第14章人口和种族
14.1 复习笔记
Ⅰ. Introduction
Ⅱ. Immigration
Ⅲ. Population Movement
Ⅳ. Racial and Ethnic Minorities
1. Blacks
2. Hispanics
3. Asian-Americans
4. Indians
5. White ethnics
Ⅰ. Introduction
1. The United States of America, with a population of 255.5 million in 1992, is the third most populous country in the world after China and India.
2. Immigration accounts for a major source of population growth.
3. About 77 % of the population in the United States lived in more than 283 city areas in 1988.
Ⅰ. 简介
1. 1992年，美国的人口有
2.555亿人口，是仅次于中国和印度的世界第三大人口大国。
2. 移民占据了人口增长的主要来源。
3. 1988年，美国约有77%的人口居住在超过283个城市地区。
Ⅱ. Immigration
1. The first of these waves began in the mid 1810s and reached the highest point in 1845.
2. The second wave covered the period between 1860 and 1890.
3. The third wave, the largest of the three waves, took place between 1890 and 191
4.
Ⅱ. 移民
1. 第一波移民潮始于1810年代中期，在1845年达到了高潮。
2. 第二波移民潮涵盖了1860年到1890年的时期。
3. 第三波移民潮是最大的移民潮，发生于1890年到1914年之间。
Ⅲ. Population Movement
1. Mobility is considered to be one of the characteristics of the American people.
2. There are four great population movements in the history of the United States. Ⅲ. 人口流动
1. 流动性被认为是美国人民的特点之一。
2. 美国历史上有四次巨大的人口流动高潮。
Ⅳ. Racial and Ethnic Minorities
1. Blacks
①The largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S., is the blacks who number about 30.9 million, or 12.1 per cent of the population.
②The slave system was formally ended by Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 and the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution in 1865.
③Throughout most of their history in America, the black people put up a lot of resistance.
④The current situation of black Americans presents a mixed picture.
Ⅳ. 种族和少数民族
1. 黑人
①黑人是美国最大的种族和少数族裔，约有1090万人，占美国总人口的12.1%。
②1863年林肯的《解放黑人奴隶宣言》和1865年的《宪法第十三条修正案》正式结束了奴隶制。
③在美国历史的大多数进程中，黑人受到了很多阻力。
④美国黑人的现状是比较复杂的。
2. Hispanics
①Three major Hispanic groups historically have had the greatest influence on the United States. Mexican-Americans make up the largest group. The next largest group is the Puerto Ricans. In the third place are the Cuban-Americans.
②Many Hispanics are in lower-paying jobs and they are getting organized today to
fight for equal treatment.
2. 西班牙裔
①三个主要的西班牙裔对美国的影响最大。墨西哥裔美国人数量最多，其次是波多黎各人，第三大人群是古巴裔美国人。
②许多西班牙裔从事着低收入的工作，现在他们组织起来争取平等待遇。
3. Asian-Americans
①The Asian-Americans are the fastest-growing racial and ethnic group in the United States.
②Experts say three Asian traditions best explain the success of Asian-Americans: education, hard work, and family.
3. 亚裔美国人
①亚裔美国人是美国增长最快的种族和民族。
②专家说最能解释亚裔美国人成功的原因是教育，努力工作和家庭。
4. Indians
①The social and economic conditions of the Indians are often poor. One fourth of the Indian families live below the poverty level.
②Since the 1960s, a militant social movement, the American Indian Movement, has arisen.
4. 印度人
①印度人的社会和经济状况很差。四分之一的印度家庭生活在贫困线以下。
②1960年代以来，一场激进的社会运动——美国印第安人运动出现了。
5. White ethnics
Traditionally, the mainstream Americans were called WASPs, that is, White Anglo-Saxon Protestants.
