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浅析《野性的呼唤》中的巴克摘要：《野性的呼唤》的主人公巴克以其异常坚韧的生命姿态跃然于杰克伦敦笔下，艺术性的创造了赋予人性的的巴克。
作者通过动物的视角来反观人类, 是对人性的现实写照和理性审视。
在巴克身上，不仅可以看到作者的身影，也可以看到作者的渴望和追求。
可以说，巴克是杰克·伦敦生活的真实反映关键词：巴克多重性格杰克伦敦现实写照《野性的呼唤》是杰克·伦敦最有名的动物小说之一。
可以说，他在世界文坛的地位与成就，很大程度上得益于以《野性的呼唤》为代表的动物小说。
小说叙述了一只名叫巴克的狗，从南方一个法官家庭被偷卖到冰天雪地气候恶劣的阿拉斯加做雪橇狗，不断适应逐渐变强，最后回归自然，成为一只领头狼的故事。
小说虽是写狗，实则写人，虽写的是动物社会，实则影射人类社会。
仔细对比就会发现，巴克和伦敦本人在很多方面都有着惊人的相似，巴克的经历折射了伦敦自己的经历，巴克的渴望也反映着伦敦的渴望。
可以说，巴克在一定程度上就是伦敦自己，是伦敦的现实和理想自我的结合。
一、巴克的多重性格分析( 一) 富有抗争精神的强者巴克一生下来就住在加利福尼亚米勒法官的庄园中, 过着优越的贵族生活。
但是后来遭人拐卖, 从舒适的南方被抛到严酷的北方, 生命和肉体随时都处在危险之中 。
面对残酷的生存环境, 巴克没有向命运低头。
当它被卖给狗贩子后, 勃然大怒,一次又一次地反扑, 直至被打得失去知觉。
后来, 巴克把领头犬斯匹茨击败, 它想当领头犬, 主人却让索尔利克站在领头犬的位置上, 巴克非常生气, 坚决不妥协,它们较量了一个多钟头, 最后, 弗朗索斯, 巴克的主人不得不扔下棍棒, 表示失败, 而巴克则带着胜利者的微笑站在领头犬的位置。
还有一次, 巴克给查尔斯、哈尔一伙拉雪橇, 当走到约翰 桑顿营帐的时候, 桑顿忠告哈尔不要继续前进, 河道开始融化了,很危险。
哈尔不听劝阻, 一意孤行, 挥舞皮鞭, 指挥狗队继续前进。
整个瘫在地上的狗队, 在哈尔皮鞭的无情抽打下, 挣扎着痛苦地爬了起来。
读书心得——《野性的呼唤》中巴克成长的象征意义研究该作品是美国作家杰克·伦敦的代表作之一。
整个故事以美国阿拉斯加“淘金热”作为背景, 巴克一开始是米勒法官家的一只宠物狗，生活优渥。
但是遭贪婪雇工的拐卖后, 几经周折来到阿拉斯加开始成为淘金工具的经历, 成为了一条拉雪橇的苦役犬。
雪橇狗们每天需要拉着雪橇在雪地上行走40英里, 而每只雪橇狗所得到的食物量不过是一磅半鱼干。
当所有的狗被累垮掉后，主人就卖掉了他们,榨取它们身上最后的价值。
巴克也是在残酷痛苦的驯服过程中, 逐渐认识到公正与自然法则的残酷性。
在极其恶劣的环境中, 它养成了吃苦耐劳的精神, 变得狡猾、欺诈, 并将这两种品质发挥到极致。
经过残酷的斗争, 它在狗群中结束了另一只狗史皮兹的统治时代, 确立了狗头领的绝对地位。
在艰苦的拉雪橇过程中, 巴克的主人几经更换。
最后与一位叫约翰·桑顿的主人结下了深厚的情谊。
桑顿将他从繁重的苦役中解救出来走向自由, 而巴克也多次在危难时刻救助自己的主人桑顿。
然而,在桑顿惨遭不幸死去后,巴克走向了荒野, 它被内心的野性的力量所呼唤, 最终,它加入了狼群之中, 并成了狼群的首领。
当时美国社会处于达尔文主义和放任政策的控制之下，普通人的命运掌握在富人和道德沦丧的社会手中。
正是在这样的社会背景下，美国自然主义应运而生。
《野性的呼唤》作为自然主义的代表作之一，以狗的生活经历作为类比，描述了一个人在美国当时复杂社会中的真实生活。
本文拟通过对巴克的生活经历的分析，特别是不同时期的身份或际遇的象征意义来探索“镀金时代”的几个社会内容的特征，从而揭示作者在这本书中的中心思想。
一、巴克作为宠物狗时期的经历象征着理想的美国生活在巴克被卖到北方之前，他是一位米勒法官家里的宠物。
它住在“被阳光亲吻的”克拉拉山谷，有一片宽阔的草坪和一个游泳池作为他的游乐场。
更不用说无数的食物和饮料了。
最好的是，巴克是这个庄园的“统治者”，可以说这一时期代表了当时所有“新美国人”的理想生活。
读书心得——《野性的呼唤》中巴克的多重性格刍议《野性的呼唤》是美国作家杰克·伦敦的成名之作，目前该书已经被翻译成90多种语言。
《野性的呼唤》是首个将动物作为小说的主角，主人公巴克是一只狗。
在小说中，巴克起初生活在贵族的家中，是一只不折不扣的家犬。
后来巴克被贵族家的仆人贩卖给了狗贩子，导致巴克成为了一只雪橇狗。
在恶劣的环境中，逐渐唤醒了巴克体内的原始野性，巴克开始与狼群为伍，后来更是成为了狼群的头领。
巴克在这部小说中有着许多的性格特性，这成为读者热衷探讨的话题。
一、巴克的多重性格分析（一）巴克身上的抗争精神，适者生存巴克从最初的贵族家犬变为雪橇犬，可以说在生存环境上产生了翻天覆地的变化，这对于一个宠物狗来说，这存在很大的落差，这些极端环境就是巴克需要立即适应的生活。
在冰天雪地的生存环境里，还要面临着拉雪橇的极端工作，巴克的生活可以说是十分的艰难，然而，巴克展现出了很大的适应性，其内心深处的抗争精神很好地体现出来。
在巴克发现自己被贩卖给狗贩子后，奋力抗争，恶狠狠地扑到狗贩子身上，后来被狗贩子打晕，醒来后依旧没有屈服。
在巴克拉雪橇的日子里，巴克想成为狗的领头，便开始向着领头犬的位置挑战，经过持续斗争，最后终于战胜了自己的主人，成为了雪橇犬的领头。
在一次工作之中，雪道融化，道路前行存在很大的危险，主人坚持要前行，对雪橇犬进行鞭打，然而巴克一直趴在地上，任凭主人鞭打，不挣扎也不哀嚎，这充分展现出了巴克身上不畏强权和暴力的精神，巴克敢于反抗的抗争精神同人们身上的抗争精神一样可贵。
巴克从贵族宠物犬变成雪橇犬，展现出了对新的恶劣环境的极大适应性，有着很强的生存能力。
（二）巴克对新生活的向往巴克在冰天雪地的环境之中，野性开始慢慢苏醒，它开始通过自己的努力成为同类中的佼佼者。
在小说的最后，巴克在其主人死后，开始进入到更为残酷的环境，其原始野性被充分唤醒，在内心深处原始丛林对其的呼唤，正是这种野性的呼唤，巴克开始重新选择回到森林，这体现出了巴克身上对新生活的向往，敢于去挑战和直视新的生存环境。
《白牙》读后感最近，我读了一本书，名字叫《白牙》。
白牙是一头灰色的小狼，幼年跟着印第安人住在一齐。
为了生活，它不得不与小狗和山猫搏斗，虽然他战无不胜，但他还得向有棍棒和猎枪的人屈服。
被美人史密斯买走后，他开始憎恨人类，因为史密斯把他拴起来，用棍棒打他。
最后，是真正关心他的主人——斯科特安慰了它。
白牙以前救了斯科特的命，却狠狠地咬伤了美人史密斯。
达尔文曾说过：对所有生命的爱，是人类最高尚的品格。
此刻好多人根本不懂得这种爱，反而把伤害动物的行为当成乐趣——把小鸟关在笼子里，让它失去自由;把斗牛当成了娱乐......有人觉得我们不就应伤害可怜的动物，我认为，可怜的不是动物，而是我们人类。
人类自以为是世上最聪明最高级的动物，是世界的主宰，能够驯服动物，能够驾驭动物。
其实人类和动物之间是应当平等的，难道动物之间就没有感情吗?难道人类之中就没有卑微和弱小吗?其实，动物是很通人性的，文中的白牙既明白“报恩”，也明白“仇恨”。
它认为斯科特是它的主人，它的财产以及它的亲人，都属于主人，不管主人遇到什么危险，它都会挺身而出。
而对伤害过它的人憎恨一辈子。
我想起一则报道：根据科学家的研究发现，土拔鼠的叫声听似平常而短促，但表达的好处却很多。
叫声的强弱、高低不同，表达的含义就不同。
何等聪明!简直难以想象，所以我们必须要爱护动物，动物也有自己的内心世界，我们务必尊重。
只有尊重动物，动物才能尊重我们。
不要再乱砍乱伐，污染环境了，给动物们创造一个完美的生存环境和宁静的家园。
让人和动物在这个世界上和谐相处。
《白牙》读后感（2）《白牙》是美国作家杰克·伦敦创作的一部长篇小说。
作品以狗狼白牙为主人公，通过它在野外和人类社会中的经历，揭示了自然和社会环境对动物个体的影响和塑造作用。
这本小说让我领悟到了动物与人类之间的互动关系，以及自然环境对动物行为和性格的塑造作用。
《白牙》一开始以山狗白牙的视角讲述了它在北美野外的生活，生动地描绘了它与其他动物的斗争和求生的场景。
摘要：杰克·伦敦的作品具有浓烈的自然主义色彩，本文以《野性的呼唤》和《白牙》这两部小说为例，从遗传和环境两方面解析作品中的自然主义写作风格，并提及杰克·伦敦对人类社会生存现状的认识。
关键词：杰克·伦敦；自然主义；遗传；环境杰克·伦敦是美国著名的自然主义作家。
他写了多部关于狗的小说，其中《野性的呼唤》和《白牙》可以说是最为出色的两部小说。
他曾奔赴克朗代克淘金，虽然没能淘到金子，但是在育空河流域传奇般的淘金经历却给这两部小说提供了完美的材料。
以杰克·伦敦自身的经历为写作背景，发表于1903年的《野性的呼唤》和发表于1906年的《白牙》，使得杰克·伦敦在美国文学史上享有崇高的地位。
《野性的呼唤》讲的是生活在文明世界的看家狗巴克变成野狼的过程。
而《白牙》则细致展现了具有野性的白牙回到文明世界的过程。
本文主要从遗传和环境两因素分析《野性的呼唤》和《白牙》中的自然主义写作风格。
二、自然主义的写作风格自然主义文学产生于19世纪下半叶的法国，于19世纪末20世纪初传到美国。
自然主义文学要求作家要有科学家的态度，并运用科学家的方法引导人们去认识感情和精神生活。
在自然主义文学中，遗传和环境是决定事物的两个因素。
在这两部小说中，杰克·伦敦正是从遗传和环境两方面去描写巴克与白牙的形象以及它们命运的转变。
(一) 遗传决定论遗传决定论的创始人是高尔顿，他强调一个人的能力是由遗传得来的，它受遗传决定的程度，正如一切有机体的形态及躯体组织受遗传决定一样。
遗传决定论认为认知发展由先天的遗传基因所决定，人的发展过程只不过是这些内在的遗传因素的自我展开的过程。
在这两部小说中都体现了遗传特征的重要性。
两部小说都以严寒的阿拉斯加为背景，这是块蛮荒的土地，没有文明，弱肉强食，适者生存。
在这里，狼以其强健的体魄与狡猾的智慧，在这充满残酷斗争的原始土地上以强者的身份生活着。
杰克伦敦小说中的自然主义野性的呼唤和白牙的解析一、本文概述杰克·伦敦，这位在19世纪末20世纪初的美国文学巨匠，以其独特的视角和深邃的思考，为后世留下了无数珍贵的文学遗产。
他的作品中，自然主义元素贯穿始终，而《野性的呼唤》和《白牙》无疑是这一风格的杰出代表。
这两部作品都以动物为主角，通过它们的成长与蜕变，折射出人类社会的种种现象，进而探讨了个体的生存、野性的激发以及文明的冲突与融合等深刻主题。
《野性的呼唤》中，一只名叫巴克的狗从文明世界跌入荒野，经历了种种磨难与挑战，最终回归自然，释放出了深藏的野性。
这部小说不仅展现了自然环境下生命的顽强与不屈，更借此隐喻了人类在面对困境时应有的坚韧与勇敢。
而《白牙》则讲述了一只名为白牙的狼的成长历程，它从小在人类的抚养下长大，却依然保持着野性的冲动与本能。
这部小说则更多地探讨了文明与野性的冲突与融合，以及个体如何在两者之间找到平衡。
本文将对杰克·伦敦的这两部自然主义小说进行深入解析，通过文本细读和文献研究的方法，揭示作品中所蕴含的自然主义思想、生存哲学以及对野性的多维解读。
我们期望通过这一探讨，不仅能够更好地理解杰克·伦敦的创作理念和文学价值，也能从中获得对于人类生存状态与未来发展的有益启示。
二、《野性的呼唤》解析《野性的呼唤》是杰克·伦敦的代表作之一，它以一只名叫巴克的狗的视角，深入揭示了生存法则与自然主义野性的主题。
巴克原是一只生活在文明世界中的贵族犬，然而，随着故事的发展，它被迫进入严酷的荒野，开始了一段充满挑战与冒险的旅程。
在这部小说中，自然主义野性的呼唤象征着一种原始的、本能的力量，它驱使着巴克在恶劣的环境中生存下来。
巴克从最初的文明犬，逐渐在荒野中学会了狩猎、战斗，甚至领导其他动物。
这种转变不仅仅是生存技能的获得，更是对自然法则的认同和接受。
巴克最终成为了一只真正的荒野之王，它的野性得到了完全的释放和表达。
同时，《野性的呼唤》也展示了环境对于个体性格和行为的影响。
读书心得——《白牙》与《野性的呼唤》中的自然主义对比自然主义是文学艺术创作中的一种倾向，起源于19世纪中后期的法国。
它的创作特点在于既排斥当时盛行的浪漫主义思潮中的想象、夸张等因素的影响，又对现实主义对现实生活的典型概括表达轻视和不满。
它在法国存在的时间并不长久，却影响到了一批批优秀甚至卓越的文学、艺术创作。
美国作家杰克·伦敦生长于这种思潮盛行的时代，在他的作品《白牙》和《野性的呼唤》中，有一种隐含的却能够让读者信服的“环境决定论”和“遗传决定论”两种相辅相成的哲学思想存在，这是自然主义在他的文学作品中出现并进行影响的明证[1]。
笔者以上述两部作品为例，解析杰克·伦敦的写作风格及特点，尽量使读者更深层次地了解其自然主义风格以及他对人类社会生存现状的审视和反思。
一、写作背景和生存写照杰克·伦敦，1876年生于美国加州一个破产农民家庭，艰难贫困是他从小到大的生存标志，所幸喜爱读书的他有机会把兴趣和精力放在读书上，在工作之余能够全身心地投入到知识的海洋中。
贫困没有压弯他的脊梁，相反，这些痛苦的精力打磨着他，使他的作品展现出常人难以想象的光辉和文学价值，深邃复杂却处处透漏出一种隐约的豁达，从而获得了文学界乃至艺术界的高度评价。
而同时代的那些大家的思潮也对他产生极大影响，譬如文中随处可见的“适者生存”这一由达尔文提出的高明见解也被他巧妙地化用在作品中，从而传播在每一个读过他作品的人的心中。
《荒野的呼唤》主要写的是一条生活在人类文明世界中的狗——巴克。
它生活在一个法官的家庭里，过着养尊处优的生活，而当苦难降临时，它并没有任何反抗的余地。
那天它被狗贩盗走并卖到了远离以前生活的北方城市，这里不再有每天准备的丰盛餐饭，气候也变得寒冷。
作为一条在人类眼中与其他动物并没有什么不同的狗，它的待遇并不会因为曾经的养尊处优而有任何改变，它有了从未有过的体验，鞭打就像曾经的喂餐一样频繁，被套上器具为人类拉雪橇，从文明的中心一下进入原始世界，它的内心几乎是崩溃的，可这并不能改变它的处境。
野性的呼唤读后感书是人类进步的阶梯，今天我给大家推荐一本书，它的名字就是《野性的呼唤》。
我首先给大家介绍大概内容:一只南方狗巴克，遭到不幸被卖到了北方。
他开始了那艰苦、危险的北方生活。
他参加了运输文件的狗队，并在狗队中不断的学习。
艰苦的学习中，他那原始的野性开始被唤醒。
出于野性和权力的渴望，巴克先是隐忍，继而不断的制造麻烦，往后的日子里，他终于和凶悍、老辣的领头狗斯比茨展开了一场恶斗，巴克胜利了，他取代了斯比茨的位子。
转卖新主后，结识了新主人善良的桑顿。
当在一次荒地探宝的旅行中，桑顿遭野人袭击，不幸身亡，愤怒的巴克为主人报了仇，回到树林成为了狼之王!文章描写生动，巴克身上的野性，把他天生狼的品格发挥了出来，并不断学习，收获经验。
在生活中，我们也应该向巴克学习:来到一个新的环境中，我们应该学习比自己能力强的人，吸取别人失败的经验，使自己不要再犯同样的错，从而让自己超越别人。
这样你就是一个成功者，一个胜利者!在我的生活中也有这样的事:在我们做课堂作业的时候，往往有几位同学先写完，给老师改。
毕竟“心急吃不了热豆腐”。
这几位同学的作业不一会就有了错误。
老师便在那细心的指导他们，正在检查的同学可以用心听。
如果别人的作业错了这道题，而你没错，你也可以想想他为什么错，保证自己不犯同样的错。
而你也错的话，你就细心想想，怎样才能不把这道题写错，也保证自己下次不犯相同的错。
我相信大家看了《野性的呼唤》以后，会从中得到更多的东西。
野性的呼唤读后感（二）这几天我读了一篇美国作家杰克·伦敦写的中中篇小说《野性的呼唤》。
作者用拟人的手法生动的描写了一条叫巴克的狗的曲折经历。
故事主要叙述了“主人翁”巴克从文明的人类社会回到了狼群原始生活的过程。
从小生活在温室环境中的巴克被拐卖到原始荒野的地方当雪橇狗。
残酷的现实触动了巴克由于人类文明的长久熏陶而向大自然回归的本能和意识。
恶劣的生存环境锻炼了巴克，他在历练中不断成长。
野性与人性的较量作者：李艳春来源：《现代交际》2010年第08期[摘要]杰克·伦敦的两部小说《野性的呼唤》和《白牙》是关于狗的小说中杰出的作品,在这两部小说中我们都可以看到作者对适者生存的阐释。
《野性的呼唤》是杰克·伦敦对适者生存理论的初步探索演绎,而《白牙》则是作者对这一理论的补充说明。
适者生存不仅指在残酷的生存竞争中只有强者能生存下来,同时也指另外一种适应,对文明的适应。
[关键词]巴克白牙适者生存环境决定[中图分类号]I106.4[文献标识码]A[文章编号]1009-5349(2010)08-0041-02引言1903年《野性的呼唤》的发表帮助杰克·伦敦在美国文坛奠定了不朽的地位。
