美国文学笔记整理完整版-专八人文知识

美国文学复习整理一、殖民主义时期的文学（colonial settlements)＆理性和革命时期文学（revolutionary period）（文艺复兴时期)1.清教主义的shaping influence2.代表人物“T he Tenth Muse”第一位移民诗人2. Philip Freneau 菲利普·佛瑞诺有宗教隐喻，关注本土地貌、人文.写印第安人故事。

美国诗歌之父 father of American poetry代表作《野金银花》The Wild Honey Suckle3。

Thomas Jefferson 托马斯·杰弗逊起草了独立宣言 The Declaration of Independence 17764.Thomas Paine 托马斯·佩因拥护独立宣言代表作：《常识》Common Sense《理性时代》The Age of Reason5.Jonathan Edwards乔纳森·埃德沃兹大觉醒运动的代表人物 the Great Awakening6.Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林代表作：《自传》The Autobiography《穷理查德历书》Poor Richard's Almanac美国梦的代表二．浪漫主义时期的文学(American Romanticism）早期浪漫主义（Early Romantic Period）1.背景：1> 时间：18世纪末到内战爆发前夕（1861）2> 条件：○1国家的快速发展，大量移民和工业化发展错误!小说的发展，期刊杂志（periodical)出现错误!受英国文学的影响2.浪漫主义的基本特征1>Stressing emotion rather than reason2>Stressing freedom and individuality3>Idealism rather than materialism4>Writing about nature, medieval legends（中世纪传说）and with supernaturalelements。

美国文学Part 1. Colonial America1、Benjamin Franklin本杰明•富兰克林1706-1790A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Money；Poor Richard’s Almanack穷查理历书；The Way to Wealth致富之道；The Autobiography自传；2、Thomas Paine托马斯•潘恩1737-1809The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题；Common Sense常识；American Crisis美国危机；Rights of Man人的权利；Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason理性时代；3、Philip Freneau菲利普•弗伦诺1752-1832 ( Father of American Poetry)The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地Part 2. American Romanticism4、Washington Irving华盛顿•欧文1783-1859A History of New York纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；散文:The Sketch Book见闻札记;Rip Van Winkle 瑞普·凡·温克尔;The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷传说-使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄；Talks of Travellers旅客谈；The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉/西班牙见闻札记；5、James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯•费尼莫尔•库珀1789-1851The Spy间谍主题：战争；The Pilot领航者主题：大海；The Littlepage Manuscripts利特佩奇的手稿;Leatherstocking Tales皮袜子故事集:The Pioneer拓荒者；The Last of Mohicans最后的莫希干人（成就最高）;The Prairie大草原;The Pathfinder探路者;The Deerslayer杀鹿者;Part 3.New England Transcendentalism6、Ralf Waldo Emerson拉尔夫•沃尔多•爱默生1803-1882Essays散文集:Nature论自然-超验主义圣经;The American Scholar论美国学者-美国知识分子独立宣言;Divinity;The Oversoul论超灵;Self-reliance论自立;The Transcendentalist超验主义者;Representative Men代表人物;English Traits英国人的特征;School Address神学院演说Concord Hymn康考德颂;The Rhodo杜鹃花;The Humble Bee野蜂;Days日子-首开自由诗之先河;7、Henry David Threau亨利•大卫•梭罗1817-1862Wadden or Life in the Woods瓦尔登湖或林中生活;Resistance to Civil Government/Civil Disobedience抵制公民政府;A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers8、Henry Wadsworth Longfellow亨利•沃兹沃思•朗费罗1807-1882The Song of Hiawatha海华沙之歌-美国人写的第一部印第安人史诗;Voices of the Night夜吟;Ballads and Other Poens民谣及其他诗;Belfry of Bruges and Other Poems布鲁茨的钟楼及其他诗;诗集:Tales of a Wayside Inn路边客栈的故事（An April Day四月的一天/A Psalm of Life生命颂/Paul Revere’s Ride保罗•里维尔的夜奔）;Evangeline伊凡吉琳;The Courtship of Miles Standish迈尔斯•斯坦迪什的求婚-叙事长诗；Poems on Slavery奴役篇-反蓄奴组诗9、Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔•霍桑1804-1864Twice-told Tales故事新编: The Minister's Black Veil教长的黑面纱;Mosses from an Old Manse古屋青苔:Young Goodman Brown年轻的好小伙子布朗;Rappaccini’s Daughter 拉帕西尼医生的女儿T he Scarlet Letter红字;The House of the Seven Gables有七个尖角阁的房子The Blithedale Romance福谷传奇;The Marble Faun玉石雕像10、Herman Melville赫尔曼•梅尔维尔1819-1891Moby Dick/The White Whale莫比•迪克/白鲸；Typee泰比;Omoo奥穆;Mardi玛地;Redburn雷得本;White Jacket白外衣;Pierre皮尔埃;Piazza广场故事;Billy Budd比利•巴德11、Walt Whitman沃尔特•惠特曼1819-1892 (free verse)Leaves of Grass草叶集-Democratic Bible:Song of the Broad-Axe阔斧之歌;I hear America Singing我听见美洲在歌唱;When Lilacs Lost in the Dooryard Bloom’d小院丁香花开时;Democratic Vistas民主的前景;The Tramp and Strike Question流浪汉和罢工问题;Song of Myself自我之歌12、Emily Dickinson埃米莉•迪金森1830-1886The Poems of Emily Dichenson埃米莉•迪金森诗集-“Tell all the truth and tell it slant”迂回曲折的，玄学的Because I Could Not Stop for Death 因为我不能等待死神I’m Nobody.Who Are You? 