The Art of Public Speaking —第五单元培训讲学

The Art of Public Speaking 公众演讲的艺术话语是人类沟通的重要方式之一，而公众演讲则是话语的高级形式。

公众演讲既是一门艺术，也是一项技能，它需要雄辩、洞察力和自信。

无论是政府官员、企业高管，还是社会活动家和学者，精湛的公众演讲技巧都是他们成功的必需品。

在这篇文章中，我们将探讨公众演讲的几个重要要素和技巧，并提供一些如何提升演讲能力的建议。

首先，公众演讲的成功离不开清晰的组织结构。

一个好的演讲应该有清晰的引言、主体和结尾。

引言是吸引听众的关键，可以通过提出一个引人入胜的问题、引用一个有趣的故事或者描绘一个生动的场景来引起听众的兴趣。

在主体部分，演讲者应该用有力的论据和恰当的例子来支持自己的观点，并通过过渡语句将各个段落连接起来，以确保思路连贯。

结尾是演讲者展示自己的观点和总结演讲内容的机会，可以通过再次强调自己的主要论点或者提出具体建议来使演讲更加有说服力。

其次，演讲者的声音和肢体语言也是公众演讲中不可忽视的要素。

演讲者应该用铿锵有力的声音来传递自己的观点，展现自信和支配力。

同时，要注意语速和语调的变化，以激发听众的注意力和兴趣。

肢体语言同样重要，演讲者应该站直身体、展示开放姿势，同时运用手势和面部表情来增加表达的生动性和亲和力。

肢体语言需要与演讲内容相协调，但也要适度，避免过于夸张或者无规律。

除了组织结构和肢体语言，演讲者还需要具备良好的沟通能力和洞察力。

演讲是与听众进行心灵交流的过程，演讲者需要理解听众的需求和兴趣，根据不同的情况和背景做出相应的调整。

一个成功的演讲者应能够善于倾听和观察，及时捕捉到听众的反应，并根据反馈做出调整，以保持与听众的互动和共鸣。

洞察力也包括对时事和社会问题的敏感度，演讲者应该具备广泛的知识储备，能够以专业的角度和深度分析问题，并给出客观而有力的观点。

提升公众演讲能力需要时间和实践。

首先，演讲者可以通过加入演讲俱乐部或者参加演讲比赛来提高自己的技巧。

TheArtofPublicSpeakingThe Art of Public Speaking学号姓名院(系）Part I Grammar & Vocabulary [15min]Directions: For each of the following incomplete sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence.1.The ability___ respect diversity and communicate effectively in cross-cultural situations.A. forB. withC.toD. about2. The critical thinking skills you develop in ____and organizing your speeches can be applied in many forms of communication.A. researchedB.researchingC. have researchedD. been researched3. Questions of ethics arise_____ a speaker face an audience, of all the ethical obligations facing speakers, none is more important than honesty in order to maintain the bond of trust with listeners.A. whateverB. howeverC. wheneverD. whoever4. Speakers who begin work on their speeches early andconsult a wide range of sources are less likely to _____the traps of plagiarism than are speakers who procrastinate and rely on a limited number of sources.A. bump intoB. file inC. rope inD. fall into5. Although ____can be challenging, work on presenting your first speech extemporaneously.A. oneB. thatC. itD. who6. This ____a perfect opportunity to research a fascinating subject and turn it into a fascinating speech.A. must beB. should beC. will beD. would be7.When you look for a speech topic, keep in mind special expertise you may have orsports,hobbies,travel,and other personal experiences that would make for an interesting _____.A. presentationB.demonstrationC.donationD. proposition8. Unlike the specific purpose, which you need to settle on early in the speech, preparation process, the central ideas usually take shape _____, as a result of your research and analysis of thetopic.A. latterB. latestC. later D last9. A speech___is supported by statistics is usually more persuasive than an undocumented presentation.A. whereB. thatC. in which D .whose10. Research studies confirm that clear organization is vital to______ public speaking.A .effective B. effectively C. effectiveness D. effectPart II Language Points. [15min]Directions:Match the 10 terms in the left column respectively with corresponding explanations in the right column.1. Orator A. The art of effective communication between speakers and audiences (2)2. Rhetoric B. A person with special skills in public speaking (1)3. Feedback C. The message, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker (3)4. Interference D. Quotations or paraphrases used to supporta point (5)5. Testimony E. Anything that impedes the communication ofa message (4)6. Paraphrase F. To restate or summarize a source’s ideas in one’s own words (6)7. Signpost G. A very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas.(7)8. Credibility H. An error in reasoning (10)9. Pathos I .The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as a emotional appeal (9)10. Fallacy J. The audience’s perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic (8)Part III Complete Sentence[10min]Directions: According to the content of book, supply the missing words or sentences.1.The earliest record of public speaking practices in China can be traced to the(the Book ofHistory)2.{Stage fright} is such a common occurrence that some of the greatest public speakers inhistory have suffered from it.3.Everything a speaker says is filtered through a listener’s(frame of reference), the totalof his or her knowledge, experience, goals values, and attitudes.4.Such questions not only involve matters of fact, but they also demand (value judgments)5.Persuasive speeches on questions of fact are usually organized (topically)Part V Guided Writing [20min]Directions:For this part, you are allowed to write a short essay entitled How to Deal with Cultural Differences? You should write at least 100 words and the following hints should be included.1.文化差异带来了文化冲突2.这种现象产生的影响3.如何应对文化差异。

