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英国文化专题-一、英国概况“大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国”是地处大西洋的一个岛国。
包括大不列颠、爱尔兰岛及周围众多岛屿。
总面积24.41万平方公里。
由四部分组成。
英格兰是国家的主体，也是人口最稠密的地方，位于大不列颠岛东南部，是早期日耳曼民族盎格鲁－撒克逊人的后代，讲英语，信奉基督教新教；苏格兰位于大不列颠岛北部，是从爱尔兰的凯尔特人以及盎格鲁－撒克逊人混合而成，有自己的语言盖尔语，不过现在大部分苏格兰人讲英语，不过，苏格兰英语与英格兰英语差异很大；威尔士位于大不列颠岛的西南，主要是凯特人的后代，讲威尔士语，极富民族个性；北爱尔兰，位于爱尔兰岛东北部，2/3是英格兰人，信奉新教，拥护统一，讲英语，1/3的人口带有爱尔兰血统，信奉罗马天主教，反对北爱尔兰与大不列颠的统一，主张合并岛爱尔兰，讲爱尔兰语。
二、日益衰落的英国王室英国是君主立宪制的国家，国王是国家元首，是国家的象征。
其王朝统治自1066年法国诺曼底登陆后确立，从当时的国王威廉一世岛现在的伊丽莎白二世，，英国共经历了10个王朝41代君主的统治。
从诺曼底王朝到斯图亚特王朝，国王拥有至高无上的权力，是真正的统治者，但是从汉诺威王朝到现在的温莎王朝，国王只是象征性的国家元首。
英国现任女王伊丽莎白二世，1926年4月出生在伦敦，1952年以长女身份继承了父亲乔治五世的王位，成为英国有史以来的第六位女王，至今在位53年。
如今的王室和昔日已经不能同日而语，伊丽莎白女王近几十年来需要面对错综复杂的局面，需要经受严峻的考验。
首先，英国经济在二战后一直处于衰退、振兴、再衰退、再振兴的波动中，女王如何再动荡中发挥自己的作用？其次，如何维持英联邦庞大的联合体？英联邦成员独立呼声越来越强烈，英联邦海外的领地不断摆脱与宗主国的附属关系，从政治、经济、外交、国防等方面纷纷独立。
再次，王室的生活风波迭起，丑闻不断，女王和整个王室的威信下降。
三、宗教信仰英国是一个全民信教的国度。
英美风土人情简介英国篇一.英国地理位置、名胜古迹英国是大不列颠岛和爱尔兰岛东北部及附近许多岛屿组成的岛国。
东濒北海，面对比利时、荷兰、德国、丹麦和挪威等国；西邻爱尔兰，横隔大西洋与美国、加拿大遥遥相对；北过大西洋可达冰岛；南穿英吉利海峡行33公里就到法国。
英格兰全境面积为13万平方公里，占大不列颠岛的大部分。
这一地区自西向东分为4部分：以塞文河流域为中心的米德兰平原；海拔200米左右的高地；伦敦盆地；威尔德丘陵。
威尔士面积有2万余平方公里，境内多山、地势崎岖。
威尔士境内有1/4的土地被列为国家公园及天然保护区。
苏格兰和其周围的许多小岛，面积共为7.8万平方公里。
全境均属山岳地带，只有中部较为低平。
北爱尔兰面积1.4万平方公里，隔爱尔兰海与大不列颠岛遥遥相望。
北爱尔兰气候属海洋性温带阔叶林气候。
最热天(7月)平均气温为13～17℃，最冷天(1 月)平均气温为4～7℃。
英格兰地势较低，年平均降水量830毫米，西部、北部山区雨量较大，最高可达4000毫米。
英国主要的矿产资料有煤、铁、石油和天然气。
硬煤总储量1700亿吨。
铁的蕴藏量约为38亿吨。
西南部康沃尔半岛有锡矿。
在柴郡和达腊姆蕴藏着大量石盐。
斯塔福德郡有优质粘土。
康沃尔半岛出产白粘土。
奔宁山脉东坡可开采白云石。
兰开夏西南部施尔德利丘陵附近蕴藏着石英矿。
在英国北海大陆架石油蕴藏量约在10～40亿吨之间。
天然气蕴藏量约在8600～25850亿立方米左右。
英国是个美丽的国家，文物古迹比比皆是，自然风景秀丽可餐，旅游资源丰富“万城之花”伦敦，“北方雅典”爱丁堡，大学城牛津、剑桥，古色古香的约克城，莎翁故乡斯特拉特福都是享有世界声誉的旅游名城，还有伦敦塔、威斯敏斯特宫（国会大厦）、布伦海姆宫（牛津附近），坎特伯雷主教堂、巴斯城、索尔兹伯里郊区的巨石阵等遗迹，铁桥峡（伍尔沃汉普顿以西），方廷斯修道院及园林（约克以北）、达勒姆的大教堂和古城堡、哈德良长城（纽卡斯尔一带），圭内斯的城堡群（威尔士卡那封一带），苏格兰的圣基尔达群岛，北爱兰的“巨人之路”和太平洋上的英国属地享德森珊瑚岛。
英国历史概况英国历史是一部征服与合并和的历史。
英国全称为大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国，由英格兰、威尔士、苏格兰和北爱尔兰组成，而整个英国的历史也就是由这四个区域的历史交织组成。
1535年威尔士成为英格兰王国的一部分，1707年苏格兰与英格兰正式合并为大不列颠王国，1800年大不列颠王国和爱尔兰合并成为大不列颠与爱尔兰联合王国，1922年爱尔兰共和国独立，爱尔兰北部仍留在联合王国内。
苏格兰历史简介苏格兰位于大不列颠岛北部，英格兰之北。
苏格兰的历史的正式记载是在古罗马人入侵不列颠之后的一些纪录。
公元5世纪，爱尔兰北部的盖尔人（凯尔特人的一支）移居苏格兰，曾在阿盖尔郡和比特郡地区建立达尔里阿达王国。
此后向东扩张到阿瑟尔森林和厄恩河谷，向北扩张到埃尔金地区。
公元843年达尔里阿达国王麦卡尔平兼任皮克特王国的国王，建立阿尔巴王国，王号为肯尼思一世，一个相对独立完整的苏格兰王国逐渐成形。
此后，苏格兰历经邓凯尔德王朝、坎莫尔王朝、巴里奥尔王朝、英格兰占领、布鲁斯王朝以及斯图亚特王朝统治，至1707年与英格兰王国合并成为联合王国。
威尔士历史简介威尔士位于大不列颠岛西南部，英格兰以西。
距今约29，000年便有人类定居于威尔士。
至古罗马人进入了大不列颠岛后，威尔士属于不列颠行省公元5世纪，随着罗马人的撤离，盎格鲁撒克逊人大举入侵大不列颠，直至到11世纪，威尔士人在盎格鲁撒克逊人的高压统治与入侵中度过，而同时布灵顿人开始称自己威尔士人。
公元8世纪，传说中的亚瑟王(King Arthur)领导布灵顿人抗击盎格鲁撒克逊统治。
公元9世纪和10世纪维京入侵使威尔士王国进一步统一，成为一个实体，但同时亦使威尔士落入英国皇室统治之下。
公元927年，威尔士国皇承认盎格鲁撒克逊国王阿瑟斯坦保护威尔士的主人。
在随后的11世纪中，威廉一世充分利用了这种先例，在威尔士边境建立的强大而野心的封建领地制度。
公元1282年，英格兰王爱德华一世征服最后一个威尔士北部和西部的威尔士公国公元1284年，威尔士正式被英格兰合并，爱德华一世以《罗德兰法令》（Statute of Rhuddlan）确立自己在该地区的统治。
美国、英国中英文简介第一篇：美国、英国中英文简介美国简介：The United States of America is a constitutional federal republic, situated primarily in North America.It comprises 50 states and one federal district, and has several territories with differing degrees of affiliation.It is also referred to, with varying formality, as the United States, the U.S., the U.S.A., the U.S.of A., America, the States, or(poetically)Columbia.美利坚合众国是一个宪法联邦共和国，主要位于北美。
它拥有50个州和一个联邦区,它同样可以称作the United States, the U.S., the U.S.A., the U.S.of A., America, the States, or(poetically)Columbia。
Since the mid-20th century, following World War II, the United States has emerged as a dominant global influence in economic, political, military, scientific, technological, and cultural affairs.Because of its influence, the U.S.is considered a superpower and, particularly after the Cold War, a hyperpower by some.自从20世纪中叶，即二战结束后开始，美国已主宰全球经济、政治、军事、科学、科技及文化领域。
英美概况一、引言英美是世界上最具影响力的两个国家之一。
它们在政治、经济、文化等方面都具有重要地位，对全球事务产生着巨大影响。
本文将介绍英美的概况，包括其地理、历史、政治体制、经济特征、文化传统等方面的内容。
二、地理特征英美地理上位于北美洲和欧洲西北部。
英国是由大不列颠岛、北爱尔兰和其他岛屿组成的岛国，而美国则横跨北美洲的中北部，拥有广袤的土地和多样的地貌。
两国均享有得天独厚的地理优势，拥有丰富的自然资源。
