cmodels - sat-based disjunctive answer set solver

simcse 原理-回复标题：深入理解SIMCSE原理SIMCSE，全称为Sentence Infernece-based Multi-View Contrastive Learning for Semantic Text Embedding，是一种基于句子推断的多视图对比学习语义文本嵌入方法。

本文将逐步解析SIMCSE的原理，以帮助读者深入理解其工作机制。

一、引言在自然语言处理领域，语义文本嵌入是一种将文本转换为数值向量表示的方法，使得相似的文本在向量空间中有相近的距离。

然而，传统的文本嵌入方法如Word2Vec、GloVe等主要关注词汇级别的语义，对于句子级别的语义理解能力有限。

为此，SIMCSE提出了一种新的句子级别语义嵌入方法。

二、SIMCSE的基本框架SIMCSE主要包括两个主要部分：句子扰动和对比学习。

1. 句子扰动：SIMCSE通过随机masking句子中的部分词汇或者使用不同的预训练模型对同一句子进行编码，生成同一句子的不同视图。

这种操作可以增加模型的鲁棒性，并引入更多的语义信息。

2. 对比学习：生成的句子视图会被输入到一个共享的编码器（如BERT、RoBERTa等预训练模型）中，得到各自的嵌入表示。

然后，SIMCSE通过最大化同一句子不同视图的嵌入表示之间的cosine similarity，以及最小化不同句子的嵌入表示之间的cosine similarity，进行对比学习。

三、SIMCSE的工作流程以下是SIMCSE的具体工作流程：1. 数据预处理：首先，对输入的文本数据进行预处理，包括分词、去除停用词等操作。

2. 句子扰动：对每个句子进行两种类型的扰动操作，生成两个不同的视图。

一种是随机masking句子中的部分词汇，另一种是使用不同的预训练模型对同一句子进行编码。

3. 编码处理：将扰动后的句子输入到预训练的Transformer模型（如BERT、RoBERTa等）中，得到各自的嵌入表示。

sat内容-回复着名的SAT考试（全称为Scholastic Assessment Test，中文译为学术评估测试）是美国大学入学申请中所需的标准化考试之一。

它的题目范围广泛，涵盖了数学、阅读、写作等多个领域。

而今，我们将聚焦在一个具体的SAT题目，让我们一步一步来解答。

我们选择的SAT题目是：“读到这篇文章时，你曾经感到你曾退步，无法成长实力？”。

首先，我们需要仔细阅读题目，确保完全理解题意。

这个题目问的是在读这篇文章的过程中，是否曾经感到自己的实力有所退步，无法成长。

这是一个比较主观的问题，因此我们需要思考自己的回答，并找到能够支持自己观点的理由。

接下来，我们需要展开思路，构思文章的大纲。

为了回答这个问题，我们可以从以下几个方面展开讨论：1.回忆过去的成长经历2.评估目前的实力和成长潜力3.列举解决方法和达成目标的计划一旦我们有了这些基本的思路，我们就可以开始写作了。

第一段我们可以用来引入话题，并回答问题：“回顾过去的学习历程，我可以坦诚地说，我在某些环节确实曾经感到自己的实力有所退步，无法继续成长。

然而，这些经历并没有阻碍我持续努力学习和不断发展自己。

”第二段我们可以回忆过去的成长经历：“在过去的学习中，我曾经遇到各种各样的挑战和困难。

比如，在数学方面，我曾经在几何和代数课程上遇到困难，我觉得自己的数学能力退步了。

但是，我没有放弃，我积极寻求帮助，参加补习班和请教老师，最终我成功克服了这些问题并取得了进步。

”第三段我们可以评估目前的实力和成长潜力：“目前，我已经在学术和个人发展方面取得了一定的进步。

通过参加各种学术竞赛和科学实验，我发现我对科学领域有着特别的兴趣和天赋。

此外，我也积极参与学校社团和义工活动，提升自己的领导能力和团队合作能力。

我相信，通过不断地学习和努力，我依然具备进一步成长和发展的潜力。

”第四段我们可以列举解决方法和达成目标的计划：“为了克服我曾经的退步，我制定了一系列的解决方案和目标计划。

一种求解3-sat问题的新方法一、informationand ideas: the author's message （对文本信息的考察）包括以下题型：1文本细节的考查1）直接信息题（explicitmeaning），该类题型能够直接从文本中找到信息，题目中通常出现如下字眼"accordingto the passage," "states," "indicates,"等。

如：theauthors indicate that people value gift-giving because they feel it？2）暗含信息题（implicitmeaning），该类题型须要认知文本的暗含意思，题目中通常发生如下字眼"basedon the passage," "it can reasonably be inferred,""implies," 等。

例如：basedon the passage, the author's statement "" impliesthat？3）类比题（analogy），考察对文本内容特征的把握及应用，如"whichof the following situations is most analogous to the relationshipmentioned in line 5to 10?2文本论据的考查循证题（citingtextual evidence），要求为上一题的答案寻找论据或者为某个结论提供论据。

例如：whichchoice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previousquestion? （找寻上一题答案论据），或者inlines 46-50（"prosecutionssens"），whatis the most likely reason jordan draws adistinction between twotypes of "parties"? （为某个结论提供更多论据）循证题是对文本论据的考察，在每个篇章中会出现两题，共10题。

Conversation用法总结1. 概述Conversation是一种人与机器之间进行对话的方式，它允许用户提出问题或发表陈述，并从机器中获取有关特定主题的信息。

在人工智能领域，Conversation被广泛应用于各种任务，如聊天机器人、智能助手和客服系统等。

通过理解和生成自然语言，Conversation使得机器能够模拟人类对话，为用户提供个性化的服务和支持。

2. Conversation的重要观点2.1 自然语言理解（Natural Language Understanding, NLU）自然语言理解是Conversation中的重要环节，它涉及将用户输入的自然语言文本转换为可理解和处理的形式。

NLU技术通常包括词法分析、句法分析、语义分析等子任务，旨在从文本中提取出关键信息，并确定用户意图和上下文。

2.2 对话管理（Dialog Management）对话管理是Conversation中的关键组成部分，它负责根据用户输入和系统状态来决定如何生成回复。

对话管理涉及到对上下文进行建模和维护，以便能够正确地响应用户，并采取适当的行动。

常用的对话管理方法包括基于规则、基于有限状态机和基于强化学习的方法。

2.3 自然语言生成（Natural Language Generation, NLG）自然语言生成是Conversation中的另一个重要环节，它负责将机器生成的信息转换为自然语言文本，以便向用户传达回复。

NLG技术通常涉及到文本生成、语音合成等任务，旨在产生流畅、连贯且符合语法规则的输出。

2.4 多轮对话（Multi-turn Conversation）多轮对话是Conversation中常见的场景之一，它涉及到用户和机器之间进行多次交互来完成一个任务。

在多轮对话中，对话管理起着至关重要的作用，需要能够正确地理解上下文、处理用户意图并生成合适的回复。

2.5 评估与优化（Evaluation and Optimization）评估与优化是Conversation系统开发过程中必不可少的一环。

有关初中科学精神的英语作文“The Importance of Scientific Spirit in Middle School”Science is an essential part of our lives, and it plays a crucial role in shaping our understanding of the world. In middle school, students are introduced to the wonders of science, and it is during this time that they begin to develop a scientific spirit. A scientific spirit encompasses a set of values and attitudes that are essential for success in science and beyond.One of the key aspects of a scientific spirit is curiosity. Curiosity drives us to ask questions, seek answers, and explore the unknown. In middle school science classes, students are encouraged to be curious and to ask questions about the natural world. This curiosity leads to a deeper understanding of scientific concepts and helps students develop critical thinking skills.Another important aspect of a scientific spirit is objectivity. Science is based on evidence and observation, and it is important for students to approach scientific inquiries with an open and objective mind. In middle school, students learn to design experiments, collect data, and analyze results. By doing so, they learn to evaluate evidence and draw conclusions based on facts rather than personal biases or beliefs.In addition to curiosity and objectivity, a scientific spirit also includes a sense of skepticism. Skepticism allows us to question assumptions, challenge conventional wisdom, and look for alternative explanations.In middle school, students are taught to think critically and to evaluate the validity of scientific claims. This skepticism helps them to develop a more nuanced understanding of science and to avoid accepting information at face value.Furthermore, a scientific spirit emphasizes the importance of collaboration and communication. Science is a collaborative endeavor, and scientists often work in teams to solve complex problems. In middle school, students learn to work together in groups, share ideas, and communicate their findings. This collaboration and communication skills are essential for success in any field.Finally, a scientific spirit requires a commitment to lifelong learning. Science is constantly evolving, and new discoveries are being made all the time. In middle school, students are exposed to the latest scientific research and are encouraged to stay up-to-date with the latest developments in their fields of interest. This commitment to lifelong learning helps students to stay engaged and passionate about science throughout their lives.A scientific spirit is essential for success in science and beyond. By developing curiosity, objectivity, skepticism, collaboration, communication, and a commitment to lifelong learning, middle school students can lay a solid foundation for a future in science or any other field. As educators, it is our responsibility to foster these values and attitudes in our students and to inspire them to become lifelong learners and critical thinkers.。

《计算机视觉》题集大题一：选择题1.下列哪项不属于计算机视觉的基本任务？A. 图像分类B. 目标检测C. 语音识别D. 语义分割2.在卷积神经网络（CNN）中，以下哪项操作不是卷积层的主要功能？A. 局部感知B. 权重共享C. 池化D. 特征提取3.下列哪个模型在图像分类任务中首次超过了人类的识别能力？A. AlexNetB. VGGNetC. ResNetD. GoogleNet4.以下哪个算法常用于图像中的特征点检测？A. SIFTB. K-meansC. SVMD. AdaBoost5.在目标检测任务中，IoU （Intersection over Union）主要用于衡量什么？A. 检测框与真实框的重叠程度B. 模型的检测速度C. 模型的准确率D. 模型的召回率6.下列哪项技术可以用于提高模型的泛化能力，减少过拟合？A. 数据增强B. 增加模型复杂度C. 减少训练数据量D. 使用更大的学习率7.在深度学习中，批归一化 （Batch Normalization）的主要作用是什么？A. 加速模型训练B. 提高模型精度C. 减少模型参数D. 防止梯度消失8.下列哪个激活函数常用于解决梯度消失问题？A. SigmoidB. TanhC. ReLUD. Softmax9.在进行图像语义分割时，常用的评估指标是？A. 准确率B. 召回率C. mIoU（mean Intersection over Union）D. F1分数10.下列哪个不是深度学习框架？A. TensorFlowB. PyTorchC. OpenCVD. Keras大题二：填空题1.计算机视觉中的“三大任务”包括图像分类、目标检测和______。