5.Analyzing the AudienceAudience-CenterednessThe Psychology AudiencesFactors in Audience AnalysisSizePhysical SettingDemographic TraitsDisposition Toward the TopicDisposition Toward the SpeakerDisposition Toward the OccasionGetting Information About the AudienceAdapting to the AudienceAudience Adaptation Before the speech Audience Adaptation During the speecj Audience Adaptation After the speechIn the midst of the heated 2008 campaign for the U.S. Democratic presidential nomination, Barack Obama faced one of the biggest challenges of his political career. His former minister, Jeremiah Wright, had made controversial, racially charged comments that circulated widely in the national media. Suddenly, Obama was forced to deal w ith Wright’s remarks, the issue of race in America, and the future of his presidential campaign. In doing so, he had to address multiple audiences, including the white community, the black community, his supporters, backers of rival Hillary Clinton, undecided voters, and the nation in general.On March 18, 2008, Obama spoke on national television from Philadelphia, the birthplace of the American republic. Well aware of the situation he faced, he crafted a speech that dealt thoughtfully with the concerns of his various audiences while stressing the fundamental unity of the American people. Only by working together, he said, can we “move beyond of our old racial wounds and…continue on the path of a more perfect union.”The speech garnered almost universal praise across the political spectrum. Obama was hailed for his capacity to “lead public opinion” by explaining issues “so both sides can see each other’s point of view.”He pushed the nation “to move beyond race and gender, beyond Democrat and Republican, beyond politics and into reviving the spirit of the nation itself .” It was, by any measure, a striking achievement.Audience-Centeredness Obama’s speech points up an important fact: Good public speakers are audience-centered. They know the primary of speechmaking is not to browbeat the audience or to blow off steam. Rather, it is to gain a desired response from listeners. Barack Obama’s purpose in his speech was to gain a favorable response from the major groups in his audience. He did that by presenting himself and his ideas in ways that connected with the audience’s goals, values, and beliefs.Being audience-centered does not involve compromising your belief to get a favorable response. Nor dose it mean using devious, unethical tactics to achieve your goal. As did Barack Obama, you can remain true to yourself and speak ethically while adapting your message to the needs of your listeners.To be audience-centered, you need to keep several questions in mind when you work on your speeches:To whom am I speaking?What do I want them to know, believe, or do as a result of my speech?What is the most effective way of composing and presenting my speech to accomplish that aim?This chapter will introduce the basic principles of audience analysis and adaptation. Chapters 13-14 will deal with those features of audience analysis unique to informative and persuasive speaking.The Psychology of AudiencesWhat do you do when you listen to a speech? Sometimes you pay close attention; at other times you let your thoughts wander. People may be compelled to attend a speech, but no one can make them listen. The speaker must make the audience choose to pay attention.Even when people do pay attention, they don’t process a speaker’s message exactly as the speaker intends. Auditory perception is always selective. Every speech contains two messages—the one sent by the speaker and the one received by the listener. As we saw in Chapter 1, what a speaker says is filtered through a listener’s frame of reference-the sum of his or her needs, interests, expectations, knowledge, and experience. As a result , we listen and respond to speeches not as they are, but as we are.People are egocentric. They pay closest attention to messages that affect their own values, beliefs, and well-being. Harry Emerson Fosdick, the great American preacher, once said: “There is nothing that people are so interested in as themselves, their own problems, and the way to solve them. That fact is … the primary starting point of all successful public speaking.”What do these psychological principles mean to you as a speaker? First, they mean your listeners will hear and judge what you say on the basis of what they already know and believe. Second, they mean you must relate your message to your listeners-show how it pertains to them, explain why they should care about it as much as you do. As Saul Alinksy, the noted community organizer, advises, “People only understand things in terms of their experience,” which means that to communicate with them, “you must get inside their experience.”Of course, you can’t actually get inside another people’s experience. But you can listen enough about your audience to know what you should do to make your ideas clear and meaningful. How you can do this is our next topic.Factors in Audience AnalysisAnything characteristic of a given audience is potentially important to a speaker addressing that audience. In most cases, however, your audience analysis will processed in light of six broad categories: size, physical, demographic traits, disposition toward the topic, disposition toward the speaker, and disposition toward the occasion. Let us look at each in turn. SIZEWith the aid of television and the Internet, audiences can range in size from a few people to thousands or even millions of people. At this stage of your speaking career, you may be terrified at the prospect ofaddressing a huge crowd, but as you gain more experience, you may welcome the challenge of facing a big group. Some speakers actually prefer a large audience to a small one.No matter what size group you are addressing, bear in mind one basic principle: The large your audience, the more formal your presentation must be. Audience size may also affect your language, choice of appeals, and use of visual aids.PHYSICAL SETTINGWhich of the following would you rather address?An audience assembled immediately after lunch, crammed into an overheated room with inadequate seatingAn audience assembled at 10:00 in the morning, comfortably seated in an airy, well-lighted room.Undoubtedly you chose the second option. Any of the adverse conditions listed in the first option could seriously impair your audience’s willingness to accept your ideas or even listen to you at all.When you face any speaking situation, it is important to know in advance if there will be any difficulties with the physical setting. When you are invited to speak, don’t be shy about asking questions of the person who arranged the speech. If possible, look over the room a few days in advance, or else arrive early on the day of your speech to inspect the room. If it is too warm or too cold, see about adjusting the thermostat.Check the seating arrangements and the location of the lectern to be sure your audience can see you. In short, do everything you can to control the influence of physical setting on your audience.What about circumstances you can’t control? Your speech is scheduled directly after lunch or dinner. The room is too small for the audience expected. The heat cannot be regulated. Then you are simply going t o have to work harder to adapt to these aspects of your listener’s discomfort. Above all, don’t be influenced yourself by the poor physical setting. If your audience sees that you are energetic, alert, and involved with your topic, chances are they will forget their discomfort and come right along with you.DEMOGRAPHIC TRAITSThe receptivity of listeners is strongly influenced by demography traits such as age, gender, education, economic standing, cultural background, and the like. Ideas that attract younger listeners may offend older listeners. Topics that are appealing to women may be of less interest to men. People who are prosperous usually view the world differently than do those who are mired in poverty. And nothing affects an audience more than cultural background. Speakers who fail to take such factors into account when planning a talk are almost surely doomed to failure.Keep in mind, however, that there can be a great deal of diversity among listeners with similar demographic characteristics. Not all youngpeople think alike; not do all older people. Men and women often have different personal interests, yet they can be of one mind on political and economic issues. Europeans have many common beliefs, but each country in Europe has its own national identity, values, and interests. The importance of any given demographic factor will vary from audience to audience depending on the occasion and the speech topic.The most important thing to keep in mind about demographic audience analysis is that it is not an end in itself. Your aim is not just to list the major traits of your listeners, but to find in those traits clues about how your listeners will respond to your speech. When used sensibly and responsibly, demographic audience analysis can be of great benefit to a speaker.DISPOSITION TOWARD THE TOPICAs we saw in Chapter 4, you should keep your audience in mind when choosing a topic. Ideally, you will pick a topic that suits them as it suits you. Once you have your topic, however, you must consider in more detail how your listeners will react to it. In particular, you need to assess their interest in the topic, their knowledge about it, and their attitudes toward it.InterestPeople do not usually expend the time and effort to attend a speech unless they have some interest in the topic. Yet some listeners will inevitablyhave a higher interest level than will others.one of you task as a speaker is to assess their interest in advance and to adjust you speech accordingly.Most important,if you think your topic is not likely to generate great interest, you must take special steps to get your listeners involved.In the chapters that follow, we'll look at ways you can develop interest in your topic -by an arresting introduction,provocative supporting materials,vivid Language,dynamic delivery,and so forth.KnowledgeThere is often a strong correlation between interest in a topic and knowledge about it.people tend to be interested in what they know about.likewise they are inclined to learn about subject that interest them.But there are exceptions. Few people know much about handwriting analysis,yet most would find it an interesting topic.On the other hand,almost all know a lot about going to the supermarket,but few would find it a fascinating subject for a speech.Why is it important to gauge your listener' knowledge about your topic?Quite simply,because it will to a large extent determine what you can say in your speech.If your listeners know little about topic-whether or not they find it interesting-you will have to talk at a more elementary level.If they are reasonably well informed,you can take at a more technical approach.AttitudeThe attitude of listeners toward your topic can be extremely important in determining how you handle the material.If you know advance the prevailing attitude among members of your audience,you can adjust your speech to address their concerns or to answer their objections.Audience attitudes are most important in persuasive speeches.If you audience is skeptical about or hostile toward your position,you will need to take special steps to overcome their skepticism or hostility.above all,you will need to provide supporting materials-examples,statistics, or testimony-in support of your position.In the next chapter,we will discuss ways you can accomplish