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余志远《英语国家概况》（2015年版）复习笔记和课后习题详解（第7章英国政治——第9章美国地理）第7章英国政治7.1 复习笔记【知识框架】Ⅰ. Constitutional FrameworkⅡ. Parliament1. The Crown or Sovereign2. The House of Lords3. The House of Commons4. The Prime Minister and the CabinetⅢ. Regional GovernmentⅣ. Local GovernmentⅤ. JusticeⅥ. Political Process1. Elections2. Two-part System3. Female Representation in Britain PoliticsⅦ. Security【重难点归纳】The UK is a state of constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary democracy. In theUK, the country’s head of state is the reigning king or queen, and the head of government is the prime minister, who is the leader of the majority political party in the House of Commons.英国是⼀个君主⽴宪制和议会民主制国家。
在英国，国家元⾸是在位的国王或⼥王，政府⾸脑是⾸相，他是下议院多数党领袖。
Ⅰ. Constitutional Framework1. The British constitution is made up of statute law, common law and conventions.2. The main elements of the government are the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary.Ⅰ. 宪法框架1. 英国宪法由成⽂法、普通法和公约组成。
第十章美国人口PopulationⅠ.Multiple Choice.1.Which of the following is not a characteristic of the Hispanic population in the U.S.?（北京交大2007研）A.They all speak Spanish.B.They are Catholics.C.Most of them are poor.D.They are all migrant workers.【答案】D【解析】拉美裔美国人是指来自美国本土以外讲西班牙语的移民；他们信仰天主教；失学率高，在劳动力市场上占劣势，因此大多数面临贫困问题。
Migrant Workers移民工人是指在某国工作但并非该国公民的人，选项D与事实不符，为正确答案。
2.The first blacks were brought to North America as_____.A.servantsB.slavesC.farmersD.teachers【答案】B【解析】黑人最初是作为奴隶被带到北美的。
3.Which of the following was not a true description of southern blacks’situation after the Civil War?（中山大学2008研）A.They were provided separate but equal facilities and services.B.They were second-class citizens.C.They were terrorized by the Ku Klux Klan.D.Their freedom was restricted by“black codes”.【答案】A【解析】美国内战后，黑人名义上获得了平等，但事实上地位依然很低，权利也得不到保障；他们还受到三K党的暴力威胁；从19世纪70年代开始，美国南部各州制定了《黑人法典》，对黑人实行种族隔离或种族歧视。
第二部分爱尔兰共和国第11章地理和历史11.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Geographical FeaturesⅡ. Climate and Weather1. The Northwest2. Connacht and Clare3. The Southwest4. The Southeast5. The Central Lowland6. The NortheastⅢ. Population and ReligionⅣ. Historical BackgroundⅤ. Foreign PolicyⅠ. Geographical Features1. The Republic of Ireland is bounded on the northeast by Northern Ireland, on the east and southeast by the Irish Sea and St. George’s Channel and on the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean.2. The capital is Dublin.3. Variety is the main feature of the lowlands. The Central Lowland is the heart of Ireland.4. The Irish coast, with its striking cliffs, is among the most impressive in Europe.5. As Ireland was completely covered by ice sheets during the Ice Age, all extant plants and animals are migrant species from other parts of Europe.Ⅰ. 地理特征1. 爱尔兰共和国的东北部和北爱尔兰接壤，东部和东南部是爱尔兰海和圣乔治海峡，北部和西部是大西洋。
第25章政府和政策25.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. The System of Government1. The Government2. The Canadian Constitution3. Executive power4. Legislative power5. The Provincial government and territories6. Laws and courtsⅡ. Political Parties1. two-party system2. One-Party rule3. Other political partiesⅢ. The Separatist Issue in QuebecⅠ. The System of Government1. The Government(1) Canada, a self-governing member of the Commonwealth of Nations, is afederation of 10 provinces (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick,Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Saskatchewan) and two territories (Northwest Territories and Yukon).(2) In 1867, at the request of three British colonies (United Canada, Nova Scotia andNew Brunswick), passed the British North America Act which created a federal union.(3) The Federal Government was assigned powers in such areas as defense, customsand border control, currency and coinage, as well as criminal law in general, those areas involving the interests of the whole country.Ⅰ. 政府的组成1. 政府(1) 加拿大是英联邦自治成员国。