2.在深度学习模型中，为了防止梯度爆炸，常采用的技术是______。

3.在卷积神经网络中，池化层的主要作用是进行______。

4.YOLO算法是一种流行的______算法。

5.在进行图像增强时，常用的技术包括旋转、缩放、______和翻转等。

一、选择题1.在进行模型训练前，数据预处理的主要目的是什么？A.提高模型的准确率B.减少模型训练时间C.使数据集更符合实际业务需求D.以上都是（答案）2.下列哪项不是特征工程中的常见方法？A.数据归一化B.类别特征编码C.数据增强D.缺失值处理（答案）3.在深度学习中，为了防止过拟合，可以采取以下哪种策略？A.增加模型复杂度B.减少训练数据C.使用Dropout技术（答案）D.提高学习率4.下列哪个算法属于监督学习？A.K-means聚类B.主成分分析(PCA)C.支持向量机(SVM)（答案）D.DBSCAN5.在训练神经网络时，损失函数(loss function)的作用是？A.评估模型的预测误差（答案）B.决定模型的结构C.控制训练的速度D.决定数据的分割方式6.下列哪项技术常用于处理序列数据，如文本或时间序列？A.卷积神经网络(CNN)B.循环神经网络(RNN)（答案）C.生成对抗网络(GAN)D.深度信念网络(DBN)7.在模型评估阶段，准确率(Accuracy)高但召回率(Recall)低，可能表明模型存在什么问题？A.模型过于复杂B.类别不平衡问题（答案）C.训练数据不足D.过拟合8.以下哪种方法可以用来优化神经网络的超参数？A.梯度下降法B.网格搜索（答案）C.反向传播D.批量归一化9.在进行模型部署时，以下哪项不是常见的考虑因素？A.模型的推理速度B.模型的存储需求C.模型的训练时间（答案）D.模型的可解释性10.对于不平衡数据集，以下哪种策略可能有助于改善模型的性能？A.欠采样多数类（答案）B.过采样少数类C.增加数据集的大小D.以上都是。

中学英语课程与教学论智慧树知到课后章节答案2023年下湖北师范大学湖北师范大学第一章测试1.What does the functional view of language see language? ( )A:a communicative tool to build up and maintain social relations betweenpeopleB:a linguistic system made up of various subsystemsC:a linguistic system and a means for doing thingsD:a system of categories based on the communicative needs of the learner答案:a linguistic system and a means for doing things2.The interactional view of language believes that language is ________ ( )A:a communicative tool to build up and maintain social relations betweenpeopleB:a linguistic system made up of various subsystemsC:a linguistic system and a means for doing thingsD:a system of categories based on the communicative needs of the learner答案:a communicative tool to build up and maintain social relationsbetween people3.The structural view of language sees language as a linguistic system made upof various subsystems.（）A:错 B:对答案:对4.The influential result of the behaviourism is the audio-lingual method.（）A:对 B:错答案:对5.Teachers should reflect on their work only after they finish a certain periodof practice.（）A:对 B:错答案:错6.What qualities are considered good qualities of a good teacher? ( )A:Hard working, disciplinedB:Kind, humorous, well informed C:Well prepared, dynamic D:Patient答案:Hard working, disciplined;Kind, humorous, well informed;Well prepared, dynamic;Patient7.In the past century, language teaching and learning practice has beeninfluenced by different views of language, they are ( )A:The functional view of languageB:The linguistic view of languageC:The interactional view of languageD:The structural view of language答案:The functional view of language;The interactional view of language;The structural view of language8.The second stage of the development of teachers’ professional competenceinvolves ( )A:practiceB:learningC:reflectionD:Training答案:practice;learning;reflection第二章测试1.What is the ultimate goal of foreign language teaching? ( )A:Enable students to speak standard English.B:Enable students to achieve fluency of English language structure.C:Enable students to use the foreign language in work or life.D:Enable students to achieve accuracy of English language structure.答案:Enable students to use the foreign language in work or life.2.What is the possible solution to bridge the gap between classroom languageand real-life language? ( )A:Task-based teaching and learning B:Engage——study——activateC:Presentation, practice and production D:Communicative language teaching答案:Communicative language teaching3.What is linguistic competence concerned with? ( )A:Knowledge of language itself, its form and meaningB:Strategies one employs when there is communication breakdown due to lack of resourcesC:Appropriate use of the language in social contextD:Ability to create coherent written text or conversation and the ability to understand them答案:Knowledge of language itself, its form and meaning4.CLT is the further development of TBLT.（）A:对 B:错答案:错5.Pragmatic competence concerned with appropriate use of the language insocial context. ( ）A:对 B:错答案:对6.Teachers need to address these sets of questions when design task ( )A:How is the task be carried out?B:What is objective of a task?C:In what situation is the task to be carried out?D:What is the content of the task?答案:How is the task be carried out?;What is objective of a task?;In what situation is the task to be carried out?;What is the content of the task?7.What are the main features of communicative competence? ( )A:Linguistic competence and pragmatic competenceB:Strategic competenceC:FluencyD:Discourse competence.答案:Linguistic competence and pragmatic competence;Strategic competence;Fluency;Discourse competence.8.Which ones are true about six criteria for evaluating how communicativeclassroom activities are? ( )A:The activity should be designed to control what language the studentsshould use.B:When students are doing the activity. They must focus on the form, not on the meaning.C:The activity should involves the students in performing a realcommunicative purpose rather than just practicing language for its own sake.D:The activity must be designed to be done by students working bythemselves rather than with the teacher.答案:The activity should involves the students in performing a realcommunicative purpose rather than just practicing language for its own sake.;The activity must be designed to be done by students working bythemselves rather than with the teacher.第三章测试1.在英语学科核心素养的四个要素中, 语言能力构成英语学科核心素养的基础要素;文化意识体现英语学科核心素养的价值取向;思维品质体现英语学科核心素养发展的心智特征, 学习能力构成英语学科核心素养发展的重要条件和保障。

NoisyChannel模型纠正单词拼写错误本⽂介绍 Stanford《From Languages to Information》课程中讲到的单词拼写错误纠正。

背后的数学原理主要是贝叶斯公式。

单词拼写错误纠正主要涉及到两个模型：⼀个是Nosiy Channel模型，它是贝叶斯公式中的似然函数；另⼀个模型是Language Model，它是贝叶斯公式中的先验概率。

⼀，问题描述在这句话中“. . . was called a “stellar and versatile acress whose combination of sass and glamour has defined her. . .”，有⼀个错误的单词：acress 这个错误单词 acress 对应的正确单词是哪个呢？是 actress？还是cress？还是 caress？……⼆，出现单词拼写错误的情形⼀种是 Non-word spelling errors，它是指：错误的单词不存在于词典中。

也就说，你键盘输⼊了⼀个单词，⽽这个单词根本没有被英⽂词典收录，在字典中查不到。

⽐如你将正确的单词graffe，多打了⼀个字符 i ，变成了 giraffe，⽽英⽂字典中根本没有 giraffe这个单词。

另⼀种是 real-word errors，⽐如：想输⼊there are，结果输⼊成了three are。

⽽错误单词 three 是存在于字典中的，关键问题是：怎么知道将 three 改成 there 呢？三，单词拼写错误的纠正步骤①⾸先检测出是哪个单词发⽣了拼写错误。

