二、主谓一致(Subject-VerbConcord)
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英语主谓一致的三个原则以下是英语主谓一致的三个原则:**1. 语法一致原则(Grammatical Concord)**- 释义:The principle of grammatical concord states that the verb should agree with the subject in number and person based on the grammatical form of the subject.- 短语:subject-verb agreement(主谓一致)- 单词:conform(符合;遵照)- 用法:当主语是单数名词、不可数名词、单数代词或动词不定式、动名词短语时,谓语动词用单数形式;当主语是复数名词、复数代词时,谓语动词用复数形式。
- 例句:- The book is interesting. (这本书很有趣。
)- Water is essential for life. (水对生命是必不可少的。
)- To see is to believe. (眼见为实。
)- Reading books enriches our knowledge. (读书丰富我们的知识。
)- They are happy. (他们很快乐。
)**2. 意义一致原则(Notional Concord)**- 释义:The principle of notional concord means that the verb agrees with the subject in meaning rather than in form.- 短语:in accordance with the meaning(根据意义)- 单词:accord(符合;一致)- 用法:有时主语形式上是单数,但意义上是复数,谓语动词要用复数形式;反之,主语形式上是复数,但意义上是单数,谓语动词要用单数形式。
- 例句:- The team were divided in their opinions. (这个团队意见有分歧。
主谓一致主谓一致(Subject-Verb Concord)即谓语动词在人称和数上要和主语保持一致,主谓一致包括语法一致、意义一致和就近一致,语法一致即谓语动词在单复数形式上要和主语保持一致,意义一致就是谓语动词要和主语意义上的单复数保持一致,就近一致就是谓语动词要和靠近它的主语部分保持一致。
表里不一主谓一致中的"表里不一"现象1,"more than one +名词"作主语时,谓语动词常用单数.例如:More than one teacher gets the flowers. 不止一个教师得到了花.2,"many a +名词"作主语时,从意义上看是复数,但谓语动词常用单数.例如:Many a student has been sent to plant trees. 很多学生被派去植树.3,"half of ,the rest of ,most of ,all of及百分数或分数+of 等后接名词"作主语时,谓语动词形式根据of后的名词而定.例如:Three fourths of the surface of the earth is covered with water.地球表面四分之三为水所覆盖.4,all指人时,动词用复数;all指物时,动词用单数.例如:"All are present and all is going well." 所有人全部到场了,一切进展顺利5,what引导的主语从句,谓语动词可视表语而定:表语是单数名词时,动词用单数,相反,则用复数.例如:What they want to get are a number of good books.他们想得到的是大量的好书.6,and连接的两个单数名词前若用each ,every ,no修饰,该名词短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式.例如:No book and no pen is found in the schoolbag.书包里没有书和钢笔.7,当主语后面有as well as ,with ,along with ,together with ,but ,like ,rather than ,except,逗号加and连接几个名词等引导的短语时,谓语动词要与最前面的主语保持一致.例如:My father as well as his workmates has been to Beijing. 我父亲和他的同事曾去过北京. 8,each作主语的同位语时,谓语动词由主语来决定,与each无关.例如:They each have a bike. 他们每人有一辆自行车.9,动词不定式,动词-ing形式短语作主语时,谓语动词常用单数.例如:Going out for a walk after supper is a good habit.晚饭后出去散步是一个好习惯.10,the following作主语时,谓语动词的数与后面名词的数保持一致.例如:The following are good examples下面是一些好例子.11,以-ics结尾的学科名词,如politics ,physics ,mathematics等作主语时,谓语动词用单数.以-s结尾的名词news ,works ,plastics等同属此类.例如:Politics is now taught in all schools. 现在各学校都开设政治课.当以-ics结尾的学科名词表示"学科"以外的意义时,用作复数,如:mathematics(运算能力)politics(政治观点)economics(经济意义)等。
