英语国家社会与文化入门(大学英语专业英美文化概况)Unit 3

英美文化教程Unit 3Chapter 3. Which English?I . Focal Pointsthe roots of the English languageOld EnglishMiddle Englishdifferences between Old English and Middle Englishdifferences between Middle English and Modern EnglishModern EnglishShakespeare' s EnglishBBC EnglishStandard Englishchanges in the English languageThe King' s English and the advice given in the bookII. Questions and Answers on the Text1. Why did the Celtic people leave little that could later be incorporated into English?They left little that could later be incorporated into English because these people had no written language.2.Where can we find relics of Celtic?We can find relics of Celtic in place names.3.What are the Celtic languages that survive in Britain today?The Celtic languages that survive today are Welsh, Scottish Gaelic and Irish Gaelic.4 What is meant by lingua franca? Give one example of lingua franca ever used in British history.Lingua franca is any language widely used as a means of communication among speakers of other languages. One example is Latin, which became the lingua franca of Britain after the Romans, invaded Britain in 55 BC.5.When did the English alphabet appear? What scripts was it adapted from?The English alphabet appeared sometime between AD 500 and 700. It was adapted from Roman scripts.6. When did the history of the English language really begin? What happened then? The history of English really began around AD 450 when the Angles, Saxons and Jutes - tribes from north-west Germany and Denmark-invaded England in succession.7. How did the four dialects of Old English emerge?After the Germanic tribes of Angles, Saxons and Jutes had taken control of Britain and settled, the four main dialects of Old English emerged from the Germanic dialects.8. What is the ancestor of the modern English language?The ancestor of the modern English language is Old English of Anglo-Saxon.9. What scripts did writers of the Old English period use?Writers of the Old English period used both Latin and Germanic scripts.10. How did the Scandinavian influence enter Old English?The Scandinavian influence entered Old English by way of the Vikings from Scandinavia.11. How large was the vocabulary of Old English by the end of its period?By the end of its period, Old English contained a vocabulary of 30,000 words.12. Name one best-known Old English writer and his works.One of the best-known Old English writers was the Venerable Bede (673--735). His Ecclesiastical History of the English People is one of the main sources of information about the history of Anglo-Saxon English.13. What became the official language of England after the Norman invasion led by William the Conqueror? What language did the common people speak?After the Norman invasion led by William the Conqueror, Norman French became the official language of England. The common people, however, continued to speak their Anglo-Saxon language.14. In English, why do many words connected with administration come from Norman French?Many English words connected with administration come from French because after the Norman invasion Norman French became the official language of England, and the most important positions were given to Normans, who organized government and public affairs.15. What is known as Middle English?The blend of Anglo-Saxon, Latin and French which developed in the three centuries after the Norman Conquest is known as Middle English.16. When did Middle English begin?Middle English began in 1066.17. Why did the literature of England become trilingual in the three centuries following 1066?The literature of England became trilingual because the literature was written in Middle English, which is a blend of French, English and Latin.18. In Middle English, what is meant by the Romance words, and what is meant by the Germanic words?Romance words were the Latin and French words; Germanic words were the English and Scandinavian words.19. Who was the most important writer who used Middle English?The most important writer who used Middle English was Geoffrey Chaucer.20. What is the basic difference between Old English and Middle English?The difference between Old English and Middle English lies mainly in the abandonment of the system of grammatical inflexions.21. In what aspects did the changes from Middle English to Modern English take place?The changes from Middle English to Modern English involve mainly pronunciation, vocabulary and spelling.22. When did the spellings and written forms of English begin to become standardized?The spellings and written forms of English began to become standardized at the end of the fifteenth century, with the invention of the printing press (1476).23. When did Modern English start?Modern English started from about AD 1500.24. What does BBC stand for? When was it founded? What was its motto?BBC stands for the British Broadcasting Corporation. It was founded in 1927. Its motto was Nation Shall Speak Peace Unto Nation. It meant