资源与环境
井工开采煤矿区土地破坏程度分析
———以陕西某矿为例
赵艳玲,黄琴焕,苏未曰,蒋丽佳,纪 研
(中国矿业大学(北京)土地复垦与生态重建研究所,北京 100083)
摘要:随着我国人地矛盾的日益加剧,土地复垦越来越重要,而土地破坏程度分析是土地复垦规划的依据之一。
对于新建矿山来说,破坏程度分析的对象是未来破坏土地,选择的分析因子必须能够通过预测得到。
文中以陕西某矿为例给出了土地破坏程度分析的方法。
关键字:井工开采;破坏程度;因子中图分类号:TD88 文献标识码:B 文章编号:1001-358X (2009)02-0069-03 本文以陕西某矿为例,给出了新建矿山土地破坏程度分析的方法,为其他类似矿山的土地复垦方案编制提供参考。
1 研究区概况
研究区位于陕北黄土高原与毛乌素沙漠的接壤地带,地形总的趋势为西南、西北高,中东部低,海拔高程最高1319170m ,最低海拔高程1088100m ,一般在1150～1260m 。
地表大部分为第四系风成沙及黄土所覆盖,构造相对简单,未见断层,属构造相对稳定区域。
依据岩性特征自下而上划分为五个中级旋迴,含5
个煤组。
可采和局部可采煤层仅有7层,煤层总体倾角在1～2°左右,平均采深250m ,长壁综采,全部垮落法管理顶板。
2 拟破坏土地预测
由于研究区煤层为近水平煤层,因此采用开采沉陷学[1]
的概率积分法进行沉陷预计,预计结果分
别见表1和表2。
表1 地表下沉、移动与变形的预计最大值变形类型最大值(+)
最大值(-)
下沉(mm )3763158倾斜(mm /m )30138-34139曲率(10
-3
/m 2
)
0164-0140水平移动(mm )1077101-1295162水平变形(mm /m )
24102
-14194
从表1可以看出,研究区最大下沉值为
3763158mm ,最大倾斜值为30138mm /m ,最大水平
表2 地表下沉深度及下沉面积下沉深度
下沉面积(h m 2)
10mm -015m
54169
015m -1m 171541m -2m 261842m -3m 271613m 以上
180109总计
306177
变形值为24102mm /m 。
从表2可以看出,以下沉10mm 为破坏边界,预计总下沉面积为306177h m 2。
将下沉值、水平变形值和倾斜值作图见图1、图
2、图3。
图1 下沉等值线
9
6第2期2009年4月 矿 山 测 量M I N E S URVEYI N G
No 12
Ap r 12009
图
2 水平变形等值线
图3 倾斜变形等值线
4 拟破坏土地破坏程度分析411 因子选择及等级划分
研究区位于陕北黄土高原与毛乌素沙漠的接壤
地带,地表起伏不大,属微丘陵地区,但水土流失严重,因此,土地破坏程度分析指标选择下沉、地表裂缝和附加坡度,将评价结果划分为轻度、中度、重度三个等级。
下沉:在开采影响波及到地表以后,受采动影响的地表从原有标高向下沉降,从而在采空区上方地表形成一个比采空区大的多的沉陷区域。
这种地表沉陷区域称为地表移动盆地,或称下沉盆地。
在地表移动盆地形成的过程中,改变了地表原有的形态,引起了高低、坡度及水平位置的变化。
因此,对位于影响内的土地、道路、管路、河渠、建筑物、生态环境等等,都带来了不同程度的影响。
根据研究区的具体情况,将下沉对土地的影响分为三级,具体见表3。
裂缝:地表下沉时引起拉伸变形,当拉伸达到一定值时引起地表的张裂。
裂缝对土地的破坏程度由裂缝宽度和深度情况所表示,由于裂缝宽度与深度存在一定的关系[2]
以只选择裂缝的宽度即可。
根据
相关研究
[3,4]
,一般水平变形值在3～10mm /m 时,
裂缝宽度小于10c m ,出现轻度破坏;水平变形值在
10～20mm /m 时,裂缝宽度在10～30c m 之间,出现
中度破坏;水平变形值大于20mm /m 时,裂缝宽度大于300mm ,出现重度破坏。
附加坡度:煤炭开采后,地表下沉、倾斜,形成塌陷盆地,在盆地周围将产生一定的附加坡度,改变了地形地貌,对农作物及植被生产都将产生一定的影响,并加强水土流失。
附加坡度=倾斜/18,单位度。
根据附加坡度对耕地的影响,可将其分为三级,具体见表3。
表3 土地破坏程度分析指标及等级划分标准破坏等级
下沉深度(m )裂缝宽度(c m )附加坡度(°
)轻度<015<10<1
中度015～310～301～3重度
>3
>30
>3
412 分析方法
分析方法采用极限条件法,即:
D =m ax {D 裂缝,D 下沉,D 坡度}
(1)
其中:D 为土地破坏程度等级;m ax {}是求{}内各项的最大程度;D 裂缝为裂缝破坏程度等级;D 下沉为下沉破坏程度等级;D 坡度为附加坡度破坏程度等级。
413 分析单元划分
上述分析因子按照等级划分后每个因子均得到3个大的分析单元,然后利用MapGI S 软件进行叠置
分析,共得34个分析单元。
414 破坏程度分析结果
由于每一个分析单元均对应唯一的因子值,因此根据式1所示计算方法对分析单元的分析因子取
7第2期 矿 山 测 量 2009年4月
最值,可得土地破坏程度分布图(图4),分等级破坏土地面积统计见表4。
表4 研究区土地破坏程度分等级面积破坏程度面积(h m 2)比例(%)轻度破坏51180
16189
中度破坏7413524124重度破坏180********合计
306177
1001
00
图4 破坏程度分布图
其中:
轻度破坏:主要分布在盆地最边缘区。
地面有轻微的变形,出现较缓坡度;同时出现裂缝,但宽度、深度和分布密度均较小,总体不明显,不影响农田耕种、林地、草地等植被生长;水土流失略有增加。
中度破坏:主要分布在煤柱或盘区的边缘地带,
即下沉盆地的边缘部分。
地面塌陷破坏比较严重,出现方向明显的缝、坡、坎等,影响农田耕种、灌溉,导致减产,也影响灌木林地与植被生长;水土流失有所加剧。
重度破坏:主要分布在煤层浅部及地表较陡的土坡边缘地带和下沉盆底区域。