Subject-verb Concord in Chinese-English Translation Subject-verb Concord, which needs our special attention, is a difficult part in Chinese-English Translation. Chinese sentences contain complex predicate composition, but predicate in English sentences is onefold, only includes verbs and verbal phrases. Sometimes we can choose the corresponding predicate for original Chinese text, but in most situations, we cannot find a appropriate subject or predicate in English, so we need to get some adjustments or find a new expression. Form of predicate is closely related to the choice of subject. Seeing from the logical procedures, determinations of predicates and subjects interact as both cause and effect. Translators have to balance those two parts at the same time. It needs to give consideration to the requirement of both expression and sentence structure in choosing and determining the predicate, especially English grammar,collocation habits and logical relation.1.Requirement of expressionIn choosing the predicate, except for considering that whether the word itself can accurately express the original meaning, we should also pay attention to its semantic association with subject. Besides, collocations of the predicate verb and object, the link verb and predicative, and the rhetorical effect of these two kinds of collocations also influence and restrict the choice of predicate. Here I will illustrate with some specific sentences.(1)中央政府不干预香港特别行政区的事务。
主谓一致(Subject-verb Concord)主谓一致指主语和谓语动词之间在“人称”和“数”方面的一致关系,可分为语法一致、意义一致和就近一致。
1.语法一致如果名词中心词是复数,动词就用复数形式;如果名词中心词不是复数,而是单数名词或不可数名词,动词便用单数形式,这种一致关系叫语法一致。
例如:Both boys have their own merits.Few students are really lazy.Each boy has his own book.Every girl comes on time.Either answer is correct.Much effort is wasted.2.意义一致和就近原则有时,主语和谓语动词的一致关系并非取决于语法上的单、复数形式,而是取决于主语的单、复数意义:比如有时主语在语法形式上并非复数,但有复数意义,随后的动词便用复数;反之主语在语法形式上是复数,而在意义上可视为单数,随后的动词也用单数,这种一致关系叫意义一致。
例如:Fifteen miles seems like a long walk to me.Fifty-six dollars was stolen from the cash register. (现金出纳机)有时,谓语动词的单、复数形式决定于最靠近它的词语(主要指名词)的单、复数形式,这种一致关系叫就近原则。
例如:Either my brother or my father is coming.Neither Julia nor I am going.3.以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题1>以-ics结尾的学科名称某些以-ics结尾的学科名称,如physics(物理学),mathematics(数学),mechanics(机械学),optics(气学),acoustics(声学),politics(政治学),statistics(统计学),economics(经济学),linguistics(语言学),tactics(兵法),athletics(体育学)等,通常作单数用。
1.主谓一致主谓一致Subject-Verb Concord即谓语动词在人称和数上要和主语保持一致,主谓一致包括语法一致、意义一致和就近一致。
1.1指导原则(1)语法一致语法一致即谓语动词在单复数形式上要和主语保持一致eg。
A grammar book helps you learn something about the rules of a language。
(主语是单数形式,谓语也采取单数形式)语法书帮助你学习语言的某些规则.Grammar books help you learn something about the rules of a language。
(主语是复数形式,谓语也采取复数形式)语法书帮助你学习语言的某些规则.(2)意义一致和就近原则意义一致就是谓语动词要和主语意义上的单复数保持一致。
补充解释和例句见书P22就近一致就是谓语动词要和靠近它的主语部分保持一致。
常出现在这类句子中的连词有:or, either…or…,neither…nor …,not only…but also …等.例句见书P23英语中,有时几个名词或代词有某些此连接起来一起作句子的主语,此时,谓语动词的形式就须有与之最接近的名词或代词的人称和数决定.如:(1) There is a desk and five chairs in his room。
他房间里有一张办公桌和五把椅子。
There are five chairs and a desk in his room. 他房间里有五把椅子和一张办公桌。
