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英语会计知识点总结IntroductionAccounting is a systematic process of recording, analyzing, and interpreting financial information of a business. It is an essential tool for business managers to make decisions, monitor performance, and report to stakeholders. This summary aims to highlight key accounting concepts, principles, and practices that are crucial for understanding and applying accounting knowledge.Accounting PrinciplesThere are generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) that guide the preparation of financial statements and reports. These principles ensure consistency, comparability, and transparency in financial reporting. The basic accounting principles include:1. Going Concern Assumption: The assumption that a business will continue to operate in the foreseeable future.2. Accrual Basis: Recording revenues and expenses when they are earned or incurred, regardless of when cash is received or paid.3. Consistency: Using the same accounting methods and procedures from one period to another for comparability.4. Materiality: Reporting financial information that is significant and relevant to users.5. Cost Principle: Recording assets at their historical cost, not their current market value.6. Dual Aspect Principle: Every transaction has two aspects – a debit and a credit, which must be recorded in the accounting system.Financial StatementsFinancial statements are the end products of the accounting process. They provide a summary of the financial performance and position of a business. The main financial statements include:1. Income Statement: A report of revenues, expenses, and net income or loss for a specific period.2. Balance Sheet: A snapshot of the assets, liabilities, and equity of a business at a specific point in time.3. Cash Flow Statement: A report of cash inflows and outflows from operating, investing, and financing activities.4. Statement of Changes in Equity: A summary of changes in equity capital, including share capital, retained earnings, and other reserves.Accounting CycleThe accounting cycle is a series of steps that are performed to process financial transactions and produce financial statements. The steps in the accounting cycle include:1. Analyzing Transactions: Identifying and analyzing the financial effects of business transactions.2. Journalizing: Recording transactions in a chronological order in the general journal.3. Posting to Ledger: Transferring journal entries to individual accounts in the general ledger.4. Adjusting Entries: Making adjusting entries at the end of the accounting period to reflect accruals, deferrals, and estimates.5. Trial Balance: Preparing a trial balance to ensure that total debits equal total credits in the general ledger.6. Financial Statements: Preparing income statement, balance sheet, and other financial reports based on the trial balance.7. Closing Entries: Recording closing entries to transfer revenue and expense account balances to the income summary account.8. Post-Closing Trial Balance: Preparing a post-closing trial balance to ensure that temporary accounts have been closed and permanent accounts have the correct balances. Inventory Valuation MethodsInventory valuation is important for determining the cost of goods sold and the value of ending inventory. There are several inventory valuation methods, including:1. First-In, First-Out (FIFO): Assuming that the oldest units are sold first and the newest units remain in ending inventory.2. Last-In, First-Out (LIFO): Assuming that the newest units are sold first and the oldest units remain in ending inventory.3. Weighted Average Cost: Calculating the average cost per unit based on the total cost of goods available for sale.4. Specific Identification: Identifying the actual cost of each specific unit in the inventory. Depreciation MethodsDepreciation is the process of allocating the cost of a tangible asset over its useful life. Common depreciation methods include:1. Straight-Line Method: Allocating an equal amount of depreciation expense each accounting period.2. Declining Balance Method: Allocating a higher depreciation expense in the early years of an asset’s life.3. Units of Production Method: Allocating depreciation expense based on the actual usage or production of the asset.Revenue RecognitionRevenue recognition is the process of recording revenue when it is earned and realizable. The key principles of revenue recognition include:1. Recognition Criteria: Revenue should be recognized when it is earned, measurable, and collectible.2. Performance Obligation: Revenue should be allocated to each distinct performance obligation in a contract.3. Time of Transfer: Revenue should be recognized at the time of transfer of goods or services to the customer.4. Principal versus Agent: Revenue should be recognized based on whether the entity is a principal or an agent in a transaction.Financial AnalysisFinancial analysis involves using financial information to assess the performance and financial position of a business. Common financial analysis techniques include:1. Ratio Analysis: Calculating and interpreting financial ratios to evaluate liquidity, profitability, solvency, and efficiency.2. Trend Analysis: Analyzing the trend of key financial indicators over multiple periods to identify patterns and changes.3. Vertical Analysis: Comparing each line item on the financial statements to a common base, such as total revenue or total assets.4. Horizontal Analysis: Comparing financial data from different periods to identify changes and trends.ConclusionAccounting knowledge is fundamental for business managers, investors, creditors, and other stakeholders to understand and evaluate the financial health of a business. This summary provides an overview of key accounting concepts, principles, and practices that are essential for effective financial management and decision-making. By understanding and applying these accounting principles, individuals can make informed financial decisions and contribute to the success of their business endeavors.。
大数据专业前景作文英语Title: The Bright Future of Big Data: A Perspective on the Career Opportunities in the Field。
Introduction。
In the era of information explosion, the significance of big data cannot be overstated. The exponential growth of data generated by various sources has led to the emergence of a new field big data. This essay delves into the promising career prospects within the realm of big data, highlighting its importance, job opportunities, and future trends.Importance of Big Data。
