经济学原理第五版第24章答案

自我测验：判断正误题第23章一国收入的衡量1．对于整个经济来说，收入等于支出，因为卖者的收入必定对于买者的支出。

2．一个苹果的生产对GDP的贡献大于一只金戒指的生产，因为食物本身是生活必需品。

3．如果木材林地把1000美元木材出卖给木匠，木匠用木材盖了一个以5000美元出售的房子，则对GDP的贡献是6000美元。

4．一个人均GDP高的国家通常生活水平或生活质量都高于人均GDP低的国家。

5．如果2003年的名义GDP大于2002年的名义GDP，实际产量必定增加了。

6．如果美国的GDP大于美国的GNP，那么，外国人在美国生产的大于美国居民在世界各国的生产。

7．工资是转移支付的一个例子，因为是从企业到工人的转移支付。

8．在美国，投资是GDP中最大的组成部分。

9．名义GDP用现期价格去评价产量，而实际GDP用不变价格去评价产量。

10．在2002年生产的一辆新汽车在2003年第一次出售，应该计入2003年的GDP，因为当它第一次出售才作为一种最终产品。

11．当芝加哥市购买了一座新教学楼时，GDP中投资的组成部分增加了。

12．当GDP减少时便出现了衰退。

13．折旧是经济设备和建筑物磨损的价值。

14．尽管香烟的税收是1美元，但GDP中香烟应该按每包3.5美元的价格评价，因为买者每包页脚内容1支付了3.5美元。

15．国民净产值总是大于一国的总收入，因为有折旧和税收。

答案：1、正确；2、错误；3、错误；4、正确；5、错误；6、正确；7、错误；8、错误；9、正确；10、错误；11、错误；12、正确；13、正确；14、正确；15、错误。

第24章生活费用的衡量1．CPI包括进口照相机价格上升但GDP平减指数不包括。

2．CPI中包括了美国军方购买的直升飞机价格的上升。

3．由于汽油价格上升引起消费者更多地骑自行车并更少地开车，CPI往往低估了生活费用。

4．钻石价格上升对CPI的影响大于食品价格同样百分比的上升，因为钻石极为昂贵。

问题与应用1．描写下列每种情况所面临的权衡取舍：A．一个家庭决定是否买一辆新车。

答：如果买新车就要减少家庭其他方面的开支，如：外出旅行，购置新家具；如果不买新车就享受不到驾驶新车外出的方便和舒适。

B．国会议员决定对国家公园支出多少。

答：对国家公园的支出数额大，国家公园的条件可以得到改善，环境会得到更好的保护。

但同时，政府可用于交通、邮电等其他公共事业的支出就会减少。

C．一个公司总裁决定是否新开一家工厂。

答：开一家新厂可以扩大企业规模，生产更多的产品。

但可能用于企业研发的资金就少了。

这样，企业开发新产品、利用新技术的进度可能会减慢。

D．一个教授决定用多少时间备课。

答：教授若将大部分时间用于自己研究，可能会出更多成果，但备课时间减少影响学生授课质量。

E．一个刚大学毕业的学生决定是否去读研究生。

答：毕业后参加工作，可即刻获取工资收入；但继续读研究生，能接受更多知识和未来更高收益。

2．你正想决定是否去度假。

度假的大部分成本((机票、旅馆、放弃的工资))都用美元来衡量，但度假的收益是心理的。

你将如何比较收益与成本呢??答：这种心理上的收益可以用是否达到既定目标来衡量。

对于这个行动前就会作出的既定目标，我们一定有一个为实现目标而愿意承担的成本范围。

在这个可以承受的成本范围内，度假如果满足了既定目标，如：放松身心、恢复体力等等，那么，就可以说这次度假的收益至少不小于它的成本。

3．你正计划用星期六去从事业余工作，但一个朋友请你去滑雪。

去滑雪的真实成本是什么？现在假设你已计划这天在图书馆学习，这种情况下去滑雪的成本是什么？请解释之。

答：去滑雪的真实成本是周六打工所能赚到的工资，我本可以利用这段时间去工作。

如果我本计划这天在图书馆学习，那么去滑雪的成本是在这段时间里我可以获得的知识。

4．你在篮球比赛的赌注中赢了100美元。

你可以选择现在花掉它或在利率为55%的银行中存一年。

现在花掉100美元的机会成本是什么呢?答：现在花掉100 美元的机会成本是在一年后得到105 美元的银行支付(利息+本金)。

经济学基础第一章1、什么是经济学? 如何理解资源的有限性和人类欲望的无限性？答：（1）经济学是研究社会经济问题的一门社会科学，经济学研究的是社会如何利用稀缺的资源以生产有价值的商品，并将它们分配给不同的人。