(2) Either you or Li Lei is going to be sent there。
要么是你要么是李蕾将被派到那里去。
Are either you or Li Lei going to be sent there?是你将被派到那里去还是李蕾将被派到那里去?1。
2—s结尾的名词作主语(1)以-s结尾的疾病名称和游戏名称(2)以-ics结尾的学科名称(3)以—s结尾的地理名称(4)其他以-s结尾的名词1.3以集合名词作主语(1)通常作复数的集体名词见书P27【注】goods(货物), clothes(衣服)只有复数形式,且只表示复数意义:Such clothes are very cheap. 那样的衣服很便宜.All the goods have been sent to them。
小升初英语主谓一致主谓一致(Subject-Verb Agreement)是英语语法中的一项重要规则,它要求句子中的主语与谓语动词在人称和数上保持一致。
这项规则在小升初英语考试中占据着重要的地位,对学生来说是一项必备的基础知识。
本文将详细介绍主谓一致的基本规则以及在不同情况下的应用。
1. 单数主语与单数谓语动词的一致当句子的主语是单数形式时,谓语动词也必须使用单数形式。
例如:- My brother is a doctor.- The dog barks loudly.2. 复数主语与复数谓语动词的一致当句子的主语是复数形式时,谓语动词也必须使用复数形式。
例如:- The students are studying in the classroom.- Their parents work hard every day.3. 连接词and连接多个主语时的一致当句子中有多个主语,使用连接词and连接时,谓语动词必须使用复数形式。
例如:- Tom and Jerry are good friends.- Playing basketball and football are his hobbies.4. 连接词or连接多个主语时的一致当句子中有多个主语,使用连接词or连接时,谓语动词的单复数形式要与最靠近它的主语保持一致。
例如:- Either the cat or the dogs are making noise.- Neither the flowers nor the tree is beautiful.5. 连接词either...or与neither...nor连接多个主语时的一致当句子中有多个主语,使用连接词either...or或neither...nor连接时,谓语动词的单复数形式要与最靠近它的主语保持一致。
例如:- Neither Tom nor his friends are coming to the party.- Either the cake or the cookies are delicious.6. 含有there be句型时的一致当句子采用there be结构时,谓语动词的单复数形式要与后面的主语保持一致。
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3) 形容词前加定冠词即 the + 形容词作主语时,其意义若是指个人或是抽象概念应看作单数,谓语动词用单数;但如果其意义是指一类人则应该看作是复数,那么谓语动词也应该用复数。
例如:The young , on the one hand , often think of the oldconservative . On the other hand , the old always consider the young inexperience .一方面,青年人常认为老年人保守;另一方面,老年人总是认为青年人没有经验。
In many stories , the good are well rewarded and the bad are doomed to unfortunate . 在许多故事里,好人总是有好报;坏人注定要倒霉。
4)当 and 连接两个并列主语在意义上指同一人、同一物、同一事或者同一概念时,应看作单数,谓语动词用单数。
另外,当 and 连接两个形容词去修饰一个单数形式的主语时,其实是指两种不同的事物,主语则应该看作是复数,那么谓语动词也应该用复数。
例如: War and peace is a constant theme in history . 战争与和平是一个历史上的永恒的主题。
Chinese and Japanese silk are of good quality .中国丝绸和日本丝绸质量都很好。
主谓一致⏹“一致”(concord或agreement)指句子成分之间或词语之间在语法形式上的协调关系。
主谓一致指主语和谓语动词之间在“人称”和“数”的方面的一致关系,这又叫做“主-动一致”(Subject-verb Concord )。
指导原则⏹1.语法一致原则(Grammatical Concord)⏹主语为单数形式,谓语动词用单数形式;主语为复数形式,谓语动词也用复数形式。
⏹The number of errors was surprising.⏹Jane and Mary look alike.⏹2. 意义一致原则(Notional Concord)⏹1)主语形式虽为单数,但意义为复数,谓语动词为复数。
⏹The crowd were running for their lives.⏹单数形式代表复数内容的词有:people, police, cattle, militia等。
⏹2) 主语形式为复数,而意义上却是单数,谓语动词用单数。
⏹The news was very exciting.⏹形复意单的单词有news, works (工厂)和一些以ics结尾的学科名称,physics, economics等。
⏹3. 就近原则(Principle of Proximity)⏹谓语动词的单复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。
如用连词or,either…or, neither…nor, not only…, but also等连接的并列主语,如果一个是单数,一个是复数,谓语动词与靠近它的主语一致。