this.DISPOSITION TOWARD THE SPEAKERAn audience's response to a message is invariably colored by their perception of the speaker. The more competent listeners believe a speaker to be, the more likely they are accept what he or she says. likewise,the more listeners believe that a speaker has their best interests at heart , the more likely they are to respond positively to the speaker's message.We will come back to this subject in detail when we deal with strategies for persuasive speaking in chapter 14. For now , keep in mind that your listeners will always have some set of attitude toward you as a speaker. Estimating what those attitudes are and how they will affect your speech is a crucial part of audience analysis.DISPOSITION TOWARD THE OCCASIONNo matter what the situation, listeners have fairly definite ideas about the speeches they consider appropriate. They expect to hear graduation speeches on college campus,political speeches in provincial legislatures,toast to the bride and groom at weddings,and so forth. Speakers who seriously violate these expectations can almost always count on infuriating the audience.Perhaps most important,the occasion will dictate how long a speech should be. When you are invited to speak,the chairperson will usually say how much time you have for your talk. If not be sure to ask. And once you know ,pare down your speech so it fits easily within the allotted time. Do not exceed that time under any circumstance,for you are likely to see your audience dwindle as you drone on.Getting Information About the AudienceNow that you know what to learn about an audience,the next question is, how do you lean it? A political leader or CEO can rely on hired professional pollsters. If you are invited to address a particular group,the person who invites you can usually provide a good sketch of the audience. Ask your contact where you can find out more about the group's history and mission. If you know someone who has spoken to the same group, be sure to sound out that person.What about your classmates as an audience? You can learn a lotabout them by observation and conversation, but you may want to know more about their knowledge and attitudes on specific speech topics. Some teachers encourage students to conduct a formal audience-analysis questionnaire for at least one of their speeches. I n addition to providing information about your classroom listeners, such a questionnaire gives you practice in developing the skills of audience analysis you will need for speeches after your class is over.There are three major kinds of questions to choose from when developing an audience analysis questionnaire:fixed-alternative questions, scale questions,and open-ended questions.Fixed- alternative question, as their name implies,offer a fixed choice between two or more response. For example:Are you a fan of TV reality shows?YesNoBy limiting the possible responses,such questions produce clear,unambiguous answer. Thy also tend to yield superficial answers. Other techniques are needed to get beneath the surface.Scale questions resemble fixed-alternative questions,but they allow more leeway in responding. For ex ample:Do you agree or disagree with the fellowing?reality shows have improved the quality of TV programs in china.Strongly mildly undecided mildly strongly Agree agree disagree disagree Questions like these are especially useful for getting at the strength of a respondent's attitudes.Open-ended questions give maximum leeway in responding. For example：Why, in your opinion, are TV reality shows so popular?What is the proper balance in TV programming between profits for broadcasters and the cultural and moral enlightenment of viewer?Although open-ended questions invite more detailed responses than the other two types of questions,they also increase the likelihood of getting answers that do not give the lind of information you need.Because each type of question has its advantages and disadvantages,many questionnaires contain all three types.figure 5.1 shows a questionnaire that was distributed be3for a speech on volunteering. By using all three types of questions, the speaker did two things--elicited specific information about the audience and probed more deeply into their attitudes toward the speech topic.When putting together your own questionnaire,keep the following principles in mind:1.Plan the questionnaire carefully to precisely the information you need.e all three types of questions: fixed-alternative, scale andopen-ended.3.Make sure the questions are clear and unambiguous.4.Keep the questionnaire relatively brief.Adapting to the Audience Once you have completed the audience analysis,you should have a pretty clear picture of your listeners. But this does not guarantee ja successful speech. The key is how well you use what you know in preparing and presenting the speech.AUDIENCE ADAPTATION BEFORE THE SPEECHAs we have seen,you must keep your audience in mind at every stage of speech preparation. This involves more than simply remembering who your listeners will be. Above all, it means two things:(1)assessing how your audience is likely to respond to what you say in your speech, and (2) adjusting what you say to make it as clear,,appropriate,and convincing as possible.You must submerge your own views so completely that you can adopt,temporarily,those of listeners. When you do this, you will begin to hear your speech through the ears of your audience and to adjust it accordingly. Try to imagine what they will like,what they will dislike, where they will have doubts or questions, whether they will need more details here or fewer there,what will interest them and what will not. At every point you must anticipate how your audience will respond.Here is how one speaker worked out his problems of audience adaptation:A visiting scholar from the academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, in Beijing, Pan Weifang was invited to give a public lecture at an American university on "Traditional Chinese Medicine:principle and practice." The organizers told him to expect a diverse audience. In addition to students and faculty from the medical shool,there would be attendees from other parts of the university, as well as people from the community at large.Pan knew he could count on a high level of interest in his topic,but he also knew most listeners would not be versed in the details of traditional Chinese medicine. Some may be skeptical about its methods and effectiveness.As pan prepared the speech, he kept asking himself,"how can i make this topic clear and meaningful to someone who knows little about the history and methods of Chinese medicine?"He worked diligently to explain key concepts such as qi,yin and yang,the five phases,and Wu xing in ways that connected with western listeners.He also developed an excellent set of PowerPoint slide to help bridge the gap in language and culture.To be perfectly safe, he ask a faculty member who participated in Western medicine to listen to a few sections of the speech. "stop me "Pansaid,"any time i say something that seems unclear or questionable." his colleague stopped him four times, and at each point worked out a better explanation. Finally he had a speech that was perfectly adapted to audience.As you work on your speeches,try to keep your listeners constantly in mind. Anticipate how they will respond to your ideas and be creative in thinking about ways to adapt your message to them.AUDIENCE ADAPTATION DURING THE SPEECHNo matter how hard you prepare ahead of time,things may not go exactly as planned on the day of your speech.You may find that the room for your speech has been changed,that the audience will be much larger(or smaller)than you had anticipated,or even that the time for your speech has been reduced because the previous speaker has talked too long.If something like this happens to you,don’t panic.Adjust your delivery to the changed room and audience size.If you have less time for your speech than you had planned,condense your speech to its most essential points and present them in the time acailable.Your listeners will sympathize with your predicament and will appreciate your efforts to adjust.This will more than compensate for your lost speaking time.Finally,be sure to keep an eye out during your speech for audience feedback.If you find your listeners frowning or responding with quizzical looks,you may need to back up and go you're your point again,as in thefollowing example:Kang Ping,an economics major,had worked hard to make sure her speech on the stock market was not too technical for her audience,most of whom were humanities students.She explained everything from the ground up,prepared two excellent visual aids,and practiced giving the speech to her best friend,a literature major with no training in economics.On the day of Kang Ping’s speech,everything went well until she got to her second main point,when she noticed that several listeners seemed confused by the relationship between common stock and preferred stock.Knowing they would be lost for the rest of the speech if they didn’t understand that relationship, Kang Ping paused and said,“I can see some of you are confused by my explanation.Let me try it again from a differ ent angle.”As Kang Ping went through the material a second time,she saw her listeners nodding their heads in understanding.She could now go on with her speech,confident that her audience was ready to go with her. AUDIENCE ADAPTATION AFTER THE SPEECHIt may seem strange to think of audience adaptation after a speech,but reflecting on your audience’s response is an important part of skill development.For example,if you are presenting a workshop in a business or educational setting,the workshop organizers may distribute a survey afterward to gather data about the audience’s response.You can use thesurvey to learn what kinds of changes you should make the next time you present the workshop.But even in the absence of such a survey,you should think after every speech about how the audience reacted and how you might modify the speech if you were to present it again.Some speakers keep a journal of their speeches,audiences,and responses.This kind of systematic post—speech analysis is an important part of preparing for your next presentation and of becoming a more effective speaker in general. SUMMARYGood speakers are audience—centered.When working on your speeches,keep three questions in mind:To whom an I speaking?What do I want them to know,believe ,or do as a result of my speech?What is the most effective way of composing and presenting my speech to accomplish that aim?People are egocentric.They typically approach speeches with one question uppermost in mind:“Why is this important to me?”Therefore,you need t o study your audience and adapt your speech to their beliefs and interests.The major factors to consider in audience analysis are size,physical setting,demographic traits,disposition toward the topic,disposition toward the speaker,and disposition toward the occasion.For speeches outside the classroom,you can get information about the audience by asking theperson who invites you to speak.For classroom speeches,you can circulate an audience—analysis questionnaire.Once you complete the audience analysis,you must adapt your speech so it will be clear and convincing.Try to hear the speech as your listeners will.Anticipate questions and objections,and try to answer them in advance,When you deliver the speech,keep an eye out for audience feedback,and adjust your remarks in response.After the speech,think about your audience’s response and about changes you would make if you were delivering the speech again.。