（2）资源的有限性和人类欲望的无限性是对立统一的关系，对立性表现在：相对于人类无限多样性的欲望而言，经济资源的数量、质量和种类总是不足的。

统一性表现在：人类欲望的无限性和资源的有限性同时存在，要求人们在有限的资源的多种用途中进行权衡比较，有效地利用资源，更好地满足人们的欲望。

2、试举例说明学习经济学和现实生活的意义。

答：（1）学习经济学能更好地理解经济现象。

例如，今年的苹果、香蕉等外来水果价格出现了显著上涨，并且持续到现在。

水果价格上涨是什么因素引起的？它对人们的生活会产生什么影响？学习了经济学就能合理解释这一现象----由于西南地区出现严重干旱，导致外来水果供应量骤减，使之供不应求，价格上涨。

（2）理解和评价政府的经济政策。

例如，2008年底国家决定投资4万亿对国民经济的拉动作用有多大？2009年号召全国搞低碳经济，低碳经济将如何展开？(3)指导企业经济决策。

例如，企业在不同时期会面临不同决定。

当市场不景气，企业遭受亏损，是停止生产还是继续生产？是否要做广告？做什么样的广告？解决这些问题，需要现代管理决策工具，而经济学是现代决策工具的理论基础。

（4）能避免运用经济理论是常见的错误倾向。

例如，合成谬误的例子，只有一个家庭购买轿车会大大方便出行，而当所有的家庭都拥有了自己的私家车之后，道路、停车场可能车满为患，反而不如大家都乘坐公交方便。

3、微观经济学与宏观经济学之间的关系是什么？答：微观经济学与宏观经济学既相互区别又相互联系。

区别表现在：（1）从研究对象上看，微观经济学研究单个经济单位元，宏观经济学研究整个国民经济的活动；（2）从解决问题上看，微观经济学解决资源的有效配置问题，而宏观经济学解决资源的充分利用问题；（3）从中心理论上看，微观经济学是价格理论，宏观经济学是国民收入决定理论；（4）从研究方法上看，微观经济学是个量分析，宏观经济学是总量分析。

V. Answers to End-of-Chapter Questions and Problems1. An autonomous increase in saving at each income level is equivalent to an autonomous decrease in consumption at each income level. The autonomous decrease in consumption will decrease equilibrium national income by the autonomous consumption change times theopen-economy multiplier, 1/(1 - MPC + MPM), or if taxes depend on income, 1/(1 - MPC + MPC t + MPM). (Note that this assumes that the first round reduction in C impacts only on domestic goods; otherwise the numerator would be 1 - MPM.)储蓄的自发性增长等于消费的自发性减少，消费的自发性减少将通过开放经济乘数减少均衡国民收入。

2. (a) Y = C + I + G + (X - M)Y = 50 + 0.85Y d + 150 + 300 + 80 - (10 + 0.05Y)Y = 50 + 0.85(Y - 400) + 150 + 300 + 80 - (10 + 0.05Y)Y = 0.85Y - 0.05Y + 230 = 0.80Y + 230Y = (1/0.2)(230)Y = 1,150Therefore the equilibrium level of income is 1,150.(b) At the equilibrium level of income, because X = 80 and M = 10 + 0.05(1,150) =67.5, there is a current account surplus of 12.5.在均衡国民收入上，因为X=80，M = 10 + 0.05(1,150) = 67.5，因此存在经常项目盈余12.5.(c) 1/[(1 – MPC) + MPM] = 1/[(1 - 0.85) + 0.05] = 1/(0.15 + 0.05) = 5.3. Y would have to rise by 250, because this increase in Y would increase M by 12.5 with an MPM of 0.05. Because the multiplier is 5, autonomous investment would have to rise by 50 (= 250/5) in order to generate this increase in Y.Y应当增长250，因为Y的增长会增加M（进口），250乘以MPM（边际进口倾向）0.05等于12.5. 因为乘数等于5，因此自发性投资应该增长50(= 250/5)，才可以实现Y增长250.4. If a country has a current account surplus (X > M), then a reworking of the national income expression S + M + T = I + X + G to S + (T - G) - I = (X - M) indicates that saving (private plus government) exceeds investment by the amount of the current account surplus. In effect, the excess of saving over investment has been lent abroad to permit foreigners to purchase more of the home country’s exports than the home country buys in imports from foreign countries. Alternatively, the positive net exports generate, with no change in investment, a rise in income that yields saving (private plus government) greater than investment.如果一个国家具有经常项目盈余(X > M)，通过重组国民收入的表达式，得到S + M + T = I + X + G 到S + (T - G) - I = (X - M)，这一表达式意味着经常项目的盈余即国内储蓄（私人加政府）超过了国内投资，多出的储蓄借贷给国外，使得本国的出口超过本国的进口。