5. 白色人种
传统上，主流美国人是WASPs，即白人盎格鲁-撒克逊新教徒。
14.2 课后习题详解
1. What is the population of the United States? Which three countries have the largest populations in the world?
Key: The United States of America, with a population of 255.5 million in July 1992, is the third most populous country in the world after China and India.
2. Where do most of the Americans live? Which are some of the biggest cities in the U.S.?
Key: Most of the Americans live in city areas. The biggest city was New York, which was followed by Los Angeles, Chicago, San Francisco and Philadelphia.
3. Who were the first immigrants to America? Why did they go?
Key: The first immigrants came from England and the Netherlands, some running
away from religious and political persecution, some coming as adventurers from the Old World (Europe) to seek a better life.
4. Say something about the three immigration waves.
Key: The first of these waves began in the mid 1810s, grew steadily during the 1830s and 40s and reached the highest point in 1845. The second wave covered the period between 1860 and 1890. The third wave, the largest of the three waves, brought to the United States a total of 15 million immigrants between 1890 and 1914.
5. Describe the 4 population movements in the U. S.
Key: The first was between the end of the civil war and 1880 when the westward movement came to a halt. The second was between 1890 and 1920, a period when the United States realized its industrialization and urbanization. The third was from 1920 to 1960 with the 1940s, the war years, as the peak. The fourth and the last one so far are from the end of the 1960s till now.
6. What is another trend in the population movement? What are some of the consequences of this trend?
Key: Another trend is the outflow of city residents from the core cities to the suburbs. This trend brings a number of serious consequences to big cities, namely, the rising unemployment rate, the worsening of living conditions and the fall of city
美国文学笔记 I. Colonial Period（殖民地时期）（约1607-1765） II. The Revolutionary period（革命时期) :( 1765-18世纪末）Benjamin Franklin（1706-1790） III.The Romantic period （浪漫主义时期）: （1800-1865）Edgar Allan Poe（1809-1849） Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) Henry Daivd Thoreau (1817-1862) Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864) Herman Melville (1819-1891) Walt Whitman (1819~1892) Emily Dickinson (1830-1886) IV.The Realism and Naturalism（现实主义和自然主义) : （1865-1918） Mark Twain (1835-1910) Henry James (1843-1916) Stephen Crane (1881-1900) V. The Modern period (现代主义时期）: 1918-1945 F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940) William Faulkner (1897-1962) Ernest Hemingway (1899—1961) Ezra Pound (1885—1972) Robert Frost（1847-1963） Eugene O’ Neil (1888-1953) VI. Contemporary literature（当代文学):（1945- ） I. Colonial Period（殖民地时期）（约1607-1765） II. The Revolutionary period（革命时期): (1765-18世纪末）Benjamin Franklin（1706-1790）： 1. Summary: One of the greatest founding fathers of the American Nation First great self-made man in America
《美国文学史及选读》考研吴伟仁版考研复 习笔记和真题 第一部分殖民地时期的美国文学 第1章约翰·史密斯 1.1 复习笔记 I. Historical Introduction (历史背景) (1) At the beginning of the seventeenth century, the vast continental area that was to become the United States had been probed only slightly by English and European explorers. At last early in the seventeenth century, the English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts began the main stream of what we recognize as the American national history. (2) The colonies that became the first United States were for the most part sustained by English traditions, ruled by English laws, supported by English commerce, and named after English monarchs and English lands. (3) The first writings that we call American were the narratives and journals of the settlements. They wrote about their voyage to the new land, about adapting to new life and dealing with Indians; they wrote letters, contracts, government charters, religious and political statements. (4) The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. Among the members of the small band of Jamestown settlers was Captain John Smith, an English soldier of fortune.