英国气候温和多雨，其著名的乡村风光和城市景观吸引了众多游客。
美国的气候多样，从亚热带到温带再到寒带都有覆盖，其自然景观包括大峡谷、黄石国家公园等世界级的自然奇观。
三、历史沿革英美的历史源远流长。
英国自古以来就是一个重要的国家，曾经统治过英帝国，将其文化和制度传播到全球各地。
美国则在17世纪开始建立，经过独立战争后成为一个独立自主的国家。
英国和美国在历史上有着密切的联系。
美国的政治制度和法律体系受到了英国的影响，英文也成为美国的官方语言之一。
两国之间的经济合作也非常紧密，互为重要的贸易伙伴。
四、政治体制英国是一个君主立宪制国家，现在的国家元首是女王伊丽莎白二世。
英国的政治制度相对稳定，民主成熟，议会制度是其核心。
议会分为两院，下议院成员由选举产生，上议院则由继承、任命和制度推举产生。
美国是一个联邦制共和国，政府采取三权分立的制度。
总统是国家元首和政府首脑，由选举产生。
国会由参议院和众议院构成，代表着各州和人民的利益。
美国政治体制注重权力平衡和制衡，保障了国家的稳定和民主。
五、经济特征英美在经济上都属于高收入国家，拥有发达的市场经济。
英国是全球最重要的金融中心之一，伦敦市是世界金融的核心。
英国的经济以金融、保险、制造业和创新科技为支柱。
美国是全球最大的经济体，拥有强大的经济实力和产业基础。
其经济结构多样化，包括工业、农业、服务业等多个领域。
美国的创新和科技水平世界领先，许多科技巨头诞生于美国。
六、文化传统英美文化有着广泛的影响力。
Lesson 11 Geography : The LandThe continental U.S. is situated in the southern part of North America . Covers a total area of 9631420 square kilometers .The U.S. is the 4th largest country in the world in terms of area . Alaska in the largest state of the U.S. In area . The coast range , the cascades and the rocky mountains are the Cordillera range . The rocky mountains form the continental divide of the U.S. The highest peak in the continental U.S is contained in the sierra Nevada mountain range. Alaska was bought by the U.S from Russia after the end of the American civil war . The international rivers of the U.S include St. Lawrence , Rio Grande & river Columbia . River Hudson flows through New York city . Of the five great lakes ,lake Michigan is wholly within the U.S .Niagara falls is located on the US-Canadian boundary between lake Erie and lake Ontario . Southern Florida has a semitropical climate . The coasts of Oregon Washington are among the rainiest places in the world . The Midwest of the U.S has a temperate climate . The Rockies are cooler or colder than other regions in the same latitude because of their high altitude .The greatest wonder is found in the forests of sequoia and fir trees on the northwest coast of the U.S. The deposits of natural gas in the US rank the first in the world . About three quarters of the iron ore in the US comes from the lake superior region . The western mountain ranges are rich in nonferrous metal deposits in the US. The US capital , the white house & pentagon building are in Washington D.C.The eastern part of the US consists of highlands formed by the Appalachian Mountain range . The two great plateaus west of the Rockies are : the Columbia plateaus & the Colorado plateaus . Mount witney is the highest peak in the US outside Alaska . Death valley is the lowest point in north America . The central part of the US is composed of vast plains .New England states have a could climate . The Middle Atlantic states have a temperates and the south has a warm climate.Lesson 12 Geography : The peopleThe US has long been known as a " melting pot " . Most Americans are of European origin . Originally , north America was sprinkled with more than 300 tribes of American Indians . The dominant ethnic group in the US today is WASPs ( White anglo-Saxon Protestants ) , the first colonial people in present day US ,from England ,Northern and Western Europe . The Hispanics constitute the largest ethnic-racial minority group in the US and black form the second . Race is different from ethnicity because its basis is skin color . The blacks are the very bottom of the society in the US . The state of California is the largest in population today .Between 1820and 1980 the US admitted almost 50 million immigrants . People in the US have kept moving westward for reasons : fertile soil in the west ,good climate in the west & discovery of gold in the west .Hispanics in the US speak Spanish . Today about 90% of Americans are church members in the US . Protestants outnumber other religious group in the US . Class in an objective reality in the US today . Much of America`s wealth is owned by a small number of the monopoly capitalists . There exists a strikingly