我是无名小卒！你是谁？13、Edgar Allan Poe埃德加•爱伦•坡1809-1849（以诗为诗；永为世人共赏的伟大抒情诗人-----叶芝）Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque怪诞奇异故事集;Tales故事集;MS. Found in a Bottle瓶中手稿The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍古屋的倒塌;Ligeia莱琪儿;Annabel Lee安娜贝尔•李-----歌特风格；首开近代侦探小说先河，又是法国象征主义运动的源头The Murders in the Rue Morgue莫格街谋杀案The Black Cat黑猫The Gold-Bug金甲虫The Purloined Letter被窃之信Tamerlane and Other Poems帖木儿和其他诗;Al Araaf,Tamerlane and Minor Poems艾尔•阿拉夫，帖木儿和其他诗;The Raven and Other Poems乌鸦及其他诗:The Raven乌鸦;The City in the Sea海城;Israfel 伊斯拉菲尔;To Hellen致海伦14、Harriet Beecher Stowe哈丽特•比彻•斯托1811-1896Lincoln praised her as “the little woman who wrote the book that made this great war”. Uncle Tom’s Cabin汤姆叔叔的小屋;The success of the work did a great service to the anti-slavery movement.A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp德雷德阴暗大沼地的故事片;The Minister’s Wooing牧师的求婚;The Pearl of Orr’s Island奥尔岛的珍珠;Oldtown Folks老城的人们Part 4. The age of Realism15、William Dean Howells 威廉•狄恩•豪威尔斯1837-1920The Rise of Silas Lapham赛拉斯•拉帕姆的发迹;A Modern Instance现代婚姻;A Hazard of Now Fortunes时来运转;A Traveller from Altruia从利他国来的旅客;Through the Eye of the Needle透过针眼----乌托邦小说;Criticism and Fiction;Novel-Writing and Novel-Reading小说创作与小说阅读16、Henry James享利•詹姆斯1843-1916Daisy Miller苔瑟•米乐；The Portrait of a Lady贵妇人画像；The Bostonians波士顿人；The Real Thing and Other Tales真货色及其他故事；The Wings of the Dove鸽翼；The Ambassadors大使；The Golden Bowl金碗评论集：French Poets and Novelists法国诗人和小说家;Hawthorne霍桑;Partial Portraits不完全的画像;Notes and Reviews札记与评论;Art of Fiction and Other Essays小说艺术Part 5. Local Colorism17、Mark Twain马克•吐温（Samuel Longhorne Clemens）-美国文学的一大里程碑The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County加拉维拉县有名的跳蛙;The Innocent’s Abroad傻瓜出国记;The Gilded Age镀金时代;The Adventures of Tom Sawyer汤姆•索耶历险记;The Prince and the Pauper王子与贫儿;The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn哈克贝利•费恩历险记;A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court亚瑟王宫中的美国佬;The Tragedy of Pudd’nhead Wilson傻瓜威尔逊;Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc冉•达克;The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg败坏哈德莱堡的人How to Tell a Story怎样讲故事---对美国早期幽默文学的总结Part 6. American Naturalism18、Stephen Crane斯蒂芬•克莱恩1871-1900Magic:A Girl of the Streets街头女郎梅姬（美国文学史上首次站在同情立场上描写受辱妇女的悲惨命运）-美国自然主义文学史上的里程碑；The Red Badge of Courage红色英勇勋章；The Open Boat小划子;The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky新娘来到黄天镇19、Frank Norris弗兰克•诺里斯1870-1902Moran of the Lady Letty茱蒂夫人号上的莫兰（romantic）;Mc-Teague麦克提格（naturalistic）;The Epic of the Wheat(realistic)小麦诗史(The Octopus章鱼,The Pit小麦交易所);A Deal in Wheat and Other Stories of the Old and New West小麦交易所及其他新老西部故事20、Theodore Dreiser西奥多•德莱塞1871-1945Sister Carrie嘉莉姐妹;Jennie Gerhardt珍妮姑娘;Trilogy of Desire欲望三部曲(Financer金融家,The Titan巨人,The Stoic);An American Tragedy美国的悲剧（被称为美国最伟大的小说）;Nigger Jeff黑人杰弗21、Edwin Arlington Robinson鲁宾逊1869-1935Captain Craig克雷格上尉---诗体小说；The Town Down the River河上的城镇;The Man Against the Sky衬托着天空的人;Avon’s Harvest沃冯的收成;Collected Poems诗集22、Jack London杰克•伦敦1876-1916The Son of the Wolf狼之子,The Call of the Wild野性的呼唤;The Sea-wolf海狼;White Fang白獠牙;The People of the Abyss深渊中的人们;The Iron Heel铁蹄;Marti Eden马丁•伊登;How