教学设计 题目第一节人口与人种总课时5节学校星火一中教者杨春丽年级七年级学科地理设计来源自我设计教学时间2011年月日-- 日 教材分析（1）理解世界人口增长、分布的特点及世界三大人种的特点和分布。（2）理解世界人口问题对社会、环境和经济的影响。 学情分析（1）运用地图、资料，说出世界人口分布状况，以及世界人种的分布（2）学会根据有关人口统计数据绘制人口增长柱状折线图。 （3）培养学生分析问题和进行地理思维的能力。 教 学目标（1）人口增长和分布特点。 （2）人口增长与社会、经济的发展相适应，与环境、资源相协调。（3）世界三大人种的特点及分布地区。 重点 （1）人口自然增长率、人口密度的概念。（2）人口增长的地区差异。 难点（1）人口问题及对策。（2）三大人种的地区分布。 课 前 准 备 地球仪，世界地图，中国地图 总体要求：1.“统一”设计“分段”教学；2.围绕“三维”落实“三问”；3.充实“心案”活化“形案”。
总体要求：1.“统一”设计“分段”教学；2.围绕“三维”落实“三问”；3.充实“心案”活化“形案”。 教学流程 分课时环节 与时间 教师活动学生活动 △设计意图 ◇资源准备 □评价○反思 第一课时创设情景 导入新课 新课的 讲解 演示实验 练习与 作业 归纳总结 板书设计 导入新课 地球是人类的家园。人们把地球 称为“地球村”，而把自己则称为“地 球村的居民”。在上个世纪下半叶地 球村的居民急剧增长，以致人们惊 呼“人口爆炸了”。可见人口问题已 成为举世瞩目的全球性问题。所以 世界人口的数量、增长、分布和人 种等知识，树立正确的人口观，是 我们每位中学生都必需了解的地里 知识。现在我们就来学习第一节人 口与人种。 [活动1] 让学生结合课本65页活 动1，并根据平时的了解展开讨论。 并出示幻灯片（资料：地球上第50 亿位和第60亿位居民） [过渡] 同学们都讲的很好，接下 来我们一起来探讨世界人口是怎样 增长的？ 一、世界人口增长 [活动2] 读图分析问题。投 影展示“世界人口增长曲线图”从 该曲线图的变化你知道了哪些信 息？教师可以提示学生曲线图中， 曲线的倾斜程度越大，说明人口增 长的越快，然后引导学生分时段， 边观察曲线的倾斜程度，边分析人 口增长速度的特点。（通过读图，培 养学生综合分析的能力） 同学们，你们知 道现在地球上有 多少人吗？地球 上的人口总数又 是怎样变化的 呢？ 为什么在18世纪 以前，世界人口 增长得十分缓 慢，而从20世纪 中期开始，世界 人口增长的速度 大大加快？ 1830年以来，由 于现代医疗卫生 技术的进步，人 们生活水平的改 善和提高，婴儿 死亡率降低，人 的寿命延长，世 界人口增加的速 度就越来越快。 [设问过渡] 那 么一个国家或地 区人口增长的快 慢又用什么来衡 量呢？ 分组讨 论，自由回答。 从“世界人口增 长曲线”图，我 们可以看出：在 18世纪以前， 世界人口增长 得十分缓慢；18 世纪以后，特别 是20世纪以 后，世界人口增 长的速度大大 加快. 分组讨论回答。
美国文学史复习（colonialism) 第一部分殖民主义时期的文学 一、时期综述 1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记b、journals 游记 2、清教徒在美国的写作内容： 1）their voyage to the new land 2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops 3) About dealing with Indians 4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit 3、清教徒的思想： 1）puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式 2) Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位 3）look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God's will and is not to be accepted. 认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝 4）puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步5）religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。 4、典型的清教徒：John Cotton & Roger William 他们的不同：John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy; William begins the history of religious toleration in America. 5、William的宗教观点：Toleration did not stem from a lack of religious convictions. Instead, it sprang from the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God. 行为上的德，信仰上的诚，并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权利。没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨。 6、英国最早移民到美国的诗人：Anne Bradstreet 7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：the best of Puritan poets is Edward Tayor. 学习指南： 1、Could you give a description of American Puritans? 关于美国清教徒的描绘 Like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to the "purity" of the first-century church as established by Jesus Christ himself. To them religion was a matter of primary importance. They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God, all that John Calvin, the great French theologian who lived in Geneva had preached. It was this kind of religious belief that they brought with them into the wildness. There they meaant to prove that were God's chosen people enjoying his blessings on this earth as in Heaven. 2、Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing. 3、The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry.