Big data analytics has revolutionized the way businesses operate across industries. By harnessing the power of vast datasets, organizations can derive valuable insights, make data-driven decisions, and gain acompetitive edge in the market. From improving customer experiences to optimizing operational efficiency, the applications of big data are diverse and far-reaching.Job Opportunities in Big Data。
市场调查英语作文In the dynamic world of business, market research plays a pivotal role in shaping the strategies and decisions of companies. It is the process of gathering, analyzing, and interpreting information about a market, its customers, andits competitors. This essay will explore the significance of market research and how it can impact a business's success.Firstly, market research helps businesses understand theneeds and wants of their target audience. By conducting surveys, interviews, and focus groups, companies can gain insights into consumer behavior, preferences, and pain points. This information is invaluable when developing new productsor services that are tailored to meet the specific demands of the market.Secondly, market research assists in identifying potential competitors and analyzing their strengths and weaknesses. Knowing the competitive landscape allows a company toposition itself effectively and devise strategies that differentiate its offerings from those of its rivals. It also helps in identifying potential gaps in the market that a business can exploit to gain a competitive edge.Moreover, market research is crucial for market segmentation. By dividing a broad market into smaller, more specific groups based on shared characteristics, businesses can target their marketing efforts more effectively. This targeted approachcan lead to higher conversion rates and a better return on investment for marketing campaigns.Additionally, market research provides valuable feedback on existing products or services. It allows companies to understand how well their offerings are received by themarket and what improvements can be made. This feedback loopis essential for continuous improvement and maintaining customer satisfaction.Furthermore, market research aids in risk assessment and mitigation. By understanding market trends and consumer behavior, businesses can anticipate potential risks and make informed decisions that minimize the likelihood of negative outcomes. This proactive approach can save companies from costly mistakes and help them navigate market changes more effectively.In conclusion, market research is an essential tool for businesses looking to succeed in a competitive marketplace.It provides insights into consumer needs, competitor analysis, market segmentation, product feedback, and risk assessment. Investing in thorough market research can significantly improve a company's strategic planning and decision-making processes, ultimately leading to increased profitability and market share.。
英文会计知识点总结归纳IntroductionAccounting is a fundamental aspect of any business, as it involves the recording, analyzing, and reporting of financial transactions. It provides businesses with essential information to make informed decisions, assess their financial health, and comply with regulatory requirements. In this article, we will summarize and consolidate key accounting knowledge points that are crucial for understanding the principles and practices of accounting.1. Basics of Accounting1.1. Definition of AccountingAccounting is the process of recording, analyzing, and interpreting financial transactions of an organization. It provides a systematic and comprehensive record of all financial activities and enables the preparation of financial statements.1.2. Accounting EquationThe accounting equation, also known as the balance sheet equation, is a fundamental principle of accounting that states:Assets = Liabilities + EquityThis equation represents the relationship between a company's assets, liabilities, and equity, and must always remain in balance.1.3. Types of AccountingThere are several types of accounting, including financial accounting, management accounting, cost accounting, and tax accounting. Each type serves a specific purpose and audience, such as external stakeholders, internal management, and regulatory authorities.2. Financial Statements2.1. Balance SheetThe balance sheet is a financial statement that provides a snapshot of a company's financial position at a specific point in time. It lists the company's assets, liabilities, and equity, and is used to assess its solvency and liquidity.2.2. Income StatementThe income statement, also known as the profit and loss statement, summarizes a company's revenues and expenses over a specific period. It provides insights into the company's profitability and performance.2.3. Cash Flow StatementThe cash flow statement tracks the inflow and outflow of cash within an organization. It categorizes cash flows into operating, investing, and financing activities, and helps assess the company's ability to generate cash and meet its obligations.3. Principles of Accounting3.1. Accrual Basis vs. Cash Basis AccountingAccrual basis accounting recognizes revenues and expenses when they are incurred, regardless of when cash is exchanged. Cash basis accounting, on the other hand, records transactions only when cash is received or paid. Accrual basis accounting provides a more accurate representation of a company's financial performance.3.2. Matching PrincipleThe matching principle requires that expenses be recognized in the same period as the revenues to which they relate. This principle ensures that a company's financial statements accurately reflect its profitability.3.3. Revenue RecognitionRevenue recognition dictates when and how revenue should be recorded in a company's financial statements. It is crucial for determining a company's financial performance and must adhere to generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP).4. Assets and Liabilities4.1. Types of AssetsAssets are resources owned by a company and can be categorized into current assets (e.g., cash, inventory) and non-current assets (e.g., property, plant, and equipment). Understanding the nature and value of an organization's assets is vital for assessing its financial health.4.2. Types of LiabilitiesLiabilities represent an organization's obligations to outside parties and can include accounts payable, long-term debt, and accrued expenses. Managing and tracking liabilities is crucial for maintaining financial stability.5. Internal Controls5.1. Importance of