I become a Socialist我怎样成为社会党人;The War of the Classes阶级之间的战争;What Life Means to Me生命对我意味着什么;Revolution革命;Love of Life热爱生命;The Mexican墨西哥人;Under the Deck Awings在甲板的天蓬下23、Upton Sinclair厄普顿•辛克莱尔1878-1968Spring and Harvest春天与收获;The Jungle屠场（揭发黑幕运动的代表作家）;King Coal煤炭大王;Oil石油;Boston波士顿;Dragon’s Teeth龙齿Part 7. The 1920s24、Imagism Ezra Pound艾兹拉•庞德1885-1972The Spirit of Romance罗曼司精神;The Anthology Des Imagistes意像派诗选;Cathay华夏（英译中国诗）;Literary Essays文学论;Hugh Swlwyn Mauberley;A Few Don’ts by Imagiste意像派戒条;Personage面具;Polite Essays文雅集;The Cantos of Ezra Pound庞德诗章（109首及8首未完成稿）25、Thomas Stearns Eliot托马斯•艾略特1888-1965Prufrock and Other Observations普罗夫洛克（荒原意识）;The Waste Land荒原(The Burial of the Dead死者的葬礼;A Game of Chess弈棋;The Fire Sermon火诫;Death by Water水边之死;What the Thunder Said雷电之言);名诗：Ash Wednesday圣灰星期三;Four Quarters四个四重奏诗剧：Murder in the Cathedral大教堂谋杀案;Family Reunion大团圆;Cocktail Party鸡尾酒会26、Wallace Stevens华莱士•史蒂文斯1879-1955Harmonium风琴;The Man With the Blue Guitar弹蓝吉他的人;Notes Toward a Supreme Fiction关于最高虚构的札记(Peter Quince at the Clavier彼得•昆斯弹风琴;Sunday Morning礼拜天早晨);The Auroras of Autumn秋天的晨曦;Collected Poems诗集27、William Carlos Williams威廉•卡罗斯•威廉斯1883-1963收入Des Imagistes意像派（意像派的第一部诗选）诗集：Sour Grapes;Spring and All春;The Desert Music;The Journey of Love爱的历程;Collected Poems;Complete Poems;Collected Later Poems;Pictures from Brueghel布留盖尔的肖像;Paterson佩特森（5卷长诗）;Asphodal,That Green Flower常青花日光兰（长诗）名诗：Red Wheelbarrow红色手推车;The Widow’s Lament in Spring寡妇的春怨;The Dead Baby;The Sparrow ,to My Father麻雀—致父亲;Proletarian Portrait无产阶级画像（from An Early Martyr先驱）;The Great American Novels伟大的美国小说;In the American Grain美国性格;Autobiography自传;Robert Frest罗伯特•弗罗斯特1874-1963A Boy’s Wish少年心愿；North of Boston波士顿之北(Mending Wall修墙,After Apple-picking摘苹果之后); Mountain Interval山间（成熟阶段）(The Road Not taken没有选择的道路);West-running Brook西流的溪涧;A Further Range又一片牧场;A Witness Tree一株作证的树28、Carl Sandburg卡尔•桑德堡1878-1967Always the Young Stranger永远是陌生的年轻人s;In Reckless Ecstasy肆无忌惮的狂热;The Prairie Years草原的年代一、二;The War Years战争的年代（林肯传记）;The American Songbag美国歌袋;The People,Yes人民，好;Honey and Salt蜜与盐;Corn-huskers辗米机（Fog雾）;Smoke and Steel烟与钢29、E Cumings肯明斯1894-1962Tulips anddd Chimneys郁金香与烟囱;The Enormous Room大房间;XLI Poems诗41首;Viva万岁;No,Thanks不，谢谢;Collected Poems诗集;Eimi爱米（访苏游记）30、F Scott Fitzgerald弗朗西斯•菲茨杰拉德1896-1940(迷惘的一代)The Side of Paradise人间天堂;The Beautiful and the Damned美丽的和倒霉;The Great Gatsby了不起的盖茨比;Tender in the Night夜色温柔;The Last Tycoon最后的巨头短篇小说：Flappers and Philosophers姑娘们和哲学家们;Tales of the Jazz爵士时代的故事;Taps at Reveille早晨的起床号→The Ice Palace冰宫;May Days五一节;The Diamond as Big as the Ritz像里茨饭店那样大的钻石;Winter Dreams冬天的梦;The Rich Boy富家子弟;Babylon Revisted重访巴比伦敦The Crack-up崩溃（自传体文集）31、Ernest Hemingway欧内斯特•海明威1899-1961（“迷惘的一代”的代表人物）In Our Time在我们的年代里;The Torrents of Spring春潮;The Sun Also Rises太阳照样升起;Farewell to Arms永别了，武器;For Whom the Bell Tolls丧钟为谁而鸣短篇小说：Men Without Women没有女人的男人;The Winners Take Notheing胜者无所获;The Fifth Column and First Forty-nine Stories第五纵队与首次发表的四十九个短篇政论：To Have and Have Not贫与富回忆录：A Moveable Feast到处逍遥William Faulkner威廉•福克纳1897-1962The Marble Faun云石林神（诗集）;Soldiers’ Pay兵饷（小说）短篇小说：Dry September干燥的九月;The Sound and the Fury愤怒与喧嚣;As I lay dying当我垂死的时候;Light in August八月之光;Absalom,Absolam押沙龙，押沙龙（家世小说）32、Sherwood Anderson舍伍德•安德森1876-1941Windy McPherson’s Son饶舌的麦克斐逊的儿子;Marching Men前进中的人们;Mid-American Chants美国中部之歌;Winesburg,Ohio/The Book of the Grotesque俄亥俄州的温斯堡/畸人志;Poor White穷苦的白人;Many Marriages多种婚姻;Dark Laughter阴沉的笑声The Triumph of the Egg and Other Stories鸡蛋的胜利和其他故事;Death in the Woods and Other Stories林中之死及其他故事;I Want to Know Why我想知道为什么33、Sinclair