that the English in which the voice of peace was broadcast over the radio should be universally understood.25. Whose particular style of speech is usually recognized as Standard English or Received Pronunciation English?The Particular style of speech of the BBC announcers is usually recognized as Standard English or RP English.26. Whom do the speech patterns of the BBC announcers represent?The speech patterns of the BBC announcers represent the educated southern upper class.27. Why has the English language had a very strong association with class and social status?This began from the Norman times when the upper classes spoke a completely different language from the common people.28. What difference have modern ideas of social equality made to language use in Britain?With the ideas of social equality, hallmarks of class distinction such as styles of speech have been gradually discarded, especially by the younger generation.29. What was the attitude towards language use in Britain by the second half of the 1960s? What was the characteristic of the fashionable speech of the day?By the second half of the 1960s, it became apparent that it was not necessary to speak Standard English or even correct grammar to become popular, successful and rich. The fashionable speech of the day was no longer the prerogative of a privileged class rather a defiant expression of classlessness.30. What is the greatest single influence of the shaping of the English language in modern times?The greatest single influence of the shaping of the English language in modern times is the American accents, idioms and vocabulary exported all over the globe by US films.31. What was the characteristic of the fashion of speech in the 1970’s in Britain?In the 1970s, fashion favoured careless enunciation and a language full of jargon, slang and "in" words, much of it quite incomprehensible to the outside world.32. Who were the authors of The King' s English?The authors of The King' s English were the Fowler brothers.33. What is the approximate proportion of Germanic vocabulary and Romance vocabulary in current English vocabulary?Current English V ocabulary is approximately half Germanic (English and Scandinavian) and half Romance (Latin and French).IV. Explanations:1. Old English(1) Also called Anglo-Saxon, it is the first period of the English language from the time of the Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain in AD450 to the Norman Conquest in 1066.(2) Old English used both Latin and Germanic scripts. (3) Old English is the ancestor of Modern English. It is quite different from today's English.2. the Venerable Bede(1) The Venerable Bede (673--735) was one of the best. known Old English scholar-monks. (2) He wrote the Ecclesiastical History of the English People, which is one of the main sources of information about the history of Anglo-Saxon England.3. Middle English(1) Middle English is the name given to the English language in use from the Norman Conquest of 1066 to the introduction of the printing press in England in 1476. (2) Middle English is the blend of Anglo-Saxon, Latin and French. (3) The difference between Old English and Middle English lies mainly in the abandonment of the system of grammatical inflexions.4. Geoffrey Chaucer(1) Geoffrey Chaucer (1345--1400) was the most important Middle English poet. (2) His masterpiece was The Canterbury Tales.5. Modern English(1) Modern English is the English language since 1476. (2) With the introduction of the printing press in 1476, spellings and written forms of the English language began to become standardized. (3) The changes from Middle English to Modern English involve mainly pronunciation, vocabulary and spelling.6. the BBC(1) It stands for the British Broadcasting Corporation. (2) Its motto is Nation Shall Speak Peace Unto Nation. (3) The motto means that the voice of peace spoken over the radio should be universally understood. (4) The speech patterns of BBC annoumers represent the educated southern upper class, and their particular style of speech is recognized as Standard English or Received Pronunciation (RP) English.7. Standard English(1) The form of English as written and spoken by educated speakers of the language. (2) The style of speech of BBC announcers is usually recognized as Standard English. (3) Standard English is also the most appropriate variety of English for a foreigner learning English to copy.8. The King' s English(1) The famous book written by the Fowler brothers in 1906. (2) The best advice to all those who wish to become proficient in English was given in this book. (3) The best advice is to try to be direct, simple, brief, vigorous and lucid. (4)This general principle may be translated into practical rules in the domain of vocabulary as follows: Prefer the familiar words to the far-fetched.Prefer the concrete word to the abstract.Prefer the single word to the circumlocation.Prefer the short word to the long.Prefer the Saxon word to the Romance.。