之后他给麦克米兰出版公司的老总乔治布赖特写的信中表述了把《白牙》写成《野性的呼唤》的姊妹篇并与之对立的想法:“我将描写一条狗的进化过程,展现它如何发展成为一条拥有驯服、忠诚、爱及道义这些必备的品德及美德的狗的文明过程,而不是写它的退化、背离文明的过程。
”1906年,其作品《白牙》问世,同样取得了成功。
在杰克·伦敦生活的年代,达尔文的进化论和斯宾塞的社会达尔文主义学说非常盛行。
《野性的呼唤》和《白牙》都充分地体现了这两者的思想。
显而易见,这两部作品拥有同一个主题:适者生存。
本文将研究两位主人公巴克与白牙在不同时期显现出来的性格,并从达尔文主义的视角来进行对比分析。
1889年,达尔文的学说第一次被称为“达尔文主义”。
达尔文创立的以自然选择为中心的生物进化理论,即通常所指的进化论认为,地球上的生物,随着环境的变迁,有一个由低级生命形态向高级生命形态逐渐进化的必然趋势。
在达尔文的进化论问世之后,斯宾塞提出了“社会达尔文主义”,认为社会可以和生物有机体相比拟,社会与其成员的关系有如生物个体与其细胞的关系。
社会达尔文主义本身并不是一种政治倾向,而是一种社会基模,根据自然界“食物链”现象提出“弱肉强食,物竞天择,适者生存”的观点,并以此解释社会现象。
对《野性的呼唤》中巴克形象的分析对《野性的呼唤》中巴克形象的分析An Analysis of Buck in The Call of the WildAbstract Jack London is one of the outstanding writers in 20th century He is renowned both in modern American literature and even the world literature The Call of the Wild is one of the most famous works which is about a dog and a wolf in world literature It tells us a story that a dog Buck was doted on human then sold to traders as a shepherd dog And then he become a leading dog Finally he is assimilated to be a wolf in the call of the wolves During the modeling of the Buck image the writer put the Bucks human nature into wild nature While its wild nature is embodied in the human nature and the human nature and the wild nature were both existed in Buck Eventually the wild nature overcame the human nature and Buck metamorphosed from a dog into a wolf The writer revealed the essence of the intriguing against each other and cruel scrambling in human beings in that real society by metaphorizing the ruin of the wild world human nature and recrudescence of the wild nature This essay discusses the authors viewpoints and philosophy of his life by analyzing Bucks character changingKey words Buck Jack London wolf-changing survival of the fittesthuman nature wild nature摘要杰克·伦敦是20世纪初美国极富盛名的作家在现代美国文坛和世界文坛都享有崇高的位他的《野性的呼唤》讲述了一只名叫巴克的狗经历了被人宠爱被人贩卖作为一只拉雪橇犬至成为一只领头狗最后在狼群的叫声中逐渐被同化为一只狼的过程作者在巴克形象的塑造中将巴克的人性寓于兽性中其兽性中又体现着人性人性和兽性在巴克身上争斗最终兽性占据了统治地位巴克蜕变成一只狼作者通过喻写动物世界中的人性的沦丧和野性的复发来揭示当时人类社会人与人之间勾心斗角于残酷争夺的本质本文将通过巴克形象转变的塑造来反映作者对现实文明社会的看法以及自己的人生哲学关键词巴克杰克伦敦狼变适者生存人性野性ContentsI Introduction1II Background Information1IIIThe Survival of the Fittest Theory2A The definition of survival of the fittest theory2B Survival of the fittest theory in The Call of the Wild2Ⅳ The Super dog Image of Buck4Ⅴ The Analysis of the Return of Buck5A The Return requite the little kindness with everything you can5B The Rupturegone for the wilderness6Ⅵ HesitationStruggle in theCivilized Society6 ⅦDiscoveringThe Thinking to the Real Society7ⅧThe Transition of Jack Londons World View and LifePhilosophy 8A Love and hope8B Environmental determinism9ⅨConclusion9Works Cited10Ⅰ IntroductionJack London an illegitimate child born in San Francisco in 1876 and reared in poverty across the bay in Oakland California had become the highest-paid most widely read and best-known writer in America by the time he was thirty-seven years old In part London achieved such tremendous popularity because he was the quintessential America adventurer a westerner living in a country that culturally thrived on and was identified with expiration of unknown territory He lived an adventurous life and then used events from his own life as fodder for his profession as a writerThe publication that first brought Jack London worldwide fame and continues to be his best-known work is a short novel whose main character is a Yukon sled dog named Buck That work begun in December 1902 and published in 1903 was entitled The Call of the WildLike Louisa May Alcotts Little Women and Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird Jack Londons The Call of the Wild is one of those books that is usually encountered in youth and has a profound lifelong effect on its readers It has been called an adventure story a romance a realistic nature story a dog story a historical or cultural treatise and an allegory or myth It holds special appeal for those who know the wilderness It also appeals to those who yearn for a special kind of freedom that can only be found outside of societys constraints The adventure in its readersresponds to the novel whether the unknown land they would explore is an icy wilderness near the Arctic Circle or some compelling psychological and mythic frontier within human beings themselves Wang Qinling 65 Ⅱ Background InformationThe Call of the Wild tells us a dog buck was doted on human then sold to traders as a shepherd dog looking for gold in the far North and in the call of the wolves changed as a wolfThe Gold Rush in the Yukon and Alaska has prompted the need for big strong dogs who will be able to pull sleds over icy trails Buck a large animal living in the home of Judge Miller in Santa Clara California is exactly what the explorers want He is an animal with human-like tendencies intelligence strength and dignity Thus far he has enjoyed his civilized life with the occasional nature stroll or hunting trip Manuel a gardeners helper with a penchant for gambling and a need for money manages to kidnap Buck and sell him on the black market He is given to a saloon-keeper and transported via train to the Northland Through a series of different masters Buck learns to survive the law of club and fang by using his instincts and cunning After the death of his final and friendliest master John Thornton who is killed by Indians Buck succumbs to the call of wild severs all ties with civilization and runs free with a wolf pack Ⅲ The Survival of the Fittest TheoryA The definition of survival of the fittestNatural selection conceived of as a struggle for life in which only those organisms that best adapted to existing conditions are able to survive and reproduce Mechalith Millennium 2007Survival of the fittest is a phrase which is shorthand for a concept relating to competition for survival or predominance Originally applied by Herbert Spencer in his Principles of Biology of 1864 Spencer drew parallels to his ideas of economics with Charles Darwins theories of evolution by what Darwin termed natural selection Mechalith Millennium 2007So we may get the conclusion that the Survival of the fittest theory in this novel suggests that the best strongest and fittest will survive in the natural selection and various competitions while the weak inferior and the relatively unfitted will be eliminated The limit resources and fierce competition determined that not everyone in the competition will survive On the one hand they are selected by the nature On the other hand they play a role of selecting the others They kill or are killed So in order to survive the competitors have to struggle against the hash environments and compete with each other They have to remain alert they have to be tough and merciless they have to conquer everything that lay aheadB Survival of the fittest theory in The Call of the WildThe story begins in the fall of 1897 at the time of the Klondike GoldRush Buck is a large one-hundred and forty pounds dog who lived on a ranch owned by