地面严重塌陷破坏,下沉很大,或区域内出现较大裂缝,农田、灌木林地与牧草地等破坏严重;水土流失严重,生态环境恶化。
5 结 论
土地破坏程度分析是土地复垦规划的重要依据之一,对于新建矿山来说,土地破坏还没有发生,因此在进行土地破坏程度分析时针对的是未来状态,分析因子的选择往往受限,要求必须能够通过预测得到。
本文以陕西某矿为例给出了新建矿山土地破坏程度分析的方法,以期为类似矿山土地复垦规划提供参考。
参考文献:[1] 何国清,杨伦,凌赓娣等1矿山开采沉陷学[M ]1徐州:
中国矿业大学出版社,19941
[2] 吴侃,周鸣,胡振琪1开采引起的地表裂缝宽度和深度
预计[J ]1阜新矿业学院学报,1997(12):649-6521
[3] 胡海峰,何万龙,康建荣1煤塌陷区土地破坏面积和破
坏程度的预测[J ]1矿山测量,2001(3):21-251
[4] 甘兵勇1采煤塌陷对生态环境的影响及对策[J ]1能
源环境保护,2003,17(3):45-471
作者简介:赵艳玲(1976-),女,河北献县人,讲师。
研究方向:土地复垦与生态重建、土地规划、G I S 在土地中的应用。
(收稿日期:2008-12-01)
(上接第19页)
[19] HUANG W ei -bin 1Advanced Adjust m ent Theory and
App licati ons [M ]1Beijing:Publish House of P LA,19941(in Chinese )
[20] K OCH K R 1Least Squares Adjust m ent and Coll ocati on
[J ]1Bull Geodesique,1977(51):127-135
[21] MOR I TZ H 1Advanced Physical Geodesy [M ]
1Karlsruhe:HerbetW ich mann Verlag,1980
[22] ZHOU J iang -wen 1Coll ocati on by T wo Variant Methods
[J ]1ActaGeodet CartSinica,1981,10(1):9-121(inChi 2nese )
作者简介:王琦(1956-),男,高级工程师,陕西泾阳县人,主要从事工程测量和大地测量方面的研究。
主持完成2006甘肃省似大地水准面精化研究,并获得2007年度甘肃省测绘科技进步奖一等奖。
(收稿日期:2008-10-26)
1
7第2期 赵艳玲等:井工开采煤矿区土地破坏程度分析 2009年4月
ENGL I SH ABSTRACTS O F M A IN ART I CL ES IN TH I S I SSUE
Research on the Partition Rectificati on of Raster I m age Based on Defor mati on Feature———Because of the defor ma2 tion in the scanned raster i mage,in this paper,the parti2 tion rectification method is put for ward according t o defor m2 ation based on selected Delaunay TI N and realized with p r ogram,which using the control points of square contr ol net work,thr ough geometric rectificati on to gain the defor m2 ation vector of contr ol points,and the visualization of de2 for mati on feature is realized based on the defor mation vect or at the same ti me.Test has p roved it is a method according to defor mati on features which conquers the traditional dis2 advantages and realizes the op ti m ization of p recision and s peed of rectificati on.(Zhou Yuan)
The Research and Devel opment of Communicati on System Based on W inCE PDA and Total Station Datu m———This article realizes the bidirectional data communication be2 t ween PDA and total stati on which is on the foundati on of research on the embedded operating system sW indows CE, on the p latfor m of 2005.Co mbining the develop2 ment p ractice,it has a detailed rep resentati on on the key technologies of data communication,taking N ikon DT M-352C Total Station as an examp le underW indows CE.This article may als o be a reference on communication bet w een PDA and other device.(W ang Tao et al.)