第13单元凯萨琳?安?波特 13.1复习笔记 I.Introduction to author（作者简介） 1.Life（生平） Katherine Anne Porter(1890-1980)was born in Indian Greek,Texas.She began her life as a news reporter and sometimes as an actress and ballad https://www.doczj.com/doc/049129223.html,ter she stayed in Europe and Mexico which proved very valuable for her writing.She was basically a short-story writer.Her Collected Stories won her both a Pulitzer Prize and a National Book Award.She lectured at various universities and received honorary doctorates from various institutions.She was vice president of the National Institute of Arts and Letters from1950to1952. 凯萨琳·安·波特(1890—1980)出生于德克萨斯州印第安河市。她曾做过报社记者，演员和民谣歌手。后来她到过欧洲和墨西哥。这段经历对她日后的写作很有帮助。她主要是短篇小说家。她的《短篇小说集》获得了普利策奖和全国图书奖。她曾到许多大学做讲座，收到了许多机构授予的荣誉博士学位。从1950年到1952年她担任美国国家艺术与文学协会副主席。 2.Major Works（主要作品） The Flowering Judas(1930)《开花的紫荆树》 Pale Horse,Pale Rider(1939)《灰色骑士灰色马》
第9章地方色彩小说?马克?吐温 9.1复习笔记 I.Local Colorism（地方色彩主义） The vogue of local color fiction was the outgrowth of historical and aesthetic forces that had been gathering energy since early19th century.Local colorism as a literary trend first made its presence felt in the late1860s and early seventies.It is a variation of American literary realism. Local colorists were consciously nostalgic historians of a vanishing way of life,recorders of a present that faded before their eyes.They concerned themselves with presenting and interpreting the local character of their regions.They tended to idealize and glorify,but they never forgot to keep an eye on the truthful color of local life.Major local colorists are Bret Harte,Hanlin Garland, Harriet Beecher Stowe,Kate Chopin and Mark Twain. 地方色彩小说的流行是自19世纪早期以来历史和艺术力量凝聚的产物。作为一种文学潮流，地方色彩主义在19世纪60年代晚期和70年代早期初展头角。它是美国现实主义文学的一个分支。 地方色彩主义作家是怀念正在消逝的生活方式的历史家，他们记录了在他们眼前逝去的现在。他们致力于展示描述自己地方的特色，倾向于赞颂地方生活并将其理想化，但是他们又注意不失地方生活的真实色彩。主要的地方色彩主义作家包括布莱特·哈特、汉林·加兰德、哈里耶特·比彻·斯托、凯特·肖邦及马克·吐温等。 II.Mark Twain(1835-1910)（马克·吐温） 1.Life（生平） Mark Twain,pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens,is a great literary giant of America. He was brought up in the small town of Hannibal,Missouri,on the Mississippi River.He was twelve when his father died and he had to leave school.He was successively a printer’s apprentice,a tramp printer,a silver miner,a steamboat pilot on the Mississippi,and a frontier journalist in Nevada and California.This knocking about gave him wide knowledge of humanity. With the publication of his frontier tale,he became nationally famous.His first novel The Gilded Age was an artistic failure,but it gave its name to the American of the post-bellum period.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was his masterwork.Mark Twain was essentially an affirmative writer.But toward the latter part of his life,due to some tragic events,he changed to an almost
美文学美国部分——浪漫主义时期 Part two: American Literature Chapter 1 The Romantic Period浪漫主义时期 1. From the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of he Civil War. It started with the publication of Washington Irving’s The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman’s L eaves of Grass. It is also called “the American Renaissance”.浪漫主义时期开始于十八世纪末，到内战爆发为止，华盛顿.欧文出版的《见闻札记》标志着美国文学的开端，惠特曼的《草叶集》是浪漫主义时期文学的压卷之作。（也可称为“美国德文艺复兴”） 2. The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature.对逃离社会，回归自然的渴求成为美国文学的一个永恒的话题。 3. The American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values.