第二讲 非谓语动词
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第二章非谓语动词一、考点聚焦2、动词不定式复心中应注意的几个问题(1)不定式作表语与“be + to do sth.”的异同。
不定式作表语说明主语的内容或性质。
His job is to guard.(说明内容)be + to do sth.(表示按计划要做的事)(2)带不定式作宾语的词语。
下列词语常不定式作宾语:afford、promise、refuse、expect、hope、learn、offer、wish、want、fail、plan、agree、forget、like、prefer、decide、manage、try、arrange、determine、desire 等。
下列动词后可接疑问词+不定式:teach、decide、wonder、show、learn、forget、ask、find、out、advise、discuss等。
(3)如何理解和使用不定式作宾补。
①动词see、watch、notice、hear、listen to、observe、feel、taste、smell、make、let、have 等的宾补用动词原形,变被动时要加to,此时的不定式就是主语补足语。
②常用带不定式作宾补的几种情况:主语+ ask / require / tell / order / force / get / want / like + sb.to do sth.③主语+ think / judge / suppose / believe / consider /imagine/consider / feel + sb. + to be/ to have done④主语+ call on / upon / depend on / wait for / ask for + sb.+ to do sth.(4)不定式作定语的特殊用法。
①下列词语后常接不定式作定语:chance、wish、right、cou rage、need、promise、time、opportunity、way、the first、the second、the last、the only等。
第二讲非谓语动词1.(2016·高考全国乙卷语法填空)I was the first Western TV reporter (permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.2.(2016·高考全国乙卷语法填空)My ambassadorial duties will include (introduce) British visitors to the 120-plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research centre in the misty mountains of Bifengxia.3.(2016·高考全国甲卷语法填空)If you find something you love doing outside of the office,you'll be less likely (bring) your work home.4.(2016·高考全国丙卷语法填空)Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal (create) special designs.5.(2016·高考全国丙卷语法填空)The Chinese have used chopsticks for five thousand years. People probably cooked their food in large pots,(use) twigs (树枝) to remove it.6.(2015·高考全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)When a new day breaks,the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough (cool)the house during the hot day.7.(2015·高考陕西卷短文改错)...I might have to retire again next year just get some more of these biscuits.8.(2014·高考陕西卷短文改错)One evening at sunset,we sat by the fire,have our barbecue.9.(2015·高考全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)Abercrombie & Kent,a travel company in Hong Kong,says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people (live)in Shanghai and Hong Kong.10.(2015·高考全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)A study of travelers(conduct)by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.11.(2015·高考全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)The adobe dwellings(土坯房)(build)by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even the most modern of architects and engineers.12.(2015·高考全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)In addition to their simple beauty,what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their ability to “air condition”a house without (use)electric equipment.13.(2014·高考全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)One morning,I was waiting at the bus stop,worried about (be)late for school.14.(2014·高考全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver,but he refused (stop)until we reached the next stop.15.(2014·高考全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)It took years of work(reduce)the industrial pollution and clean the water.答案:1.permitted 2.introducing 3.to bring 4.to create ing 6.to cool7.just后加to 8.have→having9.ing13.being14.to stop15.to reduce1.巧记三种非谓语动词作状语的基本区别(1)若非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间是主动关系,且正在进行,要想到用现在分词形式(doing);(2)若非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间是被动关系,且表完成,要想到用过去分词形式(done);(3)若非谓语动词表将来的动作,作状语表示目的,在喜怒哀乐的形容词后作原因或意料之外的结果等要想到用不定式形式(to do)。