wide gap between the wealthy and the poor . The poor exist in the US because its distribution of wealth is fundamentally unequal .The solvency of the middle class in the US depends on the combination of personal income and credit borrowing . The black people in the US are descend from Negro slaves imported from Africa . Black people were declared free initially by Abraham Lincoln`s Emancipation Proclamation .In the 19th century a large number of Chinese were shipped to America as " coolies " . The residents in Hawaii are mainly of Japanese descent , Caucasian & Polynesian background . In US individuals encounter not only oppression but also discrimination based on ethnicity and race . According to the 2007 estimation , the total population of the US is 301.139947 million .Lesson 13 American EconomyThe last stage that American economy has experienced is corporate capitalism . Commercial capitalism was established as the dominant mode of production in the British colonies in the 17th century . In the industrial capitalism stage American economy developed rapidly . Trust corporation first emerged in the late 19th century and the early 20th century . The division of labor in management meant that corporations power were no longer concerned primarily with problems of production .Modern corporations in the United states are anything but competitive . The oldest and most important industrial region in the US is the northeast . The south of the US has now become the newly developed industrial region . The west of the US is an important mining area .Los Angeles , san Francisco and Seattle are on the Pacific coast . At present the west is the most rapidly growing section of the US . Canned fish and lumber are the chief manufactured products of Alaska . The growing use of machines to perform routine tasks in every field has exacerbated unemployment . About 1/4 of the land area is farmed in the US . All states except Arizona of the following are in the corn Belt . The states of Kansas leads the US in the production of wheat . Automobile has provided America with a comfortable and convenient means of transportation . The rapid growth of US private investment abroad sine 1945 was facilitated by all the following : diplomatic pressure , military interventions and economic sanctions .The three stages that American economy has experienced in its development are commercial capitalism ,industrial capitalism and corporate capitalism . The US had surpassed great Britain in industrial production by the 1880s . Development of the American corporations begin in the 1870`s . In these giant corporations management was rationalized and centralized . Now the US economy is dominated by production ,strategies and consumption , monopolistic corporations . Automation and computerization have virtually brought about another revolution in US industrial in the 20th . Most of the important crop-growing areas of the US are in the central region .The staple crops grown in the US are corn , wheat , with barely , oats andrice ranking next in importance . The stock raising areas of the US are scattered in the neighborhood of the Great lakes , in the Corn belt and on the eastern slopes of the Rocky Range .The airplane provides US with the fastest means of travel . In the US , railways are still important for carrying goods and are still operated by commercial companies .Lesson 14 Political system : GovernmentThe constitution of the US was framed in Philadelphia in 1787 . The president of the US exercises the executive power . The power of the US president has kept enlarging . President has the veto power in the US . Congress can veto the president`s vote by 2/3 vote of the full membership of both houses . Under the US constitution , the president has the power to sign an executive agreement with other nations without the consent of the senate. The