第16章美国历史(Ⅱ)(1900—1945)16.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Economic DevelopmentⅡ. ProgressivismⅢ. World War Ⅰ and the United StatesⅣ. The United States in the 1920sⅤ. The Great Depression and the New DealⅥ. World War Ⅱ and the United StatesⅠ. Economic DevelopmentIn the early 20th century, there emerged a number of features in the growth of the American economy.1. Beginning in 1989, there emerged a growth of industrial and financial mergers.2. With the development of industry and the extension of railroad network, there was a mushroom growth of cities.3. There was a rapid development of new technology.Ⅰ. 经济发展20世纪早期，美国经济的增长呈现了很多特点。
1. 1989年开始，出现了工业和金融的合并。
2. 随着工业的发展和铁路网络的扩展，城市的数量开始迅速增长。
3. 新技术开始迅速发展。
Ⅱ. Progressivism1. With the development of the economy, there also arose a number of social problems.2. Pushed by the Progressive Movement, Presidents Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909) and Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921) made a policy that the government should merely preserve order and protect property, leaving the control over the economy to the business people.3. President Wilson put forward his program of New Freedom and made many achievements.Ⅱ. 进步主义1. 随着经济的发展，也出现了一系列的社会问题。
第4章向现代时期的过渡4.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Transition to the Modern Age (1455—1485)Ⅱ. The English ReformationⅢ. Elizabeth Ⅰ (1558—1603)1. Elizabeth and Parliament2. Elizabeth’s Religious Reform3. Elizabeth’s Foreign PolicyⅣ. The English RenaissanceⅤ. James Ⅰ (1603—1625) and the ParliamentⅥ. Charles Ⅰ (1625—1649) and the ParliamentⅦ. The Civil WarsⅧ. The Commonwealth (1649—1660)Ⅸ. The Restoration and the Glorious Revolution of 1688Ⅰ. Transition to the Modern Age (1455—1485)1. The name Wars of the Roses as a series of wars between House of Lancaster and the House of York between 1455 and 1485. After the war, the great medievalnobility was much weakened and discredited. The king’s power now became supreme.2. Henry Tudor became Henry Ⅶ (1485—1509). He gave England very firm rule. Ⅰ. 向现代时期的过渡(1455—1485)1. 玫瑰战争指的是兰开斯特王朝和约克王朝之间从1455年到1485年的一系列战争。
第5章英帝国的兴起和衰落(1688—1990)5.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Whigs and ToriesⅡ. Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th CenturyⅢ. The Industrial Revolution (1780—1830)Ⅳ. The Chartist Movement (1836—1848)Ⅴ. Trade Unions and the Labour PartyⅥ. Colonial Expansion1. The growth of dominions2. The Conquest of India3. The Scramble for Africa4. Aggression against ChinaⅦ. Twentieth Century1. Britain and the First World War2. Britain Between the Two World Wars3. Britain and the Second World War4. Postwar BritainⅠ. Whigs and ToriesThese two party names originated with the Glorious Revolution (1688). The Whigs were to form a coalition with dissident Tories in the mid-19th century and become the Liberal Party. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.Ⅰ. 辉格党和托利党这两大党派起源于光荣革命时期(1688)。
19世纪早期，辉格党和托利党联合，后来变成了自由党。
托利党是保守党的前身。
Ⅱ. Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th Century1. Farming was an important occupation in England in the 18th century.2. In the mid-18th century the population in England increased rapidly, depending on the countryside for food.3. Enclosure became more frequent after 1740 and climaxed during the turn of the century. Agricultural enclosure had good as well as bad results.Ⅱ. 18世纪晚期的农业变化1. 18世纪，农业是英国一个重要的职业。
第13章美国历史（Ⅲ）（1945至今）13.1 复习笔记【知识框架】Ⅰ. The Origins of the Cold WarⅡ. The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall PlanⅢ. The Berlin blockade and the Founding of the NATOⅣ. U.S. Support of Chiang Kaishek and the Korean WarⅤ. McCarthyismⅥ. The Civil Rights Movement in the 1950sⅦ. American Society during the Postwar Boom: 1945—1960s Ⅷ. The Cuban Missile CrisisⅨ. The Vietnam WarⅩ. United States’Relations with ChinaⅪ. Reagan Administration (1981—1989)1. Domestic Affairs2. Foreign Affairs3. Other Events of the Reagan YearsⅫ. George H. W. Bush Administration (1989—1993)ⅩⅢ. The World’s Sole Superpower (1992 to Present)1. Domestic Affairs in the Bush Years2. Clinton Administration (1993—2001)3. George W. Bush Administration (2001—2009)4. Barack Obama Administration (2009—2017)【重难点归纳】Ⅰ. The Origins of the Cold War1. When the Second World War finally ended in September 1945, the clash of interests between America and the Soviet Union became clear.2. On February 22, 1946, George Kennan, wrote in the telegram that the U.S. policy should be “a long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies.”Later the containment policy became the official policy towards the Soviet Union until 1989.