The Art of Public SpeakingCHAPTER 05 THE VOICEThe dramatic critic of The London Times once declared that acting is nine-tenths voice work. Leaving the message aside, the same may justly be said of public speaking.A rich, correctly-used voice is the greatest physical factor of persuasiveness and power, often over-topping the effects of reason.But a good voice, well handled, is not only an effective possession for the professional speaker, it is a mark of personal culture as well, and even a distinct commercial asset.There are three fundamental requisites for a good voice:1. EaseThe secret of good voice is relaxation. The air waves that produce voice result in a different kind of tone when striking against relaxed muscles than when striking constricted muscles. Try this for yourself. Contract the muscles of your face and throat as you do in hate, and flame out "I hate you!" Now relax as you do when thinking gentle, tender thoughts, and say, "I love you." How different the voice sounds.In practising voice exercises, and in speaking, never force your tones. Ease must be your watchword. The voice is a delicate instrument, and you must not handle it with hammer and tongs. Don't make your voice go--let it go. Don't work. Let the yoke of speech be easy and its burden light.Your throat should be free from strain during speech, therefore it is necessary to avoid muscular contraction. The throat must act as a sort of chimney or funnel for the voice, hence any unnatural constriction will not only harm its tones but injure its health.Nervousness and mental strain are common sources of mouth and throat constriction, so make the battle for poise and self-confidence for which we pleaded in the opening chapter.But how can I relax? you ask. By simply willing to relax. Hold your arm out straight from your shoulder. Now--withdraw all power and let it fall. Practise relaxation of the muscles of the throat by letting your neck and head fall forward. Roll the upper part of your body around, with the waist line acting as a pivot. Let your head fall and roll around as you shift the torso to different positions. Do not force your head around--simply relax your neck and let gravity pull it around as your body moves.Again, let your head fall forward on your breast; raise your head, letting your jaw hang. Relax until your jaw feels heavy, as though it were a weight hung to your face. Remember, you must relax the jaw to obtain command of it. It must be free and flexible for the moulding of tone, and to let the tone pass out unobstructed.All the activity of breathing must be centered, not in the throat, but in the middle of the body--you must breathe from the diaphragm. Note the way you breathe when lying flat on the back, undressed in bed. You will observe that all the activity then centers around the diaphragm. This is the natural and correct method of breathing. By constant watchfulness make this your habitual manner, for it will enable you to relax more perfectly the muscles of the throat.The next fundamental requisite for good voice is2. OpennessIf the muscles of the throat are constricted, the tone passage partially closed, and the mouth kept half-shut, how can you expect the tone to come out bright and clear, or even to come out at all? Sound is a series of waves, and if you make a prison of your mouth, holding the jaws and lips rigidly, it will be very difficult for the tone to squeeze through, and even when it does escape it will lack force and carrying power. Open your mouth wide, relax all the organs of speech, and let the tone flow out easily.Start to yawn, but instead of yawning, speak while your throat is open. Make this open-feeling habitual when speaking--we say make because it is a matter of resolution and of practise, if your vocal organs are healthy.The final fundamental requisite for good voice is3. ForwardnessA voice that is pitched back in the throat is dark, sombre, and unattractive. The tone must be pitched forward, but do not force it forward. You will recall that our first principle was ease. Think the tone forward and out. Believe it is going forward, and allow it to flow easily. You can tell whether you are placing your tone forward or not by inhaling a deep breath and singing ah with the mouth wide open, trying to feel the little delicate sound waves strike the bony arch of the mouth just above the front teeth. The sensation is so slight that you will probably not be able to detect it at once, but persevere in your practise, always thinking the tone forward, and you will be rewarded by feeling your voice strike the roof of your mouth. A correct forward-placing of the tone will do away with the dark, throaty tones that are so unpleasant, inefficient, and harmful to the throat.Close the lips, humming ng, im, or an. Think the tone forward. Do you feel it strike the lips?Hold the palm of your hand in front of your face and say vigorously crash, dash, whirl, buzz. Can you feel the forward tones strike against your hand? Practise until you can. Remember, the only way to get your voice forward is to put it forward.H ow to Develop the Carrying Power of the VoiceIt is not necessary to speak loudly in order to be heard at a distance. It is necessary only to speak correctly. Edith Wynne Matthison's voice will carry in a whisper throughout a large theater. A paper rustling on the stage of a large auditorium can be heard distinctly in the furthermost seat in the gallery. If you will only use your voice correctly, you will not have much difficulty in being heard. Of course it is always well to address your speech to your furthest auditors; if they get it, those nearer will have no trouble, but aside from this obvious suggestion, you must observe these laws of voice production: Remember to apply the principles of ease, openness and forwardness--they are the prime factors in enabling your voice to be heard at a distance.Do not gaze at the floor as you talk. This habit not only gives the speaker an amateurish appearance but if the head is hung forward the voice will be directed towards the ground instead of floating out over the audience.Voice is a series of air vibrations. To strengthen it two things are necessary: more airor breath, and more vibration.Breath is the very basis of voice. As a bullet with little powder behind it will not have force and carrying power, so the voice that has little breath behind it will be weak. Not only will deep breathing--breathing from the diaphragm--give the voice a better support, but it will give it a stronger resonance by improving the general health.Usually, ill health means a weak voice, while abundant physical vitality is shown through a strong, vibrant voice. Therefore anything that improves the general vitality is an excellent voice strengthener, provided you use the voice properly. Authorities differ on most of the rules of hygiene but on one point they all agree: vitality and longevity are increased by deep breathing. Practise this until it becomes second nature. Whenever you are speaking, take in deep breaths, but in such a manner that the inhalations will be silent.Do not try to speak too long without renewing your breath. Nature care for this pretty well unconsciously in conversation, and she will do the same for you in platform speaking if you do not interfere with her premonitions.A certain very successful speaker developed voice carrying power by running across country, practising his speeches as he went. The vigorous exercise forced him to take deep breaths, and developed lung power. A hard-fought basketball or tennis game is an efficient way of practising deep breathing. When these methods are not convenient, we recommend the following:Place your hands at your sides, on the waist line.By trying to encompass your waist with your fingers and thumbs, force all the air out of the lungs.Take a deep breath. Remember, all the activity is to be centered in the middle of the body; do not raise the shoulders. As the breath is taken your hands will be forced out.Repeat the exercise, placing your hands on the small of the back and forcing them out as you inhale.Many methods for deep breathing have been given by various authorities. Get the air into your lungs--that is the important thing.The body acts as a sounding board for the voice just as the body of the violin acts as a sounding board for its tones. You can increase its vibrations by practise.Place your finger on your lip and hum the musical scale, thinking and placing the voice forward on the lips. Do you feel the lips vibrate? After a little practise they will vibrate, giving a tickling sensation.Repeat this exercise, throwing the humming sound into the nose. Hold the upper part of the nose between the thumb and forefinger. Can you feel the nose vibrate?Placing the palm of your hand on top of your head, repeat this humming exercise. Think the voice there as you hum in head tones. Can you feel the vibration there?Now place the palm of your hand on the back of your head, repeating the foregoing process. Then try it on the chest. Always remember to think your tone where you desire to feel the vibrations. The mere act of thinking about any portion of your body will tend to make it vibrate.Repeat the following, after a deep inhalation, endeavoring to feel all portions of your body vibrate at the same time. When you have attained this you will find that it is a pleasant sensation.What ho, my jovial mates. Come on! We will frolic it like fairies, frisking in the merry moonshine.P urity of VoiceThis quality is sometimes destroyed by wasting the breath. Carefully control the breath, using only as much as is necessary for the production of tone. Utilize all that you give out. Failure to do this results in a breathy tone. Take in breath like a prodigal; in speaking, give it out like a miser.V oice SuggestionsNever attempt to force your voice when hoarse.Do not drink cold water when speaking. The sudden shock to the heated organs of speech will injure the voice.Avoid pitching your voice too high--it will make it raspy. This is a common fault. When you find your voice in too high a range, lower it. Do not wait until you get to the platform to try this. Practise it in your daily conversation. Repeat the alphabet, beginning A on the lowest scale possible and going up a note on each succeeding letter, for the development of range. A wide range will give you facility in making numerous changes of pitch.Do not form the habit of listening to your voice when speaking. You will need your brain to think of what you are saying--reserve your observation for private practise.。