constitution of the US says that only congress can declare war upon other nations .The constitution of the US follows two principles : the federal system and " separation of powers ".The cabinet of the American government is made uo pf the heads of departments . The department of state is headed by the secretary of state . The heads of justice is headed by the attorney general .The department of state advises the president on foreign relations . The secret service is part of the Treasury Department . FBI and federal prisons are among the responsibilities of the Department of Justice . The largest of independent agreement agencies is the postal service . A senate must be over 30 years old and must have been an American citizen for at least nine years . The number of representatives from each state is fixed according to the size of the population of the state has . Representatives in the US are elected every two years .Impeachment of the president should be proposed by the house and decided on by the senate . In the process of an impeachment , the senates serve as the Jury .Congress consists of the senate and the house of representatives . The national parks in the US are managed by the department of interior . Congress has the power to make any laws that are considered "necessary and proper " . The president of the Senate is the Vice-president and the presiding officer of the house is Vice-president . Today the real work of both house of congress is done in their committees . The Judicial branch of the US government is headed by the Supreme Court .Lesson 15 political system : State Government and Party PoliticsThe legislature is the most important part of a state government . The state legislature usually consists of two houses except the state of Nebraska . The chief executive of a state is the governor . Judges of state courts are usually appointed officials . The state court system begins with purely local jurisdiction followed by a series of intermediate trial courts , then by appellate courts and finally by the state`s supreme court . The most popular kind of city government in the US is the mayor-council system . The federal party was led by Alexander Hamilton . The federal Party was in favor of friendly relations with England .Two political parties emerged in the middle of the 19th century US over the issue of slavery . The party leader of a precinct is often called the precinct captain . The highest permanent organization of each party is the national committee . The general Election in the US is held every four years .The national conventions of the two parties usually begin with the discussion and acceptance of the party platform . The US Election Day is set on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in October . The number of electors in each state is equal to the number of congressmen . The newly elected president takes up on January 20th of the next year .Like the federal government , a state government is made up of three branches . The two types of juries utilized in the US are the grand jury and the petit jury . The decision for a trial is made by the grand jury , while the petit jury decides guilt or innocence . The three kinds of local governments under a state government are county governments ,city , town , or village government and local governments of districts set up for special purpose . At the primary stage of the general election , the voters elect delegates to the national conventions of the two parties in each state .The American voters do not vote directly for the president but vote for the presidential electors . The party that wins a majority of the popular votes in the state on the Election day will get all the electoral votes of that state . The presidential candidate who gets the majority of the electoral votes is elected president of the US . If no candidate