2019经济学人考研英文文章阅读一三六

How to reveal a country’s sense,over the years,of its own well-being 如何揭开一个国家多年来的主观幸福感Read its books.By computer利用计算机扫描其书刊Do a country’s inhabitants get happier as it gets richer?Most governments seem to believe so,given their relentless focus on increasing GDP year by year.Reliable,long-term evidence linking wealth and happiness is,however,lacking.And measuring well-being is itself fraught with problems,since it often relies on surveys that ask participants to assess their own levels of happiness subjectively.一个国家越富有，其人民就越幸福吗？鉴于大多数政府都坚持不懈地致力于逐年提高GDP，它们似乎是认同这一点的。

然而，我们尚缺乏能够证明财富与幸福相关联的可靠而长期的证据。

衡量幸福感本身就存在很多问题，因为它往往依赖于要求参与者主观评估自己幸福水平的调查。

Daniel Sgroi of the University of Warwick and Eugenio Proto of the University of Glasgow,both in Britain,think,nevertheless,that they have an answer.尽管如此，英国华威大学的丹尼尔·斯格里和格拉斯哥大学的尤金尼奥·普罗托认为他们找到了答案。

The first face-off人脸识别第一案A lawsuit against face-scans in China could have big consequences在中国，一场有关人脸识别的诉讼或将带来巨大的影响Guo Bing,a legal academic in the eastern city of Hangzhou,likes to spend his leisure time at a local safari park.But when the park informed season-pass holders like him that admission would require a face-scan,Mr Guo objected.郭兵是中国东部城市杭州市的一名法律学者，他平日里喜欢在当地的野生动物园度过闲暇时光。

但当动物园告知像他这样的年卡用户需要扫脸入园时，郭先生无法接受。

Late last month he filed a lawsuit,claiming the new rules violated his privacy.Facial-recognition technology is widely used in izens have been hailing Mr Guo as a champion of consumer rights.A thread about his suit has garnered100m views on Weibo,a social-media platform.上月底，他以新规定侵犯其隐私为由向法院提起了诉讼。

人脸识别技术在中国已经得到了广泛的应用。

网友们纷纷称赞郭兵是消费者权益的捍卫者。

在社交媒体平台新浪微博上，一条关于他诉讼的微博获得了1亿次的点击量。

It is surprising that it has taken so long for the judiciary to get involved. Some300tourist sites in China use facial recognition to admit visitors.The safari park says doing so can shorten queues.令人惊讶的是，司法部门过了这么久才介入其中。

Climate change and the threat to companies气候变化和企业面临的风险Firms urgently need to rethink how they approach climate risk企业迫切需要重新考虑如果应对气候风险了C hief executives who care about climate change—and these days most profess to—often highlight headquarters bedecked with solar panels and other efforts to lower their carbon footprint.那些关心气候变化的首席执行官们（如今大多数的CEO都自称如此）常常强调，他们的公司总部采用了太阳能电池板以及其他措施来减少碳足迹。

Last week Volkswagen, a carmaker, told its 40,000 suppliers to cut emissions or risk losing its custom.上周，汽车制造商大众集团要求其4万家供应商减少碳排放，否则他们将面临失去大众这位客户的风险。

Plenty of investors, meanwhile, say they are worried about being saddled with worthless stakes in coal-fired power plants if carbon taxes eventually bite. Yet the reality is that meaningful global environmental regulations are nowhere on the horizon.与此同时，许多投资者表示，他们担心如果碳排放税最终开始实施，那么他们所持有的燃煤电厂的股票将变得一文不值。

Why an“Uber for tailors”is gaining ground in Lagos“裁缝优步”为何能在拉各斯发展起来？“Rich and poor,everyone has a tailor here,”says Olajire Omikunle,a couturier for Nigeria’s powerful.So great is the appeal of a well-cut outfit in Lagos,Nigeria’s commercial centre,that roadside stitchers rove the streets armed with their sewing machines and clicking their large scissors to drum up customers.尼日利亚颇具影响力的服装设计师奥拉吉尔·奥米昆勒说：“无论贫富，这里的每个人都有自己的裁缝。

”在尼日利亚的商业中心拉各斯，一套剪裁考究的服装如此具有吸引力，以至于街头裁缝们会带着他们的缝纫机在街道上来回穿梭，并拿着大剪刀咔嚓咔嚓地招揽着顾客。

David Peterside,a local entrepreneur,hopes to capitalise on this sartorial obsession with a new app that is being dubbed an“Uber for tailors”.Fashion Map allows natty Nigerians to find a suitmaker at the press of a button.当地企业家戴维·彼得赛德希望借着人们对服装的痴迷，开发一款名为“裁缝优步”的新应用。

整洁时髦尼日利亚人只需按下一个按钮，便能在时尚地图上找到一位裁缝。

It may be a perfect fit for Africa’s most populous country.Nigeria has a fast-growing base of smartphone users and“over100,000registered tailors”,says Otunba Wasiu Taiwo of the Nigeria Union of Tailors.“We are still counting.”该应用或许非常适合这个非洲人口最多的国家。

Sun,sea and a diplomatic point阳光、大海和外交China’s high-spending tourists bring political clout中国的高消费游客带来了政治影响力Countries at odds with China find holidaymakers from there stop coming 与中国不和的国家发现，中国游客不再来了Earlier this month the great pyramids of Giza and the nearby Sphinx were lit up in“Chinese red”.Spectators,many of them from China,were then given another unprecedented treat.The sound-and-light show,a staple of pyramid entertainment since1961,was narrated in Chinese.本月初，“中国红”点亮了吉萨的大金字塔和附近的狮身人面像。