自我测验：判断正误题第23章一国收入的衡量1．对于整个经济来说，收入等于支出,因为卖者的收入必定对于买者的支出。

2．一个苹果的生产对GDP的贡献大于一只金戒指的生产,因为食物本身是生活必需品。

3．如果木材林地把1000美元木材出卖给木匠，木匠用木材盖了一个以5000美元出售的房子，则对GDP 的贡献是6000美元。

4．一个人均GDP高的国家通常生活水平或生活质量都高于人均GDP低的国家。

5．如果2003年的名义GDP大于2002年的名义GDP，实际产量必定增加了。

6．如果美国的GDP大于美国的GNP，那么，外国人在美国生产的大于美国居民在世界各国的生产. 7．工资是转移支付的一个例子,因为是从企业到工人的转移支付。

8．在美国，投资是GDP中最大的组成部分。

9．名义GDP用现期价格去评价产量，而实际GDP用不变价格去评价产量.10．在2002年生产的一辆新汽车在2003年第一次出售，应该计入2003年的GDP,因为当它第一次出售才作为一种最终产品.11．当芝加哥市购买了一座新教学楼时,GDP中投资的组成部分增加了。

12．当GDP减少时便出现了衰退。

13．折旧是经济设备和建筑物磨损的价值。

14．尽管香烟的税收是1美元，但GDP中香烟应该按每包3.5美元的价格评价，因为买者每包支付了3。

5美元。

15．国民净产值总是大于一国的总收入，因为有折旧和税收。

答案：1、正确；2、错误；3、错误；4、正确；5、错误；6、正确；7、错误;8、错误;9、正确;10、错误；11、错误；12、正确；13、正确；14、正确；15、错误。