Judge Miller in Santa Clara California some forty miles south of San Francisco Buck was four years old and had an enjoyable life Unlike others he was like a king who lords it over all the other creatures and was treated with respect by everyoneHis life there was very orderly and civilized He was like a sated aristocrat he was compared to a country gentleman and a lordsince he is lord over all the other animals on the ranch London 3 In this civilized life wild impulses are tamed Buck enjoyed comfort and privilege He did not have to fight for anything all his needs were provided for He had not had to earn his position like an aristocrat he was born to it However this situation did not last long He was betrayed by one of the judges servants who was addicted to gambling and had to pay the debts Therefore he sold buck to the northerners who were going to rush for gold in the northwest part of the United States Since then Buck experienced a lot of hardships that he had never thought of the coldness of the north the cruel treatment of the dog-dealers and gold-rushers the fight and compete with other greedy sled dogs the strike of hunger and threat of the harsh environmentsThe sharp contrast between Bucks life in Judge Millers and the north world forces Buck to survive as the fittest The law of club and fang is the first rule that Buck learned The following two paragraphs is a vividdescription of Bucks learning to adapt to a different world Buck jumped at the mansixty kilos of angerhis mouth wide open ready to bite the mans neck．Just before his teeth touched the skinthe man hit him with the club A last time he jumpedand this timewhen the man knocked him downBuck did not move．Buck was beaten he knew that but he was not broken． He had learnt that a man with a club was stronger than him．Every day he saw more dogs arrive and each dog was beaten by the fat man．Buck understood that a man with a club must be obeyedalthough he did not have to be a friend Jack London 40So the law of club and fang is the first rule Buck learned He gradually realized the reality that a dog should never fight against a man with a club at his hand Of course the lesson was not learned in a pleasant way At first he was stubborn and not willing to change He believed his brute strength and was governed by his anger After being beaten by the red man for so many times he began to accept his misfortune of bad fate The first lesson costs Buck a lot he was nearly beaten to death But Buck did not give in the battle He only compromised with the difficult situation He did not regard the man as his friend or master but enemy And he covered the anger and hate in himself in order to survive The law of club and fang which is a typical symbol of survival of the fittest theory is fully explained hereHe was sounding the deeps of his nature and of the parts of his nature that were deeper than he going back into the womb of Time Jack London 132 As a leader of the dogs Buck feels the first calling of his primordial nature in the chasing of the rabbit He is gradually dominated by the primordial nature lies in himself which helps him to survive and live better in the harsh northlandsFacing the sharp contrast Buck did not give up He quickly adapted himself to the new environments by acknowledging new rules The law of club and fang is one of the first rules Buck learned the interpretation of the laws that govern the new life he is leading It is a ruthless Darwinian world of the survival of the fittest a total contrast to what he has known in his first four years of his life There is no room here for kindness and love or morality The death of Curly shows him that just as he has learned a new relationship between man and dog here in the north there is a new relationship between dog and dog He learned to dig hole in the snow he learned to master the pulling skills at a fast speed he learned to steal foods without being noticed he learned to fight and kill The survival of the fittest lies not only in the ability of learning but also in the genes born in nature Buck is blessed with fine genes and strong physical conditions The call of the wild guided him in his pursuit and struggleⅣ The Super dog Image of BuckBuck is a super dog not only with the super innate capacity that surpasses every normal dog but also with the excessive emotion loyalty and love Moreover Buck is capable of knowing whats going on in humans mind He can understands his masters kindness and fulfill his duty Even when he is in the Judges house he frequently keeps company with the Judges daughter when she is taking a walk And when he is dragging a sled in the middle of winter he knows that Franois is behind his back watching him so he think it is wiser being submissive than doing some thing stupid Buck is more than a reader of human thoughts being a dog itself he is also a dog thoughts reader Curlys dead make him know the law of the wild 揌e had never seen dogs fight as these wolfish creatures nfought and his first experience taught him an unforgettable lesson Buck is open to other dogs kindness and treats them back with kindness Spotting good-tempered Joe sleeping in a snow cave he immediately learns to make his own hole in the snow he can sleep in揝keet was a little Irish setter who early made sfiends with Buck who in a dying condition was unable to resent her first advances She had the doctor trait which some dogs possess and as a mother cat washes her kittens so she washed and cleaned Bucks wounds One of the most moving parts of Bucks super-dog image is his loyalty and affection Thornton dropped water 揃uck had sprung in on the instant and at the end of three hundred yards amid a mad swirl of watere he overhauled ThorntonⅤ The Analysis of the Return of BuckA The Return requite the little kindness with everything you canBuck falls wildly in love with John Thornton who immediately recognizes that Buck is one of a kind Under Johns influence comforted by his two other dogs Skeet and Nig Buck begins to heal He accomplishes a number of miraculous things for John saving his life twice and winning a bet that allows him to pay off all his debts He does not forget his visions of the primitive world but he is happy at Johns side Along with Hans and Pete Johns partners the dogs go on an expedition for a lost mine The work on the trail the daily hunting are absolutely delightful for Buck Though they dont find the mind they do find gold and so there is no more work for the dogs to do Buck ruminates once more on the call that he hears nightly in the forestEventually he starts to sleep away from the camp He embraces his instincts and wild tendencies killing his own food and watching out for himself Buck meets a wolf who befriends him and is quite sad when he returns to the camp This pattern continues until one day Buck returns to the camp to find everyone killed by the Yeehats a Native American tribe He flies into a rage at the death of beloved John and kills all the men who do not run away from him There is no