美国清教作为一种文化遗产，对美国人的道德观念产生了很大的影响。 4. Besides, a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of original sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne, Melville and a host of lesser writers. 在霍桑，麦尔维尔以及其他一些小作家的作品种加尔文主义的原罪思想和罪恶的神秘性都得到了充分的表现。 5. The most clearly defined Romantic literary movement in this period is New England Transcendentalism.美国浪漫主义文学运动足能标炳的是新英格兰的超验主义运动。 6. This Transcendentalist group includes two of the most significant writers America has produced so far, Emerson and his young friend, Henry David Thoreau, whose writing has a strong impact on American literature.超验主义文学的主要代表是爱默生和梭罗，他们的作品对美国文学产生了很大的影响。 7. Basically, Transcendentalism has been defined philosophically as “the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses.”超验主义承认“人类具有本能了解或认识真理的能力，能够超过感官获取知识”。 8. Emerson once proclaimed in a speech, “Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of you own mind.” Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism include the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and, therefore, self-reliant.爱默生曾说过：“只有人心灵的尊严才是最神圣的”。超验主义还认为自然是高尚的，个人是神圣的，因此人必须自助。 9. It ranges from the comic fables of Washington Irving to the Gothic tales of Edgar Allen Poe, from the frontier adventures of James Fenimore Cooper to the narrative quests of Herman Melville, from the psychological romances of Nathaniel Hawthorne to the social realism of Rebecca Harding.美国浪漫主义时期的小说富有独创性，多样性，与华盛顿.欧文的喜剧性寓
I. Multiple choice. Please choose the best answer among the four items. (10 x 1’= 10’) 1. In American literature, the 18th century was the age of Enlightenment. ____ was the dominant. 2. The short story “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” is taken from Irving’s work named ____. 3. Which of the following is not the characteristic of American Romanticism? 4. The short story “Rip Van Winkle” reveals the __ attitude of its author.
5.Stylistically, Henry James’ fiction is characterized by ___. 6.Transcendentalist doctrines found their greatest literary advocates in ___ and Thoreau. 7.Which is regarded as the “Declaration of Intellectual Independence”? 8.____ is considered Mark Twain’s greatest achievement.
History And Anthology of American Literature （6） 附：作者及作品 一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America 1．船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith 《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》 “A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony” 《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》 “A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country” 《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia” 2．威廉·布拉德福德William Bradford 《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”3．约翰·温思罗普John Winthrop 《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England” 4．罗杰·威廉姆斯Roger Williams 《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America” 或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》 Or “A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ” 5．安妮·布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet 《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》 ”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America” 二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution 1。