Ⅰ. 冷战的起源1. 1945年9月，第二次世界大战忠于结束了，美国和苏联之间的利益冲突越来越明显。
第2章国家的起源2.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Early Settlers (5000 BC—55 BC)1. The Iberians2. The Beaker Folk3. The CeltsⅡ. Roman Britain (55 BC—AD 410)Ⅲ. The Anglo-Saxons (446—871)Ⅳ. The Viking and Danish InvasionsⅤ. The Norman Conquest (1066)Ⅰ. Early Settlers (5000 BC—55 BC)1. The IberiansThe first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians. At about 3000 BC during the New Stone Age, the Iberians came to Britain, probably from the Iberian Peninsula.2. The Beaker FolkAt about 2000 BC the Beaker Folk arrived from the areas now known as Holland and the Rhineland.3. The CeltsThe Celts began to arrive about 700 BC. They came to Britain in three main waves. Ⅰ. 早期的定居者(5000 BC—55 BC)1. 伊比利亚人英国最早的定居者是伊比利亚人。
大约公元前3000年，新石器时期，来自伊比利亚半岛的伊比利亚人来到了英国。
2. 宽口陶器人大约公元前2000年，宽口陶器人来到现在的荷兰和莱茵兰地区。
3. 凯尔特人公元前700年，凯尔特人来到英国。
他们分三批来到这里。
Ⅱ. Roman Britain (55 BC—AD 410)1. Julius Caesar, the great Roman general, invaded Britain for the first time in 55 BC. For nearly 400 years Britain was under the Roman occupation.2. The Romans also brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain.3. The Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons.Ⅱ. 罗马统治时期(55 BC—AD 410)1. 尤里乌斯·凯撒，罗马将领，在公元前55年入侵英国。
第15章美国政治15.1复习笔记【知识框架】Ⅰ.The U.S.Constitution1.The Federal system2.Separation of powers:checks and balances3.Provisions for amendment4.Bill of RightsⅡ.The Legislative Branch1.A Two-chamber Congress2.The House of Representatives3.Senate4.Functions of the CongressⅢ.The Executive BranchⅣ.The Judicial Branch1.The Supreme Court2.Courts of Appeals and District CourtsⅤ.State GovernmentⅥ.Local Government【重难点归纳】Ⅰ.The U.S.ConstitutionThe American Constitution is the oldest written constitution in the world.It was drawn up in1787and went into effect in1789.Ⅰ.美国宪法美国宪法是世界上最古老的成文宪法。
1787年制定，1789年生效。
1.The Federal systemThe Constitution set up a federal system of government which has two layers of rule.There is federal government.There are also state and local governments.1.联邦系统宪法规定了具有两层规则的联邦政府系统，包括联邦政府与州和地方政府。
2.Separation of powers:checks and balancesThe government is divided into three branches,the legislative,the executive and the judicial.And each branch can check the actions of the other branches.The three branches are thus in balance.This is called“checks and balances”.2.三权分立，相互制衡政府分为三个分支机构，即立法，行政和司法。
第14章人口和种族14.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. IntroductionⅡ. ImmigrationⅢ. Population MovementⅣ. Racial and Ethnic Minorities1. Blacks2. Hispanics3. Asian-Americans4. Indians5. White ethnicsⅠ. Introduction1. The United States of America, with a population of 255.5 million in 1992, is the third most populous country in the world after China and India.2. Immigration accounts for a major source of population growth.3. About 77 % of the population in the United States lived in more than 283 city areas in 1988.Ⅰ. 简介1. 1992年，美国的人口有2.555亿人口，是仅次于中国和印度的世界第三大人口大国。
2. 移民占据了人口增长的主要来源。
3. 1988年，美国约有77%的人口居住在超过283个城市地区。
Ⅱ. Immigration1. The first of these waves began in the mid 1810s and reached the highest point in 1845.2. The second wave covered the period between 1860 and 1890.3. The third wave, the largest of the three waves, took place between 1890 and 1914.Ⅱ. 移民1. 第一波移民潮始于1810年代中期，在1845年达到了高潮。
2. 第二波移民潮涵盖了1860年到1890年的时期。
3. 第三波移民潮是最大的移民潮，发生于1890年到1914年之间。