英美文化教程Unit 3Chapter 3. Which English?I . Focal Pointsthe roots of the English languageOld EnglishMiddle Englishdifferences between Old English and Middle Englishdifferences between Middle English and Modern EnglishModern EnglishShakespeare' s EnglishBBC EnglishStandard Englishchanges in the English languageThe King' s English and the advice given in the bookII. Questions and Answers on the T ext1. Why did the Celtic people leave little that could later be incorporated into English?They left little that could later be incorporated into English because these people had no written language.2.Where can we find relics of Celtic?We can find relics of Celtic in place names.3.What are the Celtic languages that survive in Britain today?The Celtic languages that survive today are Welsh, Scottish Gaelic and Irish Gaelic.4 What is meant by lingua franca? Give one example of lingua franca ever used in British history.Lingua franca is any language widely used as a means of communication among speakers of other languages. One example is Latin, which became the lingua franca of Britain after the Romans, invaded Britain in 55 BC.5.When did the English alphabet appear? What scripts was it adapted from?The English alphabet appeared sometime between AD 500 and 700. It was adapted from Roman scripts.6. When did the history of the English language really begin? What happened then? The history of English really began around AD 450 when the Angles, Saxons and Jutes - tribes from north-west Germany and Denmark-invaded England in succession.7. How did the four dialects of Old English emerge?After the Germanic tribes of Angles, Saxons and Jutes had taken control of Britain and settled, the four main dialects of Old English emerged from the Germanic dialects.8. What is the ancestor of the modern English language?The ancestor of the modern English language is Old English of Anglo-Saxon.9. What scripts did writers of the Old English period use?Writers of the Old English period used both Latin and Germanic scripts.10. How did the Scandinavian influence enter Old English?The Scandinavian influence entered Old English by way of the Vikings from Scandinavia.11. How large was the vocabulary of Old English by the end of its period?By the end of its period, Old English contained a vocabulary of 30,000 words.12. Name one best-known Old English writer and his works.One of the best-known Old English writers was the V enerable Bede (673--735). His Ecclesiastical History of the English People is one of the main sources of information about the history of Anglo-Saxon English.13. What became the official language of England after the Norman invasion led by William the Conqueror? What language did the common people speak?After the Norman invasion led by William the Conqueror, Norman French became the official language of England. The common people, however, continued to speak their Anglo-Saxon language.14. In English, why do many words connected with administration come from Norman French?Many English words connected with administration come from French because after the Norman invasion Norman French became the official language of England, and the most important positions were given to Normans, who organized government and public affairs.15. What is known as Middle English?The blend of Anglo-Saxon, Latin and French which developed in the three centuries after the Norman Conquest is known as Middle English.16. When did Middle English begin?Middle English began in 1066.17. Why did the literature of England become trilingual in the three centuries following 1066?The literature of England became trilingual because the literature was written in Middle English, which is a blend of French, English and Latin.18. In Middle English, what is meant by the Romance words, and what is meant by the Germanic words?Romance words were the Latin and French words; Germanic words were the English and Scandinavian words.19. Who was the most important writer who used Middle English?The most important writer who used Middle English was Geoffrey Chaucer.20. What is the basic difference between Old English and Middle English?The difference between Old English and Middle English lies mainly in the abandonment of the system of grammatical inflexions.21. In what aspects did the changes from Middle English to Modern English take place?The changes from Middle English to Modern English involve mainly pronunciation, vocabulary and spelling.22. When did the spellings and written forms of English begin to become standardized?The spellings and written forms of English began to become standardized at the end of the fifteenth century, with the invention of the printing press (1476).23. When did Modern English start?Modern English started from about AD 1500.24. What does BBC stand for? When was it founded? What was its motto?BBC stands for the British Broadcasting Corporation. It was founded in 1927. Its motto was Nation Shall Speak Peace Unto Nation. It meant that the English