Lewis辛克莱•刘易斯1885-1951 (美国第一个获诺贝尔奖)Our Mr Wrenn我们的雷恩先生;The Job求职;The Main Street大先进;Babbitt巴比特;Arrowsmith艾罗史密斯;Elmer Gantry艾尔默•甘特里;Dodsworth多兹沃斯;It can’t Happen Here事情不会发生在这里;Kingsblood Royal王孙梦34、Villa Sibert Cather维拉•凯塞1873-1947O,Pioneers啊，先驱们;My Antonia我的安东尼亚;The Professor’s House教授之家;Death Comes for the Archibishop大主教之死36、Thomas Wolfe托马斯•沃尔夫1900-1938Look Homeward,Angel天使，望乡→（续）Of Time and the River时间与河流;The Web and the Rock蛛网与岩石;You Ca n’t Go Home Again有家归不得;The Hills Beyond远山（未完成）短篇小说：From Death to Morning从死亡到早晨Part 8. The 1930s37、John Dos Passos帕索斯1896-1970The Three Soldiers;Manhattan Transfer;U.S.A(The Forty-second Parallel;1919;The Big Money);District of Columbia哥伦比亚大区(The Adventures of a Young Man一个年轻人的冒险; Number One第一号;The Grand Design伟大的计划);Orient Express东方特别快车（游记）38、John Steinbeck约翰•斯坦贝克1902-1966Cup of Gold金杯;Tortilla Flat煎饼房;In Dubious Battle胜负未定;Of Mice and Men鼠和人;The Grapes of Wrath愤怒的葡萄;The Moon is Down月亮下去了;Cannery Row罐头厂街;The Pearl珍珠短篇小说：The Red Pony小红马The Gift,The Great Mountains大山;The Promise许诺；The Leader of the People人们的领袖Part 9. Black American Literature39、Frederick Douglass弗莱德里克•道格拉斯1817-1895Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass an American Slave弗莱德里克•道格拉斯，一个美国黑人的自述/My Bondage and My Freedom我的枷锁与我的自由/The life and Time of Frederick Douglass弗莱德里克•道格拉斯的生平与时代40、William E•B Dubois威廉•艾伯•杜波依斯1868-1963Souls of Black Folk黑人的灵魂(Of Booker T Washington and Others);The Suppression of the African Slave Trade into the USA制止非洲奴隶贸易进入美国; The Philadephia Negro;John Brown;The Black Flame黑色的火焰（三部曲）41、James Langston Hughes詹姆斯•兰斯顿•休斯1902-1969Mulatto混血儿（剧本）;The Weary Blues疲倦的歌声;Dear Lovely Death亲爱的死神;Shakespear in Harlem哈莱姆的莎士比亚;I Wonder as I Wander我漂泊我思考;The Best of Simple辛普尔精选42、Ralph Ellison拉尔夫•埃利林1914-长篇小说：Invisible Man看不见的人散文集：Shadow and Act影子与行动;Going to the Territory步入文学界43、James Baldwin詹姆斯•鲍德温1924-1987散文集：Note of a Native Son土生子的笔记;Nobody Knows My Name;Fire Next Time下一次烈火;No Name in the Street他的名字被遗忘;The Devil Finds Work魔鬼找到工作小说：Go Tell it on the Mountain向苍天呼吁;Giovanni’s Room乔万尼的房间;Another Country另一个国度;Tell Me How Long the Train’s Been Gone告诉我火车已开多久;.If Beale Street Could Talk假如比尔能说话;Just Above My Head就在我头上短篇小说集：Going to Meet the Man去见这个人剧本：The Amen Corner阿门角;Blues for Mister Charley为查理先生唱布鲁斯/黑人怨;One Day When I was Lost有一天当我迷失的时候/迷路前后Part 10. American Drama44、Eugene Oneil尤金•奥尼尔1888-1953独幕剧：Bound East to Cardiff东航卡迪夫;The Long Voyage Home归途迢迢;The Moon of the Carribbeans加勒比人之月多幕剧：Beyond the Horizon天边外（其成名作）;Anna Christie安娜•克里斯蒂;The Emperor Jones琼斯皇;The Hairy Ape毛猿;All the God’s Children Got Wings上帝的儿女都有翅膀The Great God Brown大神布朗;The Strange Interlude奇异的插曲;Mourning Becomes Electr素娥怨/悲悼;The Iceman Cometh送冰的人来了;The Long Days Journey Into Night进入黑夜的漫长旅程/日长路远夜常深沉45、J D Salinger杰罗姆•大卫•塞林格1919-短篇小说：The Young Folks年轻人短篇小说集：Nine Stories故事九篇中篇小说：Franny弗兰尼;Zooey卓埃;Raise High the Roof Beam,Carpenters木匠们，把屋梁升高;Seymour:An Introduction西摩其人长篇小说：The Cather in the Rye麦田守望者46、Tennessee William田纳西•威廉斯1911-1983American Blues美国的布鲁斯;Battle of Angels天使的战斗;The Glass Menagerie玻璃动物园;The Streetcar Named Desire欲望号街车;Cat on a Hot Tin Roof热铁皮屋顶上的猫;The Night of The Iguana鬣蜥之夜;Summer and Smoke夏与烟;The Rose Tattoo玫瑰纹;Sweet Bird of Yout可爱的青春鸟47、Arthur Miller阿瑟•米勒1915-Situation Normal情况正常;The Man Who Had All the Luck吉星高照的人;All My Sons都是我的儿子;The Death of a Salesman推销员;The Crucible严峻的考验/萨姆勒的女巫;A View from the Bridge桥头眺望;A Memory of Two Mondays两个星期一的回忆;After the Fall堕落之后;Incident at Vichy维希事件;The Price代价;The Creation of the World and Other Business创世及其他;The Archbishop’s Ceiling大主教的天花板;The American Clock美国时钟48、Edward Albee爱德华•阿尔比1928-The Zoo Story动物园的故事;The Death of Bessie Smith贝西•史密斯之死;The Sandbox沙箱;The American Dream美国梦;W ho’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?