Internal ControlsInternal controls are processes and procedures that a company implements to safeguard its assets, ensure accuracy in financial reporting, and comply with regulations. They help prevent fraud, errors, and mismanagement of funds.5.2. Segregation of DutiesSegregation of duties involves dividing responsibilities among different individuals to prevent the occurrence of fraud and errors. It ensures that no single individual has control over critical financial processes.6. Auditing6.1. Purpose of AuditingAuditing is the process of examining a company's financial statements and accounting records to ensure accuracy, integrity, and compliance with laws and regulations. It provides independent assurance to stakeholders regarding the company's financial performance.6.2. Types of AuditsThere are different types of audits, such as external audits conducted by independent accounting firms, internal audits performed by a company's internal audit department, and government audits carried out by regulatory agencies.7. Taxation7.1. Tax PlanningTax planning involves the structuring of financial activities to minimize tax liabilities within the boundaries of the law. It requires an in-depth understanding of tax laws, regulations, and incentives.7.2. Tax Deductions and CreditsUnderstanding tax deductions and credits is essential for businesses to optimize their tax positions and reduce their tax burden. Deductions lower taxable income, while credits directly reduce the amount of tax owed.8. Financial Analysis8.1. Ratio AnalysisRatio analysis involves the use of financial ratios to evaluate a company's performance, liquidity, solvency, and efficiency. Common ratios include profitability ratios, liquidity ratios, and leverage ratios.8.2. Trend AnalysisTrend analysis involves comparing financial data over different periods to identify patterns, changes, and potential areas for improvement. It helps in assessing a company's financial health and predicting future performance.ConclusionAccounting is a critical aspect of business that provides insights into an organization's financial performance, health, and compliance. Understanding the basics of accounting, financial statements, principles, assets and liabilities, internal controls, auditing, taxation, and financial analysis is essential for business owners, managers, and financial professionals to make informed decisions and ensure the financial success of their organizations. By consolidating and summarizing these key accounting knowledge points, individuals can gain a comprehensive understanding of the principles and practices of accounting.。
会计学管理会计分册英文版·d27版pdf全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Management accounting involves the process of identifying, analyzing, interpreting, and presenting financial information to help management make informed business decisions. The Management Accounting textbook in the d27 edition is a comprehensive resource that covers key aspects of management accounting.In this edition of the Management Accounting textbook, students are introduced to various topics related to management accounting, such as cost behavior,cost-volume-profit analysis, budgeting, and performance evaluation. The textbook also includes case studies andreal-world examples to help students understand how management accounting concepts are applied in practice.One of the key features of the d27 edition of the Management Accounting textbook is the focus on using financial information to support decision-making. The textbook emphasizes the importance of using management accountingtechniques to analyze and interpret financial data, and provides students with the tools they need to make informed decisions.In addition to covering traditional management accounting topics, the d27 edition of the Management Accounting textbook also includes discussions on contemporary issues in management accounting, such as environmental accounting and sustainability reporting. This helps students understand the evolving role of management accountants in today's business environment.Overall, the Management Accounting textbook in the d27 edition is a valuable resource for students studying management accounting. It provides a comprehensive overview of key concepts and techniques, and includes practical examples to help students apply their knowledge in real-world scenarios. Whether you are a student or a practitioner in the field of management accounting, this textbook is a valuable reference that can help enhance your understanding of this important discipline.篇2Sorry, but I can't provide a verbatim excerpt from the specified textbook "会计学管理会计分册英文版·d27版pdf" as itis a copyrighted material. However, I can provide you with a general overview of the content typically covered in a management accounting textbook.Management accounting is a branch of accounting that involves the process of preparing financial information for the use of management in decision-making. It focuses on providing information to internal users such as managers and executives to help them make better business decisions.Contents typically covered in a management accounting textbook may include:1. Introduction to management accounting: Definition, scope, and objectives of management accounting.2. Cost concepts and classification: Different types of costs such as variable costs, fixed costs, direct costs, and indirect costs.3. Cost behavior: Understanding how costs behave in response to changes in activity levels.4. Cost volume profit analysis: Analyzing the relationship between costs, volume, and profits to make pricing and production decisions.5. Budgeting: The process of preparing budgets to plan and control business operations.6. Standard costing and variance analysis: Setting standards for costs and analyzing differences between actual and standard costs.7. Decision-making tools: Tools such as breakeven analysis, marginal costing, and relevant costing used in making business decisions.8. Performance measurement: Evaluating performance using key performance indicators and balanced scorecard.Overall, a management accounting textbook provides a comprehensive overview of the key concepts and techniques used in management accounting to help businesses improve their financial performance and decision-making processes.