⏹Either your students or Mr. Wang knows this.I. 以S结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致⏹1.以S结尾的表示疾病的名词作主语时谓语用单数⏹arthritis:关节炎bronchitis :支气管炎⏹mumps:腮腺炎diabetes:糖尿病⏹phlebitis:静脉炎⏹但是measles(麻疹),rickets(软骨病) 谓语可用单/复数⏹2.以S结尾的表示游戏名称的名词谓语常用单数⏹darts:投镖游戏dominoes:多米诺骨牌⏹marbles:打弹子游戏billiards:台球⏹但cards(打纸牌)用复数;⏹当它们表示所用工具时谓语用复数⏹Darts is often played in English pubs.⏹Two darts are thrown at every turn.⏹3.以ics结尾的学科名称通常用单数⏹mathematics:数学physics:物理学⏹optics:光学 statistics:统计学⏹politics:政治学acoustics:声学/音响效果⏹economics:经济学athletics:体育学⏹mechanics:机械学semantics:语义学⏹linguistics:语言学tactics:兵法/策略⏹当这类名词表示学科以外的其它意义时用作复数⏹Statistics is not as difficult as some people think.⏹The latest statistics on crime are beyond description.⏹注:下列以ics结尾的名词仅用作单数⏹classics:杰作,著作comics:连环图画⏹ethics: 伦理学cosmetics:化妆品⏹4.以S 结尾的地理名称如山脉,海峡,瀑布,群岛等谓语动词通常用作复数⏹the West Indies西印度群岛⏹the Bahamas巴哈马群岛⏹the Himalayas喜马拉雅山脉⏹the Straits of Gibraltar直布罗陀海峡⏹the Niagara Falls 尼亚加拉瀑布⏹the Rockies 落基山脉⏹但如果是国名,则用作单数,如:the United States, the UnitedNations, the Netherlands(荷兰)。
二、主谓一致( Subject-Verb Concord )主谓一致的问题看上去似乎很简单,其实使用起来却不是那么容易,有时候甚至很复杂。
这是因为在不同情况下,处理这一问题所依据的原则各不相同。
就其在现代语法中的基本原则而言,通常有三个不同角度的着眼点:1、语法一致2、意义一致3、就近原则。
主谓一致的原则是指,主语和谓语从语法形式上取得一致:主语是单数形式,谓语也采取单数形式;主语是复数形式,谓语亦采取复数形式。
例如:A grammar book helps you learn something about the rules of a language.(主语是单数形式,谓语也采取单数形式)语法书帮助你学习语言的某些规则。
Grammar books help you learn something about the rules of a language.(主语是复数形式,谓语也采取复数形式)语法书帮助你学习语言的某些规则。
主语和谓语从语法形式上取得一致的问题远不只上述的那么简单,有许多方面的情况需要去具体地对待:#不定式、动名词、以及从句作主语时应看作单数,谓语动和不可数名词并不是一尘不变的。
英文中的很多词都是一词多义,名词词用单数。
例如:Reading often means learning .读书常意味是学习。
To read English aloud every morning does you a lot of good.每天早晨朗读英语有许多好处。
What he said has been recorded .他说的话已被录音了。
## 不定代词one, every, each, everybody, everyone, one of, no one, nothing, nobody, someone, somebody, either, neither, many a 等作主语或是修饰主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数。
例如:Neither of my sisters likes sports .我的妹妹中没人喜欢运动。
Many a student takes a walk on campus after dinner.许多学生晚饭后常在校园里散步。
Every boy and girl shows great interest in extra-curriculum activities .每个男孩和女孩对课外活动都表现出很大的兴趣。
### 表示国家、机构、事件、作品等名称的专有名词作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数。
例如:One Thousand And One Nights tells people lots of mysterious bits of folklore .《一千零一夜》给人们讲了许多神秘的民间传说。
The United States is leading the world in science and technology .美国常在世界科技方面领先。
The United Nations play an important role in the international affairs .联合国在国际事务中起着重要作用。
#### a portion, a series of, a kind of, the number of等与名词构成名词短语作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数。
例如:A series of high technology products has been laid out in the exhibition. 一系列高科技产品已在展览上展出。
The number of printing mistakes in some recent books often surprises people even to death.近来一些书籍里印刷错误的数量让人吃惊得要命。
A substantial portion of the reports is missing .这些报告都没有提及实质问题。