in which the voice of peace was broadcast over the radio should be universally understood.25. Whose particular style of speech is usually recognized as Standard English or Received Pronunciation English?The Particular style of speech of the BBC announcers is usually recognized as Standard English or RP English.26. Whom do the speech patterns of the BBC announcers represent?The speech patterns of the BBC announcers represent the educated southern upper class.27. Why has the English language had a very strong association with class and social status?This began from the Norman times when the upper classes spoke a completely different language from the common people.28. What difference have modern ideas of social equality made to language use in Britain?With the ideas of social equality, hallmarks of class distinction such as styles of speech have been gradually discarded, especially by the younger generation.29. What was the attitude towards language use in Britain by the second half of the 1960s? What was the characteristic of the fashionable speech of the day?By the second half of the 1960s, it became apparent that it was not necessary to speak Standard English or even correct grammar to become popular, successful and rich. The fashionable speech of the day was no longer the prerogative of a privileged class rather a defiant expression of classlessness.30. What is the greatest single influence of the shaping of the English language in modern times?The greatest single influence of the shaping of the English language in modern times is the American accents, idioms and vocabulary exported all over the globe by US films.31. What was the characteristic of the fashion of speech in the 1970’s in Britain?In the 1970s, fashion favoured careless enunciation and a language full of jargon, slang and "in" words, much of it quite incomprehensible to the outside world.32. Who were the authors of The King' s English?The authors of The King' s English were the Fowler brothers.33. What is the approximate proportion of Germanic vocabulary and Romance vocabulary in current English vocabulary?Current English V ocabulary is approximately half Germanic (English and Scandinavian) and half Romance (Latin and French).IV. Explanations:1. Old English(1) Also called Anglo-Saxon, it is the first period of the English language from the time of the Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain in AD450 to the Norman Conquest in 1066.(2) Old English used both Latin and Germanic scripts. (3) Old English is the ancestor of Modern English. It is quite different from today's English.2. the V enerable Bede(1) The V enerable Bede (673--735) was one of the best. known Old English scholar-monks. (2) He wrote the Ecclesiastical History of the English People, which is one of the main sources of information about the history of Anglo-Saxon England.3. Middle English(1) Middle English is the name given to the English language in use from the Norman Conquest of 1066 to the introduction of the printing press in England in 1476. (2) Middle English is the blend of Anglo-Saxon, Latin and French. (3) The difference between Old English and Middle English lies mainly in the abandonment of the system of grammatical inflexions.4. Geoffrey Chaucer(1) Geoffrey Chaucer (1345--1400) was the most important Middle English poet. (2) His masterpiece was The Canterbury Tales.5. Modern English(1) Modern English is the English language since 1476. (2) With the introduction of the printing press in 1476, spellings and written forms of the English language began to become standardized. (3) The changes from Middle English to Modern English involve mainly pronunciation, vocabulary and spelling.6. the BBC(1) It stands for the British Broadcasting Corporation. (2) Its motto is Nation Shall Speak Peace Unto Nation. (3) The motto means that the voice of peace spoken over the radio should be universally understood. (4) The speech patterns of BBC annoumers represent the educated southern upper class, and their particular style of speech is recognized as Standard English or Received Pronunciation (RP) English.7. Standard English(1) The form of English as written and spoken by educated speakers of the language. (2) The style of speech of BBC announcers is usually recognized as Standard English. (3) Standard English is also the most appropriate variety of English for a foreigner learning English to copy.8. The King' s English(1) The famous book written by the Fowler brothers in 1906. (2) The best advice to all those who wish to become proficient in English was given in this book. (3) The best advice is to try to be direct, simple, brief, vigorous and lucid. (4)This general principle may be translated into practical rules in the domain of vocabulary as follows: Prefer the familiar words to the far-fetched.Prefer the concrete word to the abstract.Prefer the single word to the circumlocation.Prefer the short word to the long.Prefer the Saxon word to the Romance.。