篇3Accounting is a critical function for any organization, big or small. It involves recording, analyzing, and interpreting financial transactions to provide an accurate picture of the company's financial health. One important branch of accounting is management accounting, which focuses on providing information for internal decision-making.One of the most widely used textbooks for management accounting is the "Management Accounting Part One" from the"Accounting Study Management Accounting Part One- d27 Edition PDF." This textbook covers a wide range of topics related to management accounting, such as cost behavior,cost-volume-profit analysis, budgeting, variance analysis, and performance measurement.The d27 edition of this textbook is designed to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the principles and practices of management accounting. It includes updated content to reflect the latest developments in the field, making it an invaluable resource for students and professionals alike.The textbook is divided into several chapters, each covering a different aspect of management accounting. The first chapter provides an overview of management accounting and its importance in organizational decision-making. Subsequent chapters delve into specific topics such as cost behavior, cost allocation, and performance measurement, providing students with a solid foundation in the subject.One of the key strengths of this textbook is its practical approach to learning. Each chapter includes numerous examples and case studies that illustrate how management accounting concepts are applied in real-world scenarios. This hands-on approach helps students develop critical thinking andproblem-solving skills, preparing them for the challenges they will face in their future careers.In addition to the standard textbook content, the d27 edition also includes supplementary materials such as practice quizzes, study guides, and self-assessment tools. These resources help students reinforce their understanding of the material and track their progress throughout the course.Overall, the "Management Accounting Part One" from the "Accounting Study Management Accounting Part One- d27 Edition PDF" is an essential resource for anyone studying or working in the field of management accounting. Its comprehensive coverage, practical approach, and updated content make it a valuable tool for advancing your knowledge and skills in this critical area of accounting. Whether you are a student, educator, or professional, this textbook is sure to enhance your understanding of management accounting and help you succeed in your career.。
理解当代中国系列教程之《英语读写教程》全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Understanding Contemporary China Series: English Reading and Writing TutorialIntroduction:As China continues to play an increasingly important role in the global arena, it is essential for individuals to have a comprehensive understanding of the country's history, culture, and society. The "Understanding Contemporary China Series" aims to provide readers with insight into various aspects of modern China. In this tutorial, we will focus on the "English Reading and Writing Tutorial" component of the series, which is designed to enhance readers' English language proficiency while also deepening their understanding of China.Content Overview:The "English Reading and Writing Tutorial" covers a wide range of topics related to China, such as literature, politics, economics, and social issues. The tutorial is divided into different modules, each focusing on a specific theme or aspect ofcontemporary Chinese society. Readers will have the opportunity to engage with authentic texts, including literary works, news articles, and academic papers, in order to improve their reading comprehension skills.Moreover, the tutorial also includes writing exercises that encourage readers to express their thoughts and opinions on various topics related to China. By practicing writing in English, readers can not only enhance their language skills but also develop critical thinking and analytical abilities.Key Features:1. Authentic Texts: The tutorial provides readers with access to a diverse selection of authentic texts in English, offering a deeper insight into Chinese culture and society.2. Writing Exercises: The tutorial includes a variety of writing exercises that help readers practice their English writing skills while also reflecting on their understanding of China.3. Interactive Activities: Readers are encouraged to participate in interactive activities, such as group discussions and online forums, to further enhance their learning experience.Benefits:By engaging with the "English Reading and Writing Tutorial," readers can expect to:- Improve their English language proficiency- Gain a deeper understanding of contemporary China- Develop critical thinking and analytical skills- Enhance their cross-cultural communication abilitiesConclusion:The "Understanding Contemporary China Series: English Reading and Writing Tutorial" is a valuable resource for individuals who are interested in deepening their knowledge of China while also improving their English language skills. By actively engaging with the tutorial's content and completing the exercises, readers can enhance their overall understanding of contemporary Chinese society and culture.篇2Understanding Contemporary China Series: "English Reading and Writing Tutorial"The "Understanding Contemporary China" series is a collection of textbooks designed to help students learn about various aspects of modern China, including its culture, history,and society. One of the key textbooks in this series is the "English Reading and Writing Tutorial," which aims to improve students' English language skills through a range of engaging and informative exercises.The "English Reading and Writing Tutorial" is divided into several units, each focusing on a different theme or topic related to contemporary China. For example, one unit might focus on Chinese traditions and customs, while another might explore current social issues in the country. By studying these topics, students not only improve their English language abilities but also gain a deeper understanding of Chinese culture and society.One of the key features of the textbook is its focus on reading and writing skills. Students are required to read a variety of texts, ranging from newspaper articles to short stories, and to complete exercises that test their comprehension and critical thinking abilities. They are also given the opportunity to practice their writing skills by composing essays, reports, and other types of written assignments.In addition to developing language skills, the "English Reading and Writing Tutorial" also helps students develop their research skills. Many of the exercises require students to conduct independent research on a particular topic and to write a reportor essay based on their findings. This not only improves their English language abilities but also helps them learn how to find, evaluate, and use information effectively.Overall, the "English Reading and Writing Tutorial" is an invaluable resource for students studying contemporary China. By improving their English language skills and deepening their understanding of Chinese culture and society, students are better equipped to engage with the complexities and challenges of the modern world. This textbook is an essential component of the "Understanding Contemporary China" series and is highly recommended for students seeking to broaden their knowledge and skills in this important area.