more tie to mankind so Buck returns to the forest and remains with a pack of wolves Each year he visits to the valley where John Thornton died mourning his lost dearest friendCompared to the ugly image of human being in the fiction Buck a dog he is was full of passion and knowledge of right and wrong Thornton saved his life and treated him like his own child As repayment he risked his life to pull drowning Thornton out of water He repayed his master with all the love and passion far more than being bestowed upon himself He was reluctant to keep Thornton away from his eyesight long after his recovery from illness Sometimes in the night he would go out in the pith dark and coldness against irresistible sleepiness to check if Thornton was alright Buck can do everything for Thornton as long as there is an order from his master For Thornton Buck was hardworking and unafraid of even death There was a time when Thornton thoughtlessly ordered Buck to jump off the cliff as a test for his loyalty Buck without a second thought was ready to die for his master Another example Buck risked his life three times jumping into the turbulence of the relentless river to save Thorntons life when he was drowning during which Buck broke three ribs and heavily injured Later on Thornton betted on Buck with others that he can pull a frozen sled loaded one thousand pound In five minutes Buck won for Thornton one thousand and six hundred pound as he pulled the sled with all his strength two hundred yards To Buck Thornton was the only one who can own him Nothing were the others Thornton was the only one he favored the only link between him and the human raceB The Rupturegone for the wildernessHowever this one and only link was cut off by human themselves when Thornton was killed by local natives when he went into gold rush The death of Thornton generated the absolute departure of Buck from human society and drove Buck back to the wilderness when he was hesitating between the mothernature and human race Human society was never fair to him Twice he had gotten love and warmth and twice he was ruthlessly taken from it He hated this society As a resistance and rebellion against human race to the wilderness he escaped The return to the wilderness helped him shake off the yoke of human race and break away from the abysm of pain Frozen and snowy though it was at least free much better than the struggle and floundering under the yoke Buck had chosen freedomⅥ HesitationStruggle in the Civilized SocietyJack London did not make Buck out of nothing The miserable life of Buck reflects the authors own adversity Jack London was a bastard As a reflection he made Buck the crossbreed of Scotland shepherd and Saint Bernard Abandoned by his rightful father before he was born he was grateful and sympathetic toward his step father who had been through a lot in his miserable life just as Buck was grateful to ThorntonJack London was born in an impoverished family Misfortunes drove him into the arena of life before he was grown-up When he was ten he sold newspapers in the street when fourteen he worked in a factory as a child labor a oyster thief in San Francisco then he went to Japan on a ship andbe a sailor there for a year and more At the end of the nineteenth century a severe economic crisis stroke America As one of the strikers he roamed nationwide more than one time being arrested by the authority as hoboes and punished to drudgery The miserable life impinges on him with real and thorough knowledge of mercilessness and ruthlessness toward the so called civilization Struggling on the refuse dumping site of civilization and the very bottom of the society he was indignant at the relentless competition of capitalism Those bitter he realized in his life was fully and truthfully transplanted into the artistic image Ⅶ．DiscoveringThe Thinking to the Real SocietyThe complexity of Buck reflects the diversity of philosophical thought during that time When he lived in peaceful environment Buck was gentle finding no trouble never committing stealth and never bullying the weak However after he was kidnapped and sold to the North Pole he abandoned the traditional moral principle and regarded this principle no good and harmful Under the club and fang those who think about this would be fools those who comply to this would not success In order to survive one can do anything Under this idea Buck becomes cunning and cruel and then he changes from a dog into a wolf Additionally to justify the theory of evil is humanity Jake London describes the characters of people as ugly appearance and poor personality The things they did were not as satisfied as what dogs did In Bucks eyes four dog-sellers are the devils who broughtmisery their faces are ugly manners are bad and hair looks like grasses They often chase him outside of the cage by a stick Even when in the train some post officers chase Buck by not giving him water to drink From these facts we can see that this disgusting aspect only exist in human There is also a family that Jack London does hate they are a couple plus a little nose They own the gentle of south but often get into trouble because of lacking knowledge and ability as well as patience they often feel pain pain in their mussel as a result the dirty words are heard usually the first to the last Zhu Xinguang 1995 However what we cannot understand is these unable and complains people are very cruel to animals Hal has a theory that is only used to other people that is a person must be bloody Zhu Xinguang 1995 In order to acclaim his theory he throws a hush stick into dogs heart When the family slips into the ice crack of Yukon River Santo just sends them a cold glimpse without sympathy The relationship among human is so poor that it cannot compare with a dog to his master The Call of the Wild came into being at the beginning of the twentieth century at this time Darwin shouted his theory of survival of the fittest to the world and the following result was that the western religion got scared Following that theory some kinds of new idea and philosophy thinking appeared From the character of Buck we can get a idea that Jack London agreed and accepted these ideas There is also a thought gave Jack deep influence---Marxism If the people want to change their lifethey have to grasp arm to get strong enough to fight In a word The Call of the Wild is a mirror of Jack London the author can reflect his own life belief through itⅧ The Transition of Jack Londons World View and Life PhilosophyA Love and hopeThe Call of the Wild can be regarded as Jack Londons autobiography and it is a social analogy of Darwins environmental determinism The Call of the Wild describes the retrogression of a baby-wolf to a domestic dog this serve as hints for our readers although facing negative realities people will head to the civilization guiding by the pursuit of love and hope Xu Fuwen 2004In The Call of the Wild Jack London believed that when the call of the wild raises no one can