Unit3:美国的开始什么是美国？这已经变成了一个经典的问题，这个问题不仅是外国人参观美国时会发出的，连美国人自己也在问这个问题。

当美国人感到困惑的时候，当他们处在危机当中时，他们会问他们到底是谁，并且尝试去查明作为一个美国人的意义在哪里。

实际上，这个著名的问题是出自一位名叫赫克托·圣约翰·德克雷夫科尔的法国人所提出来了，他在18世纪定居于宾夕法尼亚州。

在1782年，这位法国农夫在伦敦出版了一本名为《一封来自美国农民的信》，在这本书中，他提出了这个问题，并且反问他自己：“那美国人呢，他们是新的种族吗？他既不是欧洲人，也不是欧洲人的后裔，他们是一种在任何国家都看不到的强大的血缘融合。

我可以向你例证在一个家庭中，爷爷可能是英国人，他的妻子是荷兰人，他的儿子嫁给了一个法国人，而且他们的儿子娶了4个不同国家的老婆。

美国人是这样的人：他们把所有过去的偏见和习俗抛在脑后，而从他们所热爱的新生活方式、他们所依附的新政府、他享有的新地位中接受新的一套。

来自各个民族的人，在此熔成为一个新的名族，他们的劳动及他们的后代必将给世界带来大的变化......美国人是一种新人，他按新的原则办事，他们因此必须吸取新的思想，形成新的见解......这就是美国人。

”按照德克雷夫科尔所说的，如今的美国人和他们的后裔都是欧洲人混种，但是却没有把美洲印第安人和黑种人考虑在内。

如今，对于美国人的描述越来越复杂。

在美国的家庭中，女婿和儿媳可能是欧洲人的后裔，也可能是非洲美国人或是亚洲移民，尽管这种家庭是由白人黑人亚洲人混血而成，但这毕竟只是少数。

想要去了解美国的话，让我们先回到美国的过去。

新大陆美洲大陆居住的是两次长期人口迁移运动所带来的人民，第一次是从亚洲来的，第二次是从欧洲和非洲。

向美洲的第一次人口迁移运动大约始于25000年之前，当时在西伯利亚的部族为了寻找新的猎场或逃避追赶的敌人越过白令海峡，到达阿拉斯加。

到1492年，大约1000～2000万土生土长的美洲人生活在美洲，他们被哥伦布错认为印度人。

英国Unit 3 第6题What kind of institution(部门is the House of Lords（上议院）? What role dose it play in 部门) 部门（上议院）British government? A: It consists of the Lords Spiritual(神职议员)who are the Archbishops(大主教) and most prominent （杰出的、卓越的）bishops （主教）of the church of England ;and the Lords Temporal(世俗议员)，which refers to everyone else。

②They inherited(继承) the seat from their forefathers or been appointed by the sovereign （郡主、最高统治者）parliament 议会）they speak and vote .In （as individuals （个人）,not as representatives （代表）of the greater interests of the country. They do not receive salaries and many do not attend Parliament at all.unit5 3.What are the three main areas in national economies？Describe the development of each of the three areas in the UK economy. 答案National economies can be broken down into three main areas,”primary”industries, such as agriculture ,fishing, and mining,”second-ary”industries, which manufacture complex goods from those primary products ;and tertiary industries .often described as services,such as banking, insurance, tourism, and the selling of goods. Britain’s agricultural sector is small （producing 1.4%of the national wealth ）but efficient, producing 58% of the UK’s food needs with only 2%of its workforce.Three quarters of Britain’s land is used for agriculture. With about a quarter of that under crops-wheat and barley are the two commonest. The rest is grazing for animals, including cattle (both dariy and beef), The fishing industry provides 55%of the UK demand for fish Sconish ports land the majority of the fish caught. In the secondary sector of the economy. Manufacturing industry remains important, producing 22% of national wealth. British companies are are active in all major fields of manufacturing industry, but are particularly strong in pharmaceuticals(the British company Glaxo-Wellcrme is the biggest drug company in the world),chemicals([C]is the second largest paint manufacture in the world),aerospace overall the UK industry is third in （size in the world）and food drink (Scotch whisky being a major export). ）unit7 1. (1)What are the purposes of the British education system? (2)Please comment on these purposes. (3)What are the main purposes of the Chinese education system? (4)Are there any differences or similarities in the education of the two nations? 答：(1)The purpose of the British education system is to teach children practical skills and socialize them. (2)Children learn practical skills, and the rules and values they need to become good citizens, to participate in the community, and to contribute to the economic prosperity of an advanced industrial economy.(3)The purpose of the Chinese education is to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills they will need to become active members of society. (4) In china, people think school is just about teaching children what are often called” the three R’s---“reading, writing and ‘arithmetic”(reading, writing and arithmetic). 2. How does the British education reflect social class? British education reflect the deeper divisions in British society in which social class is still very important: class inequality can be erased or continued according to education policy. What’s more, the enduring feature o f British education is the continuing debate over how “equal” educational opportunity should be. In British, the accent you speak with, the clothes you wear, and the schools you attend are all markers that identify your social class. The school (or college)tie is a clear marker of social class. Even on informal occasions you will sometimes see men wearing their school ties as belts to hold up their trousers –proudly displaying their attendance at a certain school. In Britain, where you are educated is very important to you future.3 what are the major changes that have taken place since World war 2? Is British education moving towards more progress or more equality? Pick up some examples from the text toillustrate your points. Other major changes to the British education system were caused by world war Ⅱ。