篇3Understanding Contemporary China Series: English Reading and Writing TutorialIntroductionIn today's increasingly globalized world, the importance of learning English cannot be overstated. As one of the most widely spoken languages in the world, English opens up a world of opportunities for communication, business, and education. This is especially true in China, where English proficiency is becomingan increasingly important skill for students and professionals alike.To help students improve their English reading and writing skills, the Understanding Contemporary China series offers a comprehensive English Reading and Writing Tutorial. This tutorial is designed to help students understand and analyze English texts, as well as improve their writing skills. In this article, we will explore the key features of the tutorial and discuss how it can benefit students in China.Key Features of the TutorialThe English Reading and Writing Tutorial covers a wide range of topics and skills, including reading comprehension, vocabulary building, grammar, and writing techniques. The tutorial is divided into several modules, each focusing on a different aspect of reading and writing in English.One of the key features of the tutorial is its focus on authentic English texts. Students are exposed to a variety of texts, such as news articles, essays, and academic papers, which help them understand the nuances of the English language and improve their reading comprehension skills. The tutorial also includes exercises and activities that help students practicereading and writing in English, allowing them to apply their skills in a practical context.Another important feature of the tutorial is its emphasis on vocabulary building. The tutorial introduces students to new words and phrases, helping them expand their vocabulary and improve their language skills. By learning new words in context, students can better understand the meaning and usage of these words, making them more fluent and confident in their English writing.The tutorial also covers grammar and writing techniques, teaching students how to structure and organize their writing effectively. Students learn how to write clear and coherent paragraphs, develop arguments and ideas, and use appropriate language and style in their writing. By focusing on both grammar and writing skills, the tutorial helps students improve their overall English proficiency and become better communicators.Benefits for Students in ChinaThe English Reading and Writing Tutorial offers several benefits for students in China. First and foremost, the tutorial helps students improve their English reading and writing skills, which are essential for academic success and professional development. By strengthening their language skills, studentscan better understand English texts, communicate effectively with others, and succeed in their studies and careers.In addition, the tutorial helps students develop critical thinking and analytical skills. By analyzing and interpreting English texts, students learn how to think critically about complex issues and formulate their own ideas and opinions. This is especially important in today's fast-paced andinformation-rich world, where the ability to analyze and evaluate information is a valuable skill for students and professionals alike.Furthermore, the tutorial helps students develop a global perspective and communicate with people from different cultural backgrounds. By learning English, students can connect with people from around the world, understand different cultural perspectives, and participate in international conversations and collaborations. This not only enhances their language skills but also broadens their horizons and opens up new opportunities for personal and professional growth.ConclusionIn conclusion, the Understanding Contemporary China series offers a valuable resource for students in China seeking to improve their English reading and writing skills. The EnglishReading and Writing Tutorial provides a comprehensive and interactive learning experience, helping students develop essential language skills, critical thinking abilities, and global perspectives. By taking advantage of this tutorial, students can enhance their English proficiency, broaden their knowledge and understanding of the world, and achieve success in their academic and professional endeavors.。
Cost and Management Accounting English Version 15th Edition Exercise Questions with Answers Cost and management accounting is a crucial aspect of any business organization. It is a process that involves collecting, analyzing, and interpreting financial information to help companies make informed decisions. The 15th edition of Cost and Management Accounting focuses on the principles, techniques, and practices that are important inanalyzing costs in a manufacturing and service environment.In this article, we will provide a series of exercise questions with answers from the 15th edition of Cost and Management Accounting.Exercise Questions1.Expln the difference between actual and normal capacity.2.Describe the different types of cost behavior: fixed,variable, and semi-variable.3.What is cost-volume-profit analysis? How can this analysisbe used to make decisions?4.What are the different methods for allocating overhead costs?Which method is most appropriate in a particular situation?5.Expln the difference between job-order costing and processcosting.6.What is activity-based costing? How can it be used toimprove decision-making?7.Define cost of goods manufactured and cost of goods sold.8.What is the difference between job costing and processcosting?9.Expln the difference between direct materials, direct labor,and manufacturing overhead.10.How can a company use budgeting to plan, control, andevaluate