelA. realistic novelDaniel Defoe、Henry Fielding、Jonathan SwiftB. sentimentalismLaurence Sterne: Sentimental Journey Tristram ShandyThomas Gray :Elegy, Written in a Country Churchyard墓园挽歌5、Daniel Defoe①英国小说之父②Robinson Crusoe全名:The life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson CrusoeThe writers of the Enlightenment attached great importance to the molding of character and to education through the influence of varied environment.The character of Robinson Crusoe is representative of the English bourgeoisie at the earlier stages of its development. He is most practical and exact, always religious and at the same time mindful of his own profit.③Captain Singleton Colonel Jack Moll Flanders A Journal of the Plague Year Roxana6、Henry Fielding: comic Epic 喜剧史诗The History of Tom Jones, a foundling主要人物：Tom Jones: frank, kind, disinterested, sterlingSophia Western: brave and admirableBlifil: sly, perfidiousJoseph Andrews the journal of a Voyage to Lisbon Amelia7、Jonathan Swift（irony反讽)A Tale of a Tub 桶The battle of the Books 书之战The Drapier’s Letter 信A Modest Proposal建议Gulliver’s Travels格列佛四部分A Voyage to Lilliput/ Brobdingnag/ Laputa/ Houyhnhnms七、1.The romantic period(1798-1832):beginning of with the publication of Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads,ending with Walter Scott’s death.2.Theme:sensibllity,love of nature,interest of past,mysticism,individualism,exoticpicture,strong-willed heroes,sometimes the romantics resort to symbolism.And symbols are objects used to represent abstract ideas and concepts.3.emphaize on emotion4.historical backgrounds:It was greatly influenced by the industrial revolution and the french revolution.5.romantuc writersThe first generation romantic writersBurns Blake----------pre-romantisWordsworth Coleridge--------negtiveThe second generation romantic writersByron Shelley and Keats-----active romanticsHistorical novelist-----Walter Scott6.WordsworthA..style:simplicity and purity of language and love of natureB.poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.①<Lyrical Ballads>抒情歌谣集(with Samuel Taylor Coleridge)<I Wondered Lonely As A Cloud> / Daffodils/ The DaffodilsTheme: 1. Nature embodies human beings in their diverse circumstance. It is nature that gives him “strength and knowledge full of peace”2. It is bliss to recall the beauty of nature in poet mind while he is in solitude.Comment: The poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils(水仙) and poet’s philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts.②Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey丁登寺杂咏③Ode: Intimations of Immortality 不朽颂④The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女⑤Lucy Poems 露西⑥<The Prelude>序曲The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 老水手之歌The Excursion 漫游7.Lord ByronA.Byron’s language is moody and vicid,and he covers vast ares,both geographically and moyionally.B.Byronic hero:dark romancesC.works①<Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage>恰尔德•哈罗德尔游记②<Don Juan>唐•璜③<Cain>该隐诗歌：<She Walks In Beauty>8.ShelleyA.the mask of anarchy 暴政的化的装游行B．the finest lyric poets in the English languageC．works<The Necessity of Atheism>无神论的必要性<Queen Mab>麦布女王<Revolt of Islam>伊斯兰的反叛<Prometheus Unbound>解放了的普罗米修斯Theme: the drama celebraies man’s victory over tyranny and oppression <The Cenci>钦契 <A Defence of Poetry>诗辩<Ode to the West Wind>西风颂To a Skylark>致云雀9.ScottA. a historical novelistB.worksIvanhoe 艾凡赫waverly 威弗利the lady of the lake 湖畔湖人Rob Roy罗布.罗衣10.Jane Austen作品：① <Sense and Sensibility>理智与感情②<Pride and Prejudic> 傲慢与偏见③<Mansfield Park>曼斯菲尔德庄园④<Emma>爱玛⑤<Persuasion>劝导⑥<Northanger Abbey>诺桑觉寺。
英美文学重点知识归纳一、英美文学的概念和特点英美文学是指英国和美国的文学作品，包括小说、诗歌、剧本等。
它具有以下几个特点：1.多元化：英美文学以其丰富多样的风格和流派而闻名。
从古典主义到浪漫主义，从现代主义到后现代主义，英美文学不断演变和发展，展示了人类思想和情感的多样性。
2.自由和开放性：英美文学强调个体的自由和独立思考，在作品中反映了社会、政治和文化的变革。
自由主义和个人主义的精神贯穿在英美文学的历史中。
3.注重个人感受和情感表达：英美文学注重个人感受和情感表达，通过描写人物内心的矛盾和困惑，展示了人性的复杂和多样性。
二、英美文学的重要时期和代表作品1. 文艺复兴时期（16世纪）文艺复兴时期是英美文学的重要里程碑，代表作品有：•威廉·莎士比亚的剧作《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等，深刻地反映了人性的复杂性和命运的无常。
•约翰·米尔顿的史诗《失乐园》，通过对上帝、撒旦和亚当夏娃的描写，揭示了人类的原罪和思想的自由。
2. 浪漫主义时期（18世纪末至19世纪初）浪漫主义时期是英美文学的重要发展阶段，代表作品有：•威廉·华兹华斯的诗集《抒情诗选集》，强调对自然和个人感受的表达，展现了对自由和灵魂的渴望。
•简·奥斯汀的小说《傲慢与偏见》，通过对社会等级和女性地位的描写，呈现了封建社会的弊端。
3. 现代主义时期（20世纪初至中期）现代主义时期是英美文学的革命性时期，代表作品有：•弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫的小说《至灵之泉》，以流动的意识流体式叙述，探索了心灵的迷茫和现代社会的困惑。
•T·S·艾略特的诗集《荒原》，通过对现代社会的批判和对个体灵魂的探索，反映了人类在现代社会中的孤独和迷失。
三、英美文学的重要作家和代表作1. 威廉·莎士比亚（1564-1616）威廉·莎士比亚是英国文学史上最伟大的剧作家之一，代表作品有：•《哈姆雷特》：探讨了人性的矛盾和命运的无常，是世界戏剧史上最重要的作品之一。