这可以通过查字典来实现，⽐如依次扫描每个单词，若该单词不在词典中(未被词典收录)，则认为它是⼀个拼写错误的单词。

显然，词典越⼤，词典收录的单词越多，我们就越能正确检测出错误的单词。

②其次，是要从⼀组候选的正确单词中，选择⼀个“最准确”的单词，⽽这个“最准确”的单词，就是要找的结果（错误单词对应的正确单词）。

2021大数据知识竞赛考试题及答案1、以下哪项不属于大数据的特征？数据量大数据类型复杂单位处理数据的速度高数据价值密度高【正确答案】2、以下哪项不属于大数据流式处理典型业务应用场景？实时营销实时服务实时监控用户画像【正确答案】3、以下不属于Hadoop内核的组成部分的是HDFSMapReduceHbase【正确答案】YARN4、HDFS默认的当前工作目录是/user/$USER，的值需要在下列哪一个配置文件内说明？mapred-site.xmlcore-site.xml【正确答案】hdfs-site.xml以上均不是5、下列哪一项不属于HDFS相对于分布式系统而言特有的特性？高容错大文件存储大量的随机读应用【正确答案】高吞吐量6、下列存储HDFS某一时段NameNode内存元数据信息的是hdfs-site.xmlfsimage【正确答案】editsfstime7、以下哪个不是HDFS的守护进程？secondarynamenodedatanodemrappmaster/yarnchild【正确答案】namenode8、关于 SecondaryNameNode 哪项是正确的？它是 NameNode 的热备它是内存没有要求它的目的是帮助 NameNode 合并编辑日志，减少 NameNode 启动时间【正确答案】SecondaryNameNode 应与 NameNode 部署到一个节点9、以下哪一项不属于HDFS集群中的namenode职责维护HDFS集群的目录树结构维护HDFS集群的所有数据块的分布、副本数和负载均衡负责保存客户端上传的数据【正确答案】响应客户端的所有读写数据请求10、以下哪一项属于SecondaryNamenode的作用监控Namenode管理Datanode合并fsimage和editlogs【正确答案】支持Namenode HA11、下面哪个程序负责 HDFS 中实际数据的存储NameNodeJobtrackerDatanode【正确答案】secondaryNameNode12、关于HDFS集群中的DataNode的描述不正确的是DataNode之间不是独立的，相互之间会有通信和数据传输存储客户端上传的数据的数据块一个DataNode上存储的所有数据块可以有相同的【正确答案】响应客户端的所有读写数据请求，为客户端的存储和读取数据提供支撑13、如果我们现有一个hadoop集群，默认存储文件3份，并且大文件会按照128M 的数据块大小进行切割分散存储，在不修改默认配置的情况下存储200个每个200M的文本文件，请问最终会在集群中产生多少个数据块（包括副本）？200400004001200【正确答案】14、下列选项中，哪一项是存储HDFS某一时段NameNode内存元数据信息？hdfs-site.xmlfsimage【正确答案】editsfstime15、HBase底层依靠什么进行数据的存储HDFS【正确答案】HiveMemoryMapReduce16、下列选项中，哪个选项是用于处理海量数据的并行编程模式和大规模数据集的并行运算的软件架构？GFSMapReduce【正确答案】ChubbyBitTable17、Mapreduce擅长哪个领域的计算离线批处理【正确答案】DAG计算流式计算实时计算18、在MapReduce中哪一个阶段，把Mapper的输出数据归并整理后分发给Reducer处理Shuffle【正确答案】MapReduceSort19、关于MapReduce原理，下面说法错误的是分为Map和Reduce两个阶段Map阶段由一系列Map任务组成Reduce阶段由一系列Reduce任务组成Map阶段与Reduce阶段没有任何依赖关系【正确答案】20、下列哪个程序通常与NameNode 在同一个节点启动TaskTrackerDataNodeSecondaryNameNodeJobtracker【正确答案】21、MapReduce的Map函数产生很多的keyvalue<key,value>【正确答案】Hash22、下面关于Hive，说法错误的是Hive支持所有标准SQL语法【正确答案】Hive底层采用的计算引擎是MapReduceHive提供的HQL语法，与传统SQL很类似Hive Server可采用MySQL存储元数据信息23、下列哪项通常是Hadoop中MapReduce集群的最主要瓶颈CPU网络磁盘【正确答案】内存24、Hadoop框架的缺陷不包括MR编程框架的限制过多的磁盘操作,缺乏对分布式内存的支持无法高效低支持迭代式计算海量的数据存储【正确答案】25、YARN的调度算法不包括以下哪种FIFO SchedulerFair SchedulerCapacity SchedulerStack Scheduler【正确答案】26、YARN和MapReduce的关系是MapReduce是一个计算框架，可运行在YARN之上【正确答案】YARN是一个计算框架，可运行在MapReduce之上MapReduce和YARN无直接关系以上回答均不正确27、下列选项中，哪个是用来将Hadoop和关系型数据库中的数据相互转移的工具？ZookeeperSqoop【正确答案】HIVESpark28、Hadoop 大数据平台在整个数据挖掘的过程中，起到的作用是数据源处理数据清洗和装载【正确答案】数据展现CUBE生成29、以下哪一项是大数据的核心告知与许可预测【正确答案】匿名化规模化30、以下哪一项是用于处理海量数据的并行编程模式和大规模数据集的并行运算的软件架构。