美国UNIT 3 l.What is an American? He is either a European, or the descendant of a European, hence that strange mixture of blood, which you will find in no other country. He is an American, who leaving behind him all his ancient prejudices and manners, receives new ones from the new mode of life he has embraced, the new go ver nment he obeys, and the new rank he holds.... Here individuals of all nations are melted into a new race of men, whose labors and posterity will one day cause great changes in the world. ... The American is a new man, who acts new principles; he must therefore en tertai n new ideas, and form new opinions. 4 .In what way did Puritanism influe nee America n culture?A. Today, Puritans are no Ion ger in existence. But their legacies are still felt in American society and culture. For example, the Puritans hoped to build "a city upon hill" an ideal comm unity. Since that time, America ns have viewed their country as a great experiment, a worthy model for other nations. This sense of mission has been very strong in the minds of many Americans.B. The Puritans also have left rich cultural heritage to future America ns. The America n values such as in dividualism, hard work, respect of educatio n owe very much to the Puritan beliefs.UNIT 4 1 Why did the Articles of Confederation fail? Was it necessary to change the Articles of Confederation and write a new constitution for the new nation of the United States at the time? The Articles of Confedera廿on failed because the states did not cooperate with the Congress or with each other. When the Congress needed money to pay the national army or to pay debts owed to Fra nee and other nati ons, some states refused to con tribute. The Con gress had bee n given no authority to force any state to do anything. It could not tax any citizen. Only the state in which a citizen lived could do that. 2. What is a federal system? What are some of the major differences between a federal system and a confederation? The Constitution set up a federal system with a strong cen tral go ver nment. A federal system is one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constituent parts, with some rights reserved to each. The Con stituti on also called for the electi on of a nati on al leader, or preside nt. It provided that federal laws would be made only by a Congress made up of representatives elected by the people. It also provided for a national court system headed by a Supreme Court. 3. What are some of the major powers of each of the three bra nches of the U.S. go ver nment? How are the three bra nches supposed to check and bala nee each other? If Con gress proposes a law that the preside nt thinks is un wise, the preside nt can veto it. That means the proposal does not become law. Con gress can en act the law despite the preside nt's views only if two-thirds of the members of both houses vote in favor of it. If Congress passes a law which is then challenged in the courts as unconstitutional, the Supreme Court has the power to declare the law unconst:itutional and therefore no Ion ger in effect. The preside nt has the power to make treaties with other nations and to make all appointments to federal positions, including the position of Supreme Court justice. The Sen ate, however; must approve all treaties and con firm all appoi ntme nts before they become official. In this way the Con gress can preve nt the preside nt from maki ng un wise appointments 4. What is the Bill of Rights? Do you think that it was necessary to write the Bill of Rights explicitly into the U.S. Constitution? The Bill of Rights: the first 10 amendments, collectively known as the Bill of Rights, were added within two years of the adoption of the U.S. Constitution. These amendments remain intact today, as they were written two centuries ago. The first guarantees freedom of worship, speech and press, the right of peaceful assembly, and the right to petition the government to correct wrongs. The Bill of Rights and subsequent con stituti onal ame ndme nts guara ntee the America n people the fullest possible opport unity to enjoy fundamental human rights. 5 What are the two political parties in the United States? Do you think they are fun dame ntally different? The Un ited States has two major political parties. One is the Democratic Party, which evolved out of Thomas」efferson's party, formed before 1800. The symbol of the party is the donkey. The other is theRepublican Party, which was formed in the 1850s, by people in the states of the North and West, such as Abraham Lin coin, who wan ted the go ver nment to preve nt the expa nsion of slavery into new states the n being admitted to the union. The symbol of the Republican Party is the elephant.UNIT 6 1. In what way do you think that religious freedom was a historical necessity in the United States? 1. By the middle of the 18th century, many different kinds of Protestants lived in America. 2. The Great Awakening of the 1740s, a "revivamovement that sought to breathe new feeling and st re ngth into religi on, cut across the lines of Protesta nt religious groups, or denominations. 