英语专业考研英美文学重点英美文学重点（１）Old English 450-1066 <Beowulf>Medieval English 1066 - middle 14th centuryGeoffrey Chaucer - the father of English poetry<The Canterbury Tales> first time to use ’heroic couplet’The Renaissance - rebirth or revivalHumanism - the essence of the Renaissance, the dignity of human being & the importance of the present lifeEdmund Spenser - the poets’ poet <The Faerie Queene>Christopher Marlowe - University Wits, the pioneer of English dramaBlank verse, hyperbole夸张<Dr. Faustus> the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness<The Passionate Shepherd to His Love> pastoral lifeWilliam Shakespeare - above all writers in the past and in the present timeFour tragedies - Hamlet, Othello, King Lear & Macbeth<Sonnet 18> eternal or immortal beauty<The Merchant of V enice> to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, to expose the insatiable greed and brutality <Hamlet> hesitate between fact and fiction, language and action, too sophisticated to degrade his nature to the conventional role of a stage revenger To be, or not to be - to live on in this world or to die; to suffer or to take action Soliloquy or monologue - fully reveal the inner conflict of the characters Francis Bacon - brevity, compactness & powerfulness, his essays is an important landmark in the development of English proseInductive method 归纳法in place of deductive method 演绎法<Of Studies> uses and benefits of study - studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Studies perfect nature, and are perfected by experience. Different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies - studies and experience are complementary 互补to each other.The correct attitude to reading books - to weigh and consider. How studies exert influence over human character - reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.John DonneMetaphysical poetry - break away from love poetry, a seemingly unfocused diversity of experiences and attitudes, and a free range of feelings and moodsConceits, syllogism 三段论<The Sun Rising> the busy sun is always ready to interfere with other things and everywhere<Death, Be Not Proud> whatever you are, you can not escape from death. When you are living, you are always in the shadow of death. Death only lasts a moment, our life after death is eternal. The more pleasure the death gives people, not only the pleasure of the rest & the sleep, because ’whom the gods love die young’. Though death is usually considered powerful, it actually provides a rest for a man’s body and a birth for his soul.John Milton<Paradise Lost> the only generally acknowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf. The conflict is between human love and spiritual duty. In heaven, Satan led a rebellion against God with his unconquerable will.<Paradise Regained><Samson Agonistes> the most perfect example of the verse drama after the Greek style in English.Neoclassicism - a revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion抑制情感& accuracyEnlightenment - a progressive intellectual movement, reason (rationality), equality & scienceGothic novel - mystery, horror & castlesJohn Bunyan<The V anity Fair> from <The Pilgrim’s Progress>, a religious allegory, pursue the truthAlexander Pope<An Essay on Criticism> a poem written in heroic couplets, criticize the present poem lack of true taste & call on people to turn to the old Gree k and Roman writers for guidance, ’true wit’ is best set in a plain (simple & clear) style.Daniel Defoe - the first writer study of the lower-class people<Robinson Crusoe>, praise thehuman labor and the Puritan fortitude 清教徒坚韧Jonathan Swift - a master satiristIn his opinion, human nature is seriously and permanently flawedProper words in proper places<A Modest Proposal><Gulliver’s Travels>, four parts - Lilliput, Brobdingnag, Flying Island & HouyhnhnmHenry Fielding - Father of English novel, Prose HomerComic epic in prose<The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling>Samuel Johnson - first combine an English dictionary, last neoclassicist enlightener<A Dictionary of the English Language><To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield>Richard Brinsley Sheridan - the only important English dramatist of the 18th century<The Rivals> and <The School for Scandal> are regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw.Thomas Gray英美文学重点（２）<To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield>Richard Brinsley Sheridan - the only important English dramatist of the 18th century<The Rivals> and <The School for Scandal> are regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw.Thomas GrayThe Graveyard School <Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard>Romantic - emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of soc ial civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplaceThe romantic period began with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s <Lyrical Ballads>William Blake -engraver雕刻家<The Chimney Sweeper> from <Songs of Innocence> a happy and innocence world from children’s eye<The Chimney Sweeper> from <Songs of Experience> a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy 忧郁的tone from men eyes Childhood, paradoxes, a pairing of opposites<The Tyger>William Wordsworth - the leading figure of the English romantic poetry, simple, spontaneous, worshipper of nature’Lake Poets’ - William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge & Robert SoutheyHe defines the poet as a ’man speaking to men’, and poetry as ’the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in ’emotion recollected in tranquillity’.