A-PDF OFFICE TO PDF DEMO: Purchase from to remove the watermark 营销管理》》概念之中英文对照营销管理《营销管理》概念之中英文对照上海交通大学管理学院李国振AAccelerated test marketing 加速试销Acceleration principle 加速原则Accuracy 准确性Activity-based cost accounting: ABC 作业成本会计Activity－based cost：ABC 活动－基础成本Adequate marketing information 充分的营销信息Administered VMS 管理式分销系统Advanced pricing agreement 事前定价协议Advertising 广告Advertising goal 广告目标Advocate channels 提倡者渠道Advocates clients 主动性客户Affinity 亲密关系Agent middlemen 代理中间商Aggressive demarketing response 大胆地减营销反应Allocating skills 分配技能Allowances 折让Annual call schedule 年度访问计划日程表Annual plan control 年度计划控制Annual planning stage 年度计划工作阶段Antimerger Act 反合并法Area market potential 地区市场潜力Area market specialists 地区市场专家Arranged interviews 安排访问Aspirational groups 崇拜性群体Asset turnover 资金周转率Assortment strategies 品种搭配战略At-home shopping channels 家庭购物频道Atmospheres 环境气氛Atmospheres atmospherics 环境气氛？Attention,interest,desire,action AIDA模式Attitudes 态度Attribution 归因Augmented product 附加产品Automatic vending 自动售货Available market 有效市场BBackward channel 后向渠道Backward flow 反向流程Backward integration 后向一体化Balanced orientation 平衡导向Bargain buyers 竞价购买者Bargaining 讨价还价Barter transaction 易货贸易Basic product 基础产品Basing-point pricing 基点定价Behavioral segmentation 行为细分Belief 信念Benefit segmentation 利益的细分化Best alternative to negotiation agreement: BATNA 谈判协议之最佳备选方案Bill of lading 提单Blanket contracts 长期订货合同Bonuses 红利Boston Consulting Group (BCG) 波士顿矩阵Bottom-up planning 自下而上计划工作Brainstorming 头脑风暴法Branchising 品牌专营Brand 品牌Brand acceptability 品牌接受度Brand awareness 品牌知晓度Brand beliefs 品牌信念Brand equity 品牌权益Brand familiarity 品牌熟悉Brand image 品牌形象Brand ladder 品牌阶梯Brand loyalty 品牌忠诚度Brand parity 品牌类型Brand preference 品牌偏好度Brand switchers 品牌转换者Brand-extension decision 品牌扩展决策Brand-form market 品牌试样市场Brand-form market 品牌试样市场Brank-even analysis 保本分析Break－even chart 保本图Bridge 桥梁者Brokers 经纪人Budget-to-sales ratio 预算对销售额比率Build 发展Bulletin board system : BBS 公告牌系统Business domain 业务范围Business services 业务服务Business strength 业务优势Buyclasses 购买等级Buyer intention surveys 购买者意图调查Buyer market 卖方市场Buyer turnover 顾客周转率Buyer-readiness stage 购买者待购阶段Buyflow 购买流程Buyflow map 购买流程图Buying behavior 购买行为Buying decision process 购买决策过程Buying roles 参入购买的角色Buying styles 采购方式Buyphases 采购阶段Bypass attack 绕道进攻By-product pricing 副产品定价CCall reports 访问报告Canned approach 固定法Capital items 资本项目Captive-product pricing 专属产品定价Cardinal utility 主要效用Cash cow 金牛类Cash discounts 现金折扣Catalog show rooms 样品目录陈列室Category development index 品种发展指数Category management 类目管理Causal-analysis diagram 因素分析图Census tracts 普查区域Central business districts 商业中心区Centralized purchasing 集中采购Chain ratio method 连比法Chains stores 连锁商店Channel captain 渠道领袖Channel competition 渠道竞争Channel conflict 渠道冲突Channel cooperation 渠道合作Channel lever 渠道级数Channels of distribution 分配渠道Cheaper goods strategy 廉价商品战略Child Protection Act 儿童保障法案Choosing the value选择价值City version 都市版本Classical conditioning theory 传统的条件作用理论Cleanliness 清洁Clients 客户Cliques 派系Clod calls 冷漠访问Closed-end questions 封闭式问题Closing the sale 达成交易Cluster analysis 集群分析Clustered preferences 集群偏好Co-branding 合作品牌Coercive power 强制力量Cold calls 冷漠访问Combination stores 联合商店Commerce control list 商品控制目录Commerce country chart 贸易国别表Commercial invoice 商业发票Commercialization 商业化Commission agent 佣金代理人Common market 共同市场Communicate the value传播价值Communication 沟通Communication adaptation 沟通传播适应Communication-effect research 沟通效果调研Company demand 公司需求Company marketing opportunity 公司营销机会Company performance 公司绩效Company potential 公司潜量Company sales forecast 公司销售预测Company sales forecast 公司销售预测Company sales potential 公司销售潜量Comparison advertising 比较广告Compensation deals 补偿贸易Competitive cycle 竞争周期Competitive differentiation 竞争差别化Competitive scopes 竞争范围Competitive strategies 竞争战略Complete industrialization 工业化Complex buying behavior 复杂的购买行为Complex sales-force structures 复杂的销售队伍结构Component co-branding 中间产品合作品牌Computer-aided design (CAD) 电脑辅助设计Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) 电脑辅助制造Concentrated marketing 集中营销Concentric diversification 同心多样化Concept development and testing 概念开发与测试Conclusion drawing 作出结论Conclusion drawing 结论阐述Conformance quality 一致性质量Conglomerate diversification 跨行业多样化Conjoint measurement 共变量衡量Consistency 黏度Consular invoice 领事发票Consumer behavior 消费者行为Consumer choice 消费者选择Consumer confidence measure 消费者信任衡量Consumer cooperatives 消费者合作社Consumer credit 消费者信用Consumer expenditure patterns 消费者支出模式Consumer information sources 消费者信息来源Consumer market 消费者市场Consumer promotion 针对消费者的促销Consumer satisfaction 消费者满意Consumer sentiment measure 消费者情绪衡量Consumer sovereignty 消费者主权Consumer testing 消费者测试Consumer-adoption process 消费者采购过程Consumer-goods classification 消费品分类Consumption system 整体消费系统Contact method 接触方法Containerization 集装箱Contingency plans 权变计划Continuity advertising 连续性广告Contract manufacturing 合同制造,契约式生产Contraction defense 收缩防御Contractual VMS 合同式分销系统Controlled test marketing 控制试销Convenience 便利Convenience food stores 方便食品店Convenience goods 方便品Coporate VMS 公司式分销系统Copy testing 文稿测试Core benefit 核心利益Core competence 核心能力Core concept of marketing 市场营销的核心慨念Core product 核心产品Corporate culture 公司文化Cost estimation 成本估计Cost reduction 成本降价Cost to the customer 顾客成本Cost-plus pricing 成本加成定价Counter purchase 反向购买Counter segmentation 反细分化Counter trade 对销贸易Counteroffensive defense 反攻式防御Creative marketing 创造营销Creativity research 创造性调研Credence qualities 信任质量Credulous person standard 轻信人指标Critical path diagram 关键线路图Critical path scheduling (CPS) 关键线路排序Cross-functional teams 跨职能小组Cross-impact analysis 交叉影响分析法Cues 诱因Cultural empathy 文化转移Cultural environment 文化环境Cultural factors 文化因素Current marketing situation 当前营销状况Current profit maximization 当期利润最大化Custom union 关税同盟Customary merchantable quality 通行的畅销品质量Customer attributes (CAs) 顾客属性Customer consulting 客户咨询Customer database 顾客数据库Customer database marketing 顾客数据库营销Customer defection rate 消费者流失率Customer delivered value顾客让渡价值Customer groups 顾客群Customer importance 顾客重要性Customer mailing list 顾客邮寄单Customer needs and wants 顾客需求和欲望Customer relationship management 客户关系管理Customer satisfying process 顾客满意过程Customer train 客户培训Customer-attitude tracking 消费者态度追踪Customers 顾客Customers union 关税Customer-service decision 顾客服务决策Customer-structured sales force 按顾客组织的销售队伍DData-collection methods 数据收集方法Dealer sales contests 经销商销售竞赛Death rate 死亡率Decision models 决策模型Decision-tree diagram 决策树图解Decline-stage 衰退期Declining market share 下降中的市场份额Decoding 解码Delivery 送货Delphi method 德尔菲法Demand 需求Demand curve 需求曲线Demand management 需求管理Demand measurement 需求衡量Demand/hazard forecasting 需求/风险预测Demographic environment 人口统计环境Demographic markets 人口统计市场Demographic segmentation 人口统计细分化Demographic segmentation 人文统计细分Department stores 百货商店Descriptive models 描述性模型Design 设计Desired image 期望印象Differentiated marketing 差异化营销Differentiation 差异化Diffused preferences 扩散偏好Direct costs 直接成本Direct export 直接出口Direct investment 直接投资Direct mail 直接邮寄Direct marketing 直接营销Direct of -response advertising 直复广告Direct product profitability 直接商品盈利率Direct purchasing 直接采购Direct-marketing channel 直接营销渠道Direct-order marketing 直接订货营销Direct-relationship marketing 直接关系营销Discount stores 折价商店，廉价商店Discriminated analysis 差别分析Discriminatory pricing 差别定价Disjunctive model of consumer choice 消费者选择的重点模式Display 陈列Disqualified prospects customer 不合格预期顾客Dissociative groups 隔离群体Dissonance-reducing buying behavior 减少不协调购买行为Distribution channel 分销渠道Distribution programming 分销计划Distribution-innovation strategy 分销创新战略Distributors 分销商（批发商）Diversification growth 多样化成长Diversification growth opportunities 多样化增长机会Divest 放弃Dogs 狗类Do-house 入户访问Donor markets 捐赠者市场Door to door retailing 挨家挨户零售Drive 驱动力Dual adaptation 双重适应Dual branding 双品牌Dumping 倾销Dumping and countervailing duty 倾销与反倾销Durable goods 耐用品EEarly-adopter theory 早期采用理论Economic value to the customer：EVC 顾客经济价值Eco-label 生态标志Efficient consumer response 消费者良好反应Ego drive 自我驱向Elderly consumers 老年消费者Electric date interchange (EDI) 电子数据交换Electronic Request for Item Classification 商品分类的电子申请Embargo 禁运Emergency goods 救济品Emotional appeals 感性诉求Empathy 感同力Encirclement attack 包围进攻Encoding 编码End users 最终用户Engineering attributes (EAs) 工程属性Environment threat 环境威胁Environmental change 环境变化Environmental forecasting 环境预测Environmental scanning 环境扫描Environmental threat 环境威胁Equity joint venture 股权式合资Esteem needs 尊重需要Evaluating effectiveness 评估效益Evaluation alternatives 可供选择方案的评估Evaluation procedure 评价程序Event creation 时间制造Events 事件Everyday fair pricing 每天公平定价Everyday low pricing：EDLP 天天低价Exchange 交换Exchange control 外汇控制Excise taxes 消费税Exclusive agent 独家代理人Exclusive dealing 排他性经营Exclusive distribution 专营Exclusive distribution 专营性分销Exclusive summary 经理摘要Exit barriers 退出障碍Expectancy-value model of consumer choice 消费者选择期望值模型Expected product 期望产品Expected service 预期服务Experience curve 经验曲线Experience or learning curve 经验或者学习曲线Experience qualities 经验质量Experimental design 实验设计Experimental research 实验法Expert channels 专家渠道Expert opinion 专家法Expert power 专家力量Export Administration Regulation 出口管理条例Export Control Classification Number 出口管制分类号Export declaration 出口申请表Export development 出口部Export License Application and Information Network 出口许可证申请和信息网Export management company 出口管理公司External environment 外部环境External marketing 外部营销FFactor analysis 因子分析Fair Credit Collecting Act 公正索债行为法案Fair Credit Reporting Act 公正信贷报告法案Fair Packaging and Labeling Act 公正包装和标签法案Family buying 家庭购买Family life cycle 家庭生命周期Fast-food industry 快餐行业Fear appeals 害怕性诉求Features 特点Fed 时尚Feedback 反馈Feedback-system diagram 反馈系统图Financial executives 财务主管Financial intermediaries 财务中介机构Financial leverage 财务杠杆率First-time customer 首次购买顾客First-time prospects 首次购买者Fishback 鱼背Five-Ms(5Ms): Mission 任务Fixed costs 固定成本Fixed price-and-incentive 固定价格与奖励Fixed-pricing 固定定价法Flank attack 侧翼进攻Flanking defense 侧翼防御Fluctuation demand 动摇不定的需求FOB origin pricing 原地运输工具上交货定价法Focus-group interviewing 集中小组面谈Focus-group research 焦点访谈座谈会Follow-up 续后工作Foreign Corporate Practices Act 反对外贿赂法Foreign-freight forwarder 代理公司Forgetting rate 遗忘率Formulated approach 公式化方法Forums 论坛Forward flow 正向流程Forward integration 前向一体化Fragile－market－share trap 脆弱的市场占有率陷阱Fragmented industry 裂化行业Franchise 特许经营Franchise organizations 特许经营组织Franchising 特许经营Free-trade area 自由贸易区Freight-absorption pricing 运费吸收定价Frequency 购买次数Frequency marketing programs (FMP) 频繁营销计划Frontal attack 正面进攻Full costing 总成本法Full coverage 全部覆盖Full-service retailing 全面服务零售Functional discounts 功能折扣Functional tests 功能测试Functional-relationship diagram 功能关系图GGame play 博弈计划Gatekeepers 守门人Gatekeepers 把关人General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 关税与贸易总协定General Agreement on Trade in Service (GATS) 服务贸易总协定Generation 代沟Generies 无品牌产品Geographic segmentation 地理细分Geographical organizations 地理区域性组织Geographical pricing 地理定价Geographical segmentation 地理细分化Geographical shifts in population 人口地理转移Geographical-expansion strategy 地理扩张战略Ghost shoppers 幽灵顾客Global marketing 全球营销Global organization 全球组织Global strategy 全球战略Glocal strategy 全球本地化战略Goal set 目标确定Goals-down-plans-up planning 目标下达、计划上报之计划工作Going－rate pricing 通行价格定价Going-rate pricing 随行就市定价法Goods-producing process 商品生产过程Goodwill 商誉Government markets 政府市场Government regulations 政府规定Growth opportunities 成长机会Growth stage 成长阶段Growth-share matrix 成长份额矩阵Growth-shave matrix 成长－份额矩阵Guarantees 保证Guerrilla attack 游击进攻HHabitual buying behavior 习惯的购买行为Harvest 收获Harvest/divest strategy 收获/放弃战略Heavy-user target marketing 大量使用者目标营销Heuristic programming 启发式规划Hierarchical objectives 层级目标Hierarchy-of-effects” model “影响的层级”模型High-context culture 高语境文化Hold 维持Home-country middleman 母国中间商Homogeneous preferences 同质偏好Horizontal channel 水平渠道Horizontal diversification 水平式多样化Horizontal integration 水平式一体化Horizontal marketing system 水平营销系统Hypermarches 巨型超级市场IIdea generation 构思产生Idea screening 构思筛选Idea-brand model of consumer choice 消费者选择的理想品牌模型Identity-building program 识别建立方案Image analysis 形象分析Image power 形象力Importance－performance 重要绩效分析Improved-services strategy 改进服务战略Impulse goods 冲动品Income distribution 收入分配Income segmentation 收入细分化Indend agent 定购代理人Index method 指数法Indirect export 间接出口Indirect exporting 间接出口Industrial markets 工业品市场Industrial-goods classification 工业品分类Industrial-goods market testing 工业品市场试销Industry 行业Industry attractiveness 行业吸引力Industry forecast 行业预测Inelastic demand 无弹性需求Information search 信息收集Informative advertising 通知性广告In-house marketing seminars 公司内部营销调研会Innovation diffusion 创新扩散Inseparability 不可分离性Inside sales force 内勤销售人员Installation 安装Institutional loyalty 社会公用事业忠诚Institutional market 机构市场Intangibility 无形性Integrated direct