A kind of rose in the garden smells very pleasant.这座花园里有一种玫瑰香气怡人。
##### 由some, several, both, few, many, a number of 等词修饰主语、或是由它们自身作主语时应看作复数,谓语动词用复数。
另外,由and连接两个主语时,谓语一般用复数。
例如:On the seashore, some people are playing volleyball and some are lying in the sun. 海边,有些人在打排球,有些人躺着晒太阳。
Both of us are fond of watching football games .我们俩都喜欢看足球赛。
A number of will-be graduates are voluntarily going to work in the West of China. 许多即将毕业的学生打算自愿去中国西部工作。
###### 有些短语,如:a lot of, most of, any of, half of , three fifths of, eighty percent of, some of, none of, the rest of , all of等后接不可数名词、或是单数形式的名词作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数;但如果后接可数名词的复数形式作主语时应看作复数,谓语动词用复数。
例如:A lot of money in the shop was stolen yesterday when the electricity was suddenly cut off. 昨天突然断电时,那家商店丢失了许多钱。
A lot of books about Investment Fund have been published recently.最近出版了许多关于投资基金的书籍。
这一原则是指,从意义着眼来解决主谓一致问题。
有时主语形式上为单数,但意义上却是复数,那么谓语依意义也用复数形式;而有时主语形式上为复数,但意义上却是单数,那么谓语依意义亦用单数形式。
1)当主语后面接由as well as, as much as, accompanied by, including, in addition to, more than,no less than, rather than, together with等引导的词组时,其谓语动词的形式要依主语的单复数而定。
在这样的句子里,这些词所引导的词组不影响主语自身的单、复数形式,它们在句子里其实是状语。
也就是说,我们完全可以将这些词组搬到句首或是放到句末去。
从表面上我们也可以看出,它们与主语之间有","隔开。
例如:Petroleum, along with fuel gas, has recently risen in price.最近石油和燃料煤气的价格上涨了。
The teacher, with all his students, is going to have a picnic this weekend.老师打算这个周末与学生们一起去野炊。
The students, together with their teacher , are going to have a picnic this weekend.学生们打算这个周末与他们的老师一起去野炊。
The warehouse, with all its stockings, was burned last night.昨晚,那个仓库连同其所有的货物一起被烧毁了。
我们完全可以将上面句子中的那些词组都分别搬到句首或是放到句末去,因为它们在句子里是状语:Petroleum has recently risen in price, along with fuel gas.Along with fuel gas, petroleum has recently risen in price.The students are going to have a picnic this weekend together with their teacher. As well as the suitcase, the missing things have been found and returned to the owner. The missing things have been found and returned to the owner, as well as the suitcase.2)表示时间、金钱、距离、体积、重量、面积、数字等词语作主语时,其意义若是指总量应看作单数,谓语动词用单数;但如果其意义是指"有多少数量"则应该看作是复数,那么谓语动词也应该用复数。
例如:Four weeks are often approximately regarded as one month.人们常大约地将四个星期看成一个月。
Twenty years stands for a long period in one's life.二十年在人的一生里意味着一个很长的时期。
Eighty dollars are enough for a student to spend on food for one week.八十块钱给一个学生吃一个月的伙食是足够的了。
3) 形容词前加定冠词即"the + 形容词"作主语时,其意义若是指个人或是抽象概念应看作单数,谓语动词用单数;但如果其意义是指一类人则应该看作是复数,那么谓语动词也应该用复数。
例如:The young, on the one hand, often think of the old conservative. On the other hand, the old always consider the young inexperience. 一方面,青年人常认为老年人保守;另一方面,老年人总是认为青年人没有经验。
In many stories, the good are well rewarded and the bad are doomed to unfortunate. 在许多故事里,好人总是有好报;坏人注定要倒霉。
4)当and连接两个并列主语在意义上指同一人、同一物、同一事或者同一概念时,应看作单数,谓语动词用单数。