谁害怕弗吉尼亚•伍尔夫;Tiny Alice小爱丽丝;A Delicate Balance脆弱的羊群;Seascape海景;The Lady from Dubuque来自杜布克的女人;The Man With Three Arms在臂人Part 11. The Post-War Scene: The Novel . Poetry49、Saul Bellow索尔•贝娄1915-长篇小说：Dangling Man晃来晃去/挂起来的人;The Victim受害者;The Adventure of Augie March奥基•马奇历险记;Henderson the Rain King雨王汉德逊;Herzog赫索格;Mr Summlar’s Planet塞姆勒先生的行星;Humboldt’s Gift洪堡的礼物中篇小说：Seize the Day且乐今朝50、Norman Mailer诺曼•米勒1923- (垮掉的一代；文学恐怖主义者/亡命之徒) 裸者与死者；Barbary Shore巴巴里海滨;The Deer Park廘苑;An American Dream一场美国梦;The White Negro白色黑人;Advertisement for Myself为自己做广告;Why Are We in Vietnam?我们为什么要去越南;The Executioner’s Song刽子手之歌;The Armies of the Night夜色幕下的大军(History as a Novel/The Novel as History)—非虚构小说;New Journalism新新闻报道51、Joseph Heller约瑟夫•海勒1923-长篇小说：Catch-22第二十二条军规;Something Happened出了毛病;As Good as Gold像高尔德一样好剧本:We Bombed in New Haven我们轰炸纽黑文;Catch-22;Clevinger’s Trial克莱文杰受审（据Catch-22第八章）John Barth约翰•巴思1930-长篇小说：The Floating Opera漂浮的歌剧;The End of the Road穷途末路;The Sot-weed Factor烟草代理商;Letters书信集;Giles Goat-boy山羊孩子贾尔斯;Lost in the Funhouse迷失在开心馆里（Title题目）;Chimera客迈拉;Sabbatical学院的轮休假;The Friday Book:Essays and Other Nonfictions星期五的书：论文及其他非小说52、Thomas Pynchon托马斯•品钦1937- (后现代主义)Geography of a Horse Dreamer马塞梦测者的地理;Angel City天使城;The Tooth of Crime罪恶的牙齿;Family家庭(Curse of the Starving Class饥饿阶级的诅咒;Buried Child被埋葬的孩子;True West真正的西部);Fool for Love情痴;A Lie of the Mind心灵的谎言;Paris/Texas德州的巴黎补充：1、William Cullen Bryant威廉·柯伦·布莱恩特1794-1878The Poems 1821/1932诗选:To a Waterfowl致水鸟——英语中最完美的短诗;Thanatopsis死亡随想——受墓园派影响;The Whitefooted Deer白蹄鹿;A Forest Hymn森林赋;The Flood of Years似水流年The Yellow Violet黄色堇香花The Fountain泉2、John Greenleaf Whittier约翰·格林里夫·惠蒂埃1807-1892Poems Written During the Progress of the Abolition Question废奴问题;Voice of Freedom自由之声;In War Time and Other Poems内战时期所作;Snow-Bound大雪封门;The Tent on the Beach and Other Poems海滩的帐篷;Ichabod艾卡博德;A Winter Idyl冬日田园诗3、Francis Bret Harte哈特1836-1902The Luck of Roaring Camp咆哮营的幸运儿——乡土文学作家4、William James威廉·詹姆斯1842-1910Principles of Psychology心理学原理（首提"意识流"理论）；The Will to Believe信仰的意志；Pragmatism:A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking实用主义：某些旧思想方法的新名称；The Meaning of Truth真理的意义5、Ambrose Bierce安布罗斯·毕尔斯1842-1914小品集;The Fiend's Deligh魔鬼的乐趣;Nuggests and Dust Panned out in California在加利福尼亚淘出的金块和金粉;Cobwebs from an Empty Skull来自空脑壳的蜘蛛网短篇小说集:Tales of Soldiers and Civilians军民故事;In the Midst of Life在人生中间;Can Such Things Be?这种事情可能吗？The Devil's Dictionary魔鬼词典（The Applicant申请者）6、Edward Bellamy爱德华·贝拉米1850-1898Looking Backward:2000-1887回顾：从2000看1887年；Equality平等；The Duke of Sockbridge:A Romance of Shay's Rebellion斯托克布里奇的公爵：雪司起义的故事;The Blindman's World and Other Stories育人的世界及其他7、Edwin Charles Markham马卡姆1852-1940The Man With the Hoe荷锄人8、Charles Waddell Chesnutt查尔斯·契斯纳特1858-1932The Conjure Woman巫女;The Wife of His Youth and Other Stories of the Color Line他青年时代的妻子（The Sheriff's Children警长的儿女）（the pioneer of the color line）;The Marrow of Tradition一脉相承9、Hamlin Garland汉姆林·加兰1860-1940Crumbling Idol崩溃的偶像（真实主义veritism）;Man Travelled Roads大路（The Return of a Private三等兵归来）;Rose of Ducher's Cooly荷兰人山谷中的露斯;A Son of the Middle Border中部边地农家子10、O·Henry欧·享利（William Sidney Porter）1862-1910The Man Higher Up黄雀在后;Sixes and Sevens七上八下11、Edith Wharton伊迪斯·华顿1862-1937The House of Mirth欢乐之家;Ethan Frome;Bunner Sister班纳姐妹;The Age of Innocent天真时代;The Customs of the Country乡村习俗;A Backward Glance回首往事12、George Santayana桑塔亚那1863-1952Scepticism and Animal