随后，参观者（特别是来自中国的游客）感受了另一种前所未有的体验。

自1961年以来作为金字塔主打娱乐节目的声光表演是用中文来讲解的。

The event was sponsored by the Chinese government,which takes pride in its travellers’growing influence.Since2012China has been the world’s biggest source of tourists.Chinese travellers racked up nearly150m trips abroad last year.活动是由中国政府赞助的，中国政府以中国游客日益增长的影响力为荣。

Why Pakistan has so many quacks巴基斯坦为什么有那么多庸医？With real doctors in short supply,phoneys abound真正的医生供不应求，庸医却泛滥猖獗Mohammad Zahid sat sullenly in the office where minutes earlier he had been doling out advice,pills and injections to a long line of patients.His customers had melted away at the sudden arrival of Saeed Asghar and his police escort.穆罕默德·扎希德闷闷不乐地坐在办公室里，而就在几分钟前，他还在这里给排成长队的病人提医嘱、开药和打针。

赛义德·阿斯哈尔和警察护卫队的突然出现把他的病人都吓跑了。

Dr Asghar,deputy director of the Anti-Quackery Department of the Pakistani province of Punjab,spends his days hunting for people practising medicine without the proper qualifications.阿斯哈尔是巴基斯坦旁遮普省反庸医部门的副主任，他每天都在寻找没有资质的医药从业人员。

Mr Zahid briefly tried to claim he was a proper doctor,before admitting he was not when his paperwork was checked.In fact,he had been trained only to help a pharmacist dispense medicine.扎希德曾一度试图狡辩，声称他是一名合格的医生，直到检查他的资质证书时才不得不承认他并不是一名合格的医生。

Defending Switzerland’s coffee stockpile捍卫瑞士的咖啡储备If disaster strikes,the Swiss want to be caffeinated当灾难来袭时，瑞士人需要咖啡因To defend their independence the Swiss have mountains,conscription and a fierce sense of self-reliance.They also have a vast stockpile of food, medicine,animal feed and cooking oil,which they have maintained since the1920s.This makes sieges easier to withstand,but costs a fortune.瑞士人靠着山脉、兵役制度和强烈的自力更生精神捍卫着国家的主权独立。

自上世纪20年代以来，瑞士一直保持着大量的食品、药品、动物饲料和食用油储备。

这使得瑞士更容易抵御敌人的围攻，但这同时代价不菲。

So in April the Federal Office for National Economic Supply announced a plan to trim it a little.In future,it suggested,it would no longer pay for a huge emergency supply of coffee.This wonderful drink,it claimed,is not “vital for life”.因此，今年4月，瑞士联邦国家经济供应办公室宣布了一项略微削减开支的计划。

它表示，今后将废除紧急物资储备中的咖啡储备。

理由则是，这种美味的饮品并不是“攸关生死的”。

Neanderthals had a propensity for earache,nudging them to their doom易患耳疾将尼安德特人推向了灭亡A new analysis of their skulls points to an anatomical problem一项对头颅的新研究指出了一个生理构造缺陷The last neanderthals vanished from Earth about40,000years ago.Exactly what drove them to extinction,however,remains a mystery,with their disappearance variously attributed to anything from climate change to inferior cognitive abilities or even cannibalism.在大约4万年前，最后一批尼安德特人消失在地球上。

但究竟是什么导致了他们的灭亡，至今仍是一个谜，关于他们灭亡原因有着各种各样的猜想，从气候变化到认知能力低下，再到同类相食。

Anthony Pagano,a medical researcher at Seton Hall University in New Jersey,has a new explanation.He thinks Neanderthals might have been unusually prone to severe ear infections,which left them struggling to compete against their Homo sapiens cousins.新泽西州西顿霍尔大学的医学研究员安东尼·帕加诺给出了一个新的解释。

他认为尼安德特人或许非常容易患上严重的耳部感染，这使得他们很难与智人相互竞争。

The legal cannabis market shrank in California last year去年，加州的合法大麻市场在萎缩Harbourside Cannabis in Oakland is a modern-day temple to the delights and possibilities of the botanical marvel that is the plant Cannabis sativa. Around the airy shop move a well-heeled clientele.They browse among offerings ranging from cannabis-infused chocolate to sparkling water and vape pens.奥克兰的哈伯赛德大麻公司是一座可供寻求快乐和见识到大麻种植奇观的现代庙宇。

一群有钱人在通透的大麻商店里来来往往。

他们浏览着从大麻巧克力到大麻起泡水和大麻电子烟等各式各样的大麻商品。

California was the first state to allow sales of medical cannabis in1996, and Harbourside one of the first shops in America to sell pot legally.Since January last year,the firm has also been able to sell pot for purely recreational purposes.1996年，加州成为美国首个允许销售医用大麻的州，哈伯赛德也是美国首批合法销售大麻的商店之一。

自去年1月以来，哈伯赛德也能销售纯娱乐用途的大麻了。

Thanks to its large number of“medical”users,California’s is the largest legal cannabis market in the world.But since the legalisation of adult sales, that market has been shrinking.得益于大批的“医疗”用户，加州成为了全球最大的合法大麻市场。