escape the instinct deeply rooted in Buck will certainly run over himOne night he woke up and heard the call again a long howl He ran into the forestfollowing the soundand came to an open place in the trees And there his nose pointing to the skysat a wolf had run through a much older forestAfter the death of his friend and master Thorton Buck had nothing to long for and ran with the wolf pack in the wildB Environmental determinismJack London emphasizes more on the instinct And Spensersenvironmental determinism is further elaborated The concept that environment determines everything was fully deduced by Jack London through Bucks journey from civilization to wildness Sun Xuhua 20 The stateliness that comes from Bucks noble blood and stoutness enable him to be endowed with some nobility along side with some leadership in sled dogs as well as in the packs of wild wolves Buck for instance in order to obtain the leadership within the sled dogs carries out a long cooked and sufficiently prepared plan in which he kills Spitz and finally makes himself be the leading dog In the journey of being back to the forest as a reply to the call of the wild he surpasses and takes the leadership of a pack of wolvesIf we regard that the author betrayed and escaped in front of the contrast between individual and society we may deduce that he tried to emphasize the importance of establishing social orders The extremists falling on Buck will make him a homeless and enemy-of-all In the process of changing the environments around him he was changed by the environments The rules and orders have been set before his arriving Obeying the rules of the club and fang Buck survived However Buck violated the rules he had tried hard to obey and returned to the wild He betrayed the civilized world and was chased by the Indians Respecting the rules and environment around him he succeeded in retuning to the wildnessⅨ ConclusionFrom the analysis above we may find that Buck adapts himself from the mild environment to the tough environment He both experienced struggle and dangers in which he learned and grew Buck learned that his purpose in life was to be a wild animal and be as far away from humans as possible The survival of the fittest and the super dog theory relied on each other at the mean time they repel each other Jack London who experienced transitions in his worldview and life philosophy changed his themes to love hope and instinct The analysis of Buck will not only help the readers have a profound understanding of the novel and the author but also nature and humanity as wellWorks Cited1 H Mechalith Millennium Inc 2007 Survival of the Fittesthttppeerlessonemcomcom accessed 12\30\20072 Jack London The Call of The Wild White Fang And Other Stories Beijing Foreign Language Teaching And Research Press 19943 焦建平杰克伦敦身后的狼群[J]西北大学学报199954刘文娟2007对杰克·伦敦笔下野性与人性的哲学思考[J]《襄樊职业技术学院学报》2007年第1期5 孙绪华杰克伦敦小说中的自然主义[J]黑河学刊200666 徐福文狼与狗的嬗变[J]太原教育学院学报200447 王琴玲喻燕静杰克伦敦作品导读[M] 武汉大学出版社 20038 朱心光杰克·伦敦文集[C]长春吉林大学出版社19959 Internet Source Cliffs Notes on Call of the Wild httpcliffsnotescom Accessed 32408An Analysis of Buck in The Call of the Wild13第页共10页。
白牙这本书的主要内容是什么这篇小说以白牙几经波折终于由狼变成了狗的传奇般的经历告诉人们：当动物不得不为解救自己而争取活命时，它的生物的本能就会占上风，野性就会起决定作用；而当人们以仁爱、慈善理解它、对待它时，它的野性就会逐渐得到克制。
小说以深刻的哲理意味宣扬了人道主义精神，贬斥了贪婪、凶狠、欺诈的极端利己主义。
《白牙》主要内容白牙是一只狼，它的爸爸死了，妈妈被卖了，它成了一只斗狼，天天跟狗打斗，于是它过起了地狱般的生活。
有一天，一只狗咬住了白牙的咽喉，白牙差点儿就死了，这时斯科特先生的出现使它的生命有了温情。
他们都不知道，白牙是一只混血狼，因为它的体内流淌着四分之一属于狗的血液。
斯科特先生的爸爸，斯科特法官的仇人来了，法官并不在乎。
这时仇人来复仇了，白牙把仇人杀死了。
白牙还当爸爸了呢。
它有六个孩子，它还跟一只小狗的鼻尖碰到了一起，于是小狗用温暖的小舌头，在它的脸上舔了几下，白牙也不由自主地伸出舌头，轻轻舔着小狗的脸颊，用他的父爱关怀着自己的孩子。
《白牙》读后感最近，我读了一本杰克·伦敦的动物小说《白牙》。
这本书写的是一只小狼“白牙”从小被父母抛弃，最后被主人斯科特所救。
白牙为了感谢他的救命之恩，不惜生命代价拼死保护主人的事。
我非常喜欢白牙。
首先，因为它很勇敢。
当它妈妈和母山猫决斗时，白牙明知自己太小，斗不过母山猫，但它却毫不犹豫地和妈妈一起打起母山猫来。
遇见比他大的斗牛犬时，它也不退缩，立马冲上去与斗牛犬打斗起来。
其次，白牙很有自觉性。
当它第一次吃了别人养的鸡挨了主人的打后，它就再也不去伤害鸡了，因为白牙知道这样主人就不会再打它了。
即使主人故意将它放进鸡笼也不例外。
白牙也很独立。
它从来不依靠母亲，从小就自己单独猎食，有时还会帮母亲猎食。
长大后母亲被带走了，白牙从来没想过母亲，自己独立生活，练就了打斗的好本领。
最让我感动的是白牙知恩图报的精神。
当它被斯科特他们所救后，就自告奋勇地担当起了“保安”，不让陌生人进屋。
读书心得——论《野性的呼唤》主题探析杰克·伦敦是一位酷爱冒险，经历丰富的作家。
《野性的呼唤》即出自他探险路上的所见所闻，克朗代克的淘金经历为他写《野》积累了珍贵的素材。
小说带给读者别样的阅读体验，杰克·伦敦打破常规，从动物物种狗的视角向人们展现了“适者生存”的丛林法则及人与自然、人与动物间的关系。
作者看似在表达物种狗回归自然的主题，却将美国20 世纪人们对金钱和财富的欲望淋漓尽致地体现了出来，这对我们了解美国当时的社会发展有重要的参考意义。
这部小说在美国文学史上具有重要的价值，作者通过作品所表达的主题仍然是当今社会面临的问题，如人类的生存、人与自然的和谐相处等，更值得我们思考的是未来人类的何去何从，若面临作品中主人公巴克的处境，人类是否会回归自然，数千年来建立的人类文明会不会土崩瓦解，最后退回到蛮荒世界去？这是杰克·伦敦的深思，也是21 世纪人类深思的问题。
以下是对作品主题的探析，同时也是巴克追寻自我蜕变之路的研究。
一、生存法则带来的启示巴克从贵族家犬变成带领狼群在荒野中生活的首领，从充满友爱、生活富足的环境中进入到残忍、杀戮、弱肉强食的大自然中，从文明世界跌入适者生存的大自然，巴克经历了许多，最终脱颖而出，成为狼群首领。
这种蜕变充分体现了适者生存的丛林法则。
正如“达尔文在《物种起源》中认为，自然生活条件迫使生物不断进行自身调整以求适应。
在为生存而进行的搏斗中，一切生物可能在一系列持续的进化过程中，产生各种优势和劣势变种；劣势变种逐渐消亡，优势变种的遗传产生新的、更先进的变种”a。
为了能活下来，他什么都吃，偷主人的食物，变得狡猾和奸诈。
学会挖洞给自己找温暖的小天地，巴克很快适应了北方的生活。
为自己赢得生存权，显示出他适应环境的超能力。
巴克在北方经历种种艰难险阻后，他那生存的本能凸显了出来，那种生存斗志激昂奋发，在生与死的较量下，他选择前者，将自己放在了适者生存的顶端。
An Analysis of Buck in The Call of the Wild 对《野性的呼唤》中巴克的分析摘要杰克·伦敦是20世纪初美国极其著名的作家。
《野性的呼唤》是他的代表作。
它发表于1903年，被称为世界上读者最多的美国小说。
小说的主人公巴克是加利福尼亚法官米勒在农庄养的圣伯纳狗与苏格兰牧羊犬的杂交，后来被盗卖给雪橇狗训练师，被带到阿拉斯加矿区作运输工具。
在那里巴克第一次感到自然法则的无处不在，它很快学会了生存。
它几次易手，直到最后被一个好心的主人约翰·桑顿收养。
作者在巴克形象塑造中，将巴克的人性寓于兽性，其兽性中又体现人性，最终兽性占据了统治的地位，巴克蜕变成一只狼。
本文主要通过对巴克形象加以分析，体现适者生存的道理，从而告诫我们不管环境多么艰苦，我们依然要保持积极的心态，努力拼搏去不断适应新的环境，坚持到底，时刻保持警惕，唯有这样我们才不会被淘汰。
关键词：巴克；杰克·伦敦；狼性；人性；适者生存AbstractJack London is one of the outstanding writers in 20th century. The Call of the Wild is his masterpieces. Published in 1903, it is the most read book and considered one of his best. The hero, Buck, is a St. Bernard/Scotch Shepherd mix in the house of a Californian judge, who is abducted by a treacherous thief and sold to trainer of sled dogs, and became a transport tool in the mines of Alaska. He has been changed hands many times before he is eventually acquired by a kind and loving master, John Thornton. During the process of describing Buck’s image, the writer put Buck’s human nature into wild nature. While its wild nature is embodied in the human nature. Eventually, the wild nature overcame the human nature, and Buck changed from a dog into a wolf. The novel reveals the essence of the cruel scrambling in the real society by describing the ruin of the “human nature’’and recrudescence of the “wild nature”. The essay reflects the survival of the fittest by analyzing the changes of Buck’s character, which tells us no matter how hard environment is, one still should be optimistic and constantly adapt to the new environment by hard working. Besides, one should never give up and keep alert. Only in this way can we survive.Key Words: Buck; Jack London; wild nature; human nature; survival of the fittestContents摘要 (II)Abstract (II)1. Introduction (3)1.1 Introduction of Jack London (3)1.2 Introduction to The Call of the Wild (3)2. The Survival of the Fittest Theory (4)2.1 The Definition of “Survival of the Fittest” (4)2.2 Survival of the Fittest Theory in The Call of the World (4)3. The Nature of Buck in Different Environment (5)3.1 Living in a Rich Family (5)3.2 Facing Risking for the First Time (5)3.3 Working as a Sled Dog (5)3.4 Staying with Thornton (5)4. The Analysis