<I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud> the poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils 水仙and poet’s philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts.<Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802> the sonnet describes a vivid picture of a beautiful morning in London, silent, bright, glittering, smokeless & mildly. It is so touching a sight that the poet expressed his religion piety 虔诚for nature.<She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways><The Solitary Reaper> thanks to poet’s rich imagination, the mass of associations, this commonplace happening becomes a striking event, the poet succe eds in making the reader’s share his emotion. The poem also shows the poet’s passionate love of nature.Samuel Taylor Coleridge - supernatural, remotePoet can be divided into two groups - the demonic (supernatural) & the conversationalThe demonic group includes 3 masterpieces - <The Rime of the Anc ient Mariner>, <Chrisabel>, <Kubla Khan> George Gordon Byron ’Byronic hero’ is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules or moral principles. Such a hero appears first in <Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage>.<Song for the Luddites> ’will die fighting, or live free’ the Luddites destroyed the machines intheir protest against unemployment. The poet’s great sympathy of the workers in their struggle against the capitalists is clearly shown.<The Isles of Greece> from <Don Juan> (the masterpiece of Byron, a long satirical poem), song by a Greek singer at the wedding of Don Juan and Haidee. ’Fill high the bowl with Samian wine’?Percy Bysshe Shelley<Men of England><Ode to the West Wind> terza rima, destructive-constructive potential, hopeful, ’I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!’, ’If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?’John Keats4 great odes - <Ode on Melancholy>, <Ode on a Grecian Urn>, <Ode to a Nightingale>, <Ode to Psyche><Ode on a Grecian Urn> the contrast between the permanence of art and the transience 短暂of human passion, ’Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard are sweeter’, ’Beauty is truth, truth beauty’Jane Austen<Pride and Prejudice>The Victorian PeriodDarwin’s <The Origin of Species> and <The Descent of Man> shook the traditional faith, everything is created by GodUtilitarianism 功利主义was widely accepted and practiced Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common peopleCharles Dickens - one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian AgeCharacter-portrayal is the most distinguishing feature of his worksA mingling of humor and pathos 悲伤<A Tale of Two Cities><Oliver Twist>The Bronte Sisters - Charlotte, Emily & AnneEmily, a rather reserved and simple girl, was very much a child of nature.<Jane Eyre><Wuthering Heights>Alfred Tennyson - invents dramatic monologue, Poet Laureate 桂冠诗人, a real artist<Break, Break, Break> the death of his best friend, his sadness feeling are contrasted with the carefree, innocent joys of the children and the unfeeling movement of the ship and the sea waves<Crossing the Bar> we can feel his fearlessness towards death, his faith in God and an afterlife. ’Crossing the bar’ means leaving this world and entering the next world<Ulysses> not endure the peaceful commonplace everyday life, old as he is, he persuades his old followers to go with him and to set sail again to pursue a new world and new knowledge, dramatic monologue, ’Myself not least, but honour’d of them all’ means I am not the least important, buthonoured by all of themRobert Browning - the most original poet, who improve and mature the dramatic monologue<The Ring and the Book> his masterpiece<My Last Duchess> this dramatic monologue is the duke’s speech addressed to the agent who comes to negotiate the marriage, the duke is a self-conceited, cruel and tyrannical man<Meeting at Night><Parting at Morning>George Eliot:As a woman of exceptional 特有的intelligence and life experience, she shows a particular concern for the destiny of women<Middlemarch> a sharp contrast is set between the cold, lifeless, dull house and Dorothea who is full of youthful life and vigorThomas Hardy - both a naturalistic and a critical realist writerLocal-colored, Wessex, ’novels of character and environment’<Tess of the D’Urbervilles> experience is as to intensity, and not as to durationAmerican Romantic PeriodStarted with Washington Irv ing’s <The Sketch Book> and ended with Whitman’s <Leaves of Grass>, also called ’the American Renaissance’Free expression