第二讲非谓语动词(对应学生用书第6页)1.(2017·江苏高考卷)Many Chinese brands,________ their reputations over centuries,are facing new challenges from the modern market.A.having developed B.being developedC.developed D.developingA[考查非谓语动词。
句意:很多中国品牌历经几个世纪树立了声誉,它们正面临着当代市场带来的新挑战。
本句的主语“Many Chinese brands”与动词“develop”之间是主动关系,因此用现在分词,又根据句中的时间状语“over centuries”可知,此处应该使用现在分词的完成式。
故答案为A。
] 2.(2016·江苏高考卷)In art criticism,you must assume the artist has a secret message ________ within the work.A.to hide B.hiddenC.hiding D.being hiddenB[考查非谓语动词。
句意:在艺术评论中,你必须假设艺术家在作品中隐藏了一个秘密信息。
句中message与hide是逻辑上的被动关系,故用过去分词作后置定语。
]3.(2015·江苏高考卷)Much time ________ sitting at a desk,office workers are generally troubled by health problems.A.being spent B.having spentC.spent D.spendingC[考查非谓语动词。
句意:因为坐办公室的时间太长,所以工作人员一般都受健康问题的困扰。
句首用独立主格结构在句中作状语,表示原因。
第二讲非谓语动词一、改正下列句子中的唯一错误:1.For the whole afternoon they sang and danced happily without think about their schoolwork.【答案】.think→thinking【解析】without为介词,其后接名词、代词或动名词作宾语。
故将think改为thinking。
2.Having something to do on the train,I couldn't help think about the scene of leaving and felt terribly sorry.【答案】.think→thinking【解析】couldn't help doing sth.为固定搭配,意为“情不自禁做某事”,故将think改为thinking。
3.With my eyes filling with tears,I came into Mr. Li's office.【答案】.filling→filled【解析】此处为“with+宾语+宾补”结构,fill与宾语eyes之间是动宾关系,故用过去分词作宾补4.In regard to protect the environment,we have many things to do.【答案】.protect→protecting【解析】in regard to意为“关于……”,其中to是介词,其后接名词或动名词。
故将protect改为protecting5.Saw the 18 candles burning,I couldn't keep back my tears.【答案】.Saw→Seeing【解析】see在句中作状语,与主语之间存在主动关系,故用现在分词形式。
6.We finally realized it isn't easy to being a teacher .【答案】.being→be【解析】it is+adj.+to do sth.意为“做某事是……的”,it充当形式主语,真正的主语是动词不定式短语,to后加动词原形7.I am interested in your culture and want know more about it.【答案】.在want后加to【解析】want to do sth.为固定搭配,意为“想要做某事”。
第二讲非谓语动词教学重点1, 非谓语动词和谓语动词的区别;2, 非谓语动词的各种形式和应用;3, 非谓语动词的考点解析。
一、非谓语动词与非谓语动词的区别1•谓语动词在句中可单独作谓语,而非谓语动词不能单独作谓语。
如:Miss Mary teaches us English .玛丽教我们英语。
(teaches是谓语动词。
)Mr Victor came to our classroom to have a talk with us last week.维克托先生上周末来到了我们教室和我们谈话。
(to have a talk不定式作状语)2•谓语动词受主语的人称和数的限制,而非谓语动词形式没有这种限制。
如:Tom likes the pop music.汤姆喜欢流行音乐。
(动词用第三人称单数形式)Tom has nothing to do today.汤姆今天没有什么事要做。
(do用原形)二、非谓语动词的各种形式和应用非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和分词。
其动能和形式如下:非谓语动词在句中所做的成分如下:三、考点解析非谓语动词一直是高考中的热点。
解答非谓语动词的题目时,一定要解析句子结构,确定所设空是谓语动词还是非谓语动词,以及非谓语动词在句子中充当的功能(如状语、定语或宾补);找准相关动词的逻辑主语,确定该动词与逻辑主语是什么关系(主动还是被动);搜索句子中相关的时间信息,确定非谓语动词的恰当形式。
1 动名词和不定式作表语①如果表语是不定式,主语也是不定式;表语是动名词,主语也是动名词。
如:To see is to believe= See ing is believ ing.②动名词作主语的句型。
如:It is no use/no good/useless doing sth.It is a waste of time doing(也可用It is a waste of time to do)③动词不定式和动名词的复合结构:动词不定式的复合结构有两种:It is difficult/easy/possible/necessary/...for sb. to do sth和It is kind/wise/foolish/considerate/...of sb. to de。