of the Spirit of Buck (6)4.1 Fighting Spirit (6)4.1.1 Facing the Dog Trainer (6)4.1.2 Winning the Leadership. (6)4.1.3 Attacking the Black Burton (6)4.1.4 Fighting in the Wild (7)4.2 Down-to-Earth Spirit (7)4.2.1 Dragging Sled for Perrault (7)4.2.2 Under the control of Scotch Half-Breed (8)4.3 Being Eager for New Life (8)4.3.1 Being Positive to the Life in a Rich Family (8)4.3.2 Being Happy in the Snow (8)4.3.3 Being Interested in the Challenging World (9)5. An Analysis of the Return of Buck (9)5.1 The Return of Human Nature (9)5.2 The Return of Wilderness (9)6. The Analysis of Jack London’s World View (9)7. Conclusion (10)Bibliography (12)Acknowledgements (13)1.Introduction1.1 Introduction of Jack LondonJack London was born in San Francisco in 1876, the child of a spiritualist, had become the highest-paid, most widely read, and best-known writer in America. He lived an adventurous life and it was based on his special life experience.The publication first brought Jack London worldwide fame. The Call of the Wild has been called an adventure story,a romance, a realistic nature story,a dog story, and an allegory or myth. It has special appeal for those who know the wildness. It also appeals to those who yearn for a special kind of freedom that can only be found outside of society’s constraints. 1.2 Introduction to The Call of the WildThe story has a special background, it took place in the extreme conditions of the Yukon during the 19-century Klondike Gold Rush, at that moment, strong sled dogs were in high demand. Later, Buck was sold into a brutal life as a sled dog. The novel detailed Buck’s struggle to adapt and its survival from the cruel treatment he received from humans, other dogs, and nature. At last he became a outstanding leader in the wild.Jack London’s most popular workis The Call of the Wild and it is considered the masterpiece of his so-called “early period”. Many people often classified the novel as children’s literature because of its animal protagonist, but it was also popular among adults due to its valuable subject.At the beginning, the dog Buck lived in Santa Clara Valley and enjoyed a happy life. At the same time, there was thousands of people rush into the Northland for the Golden. However, Buck did not know that. Unfortunately, he was sold by Manuel and was forced to do hard work. He lived hard life and learnt the law of club at there. He began to sense the world without civilization. Later, he realized that he will die if he gives up struggling, so he should struggle to live. He was forced to follow the instruction to drag the shed in the daytime, what’s worse ,he had to struggle with starvation in the night. He learnt to steal food to be away from hunger and learnt to dig holes in the snow field to keep warm. Gradually he has adjusted himself so well to the new life. Though he compelled himself not to fight, the desire for leadership seemed inevitable. At last, Buck won the leadership in the bloody challenge. Unfortunately, there was another team for Buck. This time he suffered even more than before, and his teammates left him one by one. However, the greedy gold diggers were discontent with them. Finally, Buck could not get up any more. When he was beaten to die, Thorntonsaved his life. At that time, he enjoyed the kindness and humanity which he had not got for a long time. He felt love which was aroused by John Thornton for the first time. Meanwhile, Buck showed endless love and firm loyalty to Thornton. But he was attracted by a mysterious calling, finally he returned wildness.After Thornton’s death, he returned to the wild in answer to the calling without hesitation.2. The Survival of the Fittest Theory2.1 The Definitio n of “Survival of the Fittest”The survival of the fittest is a research result from biologist Darwin. It means that if you can not adapt to competition in the evolution of species you will be eliminated by ruthless. So you want to survive, you must learn to adapt to the environment around you.So, it can be concluded that the “survival of the fittest” theory in this novel suggests that the best, strongest and fittest will survive in the natural selection and fierce competition. However the inferior will be out. They kill or were killed. So in order to survive, they have to remain alert, they have to conquer everything that lay ahead.2.2 Survival of the Fittest Theory in The Call of the WorldThe story began in the fall of 1897, it was the time of the Klondike Rush. Buck is a large, one-hundred and forty pounds dog who lived in a rich family and enjoyed a happy life. What’s more, he was respected by everyone.However, life is changeable, this did not last long. He was betrayed by one of the judge’s servant, Buck was sold to those who rush for gold in the northwest. Since then, Buck had never thought about the difficulties of himself. He had to adapt to the cold, the hunger and the fights. To survive he had to fit.So “the law of club” is the first rule Buck learned. He gradually realized the reality that a dog should never fight against a man, or you would be beaten. At first, Buck thought that he was strong and was not afraid of everything until being beaten by the red man for so many times, he had to accept the misfortunate and quickly adapted himself to the new environment. The law of club, which is a typical symbol of “Survival of the Fittest”theory, is fully explained here.3. The Nature of Buck in Different Environment3.1 Living in a Rich FamilyBuck was born in Judge Miler’s big house and enjoyed a happy life. The judge's children like Buck very much, so they often play together and when the children go out, he also protects them.He was so huge that many people are afraid of him. So he was pride of himself as if he was a very important member in the family.3.2 Facing Risking for the First TimeHe became very angry when he realized he was betrayed by Manuel for money, in fact, it was a turning in his life. At the beginning, he attack the strangers when he found that his efforts were in vain, he was upset and did not know what would happen to him. He wished he could return home, but it seemed impossible. He refused to eat or drink when his self-esteem was hurt.In fact, it was the first time Buck was betrayed and had ever faced such an awful condition, however, he had no way to go out.3.3 Working as a Sled DogBuck was transited to the cold Northland and worked as a sled do to make money.There is no fairness and dignity at there. He just needs to obey the rule of the masters. Buck quickly learned how to drag the sled to please his masters. Besides, he had to learn many ways to survive. He had to dig holes in the snow field to have a good sleep at cold night .To be away from hunger, he learned how to steal food from others. Gradually his moral nature was disappearing, but he had no way. Because he was living in a world without civilization, he had to accept the awful reality. Only by doing this way could he survive.3.4 Staying with ThorntonFortunately, Buck