marketing 整合直接营销Integrated management information system 一体化的管理信息系统Integrated marketing 整合营销Integrated marketing communication 整合营销沟通Integrated marketing organization 整合营销组织Integrative growth 一体化成长Integrative growth opportunities 一体化增长机会Intensive distribution 密集性分销Intensive growth 密集成长Intensive growth opportunities 密集型增长机会Interacting skills 影响能力Interactive marketing 交互营销Intercept interviews 拦截访问Interest rate 利率Intermodal services 分式联运Internal accounting system 内部会计系统Internal marketing 内部营销International divisions 国际事业部International product life cycle 国际产品生命周期International subsidiaries 国际子公司Investment portfolio 投资组合JJoint venture co-branding 合资合作品牌Joint ventures 合资企业Joint venturing 合营Just-in-time production methods 准时生产方法KKey account concentration 关键客户集中化Kiosk 顾客订货机Knowledge arbitrage 知识套利LLabeling 标签Lead time 前量时间Lean production 精益生产Learning 学习Least-development countries (LLDCs) 最不发达国家Legitimate power 法律力量Length 长度Less-development countries (LDCs) 欠发达国家Lexicographic model of consumer choice 消费者选择的字典编纂式模型Liaison 联络者Licensing 许可证Life expectancy 预期寿命Life style 生活方式Lifetime value寿命价值Life-way groups 生活法群体Limited-service retailing 有限服务零售Line filling 产品线填补Local marketing 本地化营销Logical resistance 逻辑抵触Logical-flow diagram 逻辑流程图Logistics management 后勤管理Long-range-planning stage 长期计划工作阶段Long-term contracts 长期合同Low-context culture 低语境文化Low－quality trap 低质量陷阱Loyalty status 忠诚地位Lubrication 打点MMail questionnaire 邮寄调查表Mail-order retailing 邮购零售Maintenance and repair 维修Management by objectives 目标管理Management contract 出售管理合同Management contracting 契约式经营Management of objectives 目标管理Manufacturer’s export agent 制造商的出口代理Manufacturing-cost-reduction strategy 制造成本降低战略Manufacturing-driven 制造驱动Market attractiveness 市场吸引力Market broadening 市场拓宽Market challenger strategies 市场挑战者战略Market coverage strategies 市场覆盖战略Market crystallization stage 市场具体化阶段Market demand 市场需求Market demand function 市场需求函数Market development 市场发展Market diversification 市场多样化Market evolution 市场演进Market expansion stage 市场演进阶段Market follower strategies 市场追随者战略Market forecast 市场预测Market fragmentation stage 市场分装阶段Market growth rate 市场成长率Market logistics 市场后勤学Market measurement 市场衡量Market minimum 基本销售量Market minimum 市场最低点Market modification 市场改进Market opportunity analysis 市场机会分析Market opportunity index 市场机会指数Market orientation 市场导向Market partitioning 市场分割Market partitioning theory 市场分割理论Market penetration pricing 市场渗透定价Market penetration strategy 市场渗透战略Market positioning 市场定位Market potential 市场潜量Market prioritizing 市场优化Market probing 市场探察Market response function 市场反应函数Market segmentation 市场细分化Market share 市场份额Market specialization 市场专业化Market targeting 目标市场选定Market termination stage 市场终止阶段Market-buildup method 市场组合法Market-centered organization 以市场为中心的组织Marketing 营销Marketing administrative/management 营销管理Marketing allocation optimization 营销分配最优化Marketing audit 营销审计Marketing channel 营销渠道Marketing communications mix 营销沟通组合Marketing community 营销社团Marketing concept 营销观念Marketing controller 营销主计长Marketing culture 营销文化Marketing database 营销数据库Marketing decision support system (MDSS) 营销决策支持系统Marketing effectiveness rating review 营销效益等级评核Marketing efficiency studies 营销效益调研Marketing elasticity 营销弹性Marketing environment 营销环境Marketing expenditures 营销支出Marketing expense-to-sale analysis 营销费用对销售额分析Marketing hyperopia 营销远视症Marketing implementation 营销执行Marketing information system (MIS) 营销信息系统Marketing intelligence system 营销情报系统Marketing legislation 市场营销立法Marketing mix 营销组合Marketing network 营销网Marketing opportunity 营销机会Marketing orientation 营销导向Marketing philosophy 营销哲学Marketing process 营销程序Marketing profit ability analysis 营销盈利率分析Marketing public-relations 营销公关Marketing research 营销调研Marketing research 市场调查Marketing resource allocation 营销资源分配Marketing resources 营销资源Marketing sensitivity of demand 营销需求敏感性Marketing service agencies 营销服务机构Marketing targeting 市场选择Marketing test 试销Marketing-driven 营销驱动Marketing-mix modification 营销组合改进Marketing-mix optimization 营销组合最优化Market-leader strategies 市场领导者战略Market－niche strategies 市场补缺战略Market-oriented definitions of business 企业的市场导向定义Market-protection activities 市场保护行动Market-reconsolidation stage 市场再结合阶段Markets manager 市场经理Market-share leadership 市场份额领导地位Market-skimming pricing 市场撇脂定价Markov-process model 马尔可夫过程模型Mass market 大众化市场Mass marketing 大规模营销Mass marketing 大众化营销Mass media 大众媒体Materials and parts 材料和部件Matrix organization 矩阵组织Maturity stage 成熟阶段Maximarketing 最大化营销Measurement 衡量Media selection 媒体选择Mega marketing 大市场营销Megatrends 大趋势Merchandise selection 商品选择Merchant middlemen 中间商Merchant wholesales 批发商Message 信息Message content 信息内容Message evaluation and selection 信息评估和选择Message execution 信息执行Message generation 信息产生Message source 信息来源Micromarkets 微观市场Microsales analysis 微观销售分析Mini-market testing 微型市场测试Mini-max criterion 最小化的最大损失原则Miscellaneous service 多种服务Miscellaneous wholesales 其他批发商Missionary sales force 传教式销售队伍Missionary sales force 访问使团推销队伍Mobile defense 运动防御Model bank 模型库Modified rebuy 修正再采购,改进的再购买Monetary amount 购买金额Monitoring skills 监控技术Mono-chronic time 单一时间利用方式Moral appeals 道德诉求More-development countries (MDCs) 发达国家Morphological analysis 形态分析Multi-brand decision 多品牌决策Multichannel conflict 多渠道冲突Multi-channel marketing system 多渠道分销系统Multinational strategy 多国战略Multiple regression analysis 多元回归分析Multiple scenarios 多种情景描绘法Multiple –sponsor co-branding 多发起人合作品牌Multiple-factor index method 多因数指数法Multivariate statistical techniques 多变量统计技术NNational account management division 全国性大客户管理部National Environmental Policy Act 全国环境政策法案National traffic and Safety Act 全国交通和安全法案Need markets 需求市场Needs and wants 需求和欲望Need-satisfaction approach 需求-满足法Need-size-from-brand market 需要－规模－形式－品牌市场Negotiated exchange 谈判交换Negotiated-contract buying 按商定的合同购买Negotiation strategy 谈判(讨价还价)战略Networking 网络化Network-planning diagram 网络计划图Networks 网络Neural-networking software 神经网络软件New market strategy 新市场战略New product development 新产品开发New product failure rate 新产品失败率New product pricing 新产品定价New task 新任务New users and use 新用户和用途New-business plan 新业务计划Newly industrialized countries (NICs) 新型工业化国家Newsgroups 消息组Non-durable goods 非耐用品Non-personal communication channels 非人员沟通渠道Non-profit sector 非盈利部门Nonstore retailing 非商店零售Non-tariff barriers 非关税壁垒Nontraceable common cost 不可追溯的先期成本Norazi agent 走私代理商Novices 新手OObjective and task method 目标和任务法Objectives 购买目的Objects 购买对象Observational research 观察法Occasion segmentation 时机细分Occasions 购买时机Occupants 购买者Occupation/consumer behavior 职业/消费者行为Offer 提供物Oligopoly 垄断One-lever channel 一级渠道One-one marketing 一对一营销One-or-two messages 单面或双面信息Online marketing channel 网上营销渠道Open-bid buying 公开招标Open-end question 开放式问题Operational efficiency 工作效率Operations 营运Operations 购买行为Opportunities/threats analysis 机会/威胁分析Optional-product pricing 选购产品定价Order getters 订单争取者Order of presentation 展示次序Order point 订货点Order processing 订单处理Order takers 订单承接者Ordering ease 订货方便Order-routine specification 订单程序具体规定Order-shipping-billing cycle 订货－发运－开帐单周期Order-to-payment cycle 订单收购系统Organizational adaptability 组织的适应能力Organizational buyers 组织结构采购者Organizational climate 组织气候Organizational market 组织结构市场Organizational-environment fit 组织－结构相适应Organizations 购买组织Original equipment manufacture 设备制造商Outdoor advertising 户外广告Outlets 购买地点Outside sales force 外勤销售人员Over demand 供不应求PPackaging 包装Paired comparisons 配对市场Parallel importing 平行进口Partners 合伙人Penetrated market 渗透市场Perceived risk 认知风险Perceived service 感知服务Perceived value认知价值Perceived-value pricing 认知价值定价法Percentage-of-sales method 销售额百分率法Performance business 高绩效业务Performance quality 性能质量Performance review 绩效评核Periodic purchase orders 定期采购订单Perishability 易消失性Personal influence 个人影响Personal interviewing 面谈访问Personal selling 人员推销Persuasive advertising 劝说性广告Persuasive advertising 说服性广告Physical distribution 实体分配Physical distribution system 实体分配体系Physical environment 自然环境Physical evidence 实体证明Physiological needs 心理需要Piggyback 猪背Place 渠道Place utility 地点效用Point-of-purchase displays and demonstrations 售点陈列和示范Point-of-purchase processing 销售点程序Political power 政治权力Political/legal environment 政治/法律环境Poly-chronic time 多种时间利用方式Population growth 人口增长Portfolio plan 业务经营组合计划Position defense 阵地防御Postpurchase behavior 购买压后的行为Potential market 潜在市场Potential product 潜在产品Preemptive defense 先发制人防御Pre-industrial or commercial stage 前工业或商业阶段Prestige pricing 威望（领袖）定价法Prestige-goods strategy 威望（领袖）商品战略Price 价格Price dumping 价格倾销Price elasticity of demand 价格需求弹性Price escalation 价格阶升Price fixing 限定价格Price increases 提价Price packs 价格包Price points 价格点Price setting 限定价格Price steps 价格间距Price-discount strategy 价格折扣战略Primary data 第一手资料Primary demand 主要需求Primary manufacturing 初级制造业Product 产品Product adaptation 产品适应Product assortment 产品品种搭配Product attributes 产品品种属性Product buy-back agreement 产品回购协议Product categories 产品种类Product choice set 产品选择组合Product classification schemes 产品分类设计Product concept 产品概念Product decisions 产品决策Product features 产品特点Product hierarchy 产品层级Product image 产品形象Product innovation strategy 产品创新战略Product invention 产品发明Product life cycle 产品生命周期Product line 产品线Product- line decisions 产品线决的策Product mix 产品组合Product modification 产品改进Product orientation 产品导向Product positioning 产品定位Product proliferation strategy 产品扩散战略Product specialization 产品专门化Product style 产品试样Product support services 产品支持服务Product system 产品系统Product value analysis (PV A) 产品价值分析Product/Battlefield 产品/市场竞争形势图Product/market expansion grid 产品/市场格子Product/market expansion grid 产品/市场扩展方格Product-differentiated marketing 产品差异营销Production concept 生产观念Productivity 生产率Product-line decisions 产品线决策Product-line pricing 产品线定价Product-structured sales force 产品组织的销售队伍Product-use test 产品使用测试Professional purchasing 专业采购Profit equation 利润方程式Profit margin 净利润Profit optimization 利润最优化Profitability control 盈利率控制Profitable customer 有利益的顾客Profit-and-loss statements 损益表Programmed buyers 程序购买者Promotion 促销Promotion clutter 促销喧嚣Promotion mix 促销组合Promotional pricing 促销定价Proposal solicitation 征求供应建议书Prospects customer 预期顾客Provide the value提供价值Psychographic segmentation 按心理细分化Psychological discounting 心理性折旧Psychological life cycles 心理生命周期Psychological life-cycle stages 心理上的生命周期阶段Psychological pricing 心理定价法Psychological resistance 心理抵触Public opinion 公众意见Public relation 公共关系Public-interest groups 公共利益群体Publicity 公众宣传Pull strategy 拉动战略Pulsing advertising 间歇式广告Purchase decision 购买决策Purchase frequency 购买频率Purchase intention 购买意图Purchase probability scale 购买概率量表Purchase subdecisions 购买子决策Purchase taxes 进货税Purchasing-performance evaluation 采购绩效评估Pure competition 完全竞争Pure monopoly 完全独占Push money 推销金Push strategy 推动战略Push/pull strategy 推/拉战略QQualified available market 合格有效市场Qualified prospects customer 合格预期顾客Quantity discount 数量折扣Question mark 问题表Questionnaires 调查表Queuing models 排队模型RRacial population 种族人口Rate of return on net worth 净资产报酬率Rating scales 评价量表Rational appeals 理性诉求Real need 真实需求Real-income decline 实际收入下降Receiver 接受者Recency 近期购买Reciprocal marketing 双边营销Recruitment procedures 招聘程序Reference groups 相关群体Reference groups 参考群体Referent power 相关力量Referral networks 推荐网络Regional cooperation groups 区域性合作集团Reinforcement advertising 增援广告Relationship 关系Relationship buyers 关系购买者Relationship marketing 关系营销Relative market share 相对市场份额Reliability 可靠性Reminder advertising 提醒性广告Reminding advertising 提醒性广告Repairability 可维修性Repeat customer 重复购买顾客Repeat sales 重复销售Replacement sales 更新销售Reseller market 再售商市场Resident sales agent 外常驻销售代理人Resistance to marketing 对营销的阻力Response 反应Response compression 紧迫反应Response hierarchy models 反应层次模型Responsive marketing 响应营销Responsiveness 反应性Retail life cycle 零售生命周期Retail sales taxes 零售营业税Retailer cooperatives 零售商合作组织Retailer version 零售版本Return on assets 资产报酬率Return on investment 投资报酬率Reward power 报酬力量Risk taking 承担风险Rollout marketing 扩展营销Routinized exchange 惯例化交换Runaway inflation 脱缰式通货膨胀SSafety needs 安全需要Sale-effect research 销售效果研究Sale-estimation methods 销售估算法Sales agent 销售代理人（商）Sales analysis 销售分析Sales approach 推销方法Sales budget 销售预算Sales concept 销售观念Sales force 销售队伍Sales force compensation 销售队伍报酬Sales force efficiency 销售队伍效率Sales force estimates 销售队伍估计Sales force evaluation 销售队伍评价Sales force motivation 销售队伍激励Sales force objectives 销售队伍目标Sales force recruitment and selection 销售队伍招聘与挑选Sales force size 销售队伍规模Sales force stereotypes 销售队伍类型Sales force strategy 销售队伍战略Sales force structure 销售队伍结构Sales force supervision 销售队伍监督Sales force training 销售队伍培训Sales presentation 销售展示陈说Sales promotion 销售促进Sales quota 销售定额Sales-generation activities 实现销售的活动Salesmanship 销售技术Sales-response function 销售反应函数。