本杰明·富兰克林Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) ※《自传》“ The Autobiography ” 《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard’s Almanac” 2。托马斯·佩因Thomas Paine (1737-1809) ※《美国危机》“The American Crisis” 《收税官的案子》“The Case of the Officers of the Excise”《常识》“Common Sense” 《人权》“Rights of Man” 《理性的时代》“The Age of Reason” 《土地公平》“Agrarian Justice” 3。托马斯·杰弗逊Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) ※《独立宣言》“The Declaration of I ndependence” 4。菲利浦·弗瑞诺Philip Freneau (1752-1832) ※《野忍冬花》“The Wild Honey Suckle” ※《印第安人的坟地》“The Indian Burying Ground” ※《致凯提·迪德》“To a Caty-Did” 《想象的力量》“The Power of Fancy” 《夜屋》“The House of Night” 《英国囚船》“The British Prison Ship” 《战争后期弗瑞诺主要诗歌集》 “The Poems of Philip Freneau Written Chiefly During the Late War” 《札记》“Miscellaneous Works” 三、浪漫主义文学The Literature of Romanticism 1。华盛顿·欧文Washington Irving (1783-1859) ※《作者自叙》“The Author’s Account of Himself” ※《睡谷传奇》“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” 《见闻札记》“Sketch Book” 《乔纳森·欧尔德斯泰尔》“Jonathan Oldstyle” 《纽约外史》“A History of New York” 《布雷斯布里奇庄园》“Bracebridge Hall” 《旅行者故事》“Tales of Traveller” 《查理二世》或《快乐君主》“Charles the Second” Or “The Merry Monarch” 《克里斯托弗·哥伦布生平及航海历史》 “A History of the Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus” 《格拉纳达征服编年史》”A Chronicle of the Conquest of Grandada” 《哥伦布同伴航海及发现》 ”V oyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus” 《阿尔罕布拉》“Alhambra” 《西班牙征服传说》“Legends of the Conquest of Spain” 《草原游记》“A Tour on the Prairies” 《阿斯托里亚》“Astoria” 《博纳维尔船长历险记》“The Adventures of Captain Bonneville” 《奥立弗·戈尔德史密斯》”Life of Oliver Goldsmith” 《乔治·华盛顿传》“Life of George Washington” 2．詹姆斯·芬尼莫·库珀James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851) ※《最后的莫希干人》“The Last of the Mohicans” 《间谍》“The Spy” 《领航者》“The Pilot” 《美国海军》“U.S. Navy” 《皮袜子故事集》“Leather Stocking Tales” 包括《杀鹿者》、《探路人》”The Deerslayer”, ”The Pathfinder” 《最后的莫希干人》“The Last of the Mohicans” 《拓荒者》、《大草原》“The Pioneers”, “The Praire” 3。威廉·卡伦·布莱恩特William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878) ※《死之思考》“Thanatopsis” ※《致水鸟》“To a Waterfowl” 4。埃德加·阿伦·坡Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) ※《给海伦》“To Helen” ※《乌鸦》“The Raven” ※《安娜贝尔·李》“Annabel Lee” ※《鄂榭府崩溃记》“The Fall of the House of Usher” 《金瓶子城的方德先生》“Ms. Found in a Bottle” 《述异集》“Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque” 5。拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) ※《论自然》“Nature” ※《论自助》“Self-Reliance” 《美国学者》“The American Scholar” 《神学院致辞》“The Divinity School Address” 《随笔集》“Essays” 《代表》“Representative Men” 《英国人》“English Traits” 《诗集》“Poems” 6。亨利·戴维·梭罗Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) ※《沃尔登我生活的地方我为何生活》 1
第8单元马克?吐温 8.1 复习笔记 I. Introduction to author（作者简介） 1. Life（生平） Mark Twain (1835—1910) is the pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens. He was an American novelist and humorist. Twain grew up in Missouri, which would later provide the setting for Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer. He apprenticed with a printer. He also worked as a typesetter and contributed articles to his older brother Orion’s newspaper. After toiling as a printer in various cities, he became a master riverboat pilot on the Mississippi River before heading west to join Orion. He was a failure at gold mining, so he next turned to journalism. While a reporter, he wrote a humorous story, “The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County,” which became very popular and brought nationwide attention. His travelogues were also well received. He achieved great success as a writer and public speaker. His wit and satire earned praise from critics and peers, and he was a friend to presidents, artists, industrialists, and European royalty. 马克·吐温(1835—1910)是萨缪尔·朗赫恩·克莱门斯的笔名。他是美国小说家和幽默作