5.Analyzing the AudienceAudience-CenterednessThe Psychology AudiencesFactors in Audience AnalysisSizePhysical SettingDemographic TraitsDisposition Toward the TopicDisposition Toward the SpeakerDisposition Toward the OccasionGetting Information About the AudienceAdapting to the AudienceAudience Adaptation Before the speech Audience Adaptation During the speecj Audience Adaptation After the speechIn the midst of the heated 2008 campaign for the U.S. Democratic presidential nomination, Barack Obama faced one of the biggest challenges of his political career. His former minister, Jeremiah Wright, had made controversial, racially charged comments that circulated widely in the national media. Suddenly, Obama was forced to deal w ith Wright’s remarks, the issue of race in America, and the future of his presidential campaign. In doing so, he had to address multiple audiences, including the white community, the black community, his supporters, backers of rival Hillary Clinton, undecided voters, and the nation in general.On March 18, 2008, Obama spoke on national television from Philadelphia, the birthplace of the American republic. Well aware of the situation he faced, he crafted a speech that dealt thoughtfully with the concerns of his various audiences while stressing the fundamental unity of the American people. Only by working together, he said, can we “move beyond of our old racial wounds and…continue on the path of a more perfect union.”The speech garnered almost universal praise across the political spectrum. Obama was hailed for his capacity to “lead public opinion” by explaining issues “so both sides can see each other’s point of view.”He pushed the nation “to move beyond race and gender, beyond Democrat and Republican, beyond politics and into reviving the spirit of the nation itself .” It was, by any measure, a striking achievement.Audience-Centeredness Obama’s speech points up an important fact: Good public speakers are audience-centered. They know the primary of speechmaking is not to browbeat the audience or to blow off steam. Rather, it is to gain a desired response from listeners. Barack Obama’s purpose in his speech was to gain a favorable response from the major groups in his audience. He did that by presenting himself and his ideas in ways that connected with the audience’s goals, values, and beliefs.Being audience-centered does not involve compromising your belief to get a favorable response. Nor dose it mean using devious, unethical tactics to achieve your goal. As did Barack Obama, you can remain true to yourself and speak ethically while adapting your message to the needs of your listeners.To be audience-centered, you need to keep several questions in mind when you work on your speeches:To whom am I speaking?What do I want them to know, believe, or do as a result of my speech?What is the most effective way of composing and presenting my speech to accomplish that aim?This chapter will introduce the basic principles of audience analysis and adaptation. Chapters 13-14 will deal with those features of audience analysis unique to informative and persuasive speaking.The Psychology of AudiencesWhat do you do when you listen to a speech? Sometimes you pay close attention; at other times you let your thoughts wander. People may be compelled to attend a speech, but no one can make them listen. The speaker must make the audience choose to pay attention.Even when people do pay attention, they don’t process a speaker’s message exactly as the speaker intends. Auditory perception is always selective. Every speech contains two messages—the one sent by the speaker and the one received by the listener. As we saw in Chapter 1, what a speaker says is filtered through a listener’s frame of reference-the sum of his or her needs, interests, expectations, knowledge, and experience. As a result , we listen and respond to speeches not as they are, but as we are.People are egocentric. They pay closest attention to messages that affect their own values, beliefs, and well-being. Harry Emerson Fosdick, the great American preacher, once said: “There is nothing that people are so interested in as themselves, their own problems, and the way to solve them. That fact is … the primary starting point of all successful public speaking.”What do these psychological principles mean to you as a speaker? First, they mean your listeners will hear and judge what you say on the basis of what they already know and believe. Second, they mean you must relate your message to your listeners-show how it pertains to them, explain why they should care about it as much as you do. As Saul Alinksy, the noted community organizer, advises, “People only understand things in terms of their experience,” which means that to communicate with them, “you must get inside their experience.”Of course, you can’t actually get inside another people’s experience. But you can listen enough about your audience to know what you should do to make your ideas clear and meaningful. How you can do this is our next topic.Factors in Audience AnalysisAnything characteristic of a given audience is potentially important to a speaker addressing that audience. In most cases, however, your audience analysis will processed in light of six broad categories: size, physical, demographic traits, disposition toward the topic, disposition toward the speaker, and disposition toward the occasion. Let us look at each in turn. SIZEWith the aid of television and the Internet, audiences can range in size from a few people to thousands or even millions of people. At this stage of your speaking career, you may be terrified at the prospect ofaddressing a huge crowd, but as you gain more experience, you may welcome the challenge of facing a big group. Some speakers actually prefer a large audience to a small one.No matter what size group you are addressing, bear in mind one basic principle: The large your audience, the more formal your presentation must be. Audience size may also affect your language, choice of appeals, and use of visual aids.PHYSICAL SETTINGWhich of the following would you rather address?An audience assembled immediately after lunch, crammed into an overheated room with inadequate seatingAn audience assembled at 10:00 in the morning, comfortably seated in an airy, well-lighted room.Undoubtedly you chose the second option. Any of the adverse conditions listed in the first option could seriously impair your audience’s willingness to accept your ideas or even listen to you at all.When you face any speaking situation, it is important to know in advance if there will be any difficulties with the physical setting. When you are invited to speak, don’t be shy about asking questions of the person who arranged the speech. If possible, look over the room a few days in advance, or else arrive early on the day of your speech to inspect the room. If it is too warm or too cold, see about adjusting the thermostat.Check the seating arrangements and the location of the lectern to be sure your audience can see you. In short, do everything you can to control the influence of physical setting on your audience.What about circumstances you can’t control? Your speech is scheduled directly after lunch or dinner. The room is too small for the audience expected. The heat cannot be regulated. Then you are simply going t o have to work harder to adapt to these aspects of your listener’s discomfort. Above all, don’t be influenced yourself by the poor physical setting. If your audience sees that you are energetic, alert, and involved with your topic, chances are they will forget their discomfort and come right along with you.DEMOGRAPHIC TRAITSThe receptivity of listeners is strongly influenced by demography traits such as age, gender, education, economic