Faith怀疑主义与动物性信仰;The Realms Being存在诸领域（本质/物质/真理/精神领域：4卷）（Relativity of Knowledge）; Three Philosphical Poets三大哲学诗人；Poems（A Minuet:On Reaching the Age of Fifty小步舞曲：五十书怀）;The Last Puritan最后的清教徒13、Edgar Lee Masters埃德加·李·马斯特斯1868-1950A Book of Verse诗集;Maximilian马克西米连（诗集）;Spoon River Anthology斯普恩河诗集（Lucinda Matlock鲁欣达·马物罗克）14、Paul Laurence Dumbar保尔·劳伦斯·邓巴1872-1906We Wear the Mask我们带着面具他是美国第一个有成就的黑人诗人，被称为"黑种人的桂冠诗人"（Poet Laureate of the Negro Race）14、Irving Babbitt欧文·白壁德1865-1933（新人文主义主要代表）Literature and the American College文学与美国学院要求恢复古典文学教学;The New Laokoon新拉奥孔;Rousseau and Romanticism卢梭与浪漫主义;Democracy and Leadership民主与领导;On being Creative论创造性15、Gertrude Stein格特鲁德·斯坦因1874-1946The Autobiography of Alice B Toklas爱丽丝·托克拉斯的自传；Tender Button温柔的钮扣16、Wallace Stevens华莱士·史蒂文斯1879-1955Harmonium风琴;The Man With the Blue Guitar弹蓝吉他的人;Notes Toward a Supreme Fiction关于最高虚构的札记（Peter Quince at the Clavier彼得·昆斯弹风琴;Sunday Morning礼拜天早晨）;The Auroras of Autumn秋天的晨曦;Collected Poems诗集17、Henry Louis Mencken孟肯1880-1956Bernard Shaw:His Plays肖伯纳的戏剧;The Philosophy of Nietzche尼采的哲学;The American Language美车语言;Happy Days幸福的日子（自传三部曲）;Newspaper Days新闻记者的岁月;Heathe Days倡导异端邪说的年代18、Hilda Doolittle希尔达·杜丽特尔1886-1961Sea Garden海的花园;Collected Poems（Dread山精;Pear Tree;Orchard）;The Walls Do Not Fall墙没在倒塌（战争诗三部曲）;Tribute to the Angels天使颂;The Flowering of the Rod柳条葳蕤;Tribute to Freud献给弗洛伊德;Hellen in Egypt海伦在伦敦（抒情长诗）19、Katherine Anne Porter凯瑟琳·安·波特1890-1980Flowering Judas开花的紫荆花（Maria Conception;The Jitting of Granny Weatherall）; Pale Horse,Pale Rider;Leaning Tower and Other Stories——TheCollected Stories of K A PorterShip of Fools愚人船（唯一的一部长篇小说）;The Never Ending Wrong千古奇冤（回忆录）20、Archibald Mac Leish阿基博尔德·麦克利什1892-1982Towers of Ivory象牙塔;The Happy Marriage幸福的婚姻;Streets in the Moon月色中的街;New Found Land新发现的大陆;Conquistador新西班牙的征服者;Poems 1912-1952广播剧:The Fall of the City城市的陷落;Airraid空袭21、Michael Gold迈克尔·戈尔德1894-1967120 Million一亿二千万;Change The World改变世界;The Hollow Man空心人;Jews Without Money没在钱的犹太人（自传体小说）戏剧:Hoboken Blues;Fiesta节日;Battle Hymn歌;Prletarian Literature in the United States美国无产阶级文学选集（与人合编）22、E Cumings肯明斯1894-1962Tulips anddd Chimneys郁金香与烟囱;The Enormous Room大房间;XLI Poems诗41首;Viva万岁;No，Thanks不，谢谢;Collected Poems诗集;Eimi爱米（访苏游记）23、Edmund Wilson埃德蒙·威尔逊1895-1972Travel in Two Democracies在两个民主国家里旅行;To the Finland Station到芬兰站去;A Piece of My Mind:Reflection at Sixty心里话:行年六十的沉思;Axel's Castle阿克塞尔的城堡（象征主义批判的圭阜）;The Ttriple Thinkers三重思想家;The Wound and The Bow创伤与箭;The Shores of Light光明之岸;The Fruits of the MLA现代语言协会的成果24、William Faulkner威廉·福克纳1897-1962The Marble Faun云石林神（诗集）;Soldiers' Pay兵饷（小说）短篇小说:Dry September干燥的九月;The Sound and the Fury愤怒与喧嚣;As I lay dying当我垂死的时候;Light in August八月之光;Absalom,Absolam押沙龙，押沙龙（家世小说）25、Malcolm Cowley马尔科姆·考利1898-译作:法国安德烈·纪德Andre Gide的Imaginary Interview虚构的会议诗集:Blue Juniata;The Dry Season;The Exile's Return流亡者的回归（研究"迷惘的一代"的专著）;A Second Flowering第二次繁荣（The Other War另一种战争）26、Hart Crane哈特·克兰1899-1932My Grandfather's Love Letters祖父的情书;Praise for an Urn瓮颂;For the Marriage of Faustus and Hellen为浮士德和海伦的婚姻而作;Voyage航海;The Bridge桥（长诗）;White Buildings白色的建筑;27、Nathanael West韦斯特1903-1940The Dream Life of Balso Snell巴尔索·斯纳尔的梦幻生涯;The Day of Locust蝗灾之日;Miss Lonelyhearts寂寞小说28、James Farrel 法雷尔1904-1979Studs Lonigan斯塔兹·朗尼根（Young Lonigan少年朗尼根;The Young Manhood of Studs Lonigan朗尼根的青年时代,Judgement Day末日窝审判）; Danny O'Neil丹尼·奥尼尔（五部曲）;Bernard Carr伯纳德·卡尔（三部曲）短篇小说:Calico Shoes花布鞋;Guillotine Party行刑队文艺评论:A Note on Literary Criticism文艺评论札记;Literature and Morality文学与道德29、Lillian Hellman丽莲·海尔曼1905-1983The Children's Hour孩子们的时光;The Little Foxes小狐狸;Watch on the Rhine守望莱茵河;The Searching Wind彻骨的风;The Autumn Garden秋园;Tos in the Attic阁楼里的玩具;The Days to Come未来的日子;Another Part of the Forest森林的另一处;回忆录:An Unfinished Wonman一个事业尚未终了的女人;Pentimento旧画新貌;Scoundrel Time邪恶的时代30、Clifford Odets克利福德·奥德茨1906-1963Waiting for Lefty等待老左/勒夫特;Awake and Sing!