第24章生活费用的衡量1．CPI包括进口照相机价格上升但GDP平减指数不包括。

2．CPI中包括了美国军方购买的直升飞机价格的上升。

3．由于汽油价格上升引起消费者更多地骑自行车并更少地开车，CPI往往低估了生活费用。

4．钻石价格上升对CPI的影响大于食品价格同样百分比的上升，因为钻石极为昂贵。

This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition. This may not beresold, copied, or distributed without the prior consent of the publisher.e. If there is 2% deflation, her purchasing power has risen by about 12%. 3. Definition of nominal interest rate: the interest rate as usually reported without acorrection for the effects of inflation . 4. Definition of real interest rate: the interest rate corrected for the effects of inflation . 5. Case Study: Interest Rates in the U.S. Economya. Figure 3 shows real and nominal interest rates from 1965 to the present.b. The nominal interest rate is always greater than the real interest rate in this diagram because there was always inflation during this period.c. Note that in the late 1970s the real interest rate was negative because the inflation rateexceeded the nominal interest rate. SOLUTIONS TO TEXT PROBLEMS:Quick Quizzes 1. The consumer price index measures the overall cost of the goods and services bought by a typical consumer. It is constructed by surveying consumers to determine a basket of goods and services that the typical consumer buys. Prices of these goods and services are used to compute the cost of the basket at different times, and a base year is chosen. To computethe index, we divide the cost of the market basket in the current year by the cost of the market basket in the base year and multiply by 100. 2. Since Henry Ford paid his workers $5 a day in 1914 and the consumer price index was 10 in1914 and 207 in 2007, then the Ford paycheck was worth $5 × 207 / 10 = $103.50 a day in2007 dollars.Questions for Review 1. A 10% increase in the price of chicken has a greater effect on the consumer price index thana 10% increase in the price of caviar because chicken is a bigger part of the average consumer's market basket. 2. The three problems in the consumer price index as a measure of the cost of living are: (1) substitution bias, which arises because people substitute toward goods that have become relatively less expensive; (2) the introduction of new goods, which are not reflected quickly in the CPI; and (3) unmeasured quality change.3. If the price of a Navy submarine rises, there is no effect on the consumer price index,because Navy submarines are not consumer goods. But the GDP price index is affected,because Navy submarines are included in GDP as a part of government purchases.4. Because the overall price level doubled, but the price of the candy bar rose sixfold, the realprice (the price adjusted for inflation) of the candy bar tripled.5. The nominal interest rate is the rate of interest paid on a loan in dollar terms. The realinterest rate is the rate of interest corrected for inflation. The real interest rate is the nominalinterest rate minus the rate of inflation.Problems and Applications1. Many answers are possible.2. a. The percentage change in the price of tennis balls is (2 – 2)/2 × 100% = 0%.The percentage change in the price of golf balls is (6 – 4)/4 × 100% = 50%.The percentage change in the price of Gatorade is (2 – 1)/1 × 100% = 100%.b. The cost of the market basket in 2009 is ($2 × 100) + ($4 × 100) + ($1 × 200) = $200+ $400 + $200 = $800.The cost of the market basket in 2010 is ($2 × 100) + ($6 × 100) + ($2 × 200) = $200+ $600 + $400 = $1,200.The percentage change in the cost of the market basket from 2009 to 2010 is (1,200 –800)/800 × 100% = 50%.c. This would lower my estimation of the inflation rate because the value of a bottle ofGatorade is now greater than before. The comparison should be made on a per-ouncebasis.d. More flavors enhance consumers’ well-being. Thus, this would be considered a change inquality and would also lower my estimate of the inflation rate.3. a. Find the price of each good in each year:Year Cauliflower Broccoli Carrots2008 $2 $1.50 $0.102009 $3 $1.50 $0.20b. If 2008 is the base year, the market basket used to compute the CPI is 100 heads ofcauliflower, 50 bunches of broccoli, and 500 carrots. We must now calculate the cost ofthe market basket in each year:2008: (100 x $2) + (50 x $1.50) + (500 x $.10) = $3252009: (100 x $3) + (50 x $1.50) + (500 x $.20) = $475Then, using 2008 as the base year, we can compute the CPI in each year:2008: $325/$325 x 100 = 1002009: $475/$325 x 100 = 146This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition. This may not beresold, copied, or distributed without the prior consent of the publisher.c. We can use the CPI to compute the inflation rate for 2009: (146 − 100)/100 x 100% = 46%4. a. The cost of the market basket in 2009 is (1 × $40) + (3 × $10) = $40 + $30 = $70. The cost of the market basket in 2010 is (1 × $60) + (3 × $12) = $60 + $36 = $96. Using 2009 as the base year, we can compute the CPI in each year:2009: $70/$70 x 100 = 100 20109: $96/$70 x 100 = 137.14 We can use the CPI to compute the inflation rate for 2010: (137.14 − 100)/100 x 100% = 37.14%b. Nominal GDP for 2009 = (10 × $40) + (30 × $10) = $400 + $300 = $700. Nominal GDP for 2010 = (12 × $60) + (50 × $12) = $720 + $600 = $1,320. Real GDP for 2009 = (10 × $40) + (30 × $10) = $400 + $300 = $700.Real GDP for 2010 = (12 × $40) + (50 × $10) = $480 + $500 = $980. The GDP deflator for 2009 = (700/700) × 100 = 100. The GDP deflator for 2010 = (1,320/980) × 100 = 134.69.The rate of inflation for 2010 = (134.69 – 100)/100 × 100% = 34.69%. c. No, it is not the same. The rate of inflation calculated by the CPI holds the basket of goods and services constant, while the GDP deflator allows it to change.5. a. Because the increase in cost was considered a quality improvement, there was no increase registered in the CPI. b. The argument in favor of this is that consumers are getting a better good than before, so the price increase equals the improvement in quality. The problem is that the increased cost might exceed the value of the improvement in air quality, so consumers are worseoff. In this case, it would be better for the CPI to at least partially reflect the higher cost. 6. a. introduction of new goods; b. unmeasured quality change; c. substitution bias; d. unmeasured quality change; e. substitution bias 7. a. ($0.75 − $0.15)/$0.15 x 100% = 400%.b. ($14.32 − $3.23)/$3.23 x 100% = 343%.c. In 1970: $0.15/($3.23/60) = 2.8 minutes. In 2000: $0.75/($14.32/60) = 3.1 minutes.d. Workers' purchasing power fell in terms of newspapers.provide the elderly with an improvement in their standard of living each year because the CPI overstates inflation and Social Security payments are tied to the CPI.b. Because the elderly consume more health care than younger people do, and becausehealth care costs have risen faster than overall inflation, it is possible that the elderly are worse off. To investigate this, you would need to put together a market basket for theelderly, which would have a higher weight on health care. You would then compare therise in the cost of the "elderly" basket with that of the general basket for CPI.9. In deciding how much income to save for retirement, workers should consider the realinterest rate, because they care about their purchasing power in the future, not the number of dollars they will have.10. a. When inflation is higher than was expected, the real interest rate is lower than expected.For example, suppose the market equilibrium has an expected real interest rate of 3%and people expect inflation to be 4%, so the nominal interest rate is 7%. If inflationturns out to be 5%, the real interest rate is 7% minus 5% equals 2%, which is less than the 3% that was expected.b. Because the real interest rate is lower than was expected, the lender loses and theborrower gains. The borrower is repaying the loan with dollars that are worth less thanwas expected.c. Homeowners in the 1970s who had fixed-rate mortgages from the 1960s benefited fromthe unexpected inflation, while the banks that made the mortgage loans were harmed.。