1. 深度学习中的“深度”通常指的是什么？A. 网络中隐藏层的数量B. 网络中节点的数量C. 网络中参数的数量D. 网络中输入层的数量2. 卷积神经网络（CNN）主要用于哪种类型的数据？A. 结构化数据B. 非结构化数据C. 图像数据D. 文本数据3. 在深度学习中，ReLU激活函数的优点是什么？A. 计算简单B. 防止梯度消失C. 输出范围无限D. 以上都是4. 以下哪种优化算法在深度学习中最常用？A. 梯度下降B. 随机梯度下降C. AdamD. 牛顿法5. 批量归一化（Batch Normalization）的主要作用是什么？A. 加速训练B. 防止过拟合C. 提高模型精度D. 以上都是6. 在深度学习中，过拟合通常是由于什么原因造成的？A. 模型太简单B. 数据太多C. 模型太复杂D. 数据太少7. 以下哪种技术可以用来防止过拟合？A. 数据增强B. 正则化C. DropoutD. 以上都是8. 在深度学习中，交叉熵损失函数通常用于哪种任务？A. 回归任务B. 分类任务C. 聚类任务D. 强化学习任务9. 以下哪种网络结构在自然语言处理中应用广泛？A. CNNB. RNNC. LSTMD. 以上都是10. 在深度学习中，注意力机制（Attention Mechanism）的主要作用是什么？A. 提高计算效率B. 增强模型对重要信息的聚焦C. 减少模型参数D. 防止过拟合11. 以下哪种技术可以用来处理序列数据？A. CNNB. RNNC. LSTMD. 以上都是12. 在深度学习中，迁移学习（Transfer Learning）的主要优势是什么？A. 减少训练时间B. 提高模型性能C. 减少数据需求D. 以上都是13. 以下哪种技术可以用来提高模型的泛化能力？A. 数据增强B. 正则化C. DropoutD. 以上都是14. 在深度学习中，生成对抗网络（GAN）的主要应用是什么？A. 图像生成B. 语音识别C. 自然语言处理D. 推荐系统15. 以下哪种技术可以用来生成新的数据样本？A. GANB. CNNC. RNND. LSTM16. 在深度学习中，强化学习（Reinforcement Learning）的主要特点是什么？A. 通过试错学习B. 需要大量标注数据C. 适用于静态环境D. 以上都不是17. 以下哪种技术可以用来处理无监督学习任务？A. 自编码器B. 聚类算法C. 生成模型D. 以上都是18. 在深度学习中，自编码器（Autoencoder）的主要作用是什么？A. 数据压缩B. 特征学习C. 数据生成D. 以上都是19. 以下哪种技术可以用来提高模型的鲁棒性？A. 数据增强B. 正则化C. DropoutD. 以上都是20. 在深度学习中，集成学习（Ensemble Learning）的主要优势是什么？A. 提高模型性能B. 减少训练时间C. 减少数据需求D. 以上都是21. 以下哪种技术可以用来提高模型的解释性？A. 可视化工具B. 特征选择C. 模型简化D. 以上都是22. 在深度学习中，元学习（Meta-Learning）的主要目标是什么？A. 快速适应新任务B. 提高模型性能C. 减少数据需求D. 以上都是23. 以下哪种技术可以用来处理多任务学习？A. 共享参数B. 任务特定的网络C. 多任务损失函数D. 以上都是24. 在深度学习中，知识蒸馏（Knowledge Distillation）的主要作用是什么？A. 模型压缩B. 提高模型性能C. 减少数据需求D. 以上都是25. 以下哪种技术可以用来提高模型的可扩展性？A. 分布式训练B. 模型并行C. 数据并行D. 以上都是26. 在深度学习中，半监督学习（Semi-Supervised Learning）的主要优势是什么？A. 减少标注数据需求B. 提高模型性能C. 加速训练D. 以上都是27. 以下哪种技术可以用来处理不平衡数据集？A. 重采样B. 代价敏感学习C. 集成方法D. 以上都是28. 在深度学习中，主动学习（Active Learning）的主要目标是什么？A. 减少标注数据需求B. 提高模型性能C. 加速训练D. 以上都是29. 以下哪种技术可以用来提高模型的可解释性？A. 可视化工具B. 特征选择C. 模型简化D. 以上都是30. 在深度学习中，对抗训练（Adversarial Training）的主要作用是什么？A. 提高模型鲁棒性B. 减少过拟合C. 加速训练D. 以上都是31. 以下哪种技术可以用来处理动态环境下的学习任务？A. 强化学习B. 迁移学习C. 元学习D. 以上都是32. 在深度学习中，多模态学习（Multi-Modal Learning）的主要目标是什么？A. 整合不同类型的数据B. 提高模型性能C. 减少数据需求D. 以上都是33. 以下哪种技术可以用来处理跨域学习任务？A. 迁移学习B. 元学习C. 多任务学习D. 以上都是34. 在深度学习中，增量学习（Incremental Learning）的主要优势是什么？A. 持续学习新知识B. 减少数据需求C. 提高模型性能D. 以上都是35. 以下哪种技术可以用来处理小样本学习任务？A. 元学习B. 迁移学习C. 数据增强D. 以上都是36. 在深度学习中，注意力机制（Attention Mechanism）的主要作用是什么？A. 提高计算效率B. 增强模型对重要信息的聚焦C. 减少模型参数D. 防止过拟合37. 以下哪种技术可以用来处理序列到序列的任务？A. RNNB. LSTMC. TransformerD. 以上都是38. 在深度学习中，Transformer模型的主要优势是什么？A. 并行计算B. 处理长序列C. 减少训练时间D. 以上都是39. 以下哪种技术可以用来提高模型的泛化能力？A. 数据增强B. 正则化C. DropoutD. 以上都是40. 在深度学习中，胶囊网络（Capsule Networks）的主要作用是什么？A. 提高模型性能B. 减少过拟合C. 提高对图像的理解能力D. 以上都是41. 以下哪种技术可以用来处理图像分割任务？A. CNNB. U-NetC. GAND. 以上都是42. 在深度学习中，U-Net模型的主要优势是什么？A. 处理小数据集B. 提高图像分割精度C. 减少训练时间D. 以上都是43. 以下哪种技术可以用来处理图像生成任务？A. GANB. CNNC. RNND. LSTM44. 在深度学习中，CycleGAN模型的主要作用是什么？A. 图像风格转换B. 图像生成C. 图像分割D. 以上都是45. 以下哪种技术可以用来处理图像超分辨率任务？A. GANB. CNNC. RNND. LSTM答案：1. A2. C3. D4. C5. D6. C7. D8. B9. D10. B11. D12. D13. D14. A15. A16. A17. D18. D19. D20. A21. D22. A23. D24. A25. D26. A27. D28. A29. D30. A31. A32. A33. A34. A35. A36. B37. D38. D39. D40. C41. B42. B43. A44. A45. A。