第二讲非谓语动词A组单句语法填空1.(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments onboard Chang'e4 ________(find)and study areas of the South PoleAitken basin.解析:该句主句为Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments onboard Chang'e4;________(find) and study areas of the South PoleAitken basin为不定式在句中作目的状语。
答案:to find2.(2020·浙江卷7月)Agriculture gave people their first experience of the power of technology ________(change)lives.解析:考查非谓语动词(不定式)。
句意:农业让人们第一次体验到科技改变生活的力量。
此处用不定式作定语,修饰technology,故填to change。
答案:to change3.(2020·浙江卷7月)Later,they learned to work with the seasons,planting at the right time and,in dry areas,________(make)use of annual floods to irrigate(灌溉)their fields.解析:考查非谓语动词中的动词ing形式。
结合and和上文的planting可知,此处应该填making与其并列。
答案:making4.(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)They represent the earth ________(come)back to life and best wishes for new beginnings.解析:考查非谓语动词。
非谓语动词语法讲解一、非谓语动词的概念动词的基本用法是作谓语。
当句中已经有了谓语动词了,要选或要填的动词就只能用非谓语形式了。
非谓语形式有三种:1、动词不定式:to do 2、动词的ing : doing 3、动词的过去分词:done二、三种形式的含义(基本用法)不定式:表示目的和将来;动词的ing:表示主动和进行;过去分词:表示被动和完成。
三、非谓语动词的时态和语态一般式完成式进行式不定式主动to do to have done to be doing被动to be done to have beendoneing 形式主动doing having done 被动being done having beendone过去分词被动done四、非谓语动词的否定形式在非谓语动词前加not, never. 即 not / never to do, not / never doing五、非谓语动词的复合结构不定式的复合结构:for / of sb. to do sth.动词 ing 形式的复合结构:宾格或所有格+doing (-ing 形式作主语时,用的所有格+doing)六、非谓语动词的做题步骤1、判定是否用非谓语形式。
方法:看看句子中是否已有了谓语动词了2、找非谓语动词的逻辑主语。
方法:非谓语动词的逻辑主语一般是句子的主语。
3、判断主被动关系。
方法:非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的主动还是被动关系。
4、判断时间关系。
方法:分析句子,看看非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前、之后还是同时。
之前常用 done; 之后常用to do; 同时常用doing.学习非谓语形式时,建议把三种形式一起来比较学习,会更加有效一些。
七、非谓语动词作主语和表语的比较1、不定式和动名词作主语和表语a. 不定式表示一次性的、具体的动词。
动词ing 常表示一般的、泛指的或习惯性的动作。
如:________ is a good form of exercise for both young and old.A. The walkB. WalkingC. To walkD. Walk(分析) a good form 暗示泛指一般的行为,用动名词作主语,选 Bb. 不定式作主语时,常用it 作形式主语,即用句型:It is + adj. / n. + (for / of sb. ) to do sth.It’s important for us to learn English well.It’s kind of you to help us.注意:下面几个句型是用动名词:It’s no good / use doing sth.It’s usel ess doing sth.There is no need to do sth.2、不定式、动名词、分词作表语的比较1、不定式、动名词作表语,.表示主语的内容。
第二讲非谓语动词1.(2016·高考全国乙卷语法填空)I was the first Western TV reporter (permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.2.(2016·高考全国乙卷语法填空)My ambassadorial duties will include (introduce) British v isitors to the 120plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research centre in the misty mountains of Bifengxia.3.(2016·高考全国甲卷语法填空)If you find something you love doing outside of the office,you'll be less likely (bring) your work home.4.(2016·高考全国丙卷语法填空)Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal (create) special designs.5.(2016·高考全国丙卷语法填空)The Chinese have used chopsticks for five thousand years. People probably cooked their food in large pots, (use) twigs (树枝) to remove it.6.(2015·高考全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)When a new day breaks,the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough (cool)the house during the hot day.7.(2015·高考陕西卷短文改错)...I might have to retire again next year just get some more of these biscuits.8.