performance?Answers1.Actual capacity refers to the maximum amount of goods orservices a company can produce in a given period, while normal capacity is the expected capacity level given typical business conditions.2.Fixed costs remn constant regardless of the level ofactivity, while variable costs change in proportion to changes in activity levels. Semi-variable costs have both fixed and variable cost components.3.Cost-volume-profit analysis is a tool used to understand howchanges in volume, price, and costs affect a company’s profits.It can be used to make decisions regarding pricing, product mix, and cost reduction strategies.4.The different methods for allocating overhead costs includedirect labor hours, direct labor cost, machine hours, andactivity-based costing. The most appropriate method depends on the nature of the costs and the activities being performed.5.Job-order costing is used for unique, customized products orservices, while process costing is used for mass-produced products or services that are identical.6.Activity-based costing is a costing method that identifiesall the activities that go into producing a product or service and assigns costs based on the activities. It can be used to improvedecision-making by providing more accurate cost information andidentifying areas where costs can be reduced.7.Cost of goods manufactured is the total cost of producinggoods, including direct materials, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead. Cost of goods sold is the cost of the goods that havebeen sold during a period.8.The mn difference between job costing and process costing isthe type of product being produced. Job costing is used for unique, customized products, while process costing is used for mass-produced products.9.Direct materials are the materials that go into a product,such as raw materials or components. Direct labor is the cost ofthe workers directly involved in producing the product.Manufacturing overhead includes all other costs that are necessary for producing a product, such as utilities, rent, and equipmentmntenance.10.Budgeting can be used to plan, control, and evaluateperformance. By setting targets and monitoring actual performanceagnst those targets, a company can identify areas where it needsto make changes to achieve its goals.In conclusion, cost and management accounting is a critical aspectof business decision-making. The 15th edition of Cost and Management Accounting provides a comprehensive overview of the principles, techniques, and practices that are essential for analyzing costs in amanufacturing and service environment. These exercise questions and answers can be used to reinforce your understanding and test your knowledge.。
会计学原理的英文名词解释IntroductionAccounting is an essential field of study that involves the process of recording, analyzing, and interpreting financial information. It provides businesses and individuals with the necessary tools to make informed decisions. In this article, we will explore some key principles of accounting and provide their corresponding English translations.1. Accrual Principle (权责发生制)The accrual principle states that economic events should be recorded in the accounting records when they occur, regardless of when the cash transaction takes place. This principle ensures that revenues and expenses are recognized in the financial statements in the period they are earned or incurred.2. Going Concern Concept (持续经营概念)The going concern concept assumes that a business will continue its operations indefinitely unless there is evidence to the contrary. Under this principle, financial statements are prepared with the belief that the business will continue to function and not be forced to liquidate its assets.3. Historical Cost Principle (历史成本原则)The historical cost principle requires assets to be recorded at their original cost when they are acquired, rather than at their current market value. This principle ensures that the financial statements reflect the actual transactions made by the business and provides a reliable basis for decision-making.4. Matching Principle (配比原则)The matching principle states that expenses should be recognized in the same period as the related revenues they help generate. By aligning expenses with the revenues theycontribute to, the matching principle ensures that financial statements accurately represent the profitability of a business during a specific period.5. Materiality Principle (重要性原则)The materiality principle emphasizes the significance of financial information. It suggests that information, whether it be an error or an omission, is material if its inclusion or correction would impact the decision-making process of users. Materiality is a relative concept and should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.6. Revenue Recognition Principle (收入确认原则)The revenue recognition principle outlines when and how revenue should be recognized in the financial statements. It states that revenue should be recognized when it is both earned and realized or realizable. This principle ensures that revenue is recorded when it is considered to be reasonably certain and can be measured reliably.7. Consistency Principle (一致性原则)The consistency principle requires businesses to apply the same accounting methods and principles consistently over time. By doing so, financial statements become more comparable, enabling users to make meaningful comparisons of performance across different periods.8. Full Disclosure Principle (充分披露原则)The full disclosure principle requires businesses to provide all necessary information in their financial statements and accompanying notes to ensure users have a complete understanding of the financial position and performance of the entity. This principle promotes transparency and helps users make informed decisions.ConclusionUnderstanding the principles of accounting is crucial for individuals and businesses to navigate the complex world of finance. The principles discussed in this article represent fundamental concepts that guide the accounting profession. By adhering tothese principles, businesses can generate reliable financial information that facilitates decision-making and promotes transparency.。
outling英语专业阅读技巧Reading skills are essential for English majors as they play a crucial role in understanding and interpreting complex texts. One important skill is outlining, which involves organizing the main ideas and details of a text in a clear and concise manner. Outlining helps English majors to better comprehend the structure of a text and identify key points that can be used for analysis and interpretation. By creating an outline, students can effectively summarize and review the material before delving deeper into the content.阅读技巧对于英语专业学生至关重要，因为它们在理解和解释复杂文本中扮演着至关重要的角色。