3. A few America ns were so in flue need by the new scie nee and new ideas of the En lighte nment in Europe that they became deists, believing that reason teaches that God exists but leaves man free to settle his own affairs. 4. The First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States forbade the new federal go ver nment to give special favors to any religio n or to hin der the free practice, or exercise, of religion. 3 What promotes the diversity in American religion? 1. The United States has always been a fertile ground for the growth of new religious movements. Fron tier America provided plenty of room to set up a new church or found a new comm unity. 2. Many religious communities and secular utopias, or experiments in new forms of social living, were foun ded in 18th and 19th century America. 3. America ns with differe nt religions live together under the same law. 4. The religious beliefs of Americans continue to be strong with social progress. 5. In the United States every church is a completely independent organization, and concerned with its own finance and its own building. 6. Continuous immigration.UNIT 8 1. What is the goal of education in the United States? Discuss the similarities and differences in Great Britain, the United States and China concerning the goals of education. 答：The goal is一and has been since the early decades of the republic一to achieve universal literacy and to provide individuals with the knowledge and skills necessary to promote both their own individual welfare as well as that of the general public. Though this goal has not yet been fully achieved, it remains an ideal toward which the American educational system is directed. The progress which has bee n made is no table both for its scope and for the educati onal methods which have been developed in the process of achieving it. 2. How did American education begin to develop? In 1634, they ope ned a zz latee n grammar" school, a school for those who wan ted to prepare for college. In 1636, Harvard College was founded for the training of religious ministers. In 1634 and 1638, the Puritans passed laws declaring that all property could be taxed for the comm on good, which in eluded the support of school. I n 1642 and 1647, the Bay Colony passed laws requiring all parents to provide reading educating for their children. At the end of the 18th century, elementary education throughout the United States was in local hands. 3. What are the major characteristics of education in America? (l)Different education laws for different states.(2)Several levels of schooli ng： Eleme ntary Schooli ng, Sec on dary Schooli ng and High Schooli ng.(3)curricula for students: there is no national curriculum in the United States. (3)Compulsory education for all students. (4)Equal education opportunities for minority groups. (5)Strong dema nd for higher educati on. (6)The complex system of higher educati on. Some states play a strong role in the selection of learning material for their students. Schools were asked not only to teach this new information, but to help students ask their own questions about it. The "inquiry" method of learning, focusing on solving problems rather than memorizing facts, became popular. 或者3.What do you think some of the characteristics of education in America? 1. About 85% of American students attend public schools (schools supported by American taxpayers). The other 15% attend private schools, for which their families choose to pay special attendance fees. Four out of five private schools in theUnited States are run by churches, synagogues or other religious groups. In such schools, religious teachings are a part of the curriculum. 2. Each of the 50 states in the United States has its own laws regulating education. From state to state, some laws are similar; others are not. Education in the United States was to remain in the hands of state and local go ver nmen ts. 3. America ns have a str ong tendency to educate their childre n about major public concerns—problems such as environmentai pollution, nuclear issues, neighborhood crime and drugs.Unit9 1, what were the major social movement of the 1960s? And what was the historical background of the social movements of that decade? 一(1) the Civil Rights Movement, the Youth Movement, the Anti-War Movement, Free Speech Movement, Counter Culture, Women's Liberation Movement. (2) 1. During World War Two, many American Negroes had a taste of life outside the South. They knew that life in the segregated South, where Negroes were prevented from working at good jobs and getting good education, was not the American way of life. 2. Women earned less money and had fewer opportunities to advanee than men working in the same jobs, or they became housewives, isolated at home with their children. 3. Many young people resented traditional white male values in US society. 4. When the US army began to fight in Vietnam, many people thought the war was wrong. They did not understand why US troops were fighting in Asia.。