(2014·高考陕西卷短文改错)One evening at sunset,we sat by the fire,have our barbecue.9.(2015·高考全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)Abercrombie & Kent,a travel company in Hong Kong,says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people (live)in Shanghai and Hong Kong.10.(2015·高考全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)A study of travelers(conduct)by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.11.(2015·高考全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)The adobe dwellings(土坯房)(build)by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even the most modern of architects and engineers.12.(2015·高考全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)In addition to their simple beauty,what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their ability to “air condition” a house without (use)electric equipment.13.(2014·高考全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)One morning,I was waiting at the bus stop,worried about (be)late for school.14.(2014·高考全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver,but he refused (stop)until we reached the next stop.15.(2014·高考全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)It took years of work(reduce)the industrial pollution and clean the water.答案:1.permitted 2.introducing 3.to bring 4.to create ing 6.to cool 7.just后加to 8.have→having9.living 10.conducted 11.built ing 13.being14.to stop 15.to reduce1.巧记三种非谓语动词作状语的基本区别(1)若非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间是主动关系,且正在进行,要想到用现在分词形式(doing);(2)若非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间是被动关系,且表完成,要想到用过去分词形式(done);(3)若非谓语动词表将来的动作,作状语表示目的,在喜怒哀乐的形容词后作原因或意料之外的结果等要想到用不定式形式(to do)。
第二讲非谓语动词[思维导图]Ⅰ.谓语动词和非谓语动词1.若提示词为动词,句中没有别的谓语动词,或者虽然已有谓语动词,但需填的动词与之是并列关系时,就该填谓语动词,此时要考虑时态、语态和主谓一致,有时还需考虑虚拟语气。
2.若提示词为动词,句中已有谓语动词,又不是并列谓语时,就该填非谓语动词,就要确定是v.-ing形式,v.-ed形式,还是不定式。
一般来说,v.-ing形式表示主动、进行;v.-ed形式表示被动、完成;不定式表示尚未发生的动作。
Ⅱ.非谓语动词的用法一、非谓语动词作状语1.动词不定式作状语(1)动词不定式作目的状语时,常位于句首或句中,形式上可用in order to do,so as to do,to do等,但so as to do不能置于句首。
In order to pass the exam,he worked hard.为了通过考试,他努力学习。
(2)动词不定式作结果状语时常用于too...to do,enough to do,so/such...as to,only/just to do结构中。
He is such a good teacher as to be respected by all his students.他是个如此好的老师,以至于受到他所有学生的尊敬。
He rushed to the station,only to find that the train had left.他匆忙赶到火车站,却发现火车已经开走了。
(3)在be happy/glad/sorry/sad/surprised to do sth结构中作原因状语。
He was surprised to be informed of the news.被告知这一消息,他感到吃惊。
2.分词作状语分词作状语时,其逻辑主语是句子的主语;一般在句中作时间、原因、方式、条件、伴随等状语。
(1)现在分词作状语时,分词表示的动作是由句子主语执行的,它们之间是主动关系。
Hearing the news,they got excited.听到这个消息,他们很兴奋。
(2)过去分词作状语时,分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作,它们之间是被动关系。
Given the right kind of training,these teenage soccer players may one day grow into international stars.如果给予正确的训练,这些青少年足球运动员有一天也许会成为国际明星。
二、非谓语动词作定语1.动词不定式作定语动词不定式作定语,通常置于所修饰的名词或代词之后,与所修饰的词之间构成逻辑上的主谓、动宾或同位关系。
She is always the first to come and the last to leave.(主谓关系)她总是第一个到,最后一个离开。
Have you got a letter to write?(动宾关系)你有一封信要写吗?Do you have the ability to read and write in English?(同位关系)你有用英语读写的能力吗?2.分词作定语(1)作定语的及物动词的分词形式为doing,being done和done。
当被修饰的名词与分词之间为主动关系时,用doing;当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示分词动作正在进行时,用being done;当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示分词动作已完成时,用done。