醒来歌唱;Till the Day I Die直到我死的那天;Paradise Lost失乐园;Golden Boy金孩子;Clash by Night夜间冲突;The Big Knife大刀;The Country Girl乡村姑娘;The Flowering Peach开花的桃树31、Richard Wright理查德·赖特1908-1960Uncle Tom's Children汤姆叔叔的孩子们;Native Son土生子;Black Boy黑孩子;The Outsiders局外人;The Long Dream漫长的梦;Eight Men八人行32、Eudora Welty尤多拉·韦尔蒂1906-短篇小说:Death of a Travelling Salesman巡回推销员之死;A Curtain of Green and Other Stories绿窗帘和其他;The Wide Net and Other Stories大网和其他故事;The Golden Apples金苹果;The Bridge of Innifallen英尼斯法伦的新娘;长篇小说:The Robber Bridgeroom强盗新朗;Detta Wedding德尔塔的婚姻;The Ponder Heart庞德的心;The Losing Battles失败的战斗;The Optismist's Daughter乐观者的女儿;33、Valdimir Nabokov弗·纳博科夫1899-1977Lolita洛莉塔;Pale Fire微暗的火;The Admiralty Sprie海军部大厦塔尖;34、Anais Nin安娜伊思·宁1903-1977The Novel of Future未来的小说;Heida海达;House of Incest乱伦之家;Collages拼贴35、Issac Bashevis Singer艾萨克·辛格1904-1991Gimpel the Fool傻瓜吉姆佩尔;The Family Moskat莫斯卡特家族;Satan in Goray撒旦在戈雷;The Magician of Lublin卢布林的魔术师;The Slave奴隶;The Manor庄园;The Estate产业;Enenemies,A Love Story仇敌们，一个爱情故事;Shosha舒莎;短篇小说:The Spinoza of Market Street市场街的斯宾诺莎;A Friend of Kafka卡夫卡的朋友名篇:Neighbours邻居36、Robert Penn Warren罗伯特·沃伦1905-1989Night Rider夜间骑士;At Heaven's Gate在天堂门口;All King's Men国王的全部人马;World Enough and Time足够的世界和时间;The Cave洞穴;Band of Angels天使的队伍;A Place to Come to归宿;诗集:Thirtysix Poems;Selected Poems 1923-1943;Brother to Dragons;Promised:Poems 1954-1956;You,Emperors and Others;Selected Poems New and Old 1923-1966;Elven Poems on the Same Themet;Incarnation Poem 1966-1968显灵：1966-1968诗选;Now and Then:Poems 1976-1978 此时与彼时1976-1978诗选剧作:Proud Flesh骄傲的血肉之躯;Modern Rhetoric当代修辞学;Birth of Love爱之诞生（选自与Cleanth Brooks合编的UnderstandingPoetry/Understanding Fiction）逃亡者集团The Fugitive的宣言书I'll Take My Stand我表明我的立场37、John Cheever约翰·契弗1912-1982短篇小说:The Expelled开除短篇小说集:The Way Some People Live一些人的生活方式;The Enormous Radio and Other Stories巨型收音机和其他;The Housebreaker of Shaddy Hill and Other Stories绿茵山窃贼和其他;Some People,Places and Things That Will Not Appear in My Next Novel一些不会在我下一部小说中出现的人物、地点、事件;The Brigadier and the Golf Widow陆军准将和高尔夫迷寡妇;The World of Apples苹果世界→The Stories of John Cheever契弗短篇小说选长篇小说:The Wapshot Chronicle/Scandal瓦普肖特纪事/丑闻;Bullet Park布利特公园;Falconer鹰猎者38、Irwin Shaw欧文·肖1913-1984Bury the Dead埋葬死者;Sailor off the Bremen不来梅港外的水手长篇小说:The Young Lions幼狮;The Troubled Air混浊的空气;Lucy Crown露茜·克朗;Two Weeks in Another Town;Voices of a Summer Day夏日的喁喁声;Rich Man,Poor Man;Evening in Byzantium;Nightwork认夜工;Beggarman,Thief;Bread upon the Waters39、Bernard Malamud伯纳德·马拉默德1914-1986长篇小说:The Natural天生运动员;The Assistant伙计;The Fixer装配工;A New Life新生活;God's Grace上帝的恩赐短篇小说:The Magic Barrel魔桶40、Landall Jarrel兰达尔·贾维尔1914-1965诗集：Blood for a Stranger献给一个陌生人的血;Little Friend ,Little Friend小朋友，小朋友;Losses损失;Seven-league Crutches七里格长的拐杖;The Lost World失去的世界小说:Pictures of an Institution学院小景;The Woman at the Washington Zoo华盛顿动物园的女人评论:Poetry and the Age诗歌与时代;The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner旋转炮塔炮手之死41、John Berryman约翰·贝里曼1914-1972诗:Homage to Mrs Bradstreet献给布拉兹特里夫人；The Dream Songs梦之歌;Poems1942;The Dispossessed被剥夺者（The Ball Poem小球诗）;77 Dream Songs;Berryman's Sonnets;Short Poems;His Toy;His Dream;His Rest;Love and Fame;Delusion,etc错觉及其他小说:Recovery复原传记:Stephen Crane斯蒂芬·克莱恩42、Robert Lowell罗伯特·洛厄尔1917-1977诗:Lord Weary's Castle威尔利老爷的城堡;Life Studies人生探索名篇:For Sale;Walking in