Study on the Method of Eli m inating the Gross Err or in Three D i mensi onal Laser Scanning———In order t o analyze the method of eli m inating the gr oss err or in three di m en2 sional laser scanning and i mp r ove the quality of point cl oud data,the method through object-based technique is put for ward in this paper.After many experi m ents,it shows that the method is feasible t o eli m inate the points that are far fr om the entity and i mp r ove the data quality.(Bai Zhi2 hui et al.)
Gain the Elevation Abnor mality by the Method of RCR Considering of EG M96———I ntr oducing the method of u2 sing the Earth’s Gravity field model EG M96,integrating GPS level data,using the remove-compute-restore meth2 od to gain the elevati on abnor mality of unknown points. W ith comparing to the general fitting of GPS/leveling,the fitting p recision is superior to i mp r ove,and contrasting with the model of CG01C.The paper has given the detailed cal2 culation p rocess,and divided the fitting models into func2 tional models and statistical models to exp lain.Finally,the text has illum inated the feasibility of the method with exam2 p les.(W ang Q i et al.)
Design and I m p lementati on of a Campus-O riented W eb2 GI S System based on A rc I M S———This paper firstly intro2 duces the fundamental theories of W ebGI S and A rcGI S, giving the design ideas of structure and data in Campus-o2 riented W ebGIS system.Then the main functions of setting and managing map services,building web-site,graphics to attribute and attribute t o graphics querying,and themat2 ic mapp ing is realized.The system is analyzed and evalua2 ted in the last.(Yang Zhenghua et al.)
A Study of Construction and Classification of Decisi on Tree Classifiers Based on SEE5.0A lgorithm———Combining T M s pectrum,texture,terrain and NDV I as attributes of sam2p le set to do class test using the decision tree algorithm based on See5.0,conjuncting with six maj or land cover types over Changqing D istrict in J i’nan,Shandong p r ovince ,and extracting the p resent situation infor mation of land u2 tilization in ENV I.The test show that the p recisi on of clas2
sificati on,integrating different attributes data,has been i m p rove obviously,and the combination of See5.0and EN2 V I is an effective method of remote sensing i m agery classifi2 cation based on knowledge t o classify land cover types with high efficiency,high accuracy and reliability.(L iang Kun et al.)
App licati on of MAPGI S in the Management of Surveying Control Points———Taking the examp le of C and D grade Control net work of Q inglong county,the method of building Management I nfor mati on System with both graphics and text for managing control points,query and out put with GI S p latfor m of MapGI S6.7was discussed in this paper,and the integrati on management of contr ol points graphics infor2 mation and attribute infor mation was achieved.(Song Guanghao et al.)
Precision Analysis of The False Tilt-angle Fixing———I n order to extend waist line of incline lane reas onably by the way of false-tilt angle and theodolite,it summarizes s ome main measures t o i mp r ove the fixing p recision of the waist line thr ough the theoretical analysis,including that control2 ling the angle of horizontal deviati on and increasing p reci2 sion on observing the angle of horizontal deviati on and fix2 ing the false-tilt angle.The p ractice indicates that meas2 ures p roposed is reas onable and feasible and can meet p r o2 ject demands.(Tang Youli)
App licati on of G M(1,1)Model On Defor mati on Observa2 ti on———I n this paper,the construction method and test theory of G M(1,1)model is firstly discussed.Then it has a analysis on deflection of observing point in building.Fi2 nally comparis on bet ween the forecasted data and the actual defor mation observation data is done.The result show that G M(1,1)model is p recise,stable and p ractical.(Guo Zongyang)
Analysis of Land Destr oyed Degree in Underground M ining A rea———W ith the increasing deteri oration of the contra2 diction bet w een peop le and land,land reclamati on becomes more and more i mportant,and analysis of land destr oyed degree is one of basis for land reclamation p lan.For a new m ine,the object of the analysis of land destroyed degree is future destr oyed land,therefor the factors could been got by p redicted.Here is given the method of analysis of land destr oyed degree via a m ine area in Shan’xi p r ovince.(Zhao Yanling et al.)
The Practice in Teaching Refor m of Engineering Surveying Based on Pr oject Case———A i m ing at the s pecialty and p r oblem s which existed in the course of engineering survey2 ing,this paper intr oduces the p r ocess of the teaching re2 for m based on p roject cases.It summarizes to the teaching refor m,and points out that the teaching refor m based on p r oject cases has many advantages,for examp le,it can in2 s p ire students to study and make up the shortages in teach2 ing.(Dou Shiqing et al.)。