其中一个重要的技巧是提纲，这涉及以清晰简洁的方式组织文本的主要观点和细节。
提纲有助于英语专业学生更好地理解文本的结构，并识别可以用于分析和解释的关键要点。
通过创建提纲，学生可以有效地总结和复习材料，然后再深入内容。
When outlining a text, it is important to start by identifying the main ideas and supporting details. This can be done by carefully reading through the text and highlighting key points that contribute to the overall meaning. English majors should pay attention to theorganization of the text, including the introduction, body, and conclusion, to determine how the ideas are developed and presented. By creating a visual map of the text through outlining, students can better grasp the structure and flow of the content.在提纲文本时，首先要确定主要观点和支持细节是很重要的。
Unit 12 Analyzing & Interpreting FinancialStatementsUnit 12Analyzing & Interpreting Financial StatementsWhy?The basic financial statements provide much information the users need, but what thy give is only an overall 6><#00aa00'>view.Comparison, analysis and study are needed to enable their users to understand the financial position and performance of a company.Analyzing and interpreting financial statements are critical in disclosing relationships among figures in the financial statements and predicting the future changes of the accounting elements.Financial analysis is a process of reclassification and summarization of the financial information through the establishment of ratios and trends in order to interpret the company’s activities an d to understand the company’s financial situation.HorizontalAnalysisVerticalAnalysisRatioAnalysisBasic approaches of analysisⅠ. Horizontal AnalysisHorizontal Analysis, also called trend analysis, compares a series of financial statement data over a period of time.Firstly, the base year that carry a weight of 100 for each item is selected.Then, the amount of same item in prior or subsequent years is expressed as the percentage of the base year amount.Current year amount – Base year amountBase year amountFor example, when you hear someone saying that revenues increased by 10% this past quarter, that person is using horizontal analysis.Horizontal analysis can be used on any item in a company's financials (from revenues to earnings per share), and is useful when comparing the?performance of various?companies.Value CityBalance SheetDecember 31,2009423,600518,600Total assets192,700222,200PPE7,10010,800Accounts Receivable 140,000208,600Supplies83,80077,000CashAssets20082009?100%22.43%Total assets100%15.31%PPE100%52.11%Accounts Receivable 100%49%Supplies100%-8.11%CashAssets20082009?why?why?111,600132,300Retained Earnings139,100159,800Total Equity284,500358,800Total LiabilitiesEquity27,50027,500Paid-in Capital423,600518,600Total Liabilities and Owner’s Equity 12,10011,800Long-term liability38,80059,800Notes Payable233,600287,200Accounts PayableLiabilitiesLiabilities and Owner’s Equity 20082009?100%18.55%Retained Earnings100%14.88%Total Equity100%26.12%Total LiabilitiesEquity100%Paid-in Capital100%22.43%Liabilities and Owner’s E quity100%-2.48%Long-term liability100%54.12%Notes Payable100%22.95%Accounts PayableLiabilitiesLiabilities and Owner’s Equity20082009?????Ⅱ.Vertical AnalysisVertical Analysis shows the relationship of each item to the total within a single statement.In vertical analysis of the balance sheet, the total assets and total liabilities and owner’s equity are expressed as 100%.In vertical analysis of income statement, net sales is expressed as 100%.100%518,600Total assets42.85%222,200PPE2.08%10,800Accounts Receivable40.22%208,600Supplies14.85%77,000CashAssetsPercentage2009?Value CityBalance SheetDecember 31,200925.51%132,300Retained Earnings30.81%159,800Total Equity69.19%358,800Total LiabilitiesEquity5.30%27,500Paid-in Capital100%518,600Total Liabilities and Owner’s Equity 2.28%11,800Long-term liability11.53%59,800Notes Payable55.38%287,200Accounts PayableLiabilitiesLiabilities and Owner’s Equity Percentage2009?Value CityBalance SheetDecember 31,2009Value CityIncome StatementFor the year ended December 31,2009 1.79%14,500Income tax expense3.70%30,000Rent expense6.17%50,000Financial expense50,000Profit before tax4.38%35,500Profit after Tax18.52%150,000Salaries expense280,000Gross profit65.43%(530,000)Cost of sale100%810,000Sales revenuePercentage2009Ⅲ. Ratio AnalysisRatio analysis is used widely. It is a critical tool used by the management to see what exactly is happening in the company and is watched closely by all information users.A ratio is the mathematical relationship between two quantities in the form of a fraction or percentage.With appropriate calculation and interpretation, ratio analysis can provide information about the situation of a business, including liquidity, solvency and profitability.The analysis is used to provide indicators of past performance by employing critical success factors in a business.As a decision-making tool, ratio analysis reduces reliance on intuitive guessing and established a basis for sound judgment.LiquiditySolvencyProfitabilityBasic approaches of ratio analysis1. Liquidity ratioLiquidity refers to the ability of a firm to meet its short-term financial obligations as they fall due.Companies tend to run into problems with liquidity because cash outflows are not flexible, while income is often uncertain.Creditors expect their money when promised, just as employees expect regular paychecks. However, the cash being generated does not follow a set schedule. Sales of inventory vary, as do collections from customers. Because of this difference between cash generation and cash payments, businesses must maintain a certain ratio of current assets to current liabilities in order to ensure adequate liquidity.Liquidity ratios include:Working capital, current ratio, inventory turnover ratio, receivable turnover, average collection period, etc.(1) Working CapitalEvaluating a company’s ability to meet currently maturing debts.ExplanationAmounts of working capital are difficult to assess when comparing companies of different sizes or in different industries.Working capital = Current assets – Current liabilitiesExampleWorking capital of $250,000 is adequate for a small local company but in would be inadequate for Wal-Mart.