Ⅲ. Population Movement1. Mobility is considered to be one of the characteristics of the American people.2. There are four great population movements in the history of the United States. Ⅲ. 人口流动1. 流动性被认为是美国人民的特点之一。
2. 美国历史上有四次巨大的人口流动高潮。
Ⅳ. Racial and Ethnic Minorities1. Blacks①The largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S., is the blacks who number about 30.9 million, or 12.1 per cent of the population.②The slave system was formally ended by Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 and the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution in 1865.③Throughout most of their history in America, the black people put up a lot of resistance.④The current situation of black Americans presents a mixed picture.Ⅳ. 种族和少数民族1. 黑人①黑人是美国最大的种族和少数族裔，约有1090万人，占美国总人口的12.1%。
②1863年林肯的《解放黑人奴隶宣言》和1865年的《宪法第十三条修正案》正式结束了奴隶制。
③在美国历史的大多数进程中，黑人受到了很多阻力。
④美国黑人的现状是比较复杂的。
2. Hispanics①Three major Hispanic groups historically have had the greatest influence on the United States. Mexican-Americans make up the largest group. The next largest group is the Puerto Ricans. In the third place are the Cuban-Americans.②Many Hispanics are in lower-paying jobs and they are getting organized today tofight for equal treatment.2. 西班牙裔①三个主要的西班牙裔对美国的影响最大。
墨西哥裔美国人数量最多，其次是波多黎各人，第三大人群是古巴裔美国人。
②许多西班牙裔从事着低收入的工作，现在他们组织起来争取平等待遇。
3. Asian-Americans①The Asian-Americans are the fastest-growing racial and ethnic group in the United States.②Experts say three Asian traditions best explain the success of Asian-Americans: education, hard work, and family.3. 亚裔美国人①亚裔美国人是美国增长最快的种族和民族。
②专家说最能解释亚裔美国人成功的原因是教育，努力工作和家庭。
4. Indians①The social and economic conditions of the Indians are often poor. One fourth of the Indian families live below the poverty level.②Since the 1960s, a militant social movement, the American Indian Movement, has arisen.4. 印度人①印度人的社会和经济状况很差。
四分之一的印度家庭生活在贫困线以下。
②1960年代以来，一场激进的社会运动——美国印第安人运动出现了。
5. White ethnicsTraditionally, the mainstream Americans were called WASPs, that is, White Anglo-Saxon Protestants.5. 白色人种传统上，主流美国人是WASPs，即白人盎格鲁-撒克逊新教徒。
14.2 课后习题详解1. What is the population of the United States? Which three countries have the largest populations in the world?Key: The United States of America, with a population of 255.5 million in July 1992, is the third most populous country in the world after China and India.2. Where do most of the Americans live? Which are some of the biggest cities in the U.S.?Key: Most of the Americans live in city areas. The biggest city was New York, which was followed by Los Angeles, Chicago, San Francisco and Philadelphia.3. Who were the first immigrants to America? Why did they go?Key: The first immigrants came from England and the Netherlands, some runningaway from religious and political persecution, some coming as adventurers from the Old World (Europe) to seek a better life.4. Say something about the three immigration waves.Key: The first of these waves began in the mid 1810s, grew steadily during the 1830s and 40s and reached the highest point in 1845. The second wave covered the period between 1860 and 1890. The third wave, the largest of the three waves, brought to the United States a total of 15 million immigrants between 1890 and 1914.5. Describe the 4 population movements in the U. S.Key: The first was between the end of the civil war and 1880 when the westward movement came to a halt. The second was between 1890 and 1920, a period when the United States realized its industrialization and urbanization. The third was from 1920 to 1960 with the 1940s, the war years, as the peak. The fourth and the last one so far are from the end of the 1960s till now.6. What is another trend in the population movement? What are some of the consequences of this trend?Key: Another trend is the outflow of city residents from the core cities to the suburbs. This trend brings a number of serious consequences to big cities, namely, the rising unemployment rate, the worsening of living conditions and the fall of city。