第2单元埃德加?爱伦?坡 2.1复习笔记 I.Introduction to author（作者简介） Edgar Allan Poe(1809-1849)is a novelist,poet,and critic. 埃德加·爱伦·坡（1809—1849），小说家，诗人，评论家。 1.Life（生平） Poe’s childhood was a miserable one.He lost both of his parents when still very small,and was taken care of by a wealthy merchant.Father and son enjoyed nothing but an unhappy relationship together.Poe entered the University of Virginia but did not finish.He went to West Point as a cadet but was dismissed because of misbehavior.Poe wrote and worked as editor most of his short life.He was poor all his life.At27he married his cousin,whose death in1847left him inconsolable and bitter with life than ever.He died,in October,1849. 坡有着悲惨的童年。他年幼时父母双亡，他被一位富商收养，父子之间关系紧张。坡进入弗吉尼亚大学学习，但是没能完成学业。后来去了西点军校，却又因为行为不端而被校方开除。他短暂的一生中大部分时间都在从事写作和编辑工作。他终身贫困潦倒。27岁时，他和他的表妹结婚，1847年妻子的离世使他悲痛万分。1849年10月，坡去世了。 2.Major works（主要作品）
美国文学笔记整理完整版 1607-1776北美殖民时期Colonial Settlements 约翰·史密斯美国文学史上第一个作家 John Smith A Ture Relation of Virginia《关于费吉尼亚的真实叙述》（美国文学第一本书）乔纳森·爱德华兹清教徒主义作家（Puritanism） Jonathan Edwards 1776-1783独立革命时期Revolution of Independence （启蒙运动） 本杰明·富兰克林Poor Richard’s Almana c穷查理历书； Benjamin Franklin The Way to Wealth致富之道； 1706-1790 The Autobiography自传(记录作者从穷到成功的经历，“美国梦”反映，体 现启蒙倡导的理性主义和有序、教育的观点) 托马斯·潘恩美国独立之父the father of American revolution Thomas Paine Common Sense常识（独立战争宣传册revolutionary pamphlets） 1737-1809American Crisis美国危机（鼓励人民抵抗英军，共16小册） Rights of Man人的权利（支持法国革命） The Age of Reason理性时代（基督给他名誉带来的影响） 菲利普·弗伦诺独立诗人a poet of the American Revolution，美国诗歌之父 Philip Freneau The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲 1752-1832 The British Prison Ship英国囚船 The Wild Honey suckle野生的金银花 The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地 To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士--同类诗中最佳 托马斯·杰斐逊独立宣言Declaration of Independence Thomas Jefferson 18世纪末-19世纪中后浪漫主义时期Romanticism 1. 早期浪漫主义 华盛顿·欧文美国文学之父father of American Literature(为美国文学第一次赢得世界声誉) Washington Irving 以笔记小说和历史传厅闻名，humor 1783-1859 The Sketch Book见闻札记（标志浪漫主义开始） A History of New York纽约史---美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作； ----The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说---成为美国第1个获国际声誉作 家 -----Rip Van Winkle里普·万·温克尔(李伯大梦) The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉 詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀frontier novel边疆传奇小说sea novel James Fenimore Cooper The Spy间谍（独立战争间谍对抗英国） 1789-1851 The Pilot领航者（sea novel） Leatherstocking Tales皮袜子五步曲（frontier novel） The Pioneer拓荒者（the first true romance of the frontier in American literature The Last of Mohicans最后的莫希干人（主角：Natty Bumppo纳蒂班波） The Prairie大草原 The Pathfinder探路者 The Deerslayer杀鹿者 2. 超验主义New England Transcendentalism 拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生Nature论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书manifesto Ralf Waldo Emerson The American Scholar论美国学者; 1803-1882 Self-reliance论自立 The Transcendentalist超验主义者 Representative Men代表人物 School Address神学院演说 Days日子-首开自由诗之先河free verse 亨利·大卫·梭罗Walden瓦尔登湖 Henry David Thoreau A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers在康科德河和梅里麦克河上的一周