receive a majority of the votes of the electors , the house of representatives choose the president and the senate choose the vice-president .In 1951 congress passed an amendment to the constitution to limit a president to two terms or to ten years successively in office . If a president dies or resigns or is removed from office , the Vice-president succeeds him.Lesson 16 History : The Early ColonizationChristopher Columbus was an Italian navigator . The New World discovered by Columbus was named after Amerigo Vespucci . The earliest British settlement on North America was Plymouth . The puritan`s settlement on North America was Plymouth . Connecticut , New Hampshire and Massachusetts are a New England colony . Georgia was the colony set up by Colonel James Oglethorpe in 1733 . In 1682 , a group of Quakers headed by William Penn set up the colony of Pennsylvania . Delaware wad first settled by people from Sweden .Of the 13 British colonies only Connecticut and Rhode Island were self-governing colonies . The central colonies are a region of small farms , cosmopolitan and Tolerant in religion . The southern colonies developed a plantation system with the exploitation of slave labor . In the 13 colonies , the black people were enslaved .The earliest inhabitant in America were American Indians ,who had come over from Asia by crossing the land bridge across the present Bering strait . Influenced by Marco Polo`s famous travel book ,kings ,lords and merchants in western Europe were eager to find sea routes to the far East . In the early colonization of Americas , Portugal set up colonies in Brazil , while Spain explored and colonized much of south America ,and Mexico . The French built settlement along the St Lawrence river and in the Five great lakes region . The two joint-stock companies set up in England in 1606 were : Virginia Company of Plymouth , Virginia Company of London . The first English colony set up in May 1607 was called Jamestown . In 1620 , a group of puritans sailed for America on a ship called the Mayflower . They called themselves Proprietary . Together with those who arrived later ,they set up four colonies , which they called New England . The New England Colonies become a center for lumbering ,shipping and fishing. The central colonies become a region of small Farms .In terms of their political administration , the thirteen British colonies can be divided into three types : the royal colonies , the proprietary colonies and the self-governing colonies .Lesson 17 History : American RevolutionThe French and Indian War was a war fought between the French and the English . As a result of the French and the Indian War , the French lost all land in North America . In the 18th century , people in Europe began to believe that natural laws guided the universe . John`s belief : Man`s knowledge is from observation and experiment , Man`s knowledge is from the reflection by the mind . Man`s knowledge is acquired from experience of live senses . Reason led Locke to condemn absolute government .Benjamin played an important role in exemplifying the Enlightenment in America to his countrymen . The Quartering act and the Stamp Act passed by British parliament in 1765 . Names given to an America revolutionary organization : sons of Liberty , committees of Correspondence and the stamp congress . The intolerable Acts do include : the Boston port Act , the Massachusetts government act and the Administration of Justice Act .The second continental congress was held in Philadelphia . Karl Marx called the Declaration of Independence the first declaration of the rights of the individual . The victory at Saratoga was a turning point of the America war of Independence . The constitutional convention was held in Philadelphia in May 1787 . James was known as the "Father of the the constitution ."After the French and Indian