standing, cultural background, and the like. Ideas that attract younger listeners may offend older listeners. Topics that are appealing to women may be of less interest to men. People who are prosperous usually view the world differently than do those who are mired in poverty. And nothing affects an audience more than cultural background. Speakers who fail to take such factors into account when planning a talk are almost surely doomed to failure.Keep in mind, however, that there can be a great deal of diversity among listeners with similar demographic characteristics. Not all youngpeople think alike; not do all older people. Men and women often have different personal interests, yet they can be of one mind on political and economic issues. Europeans have many common beliefs, but each country in Europe has its own national identity, values, and interests. The importance of any given demographic factor will vary from audience to audience depending on the occasion and the speech topic.The most important thing to keep in mind about demographic audience analysis is that it is not an end in itself. Your aim is not just to list the major traits of your listeners, but to find in those traits clues about how your listeners will respond to your speech. When used sensibly and responsibly, demographic audience analysis can be of great benefit to a speaker.DISPOSITION TOWARD THE TOPICAs we saw in Chapter 4, you should keep your audience in mind when choosing a topic. Ideally, you will pick a topic that suits them as it suits you. Once you have your topic, however, you must consider in more detail how your listeners will react to it. In particular, you need to assess their interest in the topic, their knowledge about it, and their attitudes toward it.InterestPeople do not usually expend the time and effort to attend a speech unless they have some interest in the topic. Yet some listeners will inevitablyhave a higher interest level than will others.one of you task as a speaker is to assess their interest in advance and to adjust you speech accordingly.Most important,if you think your topic is not likely to generate great interest, you must take special steps to get your listeners involved.In the chapters that follow, we'll look at ways you can develop interest in your topic -by an arresting introduction,provocative supporting materials,vivid Language,dynamic delivery,and so forth.KnowledgeThere is often a strong correlation between interest in a topic and knowledge about it.people tend to be interested in what they know about.likewise they are inclined to learn about subject that interest them.But there are exceptions. Few people know much about handwriting analysis,yet most would find it an interesting topic.On the other hand,almost all know a lot about going to the supermarket,but few would find it a fascinating subject for a speech.Why is it important to gauge your listener' knowledge about your topic?Quite simply,because it will to a large extent determine what you can say in your speech.If your listeners know little about topic-whether or not they find it interesting-you will have to talk at a more elementary level.If they are reasonably well informed,you can take at a more technical approach.AttitudeThe attitude of listeners toward your topic can be extremely important in determining how you handle the material.If you know advance the prevailing attitude among members of your audience,you can adjust your speech to address their concerns or to answer their objections.Audience attitudes are most important in persuasive speeches.If you audience is skeptical about or hostile toward your position,you will need to take special steps to overcome their skepticism or hostility.above all,you will need to provide supporting materials-examples,statistics, or testimony-in support of your position.In the next chapter,we will discuss ways you can accomplish this.DISPOSITION TOWARD THE SPEAKERAn audience's response to a message is invariably colored by their perception of the speaker. The more competent listeners believe a speaker to be, the more likely they are accept what he or she says. likewise,the more listeners believe that a speaker has their best interests at heart , the more likely they are to respond positively to the speaker's message.We will come back to this subject in detail when we deal with strategies for persuasive speaking in chapter 14. For now , keep in mind that your listeners will always have some set of attitude toward you as a speaker. Estimating what those attitudes are and how they will affect your speech is a crucial part of audience analysis.DISPOSITION TOWARD THE OCCASIONNo matter what the situation, listeners have fairly definite ideas about the speeches they consider appropriate. They expect to hear graduation speeches on college campus,political speeches in provincial legislatures,toast to the bride and groom at weddings,and so forth. Speakers who seriously violate these expectations can almost always count on infuriating the audience.Perhaps most important,the occasion will dictate how long a speech should be. When you are invited to speak,the chairperson will usually say how much time you have for your talk. If not be sure to ask. And once you know ,pare down your speech so it fits easily within the allotted time. Do not exceed that time under any circumstance,for you are likely to see your audience dwindle as you drone on.Getting Information About the AudienceNow that you know what to learn about an audience,the next question is, how do you lean it? A political leader or CEO can rely on hired professional pollsters. If you are invited to address a particular group,the person who invites you can usually provide a good sketch of the audience. Ask your contact where you can find out more about the group's history and mission. If you know someone who has spoken to the same group, be sure to sound out that person.What about your classmates as an audience? You can learn a lotabout them by observation and conversation, but you may want to know more about their knowledge and attitudes on specific speech topics. Some teachers encourage students to conduct a formal audience-analysis questionnaire for at least one of their speeches. I n addition to providing information about your classroom listeners, such a questionnaire gives you practice in developing the skills of audience analysis you will need for speeches after your class is over.There are three major kinds of questions to choose from when developing an audience analysis questionnaire:fixed-alternative questions, scale questions,and open-ended questions.Fixed- alternative question, as their name implies,offer a fixed choice between two or more response. For example:Are you a fan of TV reality shows?YesNoBy limiting the possible responses,such questions produce clear,unambiguous answer. Thy also tend to yield superficial answers. Other techniques are needed to get beneath the surface.Scale questions resemble fixed-alternative questions,but they allow more leeway in responding. For ex ample:Do you agree or disagree with the fellowing?reality shows have improved the quality of TV programs in china.Strongly mildly undecided mildly strongly Agree agree disagree disagree Questions like these are especially useful for getting at the strength of a respondent's attitudes.Open-ended questions give maximum leeway in responding. For example：Why, in your opinion, are TV reality shows so popular?What is the proper balance in TV programming between profits for broadcasters and the cultural and moral enlightenment of viewer?Although open-ended questions invite more detailed responses than the other two types of questions,they also increase the likelihood of getting answers that do not give the lind of information you