of emotion, escapes from society, and return to nature New England TranscendentalismWashington Irving - father of the American short stories, the American GoldsmithPerfected the best classic style that American literature ever producedFirst novel <A History of New Y ork><The Sketch Book> contains German folk tales <Rip V an >, <The Legend of Sleepy Hollow>Ralph Waldo Emerson - the spokesman of New England Transcendentalism movement<The American Scholar>, <Self - Reliance>, <The Over-Soul><The Poet> a reflection upon the aesthetic problems in terms of the present state of literature in America<Experience> a discussion about the conflict between idealism and ordinary lifeAmerican Puritanism, European Romanticism, intuitive knowledge, over-soul, individual, nature<Nature> is regarded as the Bible of New England TranscendentalismNathaniel HawthorneInterior of the heart, there is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent, perhaps, through the whole life, but circumstances may rouse it to activity<The Scarlet Letter><Y oung Goodman Brown>Walt WhitmanOpenness, freedom, individualismI - me, my nation (society), Free verse, Envelope structure, Catalogue (Listing)A new ideal, a new world, a new life-style<There Was a Child Went Forth> how a child is greatly influenced by his growing environments<Cavalry Crossing a Ford> a scene of the American Civil War, all the movements described in this picture are frozen.<Song of Myself> Whitman is a man bubbling with energy and laden with ideas, spontaneous expression of his original ideasHerman Melville - a master of allegory and symbolism, like Hawthorne<Moby-Dick> the first American prose epic, Ishmael both as a character and a narrator, the captain, Ahab is a monomaniacRealistic period - the Gilded Age, the poor poorer and the rich richer, people’s attention was now directed to the interesting features of everyday existenceLocal colorism, social Darwinism, bestiality, beyond man’s controlMark Twain - the true father of American literatureLocal colorist, vernacular, simple sentence, ’the damned human race’ Th e Gilded Age3 boyhood books <Life on the Mississippi>, <The Adventures of Tom Sawyer>, <Adventures of Huckleberry Finn><Adventures of Huckleberry Finn> Huck’s inner conflict about whether or not he should write a letter to tell Miss Watson where Jim is.Henry James - international theme, psychological realistStream of consciousness, interior monologue, free association<Daisy Miller> the narrator is an American expatriate, named Winterbourne. Daisy is the most innocent girl. The clash is between two different cultures.Emily DickinsonBased on her own experiences, her sorrows and joys<This is my letter to the World> express Dickinson’s anxiety about her communication with the outside world.<I heard a Fly buzz - when I died - > description of a moment of death<I like to see it lap the Miles> Dickinson makes the train part of nature by animalizing it, like a horse.<Because I could not stop for Death - > personify death and immortality so as to make her message strongly feltTheodore Dreiser - America’s literary naturalists Case history including everything Determinism (heredity biological & environment), survival of the fittest, the jungle law Trilogy of Desire - <The Financier>, <The Titan>, <The Stoic> <Sister Carrie> ’who shall cast the first stone?’The modern period - the second American Renaissance, the expatriate movement, the Lost Generation, a transformation from order to disorderSeize the day, enjoy the present, spiritual wasteland, collective unconscious, psychoanalysisImagist movement, Jazz AgeEzra Pound - a leading spokesman of the ’Imagist Movement’<The Cantos><In a Station of the Metro> Pound attempts to produce the emotion he felt when he walked down into a Paris subway station and suddenly saw a number of faces in the dim light. To capture the emotions, Pound uses the image of petals on wet, black boughs.<The River - Merchant’s Wife: A Letter><A Pact> agreement with Whitman’s free verseRobert Lee Frost - four times awarded Pulitzer Prize, pastoral life and scene<After Apple-Picking><The Road Not Taken><Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening>Eugene O’Neill - founder of the American drama, won the Pulitzer Prize four times<The Hairy Ape>F. Scott Fitzgerald - spokesman of the Jazz Age, Dollar Decade, 1920sA double vision of the Jazz Age, both an insider and an outsiderAmerican Dream<The Great Gatsby>Ernest Hemingway - awarded the Nobel PrizeIceberg style, Code hero, the lost generation, grace under pressure<Indian Camp> from <In Our Time> birth and death coexistWilliam Faulkner - awarded a Nobel PrizeSouth, imprisonment in the pastStream of consciousness, multiple points of viewY oknapatawpha Country<A Rose for Emily> Emily is regarded as the symbol of tradition and the old way of life. Thus her death is like the falling of a monument.。