war , the English colonist in north America wanted more freedom in politics , trade and commerce ,while England wanted more taxes . The Enlightenment in America provided the colonist with a theoretical and philosophical weapon against the British rule . After the French and Indian war , the British government practiced the policy of mercantilist in the colonies . By practicing such a policy , the British ruling class tried to monopolize the markets and to hold back the development of manufacturing in the colonies . One of the Navigation acts provided that only British owned ships could carry colonial goods to British Possessions .The British government developed a system of external taxation after the failure of the program of internal taxation on the 13 colonies . The motto of the colonies was "NO taxation without representation . The Declaratory of act passed by the British government declared that the British government had the right to pass any economic laws it desired .The US purchased Louisiana territory from French in 1803 . In 1819 , the US "purchased " Florida from Spain after having occupied it for several years . The US annexed the the Mexican territory of Texas in 1845 . The US forced England to cede the Oregon region ( includes Washington , Idaho , Oregon ) in 1846 . In 1867 ,the US purchased the territory of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands from Czarist Russia . By the mid-19th century , the territory of the US had reached over 9 million quare kilometers , about 10 times the size of the total area of the original 13 states . By the late 19th century , the US had finished its territorial expansion in the continent .The American industrial revolution began in the year of 1807 with its textile industry . During the period of some 20 years before the outbreak of the Civil war , the industrial north needed free labor , while the south needed slave labor . The northerners wanted a high tariff , while the southerners wanted a low tariff . When the south found itself outnumbered in the house of representatives , the southerners tried to keep the number slave states equal to that of free states so that the southern senators could not be outvoted by the northern senators . So in this case slavery become a political issue .The novel Uncle Tom`s cabin was written by Harriet Beecher Stowe . The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 extended the idea of Popular sovereignty . In 1857 , the supreme court was ruled in the Dred Scott case that the Missouri compromise was unconstitutional .The republican Party was formed in the year of 1854 . In February 1861 , 6 of the slave states that had seceded from the Union formed the confederate State of America , and elected Jefferson Davis their president . The American Civil war began on April ,1861 when the rebels fired on Fort 12 , summer . On September 22, 1862 Lincoln issued the Emancipation proclamation . On April 9 , 1865 , after the fall of Richmond , General Lee of the south surrendered to General Grant of the north at Appomattox court house , and the war ended . The American civil war is also called the Second American Bourgeois revolution . At the end of the American Civil war , the black people were not emancipated at all .The means taken by the Lincoln Administration in 1862 to change the situation and win the civil war : the passage of the Homestead Act , the issuing of the Emancipation proclamation , the allowance of Negroes to join the union army .By the year of 1894 the US had become the world leading industrial country . The emergence o trusts suggested the shift of the US from competitive capitalism to monopoly capitalism . The Jungle was a story about themeat-packing plants in Chicago . On May 1, 1886 , works went on simultaneous strikes in Chicago and other large cities . The US states looked greedily at Asia