Text什么是美国的？这已经成为一个经典的问题不仅是美国访问的外国人，更是美国人常常问自己。

当美国人感到困惑，或者当他们在危机时，他们问他们是谁，并试图找出什么是美国人的手段。

事实上，这个著名的问题时，首先问一个法国人称为J.海克特圣约翰日克雷弗克谁定居在宾夕法尼亚州的18世纪。

在1782年，这个法国农民在伦敦出版了一本书，从美国的农民，他所提出的问题，并回答了自己提出的信：“那么，什么是美国，这个新好男人？他要么是欧洲，或子孙欧洲，因此，随着血液中奇妙的混合在一起，你会发现在没有其他国家。

我可以向你指出，一个家庭，其祖父是英国人，他的妻子是一位荷兰人，他的儿子娶了一位法国妇女，其目前有4个儿子现在4个不同国家的妻子。

他是美国人，谁在他身后留下他的所有古老的偏见和方式，收到他的生活已经接受，他的新政府遵循的新模式新，而新职，他认为。

···在这里个人的所有国家都成为一个男人，他们的劳动力和子孙后代新一轮融化总有一天会导致世界。

···美国是一个新好男人，谁原则的行为后，新的巨大变化，他因此必须招待新的想法，和形式。

· ·新意见·这是一个美国人。

“据克雷弗克，在那些日子里，美国有没有考虑到欧洲人的或其后代混血儿，如美洲印第安人和黑人其他民族。

今天，美国情况较为复杂。

在美国家庭中，有可能是儿子，儿媳或女儿女婿与欧洲后裔或非裔美国人和亚裔移民尽管这些白人混血与其他黑人或亚洲人的家庭占少数。

为了理解这一点，美国，让我们回到美国的过去。

A New Land美国大陆的人居住，作为两个结果长期持续的移民运动，第一个来自亚洲，欧洲和非洲的第二位。

第一乐章开始大概25 000年前，当西伯利亚部落，在新的狩猎区或从追求寻求避难的敌人，在越过白令海峡到达阿拉斯加。

到1492年，超过10-20万人，误称为居住克里斯托弗哥伦布在美洲，印第安人。

英语国家社会与文化入门Unit3Unit3一、判断题1、It is no doubt Britain is the oldest representive democracy in the world.（F）毫无疑问英国是世界上最古老的表现性的民主。

2、In Britain,the Process of state-building has been one of evolution rather revoution,in contrast to France and the US.（T）在英国,国家建设一直是进化的过程,而次大革命,相比之下,法国和美国。

3、The oldest institution of government in Britain is the Monarchy.（T）最古老的政府机构在英国是君主制。

4、The divine right of the king means the sovereign derived his authority from his subjects.（F）国王的神圣权利意味着主权权威来自他的臣民。

5、As the king in theory had God on his side,it was tought that he should exercise absolute power.（F）国王在理论上有上帝在他的身边,想,他应该行使绝对权力。

6、The term"parliament"was first offcially used in 1066 to describe the gathering of feudal barons and representatives from counties and towns.（F）“议会”这个词第一次被据1066年用来描述封建贵族的聚会和代表县和城镇。

7、Britain is both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy.（T）英国是议会民主和君主立宪制国家。