The lecture,starting at 7:00 p.st night,was followed by an observation of the moon with telescopes.讲座于昨晚七点开始,随后是用望远镜观察月球。
The houses being built are for the teachers.正在建的房子是给老师的。
The broken glass is Tom’s.这个打破了的杯子是汤姆的。
(2)作定语的不及物动词的分词形式为doing和done,doing表示正在进行;done 表示已经完成。
boiling water 正沸腾的水boiled water 开水3.动名词作定语动名词可置于名词前作定语,表示被修饰的名词的用途和性能。
a walking stick=a stick for walking 手杖a sleeping car=a car for sleeping 卧铺车三、非谓语动词作补足语1.后接动词不定式作宾补语的动词及动词短语(1)有些动词或动词短语后接动词不定式作宾补,即“动词/动词短语+宾语+to do”。
常见的这类动词或动词短语有:advise 建议allow 允许ask 询问;要求beg 恳求cause 导致encourage 鼓励permit 准许forbid 禁止force 强迫intend 打算invite 邀请order 命令;要求persuade 说服prefer 更喜欢require 需要;要求teach 教remind 提醒tell 告诉want 想要warn 警告wish 希望;想要wait for 等待call on 号召;要求depend on 依靠She patiently explained all the rules to the students and required everyone to follow them.她耐心地向学生解释了所有的规则,并要求每个人都遵循这些规则。
(2)下列句型中常用动词不定式作主语补足语,它们是:sb be said/believed/known/reported/considered/thought +to do/to have done/to be done/to be doing/to have been done sthHe is said to have been cheated in the street. 据说,他在大街上被骗了。
The accident is reported to have killed two people. 据报道,那次事故中有两人丧生。
2.非谓语动词作感官动词(短语)、使役动词的宾补(1)感官动词(短语)see ,watch ,observe ,look at ,notice ,hear ,listen to ,feel 的宾语补足语有四种形式, 以see 为例:see +宾语+⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧ ⎭⎬⎫doing sth 看见……正做..……do sth 看见……做了..……⇒宾语与宾补为逻辑上的主动关系 ⎭⎬⎫being done 看见……正在被做....done 看见……被做..⇒宾语与宾补为逻辑上的被动关系 I saw him leave a few minutes ago. 我看见他几分钟前离开了。
As I got closer ,I saw him kicking his legs in the air and breathing heavily. 当我走近时,我看见他的腿在空中乱踢,并且呼吸沉重。
I’d like to see the plan carried out. 我想看到这个计划被执行。
[名师指津] “感官动词+宾语+接省略to 的动词不定式作宾语补足语” 在变为被动语态时需加to 。
The thief was observed to enter the bank.(被动语态) 有人看见小偷进了银行。
(2)使役动词make ,let ,have ,get 后接复合宾语的情况:①make +宾语+⎩⎨⎧do 让……做……宾语与宾补为逻辑上的主动关系done 让……被做宾语与宾补为逻辑上的被动关系The teacher made some students stay in the classroom after school. 老师让一些学生放学后待在教室里。
He tried to make himself understood . 他尽量把自己的意思表达清楚了。
②let +宾语+⎩⎨⎧do 让……做……宾语与宾补为逻辑上的主动关系be done 让……被做宾语与宾补为逻辑上的被动关系Don’t let your child play with matches. 别让你的孩子玩火柴。
Let the work be done immediately. 工作要马上去做。
③have +宾语+⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧⎭⎬⎫do sth 让……做某事doing sth 使……持续做某事⇒宾语与宾补为逻辑上的主动关系done 使……被做⇒宾语与宾补为逻辑上的被动关系He had the fire burning all the night. 他让火燃烧了一夜。
He had his wallet stolen on his way home. 在回家的路上,他的钱包被偷了。
④get +宾语+⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧ ⎭⎬⎫to do sth 使……做doing sth 使……做⇒宾语与宾补为逻辑上的主动关系done 使……被做⇒宾语与宾补为逻辑上的被动关系She got her bike running very fast. 她把自行车骑得飞快。
I ’ll get my bike repaired tomorrow. 我明天要(请人)修一下我的自行车。
3.动词leave ,keep ,find ,catch 后加非谓语动词作复合宾语的情况(2)keep ⎩⎨⎧sb/sth doing 使某人/物一直做sb/sth done 使某人/物被做⇒表示被动且完成,或表示状态(3)find ⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧sb doing 发现某人正在做sb/sth done 发现某人/物 已经……⇒表示完成或状态sb/sth to be...发现某人/物……(4)catch sb doing sth 撞见某人正在做某事 4.“with +宾语+宾补”结构(1)with +名词/代词+现在分词,现在分词可表示主动和动作正在进行 He lay on the grass with his eyes looking at the sky. 他躺在草地上,眼望着天空。
(2)with +名词/代词+过去分词,过去分词可表示被动和动作已完成With his hair cut,he looked much younger.理了发,他看起来年轻多了。
(3)with+名词/代词+不定式,不定式表示动作尚未发生With a lot of homework to do,I can’t go skating with you.因为有很多作业要做,我不能和你一起去滑冰。