Latin America after it completed its territorial expansion on the continent . The first Pan-America Conference was convened in the year of 1889 .In order to grab Cuba , the US went into war with Spain in 1898 . As a result of the war , Spain ceded Cuba ,Puerto Rico Guam and the Philippines to the US . In 1902 the US began to negotiate with Columbia for the site of the Panama Canal . In 1844 US imperialism invaded China and compelled the Qing Dynasty to sign the unequal Treaty of Wangxia . In 1858 US imperialism advocated an " Open door " policy , in an attempt to seek equal privileges in China along with other foreign powers .The US entered the first World War in April 1917 . The 14-point program proposed by president Wilson included freedom of the seas , disarmament and the establishment of the League of Nations . The Japanese attacked pearl Harbor in Hawaii on December 7 , 1941 . In the first two decades after WWII ,the US government adopted a policy of Cold War and " containment " in its relationship with the soviet Union . The policy was later replaced by the policy of contention for world hegemony . President Nixon visited China in February 1972 . In the year of 1979 the US established diplomatic relations with China . The US Imperialism was marked by highly developed industry , high concentration of capital and overseas territorial expansion . " Yellow dog " contrat was used to restrict the formation of workers`unions . TheSpain-American war strengthened the US interventions in the Far east . In the late half of the 19th century , China was the main objective of the US overseas expansion . Industrial boom , Organized gangsterism and smuggling of liquor . Were the characteristic of the " roaring 20`s " . The US foreign policy in the 1930`s may be termed " the policy of non-entanglement "Destroying crops , Adopting the " good neighbor policy " towards Latin American countries and launching public works were the measures of the New deal .Lesson 20 American EducationIn 1647 , Massachusetts passed a law required every town to provide children with schools and schoolmasters . The founding fathers of the US laid down principles and institutions of education which still flourish . In America , there is not one but 50 educational systems . Before the civil war , America often asserted that parents alone had the right and responsibility to determine the extent to which children needed formal schooling .On the state level , educational policy is generally the responsibility of a state board of citizens . Local control of education in the southern states is usually through countries . Most states have separate university boards for the administration of higher education . Most states boards are appointed by the state legislature or governor ,but a few are elected . States-run universities are financed at least 2/3 by state and federal grants with students paying the balance in the form of tuition and other fees . America education is mainly classified into elementary ,secondary and higher . Elementary and secondary education covers 12 years from age 6 through 18 . In spite of the shift in emphasis on the goal of a sense of responsibility to that of autonomous individuals , both teachers and students have before them the 4 sets of general goals , namely academic ,vocational ,social and personal . Secondary education in the US takes place in a variety of Junior and senior highschools .which can be distinguished as vocational , technical and academic high schools .It is the faculty of the colleges and the universities that decides who shall be taught and for how long , what shall be taught and how , and who shall have the right to teach . According to their year of study , undergraduate students are called freshmen , sophomores , juniors and seniors respectively . During the first two years of years of study , college