need.Because each type of question has its advantages and disadvantages,many questionnaires contain all three types.figure 5.1 shows a questionnaire that was distributed be3for a speech on volunteering. By using all three types of questions, the speaker did two things--elicited specific information about the audience and probed more deeply into their attitudes toward the speech topic.When putting together your own questionnaire,keep the following principles in mind:1.Plan the questionnaire carefully to precisely the information you need.e all three types of questions: fixed-alternative, scale andopen-ended.3.Make sure the questions are clear and unambiguous.4.Keep the questionnaire relatively brief.Adapting to the Audience Once you have completed the audience analysis,you should have a pretty clear picture of your listeners. But this does not guarantee ja successful speech. The key is how well you use what you know in preparing and presenting the speech.AUDIENCE ADAPTATION BEFORE THE SPEECHAs we have seen,you must keep your audience in mind at every stage of speech preparation. This involves more than simply remembering who your listeners will be. Above all, it means two things:(1)assessing how your audience is likely to respond to what you say in your speech, and (2) adjusting what you say to make it as clear,,appropriate,and convincing as possible.You must submerge your own views so completely that you can adopt,temporarily,those of listeners. When you do this, you will begin to hear your speech through the ears of your audience and to adjust it accordingly. Try to imagine what they will like,what they will dislike, where they will have doubts or questions, whether they will need more details here or fewer there,what will interest them and what will not. At every point you must anticipate how your audience will respond.Here is how one speaker worked out his problems of audience adaptation:A visiting scholar from the academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, in Beijing, Pan Weifang was invited to give a public lecture at an American university on "Traditional Chinese Medicine:principle and practice." The organizers told him to expect a diverse audience. In addition to students and faculty from the medical shool,there would be attendees from other parts of the university, as well as people from the community at large.Pan knew he could count on a high level of interest in his topic,but he also knew most listeners would not be versed in the details of traditional Chinese medicine. Some may be skeptical about its methods and effectiveness.As pan prepared the speech, he kept asking himself,"how can i make this topic clear and meaningful to someone who knows little about the history and methods of Chinese medicine?"He worked diligently to explain key concepts such as qi,yin and yang,the five phases,and Wu xing in ways that connected with western listeners.He also developed an excellent set of PowerPoint slide to help bridge the gap in language and culture.To be perfectly safe, he ask a faculty member who participated in Western medicine to listen to a few sections of the speech. "stop me "Pansaid,"any time i say something that seems unclear or questionable." his colleague stopped him four times, and at each point worked out a better explanation. Finally he had a speech that was perfectly adapted to audience.As you work on your speeches,try to keep your listeners constantly in mind. Anticipate how they will respond to your ideas and be creative in thinking about ways to adapt your message to them.AUDIENCE ADAPTATION DURING THE SPEECHNo matter how hard you prepare ahead of time,things may not go exactly as planned on the day of your speech.You may find that the room for your speech has been changed,that the audience will be much larger(or smaller)than you had anticipated,or even that the time for your speech has been reduced because the previous speaker has talked too long.If something like this happens to you,don’t panic.Adjust your delivery to the changed room and audience size.If you have less time for your speech than you had planned,condense your speech to its most essential points and present them in the time acailable.Your listeners will sympathize with your predicament and will appreciate your efforts to adjust.This will more than compensate for your lost speaking time.Finally,be sure to keep an eye out during your speech for audience feedback.If you find your listeners frowning or responding with quizzical looks,you may need to back up and go you're your point again,as in thefollowing example:Kang Ping,an economics major,had worked hard to make sure her speech on the stock market was not too technical for her audience,most of whom were humanities students.She explained everything from the ground up,prepared two excellent visual aids,and practiced giving the speech to her best friend,a literature major with no training in economics.On the day of Kang Ping’s speech,everything went well until she got to her second main point,when she noticed that several listeners seemed confused by the relationship between common stock and preferred stock.Knowing they would be lost for the rest of the speech if they didn’t understand that relationship, Kang Ping paused and said,“I can see some of you are confused by my explanation.Let me try it again from a differ ent angle.”As Kang Ping went through the material a second time,she saw her listeners nodding their heads in understanding.She could now go on with her speech,confident that her audience was ready to go with her. AUDIENCE ADAPTATION AFTER THE SPEECHIt may seem strange to think of audience adaptation after a speech,but reflecting on your audience’s response is an important part of skill development.For example,if you are presenting a workshop in a business or educational setting,the workshop organizers may distribute a survey afterward to gather data about the audience’s response.You can use thesurvey to learn what kinds of changes you should make the next time you present the workshop.But even in the absence of such a survey,you should think after every speech about how the audience reacted and how you might modify the speech if you were to present it again.Some speakers keep a journal of their speeches,audiences,and responses.This kind of systematic post—speech analysis is an important part of preparing for your next presentation and of becoming a more effective speaker in general. SUMMARYGood speakers are audience—centered.When working on your speeches,keep three questions in mind:To whom an I speaking?What do I want them to know,believe ,or do as a result of my speech?What is the most effective way of composing and presenting my speech to accomplish that aim?People are egocentric.They typically approach speeches with one question uppermost in mind:“Why is this important to me?”Therefore,you need t o study your audience and adapt your speech to their beliefs and interests.The major factors to consider in audience analysis are size,physical setting,demographic traits,disposition toward the topic,disposition toward the speaker,and disposition toward the occasion.For speeches outside the classroom,you can get information about the audience by asking theperson who invites you to speak.For classroom speeches,you can circulate an audience—analysis questionnaire.Once you complete the audience analysis,you must adapt your speech so it will be clear and convincing.Try to hear the speech as your listeners will.Anticipate questions and objections,and try to answer them in advance,When you deliver the speech,keep an eye out for audience feedback,and adjust your remarks in response.After the speech,think about your audience’s response and about changes you would make if you were delivering the speech again.。