中学生标准学术能力诊断性测试-2024学年高三下学期3月测试英语试题Beyond the classroom, the US provides various job opportunities that allow students to gain practical experience, earn income and enhance their skill sets. Here are some of the diverse employment avenues available for international students while attending university in the US.On-campus employmentMany US universities offer on-campus employment opportunities for international students, providing a convenient and accessible way to earn income while pursuing their studies. These positions may include roles in libraries, administrative offices, student centers, or even research assistantships within academic departments. On-campus employment is typically limited to 20 hours per week during the academic year, allowing students to balance work and study commitments.Off-campus employmentOff-campus employment opportunities are also available, although with certain restrictions. The two primary categories of off-campus employment are optional practical training (OPT)and curricular practical training (CPT). OPT allows students to work in their field of study for up to 12 months (or 24 months for STEM fields)after graduation, providing valuable real-world experience. CPT, on the other hand, permits students to engage in practical training directly related to their academic program while still attending their university.Internships and cooperative programsMany US universities have robust internship and cooperative education programs that connect students with industry partners. These programs offer international students the chance to apply classroom knowledge in professional settings, fostering skill development and industry connections. Internships, whether paid or unpaid, are valuable stepping stones that often lead to full-time employment opportunities after graduation.Research assistantshipsFor students pursuing advanced degrees, research assistantships provide a unique opportunity to work closely with faculty on cutting-edge research projects. These positions not only contribute to academic and professional growth but also offer financial backing. Research assistantships can be found in various disciplines, including science, engineering, social sciences and humanities.1. What sets On-campus employment apart from other job opportunities?A．It is available before graduation.B．Its work time is no more than 20 hours every week.C．It can help students earn money and pursue their studies.D．It provides cutting-edge research projects.2. Which of the following can pave the way for students’ full-time employment?A．On-campus employment. B．Off-campus employment.C．Internships. D．Cooperative programs.3. What can Research assistantships provide for international students?A．A university degree. B．Industry connection.C．Real-world experience. D．Financial support.Even now, I have vivid memories of my last day of high school. In my mind’s eye, I’m cleaning out my locker, and then staring at the emptiness for a few extra beats before slamming it shut for the last time. I’m roaming the halls with my best friend, blissfully ignoring the bells going off every 50 minutes on schedule because, just today, we’re allowed to break the rules. I’m sitting on my desk, swinging my feet, and shooting the breeze(闲聊) with my English teacher, Mr. Carr, in a way that makes me feel almost grown up.It was maybe my favorite day of the whole year. Like the final layer of watercolor, the freedom and lightness I feel seeps(渗透) into the rest of my memories of that day and turns them just a shade rosier.If the school year hasn’t yet ended f or you, consider what you can do to make the finale count. Why? Because when it comes to human memory, not all moments are created equal. Instead, our remembered experiences are disproportionately(不成比例地) influenced by peaks(the best moments as well as the worst)and endings (the last moments). Nobel Prize winner Danny Kahneman, who discovered this phenomenon, called this the peak-end rule. It suggests that our judgment of a past experience is largely based on its most extreme point and its endpoint.I took advantage of the peak-end rule years ago, when my girls were young enough to want a bedtime story each night. I remember thinking that whatever strife(冲突) and stress had occurred that day, I could make the last moments count. I could end on a note of calm and act like the patient mom I hadn’t quite managed to be just hours before.Don’t mistake all moments as equal in significance. There’s a reason why yoga classes end with savasana(挺卧式). There’s a reason we eat dessert last. Do orchestrate(精心安排) endings. As Seattle Seahawks coach Pete Carroll might say: Finish strong. Last impressions are especially lasting.4. What does the underlined word in paragraph 1 mean?A．Calmly. B．Surprisingly.C．Happily. D．Curiously.5. Which statement is true about the peak-end rule?A．Peaks in life can be remembered better than endings.B．The last moments matter the most in our memories.C．Our judgment of the past is determined by first impressions.D．The peaks and ends of experiences are easier to remember.6. What is paragraph 4 mainly about?A．How the author applied the rule to daily life.B．How the author treated her daughters.C．What struggles the author had in life.D．Why the author read stories to her kids.7. Why is Pete Carroll mentioned in the last paragraph?A．To prove the peak-end rule can be used in sports.B．To encourage readers to value the last moments of an experience.C．To explain why last impressions are lasting.D．To show the importance of doing sports.Not many drinks can offer the health benefits of tea, the strength of coffee, and the joy of chocolate like this super brew, yerba mate. Along with supposed benefits of supporting weight loss, concentration, and better digestion, drinking yerba mate continues to symbolize culture and tradition in South America.Consumed mostly in Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and Brazil — as well as in Syria and Lebanon — yerba mate (pronounced MAH-tay)is a hot, bitter, caffeinated tea made by steeping the dried leaves of the yerba mate plant. Containing roughly as much caffeine as coffee, about 80 milligrams per cup, mate has gained global popularity — much so that brands like Perrier, Red Bull, and PepsiCo have launched mate drinks.But in the last couple of decades, mate started experiencing a boom outside of South America. Karla Johan, a mate sommelier (侍酒师) from Argentina, attributes this partly to football players from Argentina and Uruguay bringing the habit to Europe, where they moved to play for local teams. In fact, one might say that mate is the “beverage of champions”. When Argentina’s national football team travelled to Qatar in December 2022 to play and won the World Cup, they carried 240 kg of yerba mate with them.Yerba mate, of course, eventually migrated over to the U. S. and in recent years has become a popular ingredient in everything from health elixirs (保健药) to energy drinks. Loose leaves can be purchased at most specialty grocery stores to make the drink at home. And if you want to get the full yerba mate experience, you can even order a cup for drinking mate and bombilla online, gather some friends, and enjoy the beauty of the South American ritual for yourself.Global messaging platform WhatsApp recently introduced a mate emoji, which points to mate’s growing popularity as people aim for a healthier lifestyle. That’s because mate, said Johan, contains a higher level of antioxidants than green tea or red wine, and a powerful combination of vitamins from the clay soil where it grows. In Argentina, mate is common, a faithful companion for matters great and small. Yet, unlike coffee or tea, it is not consumed in cafes: It’s what you have at home and at work, in the park and on the train, during class or at the gym.8. Which of the following is not the feature of yerba mate?A．Its bitter flavor. B．Its long history.C．Its ingredient of caffeine. D．Its function of losing weight.9. What makes yerba mate globally popular?A．Its unique coffee taste.B．Its health benefits.C．The support of famous football players.D．The launch of mate drinks by famous brands.10. Which is the following is NOT true about yerba mate according to paragraph 4?A．It can be easily accessible. B．It can cure some diseases.C．It can be made into energy drinks. D．It can be purchased online.11. Why do people show preference for yerba mate according to paragraph 5?A．Because it is a faithful companion.B．Because it can be enjoyed everywhere.C．Because it contains some beneficial elements.D．Because it is better than green tea and red wine.Smart entertainment is changing how we engage with leisure. By combining cutting-edge technologies like Artificial Intelligence (AI), augmented reality, and the internet of things with traditional forms of entertainment, this innovation is enhancing users’ experiences.In 2023, Huawei introduced its Vision Smart TV3, transforming your home into your own amusement park. This innovative technology features groundbreaking AI super-sensing cameras and AI vision chips powered by deep learning and big data. These advanced components see and study your movements, enabling you to control characters through your body gestures. Social media is busy with users sharing their experiences of playing motion-sensing games, which require real-life movements like jumping and squatting instead of simply holding a controller.The Vision Smart TV is not only cutting-edge but also family-friendly. Turning on the kids mode allows the screen to monitor real-time data, offering suggestions for adjusting a child’s viewing distance and posture. This provides a safe and comfortable entertainment experience for the younger audience. TorieZ, a Huawei Vision Smart TV3 owner and a mother of a 3-year-old daughter, shared her experience on Xiaohongshu. “Thanks to the smart screen, my child maintains good postur e without constant supervision because her favorite cartoons stop if she slouches (懒洋洋地坐),” she said. When she’s free, TorieZ and her husband enjoy exercising together under the instructions of the TV.We can not only play video games merely on the screens; now, with smart entertainment, you can get an immersive experience of Mario Kart, a racing video game, put right into your living room.While playing the game, players can control their karts running in their living rooms. Each kart has an onboard camera on it. The camera can record the layout of where they are and upload it to the Nintendo system. After processing it, some settings, like jungles and snowy landscapes, are created based on the layout and shown on the Switch screen. So, things in your living room, like the sofa and table, your feet or even your cat, can be a part of your game.Step outside and you can also enjoy smart entertainment experiences. Shanghai Disney Resort uses big data analysis to offer personalized services. In the US and South America, VR World, the largest VR club, gives users super real gaming and travel adventures.Looking forward, cutting-edge technologies will continue to change how we spend our leisure time.12. How does Huawei’s Vision Smart TV3 improve user interaction in gaming experiences?A．Through touch-activated screens.B．Through voice-activated commands.C．Through thought-based gaming controls.D．Through immediate responses to motion gestures.13. According to TorieZ, how does Vision Smart TV3 benefit her child?A．By limiting overall screen time.B．By providing exercise instructions.C．By restricting access to certain content.D．By offering real-time posture monitoring.14. What can we know about the video game Mario Kart according to the passage?A．The settings are fixed and can’t be changed.B．Physical objects in the room can become part of the game.C．Players wear VR headsets for a more engaging experience.D．Players interact with AI characters in the game.15. What can be the best title of the passage?A．Having fun in new ways B．How to spend our leisure timeC．Cutting-edge technologies D．Innovative video gamesYou may not get enough physical activity throughout the day, especially since sitting still is required or encouraged in many j obs, at school, and in social situations. But there’s something you should know. Being physically inactive or sedentary (久坐不动的) can increase health risks. 16What counts as being physically inactive?While there is no strict definition of what can be considered a sedentary lifestyle, researchers have a few different measures to assess what a sedentary lifestyle is. One measure is the time an individual spends seated or reclining (向后倚靠) during waking hours. 17 Some other researchers label people inactive or sedentary if they take fewer than 5,000 pedometer (计步器) steps per day.18In the short term, being inactive can increase depression or anxiety. It can also affect the way the body processes fats and sugars in the diet and lead to some weight gain i f you aren’t burning enough calories. Over the long term, sedentary lifestyles increase the risk of death from cardiovascular (心血管的) disease, diabetes, and cancer.How can you prevent being inactive?Health authorities recommend exercise at a medium level for either 30 minutes a day for five days a week or a total of 2 hours and 30 minutes per week. Walking is an easy activity to add to your day.19 A pedometer or fitness band can show you whether you are getting enough steps. Many people aim to take 10,000 steps per day, which indicates that you have met your daily physical activity goal. 20 but the value of being more physically active is worth it for its many benefits.As an ordinary senior school student, I’ve discovered a wonderful way to _________ life with a positive attitude — my daily bicycle rides. Riding my bike has become more than just a fun activity. It’s like a little _________ that has taught me important lessons about staying positive, facing challenges and being _________.When I get on my bike and ride around familiar streets, it feels like I’m on a small quest. It’s not just about reaching a(n)_________; it’s about enjoying the ride itself. Cycling has turned into a kind of teacher, helping me understand the _________ of practice and having a can-do spirit. One of the coolest thi ngs I’ve learned is about not giving up when things get hard. You know, when I’m trying to pedal up a steep hill, it’s hard! But guess what? Even when my legs feel super tired, I keep going and do not give up, till I reach the _________. Life is kind of like that too. When I have a challenging task or any problems in my studies, I remember those steep hills. I know if I keep trying, I can _________ anything.Another thing that cycling has taught me is to be ready for surprises. The road isn’t always_________. Sometimes there are bumps, and you have to ride around them. When something is wrong with my bike, I do not _________. I try to find a solution. Life’s a bit like that too. It’s notalways easy, but being flexible and staying positive helps me rise to the challenge and handle__________ problems.The most important part, though, is how cycling makes me feel happy and __________. The wind in my hair and the rhythm of pedaling makes everything seem OK. It’s like a secret power — no matter what’s going o n, it keeps me happy, lets me __________ my batteries, and lets me come back feeling __________.In the end, my daily bike rides have become more than just a way to get around. They’ve becomea(n) __________ for how I want to live my life. Cycling has shown me that being positive, facing challenges with __________, and keeping an optimistic attitude can turn the life journey into a fantastic adventure. So, here’s to more bike rides and more fun!21.A．estimate B．approach C．guarantee D．challenge22.A．phenomenon B．coincidence C．adventure D．entertainment 23.A．flexible B．unique C．traditional D．responsible24.A．cooperation B．dilemma C．crisis D．destination25.A．discovery B．value C．comment D．growth26.A．top B．coast C．stage D．platform27.A．describe B．detect C．remove D．overcome28.A．delicate B．fragile C．smooth D．tough29.A．volunteer B．insist C．pray D．panic30.A．original B．unexpected C．crucial D．natural31.A．useful B．efficient C．carefree D．curious32.A．apply B．recharge C．develop D．recognize33.A．alarmed B．embarrassed C．fresh D．emotional34.A．audience B．passenger C．victim D．guide35.A．determination B．attempt C．comfort D．calmness阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