students take surveycourses ,which are taken as introductory courses for more specialized courses . Midyear exams are given at the end of a term when the subject matter carries over to the next semester . The number of credits for a course depends on how many hours of a lectures . Class meetings , laboratory work , etc . , are offered each week .During the third and 4th years of college ,students concentrate most of their courses in one subject , which is known as a major . American education was rooted from the beginning in the old world experience . The letters set up Harvard college in 1636 . American education came into its own with the achievement of independence . Of the founding fathers , Thomas Jefferson contributed most to American educational philosophy and practice .。
英美历史、地理及政治1.英国，全称大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国（The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland2.英国本土位于欧洲大陆西北面的不列颠群岛，被北海、英吉利海峡、凯尔特海、爱尔兰海和大西洋包围。
3英国由大不列颠岛上的英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士，爱尔兰岛东北部的北爱尔兰以及一系列附属岛屿共同组成的一个西欧岛国。
除本土之外，其还拥有十四个海外领地，总人口超过6400万，4英国以英格兰人为主体民族。
英国是一个高度发达的资本主义国家。
其国民拥有较高的生活水平和良好的社会保障制度。
5英国作为英联邦元首国、欧洲联盟成员国、北大西洋公约组织创始会员国、G8成员国，英国同时也是联合国安全理事会五大常任理事国之一。
6英国是一个单一制、君主立宪的民主国家，它的政府体系（即所谓西敏制）直接影响了许多其他国家的政治体制。
7英国的国家元首和理论上最高权力的拥有者是英国君主。
英国是世界上最早出现资产阶级政党，并最先确立和实行两党制的国家。
目前英国属于议会内阁制下的两党制。
8英国在1688年的光荣革命确立英国君主立宪政体，英国是世界上第一个工业化国家，首先完成工业革命，国力壮大。
9 英国在18世纪至20世纪初期英国统治的领土跨越全球，是当时世界上最强大的国家。
在两次世界大战中都取得了胜利，但国力严重受损。
10英国到20世纪下半叶英帝国解体，超级大国领导地位被美国和苏联取代。
不过，目前英国仍是一个在世界范围内有相当影响力的大国。
11英国工业革命始于18世纪60年代，以棉纺织业的技术革新为始，以瓦特蒸汽机的发明和广泛使用为枢纽，以19世纪30、40年代机器制造业机械化的实现为基本完成的标志。
12英国女王玛丽。
英王亨利八世之女。
1553年即,位后，恢复天主教，因残酷迫害宗教改革家，烧死新教徒达300多人，而获此称谓“血腥玛丽”。
13英国人信仰的宗教主要是基督教。
英语国家中传统的文娱和体育活动:棒球、橄榄球等；英国:4月23日/7月---戏剧节--为纪念莎士比亚而举行的盛大文娱活动英语国家中重要的节假日:圣诞节---12月25日，情人节----2月14日；感恩节—11月的第四个星期四开始，持续四天感恩节每年11月的最后一个星期四是感恩节(Thanksgiving Day) 。
感恩节是美国人民独创的一个古老节日，也是美国人合家欢聚的节日，因此美国人提起感恩节总是倍感亲切。
感恩节的由来要一直追溯到美国历史的发端。
1620年，著名的“五月花”号船满载不堪忍受英国国内宗教迫害的清教徒102人到达美洲。
1620年和1621年之交的冬天，他们遇到了难以想象的困难，处在饥寒交迫之中，冬天过去时，活下来的移民只有50来人。
这时，心地善良的印第安人给移民送来了生活必需品，还特地派人教他们怎样狩猎、捕鱼和种植玉米、南瓜。
在印第安人的帮助下，移民们终于获得了丰收，在欢庆丰收的日子，按照宗教传统习俗，移民规定了感谢上帝的日子，并决定为感谢印第安人的真诚帮助，邀请他们一同庆祝节日。
在第一个感恩节的这一天，印第安人和移民欢聚一堂，他们在黎明时鸣放礼炮，列队走进一间用作教堂的屋子，虔诚地向上帝表达谢意，然后点起篝火举行盛大宴会。
第二天和第三天又举行了摔跤、赛跑、唱歌、跳舞等活动。
第一个感恩节非常成功。
其中许多庆祝方式流传了300多年，一直保留到今天。
初时感恩节没有固定日期，由各州临时决定。
直到美国独立后的1863年，林肯总统宣布感恩节为全国性节日。
习俗每逢感恩节这一天，美国举国上下热闹非常，人们按照习俗前往教堂做感恩祈祷，城乡市镇到处举行化装游行、戏剧表演和体育比赛等，学校和商店也都按规定放假体息。
孩子们还模仿当年印第安人的模样穿上离奇古怪的服装，画上脸谱或戴上面具到街上唱歌、吹喇叭。
散居在他乡外地的家人也会回家过节，一家人团团围坐在一起，大嚼美味火鸡。
同时，好客的美国人也忘不掉这一天邀请好友、单身汉或远离家乡的入共度佳节。
英国文化概况Chapter 1 Land and People第一章英国的国土与人民Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1. Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。
2. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
3. The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。
4. Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales. 大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。
(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。
新编英美文化总结引言英美文化是世界上最具影响力和广泛传播的文化之一。
英美文化继承了西方文明的伟大传统，融合了不同民族和移民的特点，形成了独特且充满活力的文化体系。
本文将从语言、饮食、音乐、电影和体育等方面对英美文化进行总结，以便更好地了解英美世界的魅力。
语言英语是英美文化的核心，它在全球范围广泛使用并成为国际交流的重要工具。
英美英语有许多共同特点，但也有一些差异。
英式英语注重发音规范，使用较多复杂的句法结构和词汇。
而美式英语则更加注重口语化，使用简洁直接的表达方式。
英语也是诗歌和文学的语言。
英美文化孕育了许多伟大的文学作品和著名的作家，如莎士比亚、奥斯卡·王尔德、弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫等。
这些作品不仅影响了英美文化，也对整个世界文学产生了深远的影响。
饮食英美饮食有着丰富多样的特点。
英国是茶文化的代表，下午茶是英国传统习俗之一，人们在下午喝茶和品尝点心。
同时，英国也以英式早餐和酒吧文化闻名。
美国则以汉堡、炸鸡、薯条和披萨等快餐食品为代表，在世界各地享有盛名。
此外，英美文化也有许多特色食物。
英国传统的烤牛肉和烤羊肉是其饮食文化的重要组成部分。
美国的巧克力、烤肉、火鸡等都是世界知名的美食。
音乐英美音乐是世界音乐史上不可忽视的一部分。
英国的流行音乐在全球范围内影响巨大，披头士乐队、皇后乐队、滚石乐队等都是英国音乐界的传奇。
美国则以爵士乐、摇滚乐和流行音乐见长。
爵士乐起源于非裔美国人社区，被誉为美国的独特音乐风格。
摇滚乐则主要起源于20世纪50年代的美国，并随着艾尔维斯·普雷斯利、披头士乐队、滚石乐队等乐队的崛起而迅速传遍全球。
电影英美电影业享有盛誉，许多经典的电影作品承载着英美文化的精髓。
好莱坞是美国电影工业的代表，以其丰富多样的电影类型而闻名。
从黑白无声电影时代的《乱世佳人》到现代的《星球大战》系列，这些电影作品不仅在票房上大获成功，也在影响全球电影制作的发展方向。
英国电影也有着自己的特色。