2023年高中英语(外研版)必修五 Unit 5Speaking skills 课件Unit 5 Speaking Skills 课件2023年高中英语(外研版)必修五In this unit, we will focus on developing effective speaking skills. Speaking is an essential skill that allows us to communicate our thoughts, ideas, and feelings effectively. Whether it's in a personal or professional context, being able to speak confidently and articulately can greatly enhance our interactions with others.I. Warm-up ActivityTo begin today's lesson, let's start with a warm-up activity that will get us thinking and speaking in English. Split the class into pairs or small groups, and ask each group to discuss the following questions:1. What are some challenges you face when speaking in English?2. How do you overcome these challenges?3. Can you think of any strategies or techniques that can help improve your speaking skills?Give the groups a few minutes to discuss and share their ideas. Afterward, ask each group to share their insights with the rest of the class.II. Speaking StrategiesNow, let's explore some speaking strategies that can help improve your fluency and confidence.1. Use Functional Language:Functional language refers to the language used in specific situations, such as making suggestions, giving advice, expressing opinions, etc. Learning and using functional language can provide you with ready-made phrases and expressions that are commonly used in everyday conversations or formal settings.2. Practice Role-plays:Role-plays are an excellent way to simulate real-life situations and practice speaking. They allow you to take on different roles and engage in conversations, negotiations, or debates with your classmates. By actively participating in role-plays, you can enhance your speaking skills and develop the ability to think on your feet.3. Record and Self-Reflect:Recording yourself while speaking English can be an effective self-assessment tool. Listen to the recordings and analyze your pronunciation, intonation, and clarity. Identify areas for improvement and work on them systematically. Additionally, try to notice any repetitive mistakes or speech patterns to become aware of your own speaking tendencies.III. Speaking ActivitiesIn this section, we will engage in various speaking activities to put our speaking skills into practice. These activities aim to encourage active participation and provide opportunities for meaningful conversations.1. Group Discussions:Divide the class into small groups and assign a topic or theme for discussion. Each group should brainstorm ideas, express their opinions, and engage in a productive conversation. Encourage all group members to share their thoughts and actively listen to others. After the discussion, groups can present a summary of their conversation to the rest of the class.2. Debate:Choose a controversial topic and divide the class into two teams: one in favor and one against the topic. Each team will take turns presenting arguments and counter-arguments. This activity helps students refine their speaking skills by expressing their viewpoints persuasively and respectfully.3. Presentations:Ask students to prepare short presentations on a topic of their choice. These presentations can focus on personal experiences, research findings, or any other area of interest. Provide guidelines for structuring the presentation and encourage the use of visual aids, such as slides or props. After each presentation, allow time for questions and discussions.IV. ConclusionIn conclusion, developing effective speaking skills is crucial for effective communication. By using strategies like functional language, role-plays, andself-reflection, students can enhance their fluency and confidence in speaking English. Engaging in speaking activities, such as group discussions, debates, and presentations, provides valuable opportunities for practice and improvement.Remember, practice makes perfect! So keep practicing and honing your speaking skills to become a confident and fluent English speaker. Good luck!。