was saved by Thornton. What’s more, Thornton was a perfect master in his mind. It seemed that Buck felt hope and returned to a civilized world. He enjoyed the happy life with Thornton, but was afraid that Thornton would leave him one day and lose the happy life. So, he always accompanied Thornton and showed his love and loyalty. However, life is changeable. Though the life with Thornton was so happy and he cherished it very much, finally he still was called by a mysterious calling.4. The Analysis of the Spirit of BuckThe precious spirit in Buck is a complete reflection of today’s world. The fighting as well as down-to-earth spirit is important for Buck and it is also very significant for people living in modern society. Competition is becoming more and more furious, we should be alert all the time. At the same time, we should work hard to make great achievement and pursue a better life.4.1 Fighting SpiritBuck had a spirit as precious as gold. As we know, in the world full of competition only the strongest can survive. Survival of fittest is a universal truth.4.1.1 Facing the Dog TrainerWhen he was let out of the cage, he prepared to fight to live. He attacked the strong man with his sharp teeth. Though all his efforts were in vain, he did not give up and continue for several times. He tried his best to do the last rush with his efforts. Though he was hurt badly but he did not compromise.Facing the dog trainer, Buck was never afraid of him. The stronger people can defeat him but can not destroy him.4.1.2 Winning the Leadership.Though, Buck was strong and outstanding in the team, he did his utmost to control himself. However, not everything goes well. When Spitz became aware that his leadership was threaten by Buck, he wanted to make a chance to kill Buck. He took advantage of the occasion to occupy Buck’s warm nest even challenged Buck openly. These behaviors compelled Buck to fight against the devil Spitz. To Spitz’s surprise, Buck was not a common dog. There is courage and strength in his body.In fact, Buck was a ferocious dog. There was a inevitable conflict between them, because Buck began to threaten openly the leadership of Spitz. One day, the team were chasing a snowshoe rabbit, including Buck and Spitz. After the rabbit was killed by the white sharp teeth, a fight began. The sound of leadership was calling Buck. With the instinct and wisdom, Buck finally occupied the dominant position successfully.4.1.3 Attacking the Black BurtonBuck loved and respected Thornton so deeply that he accompanied him all the time wherever Thornton went. One day, Thornton went to a bar. It happened that a bad-tempered man called Black Burton. He had a quarrel with Thornton. Thornton tried to come down, butBurton did not think that and gave Thornton a punch heavily. At that moment, Buck was lying on the floor and watching his master. He rose up in the air and went at the throat of Burton at once. Buck did not succeed first time and then attacked again. But Burton’s throat was torn open at second time.If someone threatened the security of Buck’s lover within his sight, he would stand out. 4.1.4 Fighting in the WildThornton decided to find a lost mine which was just a legend. Buck still accompanied him though their journey was filled with danger. They had to make great efforts. They looked for a long time, but found nothing. Later, they settled down there, of course, life was carefree. But Buck was attracted by a mysterious calling. One time he rushed to the forest at night after hearing the calling. This time he did not only attack the wolf but also became friends.Afterwards, the calling seemed so imperious that Buck was restless. He run into the forest to find his wild brother.He could kill whatever wild animals if he would like. He had patience, strength and courage. Once, he spent four days chasing and killing a chief bull. Later, he found that his master Thornton was killed by the Yeehats. He had to avenge, so he killed all the people at there. Thornton left him forever. At the same time, the calling grew louder. Then he returned to the wild completely without hesitation and began to fight for existence. He realized clearly that if he failed he would become a corpse, so he must win and keep alert all the time. The world is full of competition and it belongs to those who are strong enough.4.2 Down-to-Earth SpiritBuck has another valuable spirit in his body. If he has no such down-to earth spirits, he might have been beaten to death. It also reveals that we should work hard in the modern society.4.2.1 Dragging Sled for PerraultThe lazy and happy life was gone. Buck had to confront with the wild North. When he arrived there, he did not know how to drag the sled at first and he was punished for several times by his master, but he did not give up and studied hard, so he adapted to the environment soon. What’s more, he learned the skill of dragging the sled well. He made up his mind to do all he could for his masters, with passion and faithfulness. As a result, he gained praise from his masters.Under the difficult environment, he insisted on studying and working. He clearly realized the value of his life as a sled dog. He worked very hard day and night. Their team made theirutmost effort and set up a new record, which pleased their master. Thus, their life became easier. It is the same with our human beings. Sometimes, we need to work hard to get rewards.4.2.2 Under the control of Scotch Half-BreedThough Buck worked hard enough and his master was happy, unfortunately, this could not change his fate. In the world without civilization, Buck was weak, so he could not rebel before he got power. He was sold to the Scotch Half-breed and forced to do hard work, the awful situation was just like before.Buck did not like it, but he managed to bear and took pride of it. He had dreams, but he had to face the real and cruel world. The heavy work load tortured him as well as his teammates. When they reached Dawson, they were weak and short of weight. Buck was very tired, however, it was Dave who suffered most and at last finished his life come to an end. Dave did not leave the team until the last minute of his life. The other dog’s condition was not very good. When the team could not work any more, they were sold.During the journey,Buck and his teammate encounter difficulties, but they did not give up, choose to adhere to in the end. It also reflects their spirit do not give up easily.4.3 Being Eager for New LifeWhen Buck met setbacks every time, he did not give up and insist to the last moment. He was positive and energetic in life. What’s more, he was always eager for new life.4.3.1 Being Positive to the Life in a Rich FamilyBuck was born in Judge Miller’s house, he was respected by most people and just like the king who predominated over all the animals even the human there. He could do what he wanted to do. He always accompanied his masters and protected them. But his circle of life was so small that he did not know what