一、单选题1、下列哪位是人工智能之父？（）A.Marniv Lee MinskyB.HerbertA.SimonC.Allen NewellD.John Clifford Shaw正确答案：A2、根据王珏的理解，下列不属于对问题空间W的统计描述是（）。

A.一致性假设B.划分C.泛化能力D.学习能力正确答案：D3、下列描述无监督学习错误的是（）。

A.无标签B.核心是聚类C.不需要降维D.具有很好的解释性正确答案：C4、下列描述有监督学习错误的是（）。

A.有标签B.核心是分类C.所有数据都相互独立分布D.分类原因不透明正确答案：C5、下列哪种归纳学习采用符号表示方式？（）A. 经验归纳学习B.遗传算法C.联接学习D.强化学习正确答案：A6、混淆矩阵的假正是指（）。

A.模型预测为正的正样本B.模型预测为正的负样本C.模型预测为负的正样本D.模型预测为负的负样本正确答案：B7、混淆矩阵的真负率公式是为（）。

A.TP/(TP+FN)B.FP/(FP+TN)C.FN/(TP+FN)D.TN/(TN+FP)正确答案：D8、混淆矩阵中的TP=16，FP=12，FN=8，TN=4，准确率是（）。

A.1/4B.1/2C.4/7D.4/6正确答案：B9、混淆矩阵中的TP=16，FP=12，FN=8，TN=4，精确率是（）。

A.1/4B.1/2C.4/7D.2/3正确答案：C10、混淆矩阵中的TP=16，FP=12，FN=8，TN=4，召回率是（）。

A.1/4B.1/2C.4/7D.2/3正确答案：D11、混淆矩阵中的TP=16，FP=12，FN=8，TN=4，F1-score是（）。

A.4/13B.8/13C.4/7D.2/30.00/2.00正确答案：B12、EM算法的E和M指什么？（）A.Expectation-MaximumB.Expect-MaximumC.Extra-MaximumD.Extra-Max正确答案：A13、EM算法的核心思想是？（）A.通过不断地求取目标函数的下界的最优值，从而实现最优化的目标。

model-based reinforcement learning a survey-回复题目：Model-based Reinforcement Learning: A Survey引言：近年来，在强化学习的研究中，模型为基础的强化学习（model-based reinforcement learning）方法越来越受到关注。

相比于传统的基于价值函数或策略函数的模型无关的强化学习方法，模型为基础的强化学习方法利用环境模型来显式地估计环境的动态特性，从而更高效地学习到最优策略。

本文将深入探讨模型为基础的强化学习方法的理论基础、算法种类以及应用领域，旨在为读者提供对该领域的全面了解。

第一节：介绍在强化学习领域，模型为基础的强化学习方法通过建立模型来预测环境的动态特性。

这类方法包括基于模型的评估（model-based evaluation）和基于模型的优化（model-based optimization）两种主要模式。

基于模型的评估旨在学习近似动态规划解，在模型基础上进行价值函数或策略函数的迭代优化，而基于模型的优化则直接利用模型来生成或改进策略。

第二节：算法分类模型为基础的强化学习方法可以被划分为基于动态规划的方法、基于模型的策略优化方法以及基于模型的价值迭代方法。

动态规划方法通常使用Bellman方程来评估和优化价值函数或策略函数。

模型为基础的策略优化方法通过优化策略来最大化累积奖励，常见的方法包括模型预测控制（model predictive control）和路径积分方法（path integral methods）。

模型为基础的价值迭代方法则侧重于通过迭代优化价值函数来最大化累积奖励，常用的方法有基于梯度的方法和树搜索方法等。

第三节：应用领域模型为基础的强化学习方法在各个应用领域都有广泛的应用。

在机器人领域，模型为基础的强化学习方法可以用于智能机器人的路径规划和动作控制。

在交通领域，这类方法可以应用于交通流量控制和公共交通优化。

第 22卷第 4期2023年 4月Vol.22 No.4Apr.2023软件导刊Software Guide一种改进一维卷积神经网络的轴承故障诊断方法潘琳鑫，巩永旺，晏生莲（盐城工学院信息工程学院，江苏盐城 224051）摘要：经典一维卷积神经网络模型诊断准确率不高且模型存在过拟合问题，难以满足轴承故障诊断时效性和准确率要求。

鉴于此，提出一种基于改进一维卷积神经网络的轴承故障诊断方法，在卷积层之后加入批量归一化层的方法以增加模型泛化能力，并采用Dropout的方法解决模型过拟合问题。

基于凯斯西储大学轴承故障数据集的实验结果显示，相比经典一维卷积神经网络，该方法可显著提升故障诊断准确率，故障诊断准确率可达99.79%，并且整个诊断过程无需手动特征提取，从而减少了特征提取过程中的损失，实现端到端的检测，具有较好的通用性。

关键词：故障诊断；卷积神经网络；深度学习；Dropout方法DOI：10.11907/rjdk.221570开放科学（资源服务）标识码（OSID）：中图分类号：TP183 文献标识码：A文章编号：1672-7800（2023）004-0038-05A Bearing Fault Diagnosis Method Based on Improved One-dimensionalConvolutional Neural NetworkPAN Lin-xin， GONG Yong-wang， YAN Sheng-lian（School of Information Engineering，Yancheng institute of Technology， Yancheng 224051， China）Abstract：Aiming at solving the problems of low diagnostic accuracy and over fitting of the classical one-dimensional convolutional neural net‐work model， a bearing fault diagnosis method based on improved one-dimensional convolutional neural network is proposed. The normaliza‐tion method is used to increase the generalization ability of the model. For the problem of model over fitting， the dropout method is adopted. Fi‐nally， the proposed method is applied to the experimental data of rolling bearing failure of Case Western Reserve University. The experimental results show that compared with the classical convolutional neural network， the proposed method can improve greatly the diagnostic accuracy （as high as 99.79%）. Moreover， the entire diagnosis process does not require any manual feature extraction， which can reduce the loss in the feature extraction process， and the method can realize end-to-end detection and has better versatility.Key Words：fault diagnosis； convolutional neural network； deep learning； Dropout method0 引言滚动轴承是旋转机械设备中最重要的零部件之一，在维持运动精度和提高机械效率上发挥重要作用，在复杂机械装备中有着广泛应用［1］。