(2) Current RatioMeasuring the relationship between the firm’s currents and its current liabilities. It reflects the company’s general capability to repay short-term debts whey become due.ExplanationTraditionally, a current ratio of 2 or higher is regarded as appropriate for most business to maintain creditworthiness.ExampleIf a company has current assets of $550,000,and and current liabilities of $210,000. Therefore, its current ratio is 2.62. it means that current assets meet current liabilities more than twice.Acid ratio/quick ratio(3)Inventory Turnover RatioMeasuring the number of times on average the inventory is hold during a period.ExplanationDifferent businesses have turnover ratios of great difference because of their nature. It depends the size of company and industry which the company is in.ExampleGrocery stores have an inventory turnover of 10 times, however thatof McDonald is around 39.Average inventory period (Days)ExampleGrocery stores have an inventory period of 37days, however that of McDonald is 9.5 days.Measuring the days on average the inventory is hold during a period.(4) Receivables Turnover RatioMeasuring the number of times on average receivables are collected during a period.ExplanationEspecially for merchandise companies, receivables turnover ratio is calculated monthly or quarterly because the seasonal fluctuations are big. Net credit sales can be replaced by sales revenue.ExampleCingular had annual net credit sales of $5,000,000 and an average accounts receivable of $500,000, then the receivables turnover is 10 times.(5) Average Collection PeriodExampleCingular had annual net credit sales of $5,000,000 and an average accounts receivable of $500,000, then the receivables period is 36.5 days Measuring the repayment speed of the debtors.ExplanationThe shorter average collection period is, the better the debtors are in paying back the debts.2. Solvency ratiosSolvency refers to the ability of a business to meet its long-term obligations.Long-term creditors and stockholders are very interested in a company’s long-term solvency, particularly its ability to pay interest as it comes due and to repay the face value of debts at maturity.Solvency ratios include: debt to asset ratio, debt to equity ratio, interest coverage, etc.(1) Debt to Total Assets RatioExampleCingular has total assets of $420,000, and total debt of $200,000, then debts to assets ratio is 47.6%Measuring the percentage of the total assets provided by creditors.ExplanationThis ratio indicates the degree of financial leveraging.The higher debts to assets ratio is, the greater the risk that the company is unable to meet its long-term obligations as they come due.(2) Debt to Equity RatioExampleCingular has total assets of $420,000, and total debt of $200,000, then debts to equity ratio is 90.9%Measuring the relative percentage between debt and equity.ExplanationUsually, the lower this ratio is, the lower financial risk thecompany has and the better a company’s financial situation.However, sometimes too low debt to equity ratio indicates that the company cannot make use of tax effect of interest effectively.(3) Time Interest Earned RatioIndicating the company’s ability to meet interest payments as they come due.Profit before interest and tax expense / Earnings before interest and tax expense3. Profitability ratiosProfitability is the ability of a business to earn profit over a period of time.Profitability ratios include:ROE, ROA, Profit margin, EPS,P/E, Dividend yield, etc.(1) Return on Stockholder’s EquityExampleCingular has net income of $42,000, and the beginning balance of total equity is $200,000 and ending balance is 250,000. So, ROE is 18.6%.This ratio shows how many dollars of net income were earned for each dollar invested by the owners.(2) Return on AssetsExampleCingular has net income of $42,000, and the beginning balance of total assets is $400,000 and ending balance is 480,000. So, ROA is 9.5%.This ratio shows how many dollars of net income were earned for each dollar of asset.(3) Profit MarginExampleCingular has net income of $42,000, and sales revenue of 460,000. So, profit margin is 9.1%.This ratio is a measure of the percentage of each dollar of sales that result in net income.ExplanationProfit margin is an indicator of a company's pricing policies and its ability to control costs. Differences in competitive strategy and product mix cause the profit margin to vary among different companies.(4) Earning per ShareExampleAssume that a company has a net income of $25 million and 200 million ordinary shares are outstanding. Then, its EPS is $ 0.125.EPS is a measure of the net income earned on each share of common stock.ExplanationIt is one measure often quoted by the financial press, because shareholders are particular interested in knowing how much has been earned for each of the shares held by them.(5) Price Earnings Ratio (P/E)ExampleIf a stock is trading at $24 and the earnings per share for the most recent 12 month period is $3, then stock A has a P/E ratio of 24/3 or 8.P/E ratio is a reflection of investors’ assessment of a company’s future earnings.ExplanationInvestors can use the P/E ratio to compare the value of stocks: if one stock has a P/E twice that of another stock, all things being equal, it is a less attractive investment. Comparisons between industries, companies, and time periods may be misleading.(6) Dividend YieldExampleIf two companies both pay annual dividends of $1 per share, but ABC company's stock is trading at $20?while XYZ company's stock is trading at $40, then ABC has a dividend yield of 5% while XYZ is only yielding 2.5%. Thus, assuming all other factors are equivalent, an investor looking to supplement his or her income would likely prefer ABC's stock over that of XYZ.Dividend yield indicates the return that investors are obtaining on their investment in the form of dividends.CaseValue CityIncome StatementFor the year ended December 31,200920,00014,500Income tax expense10,000Rent expense30,00050,000Financial expense69,00050,000Profit before tax49,00035,500Profit after Tax (Net income) 141,000150,000Salaries expense250,000280,000Gross profit420,000(530,000)Cost of sale670,000810,000Sales revenue20082009Ⅰ. Horizontal AnalysisⅡ.Vertical AnalysisⅢ. Ratio AnalysisLiquiditySolvencyProfitabilityBasic approaches of ratio analysis 1. Liquidity ratio(1) Working Capital(2) Current RatioAcid ratio/quick ratio(3)Inventory Turnover Ratio Average inventory period (Days)(4) Receivables Turnover Ratio(5) Average Collection Period2. Solvency ratios(1) Debt to Total Assets Ratio(2) Debt to Equity Ratio(3) Time Interest Earned Ratio3. Profitability ratios(1) Return on Stockholder’s Equity(2) Return on Assets摘要幻灯片(续)(3) Profit Margin(4) Earning per Share(5) Price Earnings Ratio (P/E)(6) Dividend Yield。