was changing his fate. At first, Buck trusted all the people around him, unfortunately he was betrayed by Manuel and he learned a lot. Though the life was full of difficulties, he was still positive about life. At the same time, he understood that it is very significant for them to have strong vigilance.4.3.2 Being Happy in the SnowWhen Buck saw the snow for the first time, it seemed that he had no idea about what snow was. However, he showed great interest in it.It showed that Buck is a creature being eager for new things. He was curious about the strange world. Though he did not know what will happen he was still optimistic. At the sametime, it told us that we should keep a positive attitude when we were not sure about the future world.4.3.3 Being Interested in the Challenging WorldThere is no doubt that Buck was interested in the challenging world after realizing there was no point to rebel.Perhaps it was “the law of club”that made him accept the reality. There was tough competition but he had to manage to adjust to it. The wild nature in his body never let him stop his feet. He should fight for survival, fight for a new life. In fact, it also told us that we should keep moving.5. An Analysis of the Return of Buck5.1 The Return of Human NatureBuck was comforted under John Thornton’s influence and two other dogs’ care. Gradually, Buck began to heal. What’s more, he always accompanied John, who saved his life twice and won a bet which enabled him to pay off all his debts. He did not forget the awful experiences before, but he was happy with John. The daily hunting was the main work, this was absolutely delightful for Buck. However, There was a mysterious calling in the forest on night. .5.2 The Return of WildernessBuck was called by the mysterious calling for several times. This situation continued until one day Buck returned to the camp, finding that everyone were killed by the Yeehats, a Native American tribe. He was furious to the death of beloved John and killed all the people who did not run away from him. There was no more tie to mankind, so Buck returned to the forest and stayed with many wolves. But he visited to the valley where John Thornton died every year. It was the mankind’s ruthless that cut Buck’s last hesitation. To some extent, he returned to the wilderness, which helped Buck be away from pains and be more free.6. The Analysis of Jack London’s World ViewIn fact, The Call of the Wild can be regarded as Jack London’s autobiography and it is a social analogy of Darwin’s “environment determinism”. The call of the Wild describes the retrogression of a baby-wolf to a domestic dog. People will head to the civilization guided by the pursuit of love and hope.Jack London thought that when the call of the wild come out, no one can escape, you would be interested in the nature deeply rooted in Buck’s body. One night he woke up and heard the call again. He run into the forest at once, following the sound, and came to an open place in the trees. At there, with his nose, pointing to the sky, he sat with a wolf had run through a much older forest. Buck had nothing to look forward and he ran with the wolf after the death of his friend and master Thornton.Jack London emphasizes more on the “instinct”, and Spenser’s “environmental determinism”is further elaborated. The meaning that environment determines everything was fully deduced by Jack London through Buck’s journey from civilization to wilderness. The stateliness comes from Buck’s noble blood and enables him to be endowed with some nobility, Buck’s leadership was reflected in sled dogs. To obtain the leadership among the sled dogs, Buck learned so many skills and worked very hard and kept alert all the time. So he gained the praise from his masters and became the leading dog. In the journey of going back to the forest as a reply to the calling of the wild, he surpasses and wins the leadership among several wolves.These rules and orders have been set before his arrival. If you wanted to survive, you need to obey the rules and orders strictly.7. ConclusionFrom the analysis above, it can be concluded that the nature of Buck in different environments is the same to the humans in a way. In today’s society, people will experience different circumstances, so you have to adapt yourself to the surroundings. When we live a happy life we should not just enjoy the pleasure. We should cherish our life and set a goal for ourselves. Though we usually met difficulties we also should not give up and we must keep struggling, persist in fighting, and pursuing a better life. The wheel of history will never stop, so we should keep moving. It is crucial that we need to learn to adjust ourselves to different environments. If we are to rebel we must get the chance, otherwise, we have to change ourselves. Buck becomes mature under the law of club gradually, we grow up in the law of competition.Next, we can sense the spirit of Buck. The fighting as well as down-to-earth spirit deserve our learning. Buck insisted on fighting no matter what he faced, so he got the leadership. If we insist on fighting we may achieve great success, or we would get nothing, Society is full of competition, so we should keep on fighting to gain our own achievements.If there is no fighting spirit human beings would stop their steps, of course, our world would not make progress. The down-to-earth spirit also plays an important role in our daily life especially in Chinese story. In ancient times, the ancient people with the down-to-earth spirit created a lot of miracles. In the modern world, people with the down-to-earth spirit may achieve their dreams easily.Last but not least, this thesis reveals that human were born good. Buck was kind and honest in the judge’s house. But the environment changed him, he had no way. To some extent, it is the real reflection of our humans.In today’s society, people may lose their initial purity and honesty in the materialistic society. I believe Buck could return to a pure world if we give him an opportunity if he is willing to catch it. Of course, it is a wonderful scene if we can forgive people who has made mistakes before and give them chances to correct. Humans were born well.Bibliography[1] Allen Mary. Animals in American Literature [M].Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1983.[2]Charles Child Walcott.Jack London[M]. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press,1996.1.[3] Jack London. The Call of the Wild in Lei Ming, Jack London selected stories[M]. Tianjin:Tianjin People’s Publishing House, 2001.[4] Jack London. The Call of the Wild and White Fang[M]. Bantam Book. Inc.1984.[5] Pizer Donald.American Realism and American Naturalism[M]. Shanghai: ShanghaiForeign Language Education Press, 2000.[6] Wuweiren. History and Anthology of American Literature [M]. Beijing: Foreign LanguageTeaching and Research Press, 1990.[7] 陈谦红，神话英雄巴克狗-解读《野性的呼唤》[J].2008年人文社会科学专辑2008.[8] 贾军红，《挣脱爱的枷锁，响应自由的呼唤》-野性的呼唤中巴克形象的分析[J]. 《时代文学（双月版）》，2007年第二期。