the Blue;For the Union Dead献给联邦死难士→自白诗运动43、Betty Frieden贝蒂·弗里丹1921-The Feminine Mystique女性的奥秘;It Changed My Life它改变了我的生活;The Second Stage第二阶段（How to get the Women's Movement Moving Again）44、Alex Haley亚历克斯·哈利1921-1992The Autobiography of Malcolm X马尔科姆·艾克斯自传Roots根;Hanning汉宁镇（自传体小说）45、Jack Kerouac杰克·凯鲁亚克1922-1966（"垮掉的一代"奠基者）The Town and the City镇和城;On the Road在路上;The Subterraneans地下居民;The Dharma Bums达摩的流浪者;Visions of Cody科迪的梦想；Doctor Sax萨克斯医生;Maggie Cassidy麦琪·卡西迪;Mexico City Blues墨西哥城的布鲁斯;Lonesome Traveller孤独的旅行者;Desolation Angels凄凉天使;Satori in Paris巴黎参禅记;Vanity of Duluoz杜卢奥斯的偏见46、Kurt Vonnegut库特·冯尼格特长篇小说:Player Piano自动钢琴;The Sirens of Titan泰坦族的海妖;Cat's Craddle猫的摇篮;Slaughterhouse Five第五号屠场;Mother Night黑夜母亲;God Bless You,Mr Rosewater上帝保佑你，罗斯瓦特先生;Breakfast of Champions顶呱呱的早餐;Slapstick,or Lonesome No More滑稽剧,又名不再孤独;Jailbird囚犯;Deadeye Dick神枪手迪克短篇小说集:Welcome to the Monkey House欢迎到猴房来（Report on the Barnhouse Effect 关于巴恩豪斯效应的报告）47、James Dichey詹姆斯·迪基1923-诗集:Into the Stone钻入石头;Drowning With Others跟别人一起淹死（The Lifeguard救生员）;Helmets头盔;Buckdancer's Choice班克舞者的选择;Poems1957-1967;The Iodiac黄道长诗:Deliverance解脱诗论集:The Suspect in Poetry诗歌中的嫌疑犯;Babel to Byzatium从巴别尔到拜占庭48、Flannery O'Connor弗兰纳里·奥康纳1925-1964长篇小说:Wise Blood慧血;The Violent Bear It Away它为强暴者所夺走。

专八人文知识：美国文学简史汇总Chapter 1 Colonial PeriodI. Background: Puritanism1. features of Puritanism(1) Predestination: God decided everything before things occurred.(2) Original sin: Human beings were born to be evil, and this original sin can be passed down from generation to generation.(3) Total depravity(4) Limited atonement: Only the “elect” can be saved.2. Influence(1) A group of good qualities – hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety (serious and thoughtful) influenced American literature.(2) It led to the everlasting myth. All literature is based on a myth – garden of Eden.(3) Symbolism: the American puritan’s metaphorical mode of perception was chiefly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American.(4) With regard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible.II. Overview of the literature1. types of writingdiaries, histories, journals, letters, travel books, autobiographies/biographies, sermons2. writers of colonial period(1) Anne Bradstreet(2) Edward Taylor(3) Roger Williams(4) John Woolman(5) Thomas Paine(6) Philip FreneauIII. Jonathan Edwards1. life2. works(1) The Freedom of the Will(2) The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended(3) The Nature of True Virtue3. ideas – pioneer of transcendentalism(1) The spirit of revivalism(2) Regeneration of man(3) God’s presence(4) Puritan idealismIV. Benjamin Franklin1. life2. works(1) Poor Richard’s Almanac(2) Autobiography3. contribution(1) He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital and the American Philosophical Society.(2) He was called “th e new Prometheus who had stolen fire (electricity in this case) from heaven”.(3) Everything seems to meet in this one man –“Jack of all trades”. Herman Melville thus described him “master of each and mastered by none”.Chapter 2 American RomanticismSection 1 Early Romantic PeriodWhat is Romanticism?l An approach from ancient Greek: Platol A literary trend: 18c in Britain (1798~1832)l Schlegel Bros.I. Preview: Characteristics of romanticism1. subjectivity(1) feeling and emotions, finding truth(2) emphasis on imagination(3) emphasis on individualism –personal freedom, no hero worship, natural goodness of human beings2. back to medieval, esp medieval folk literature(1) unrestrained by classical rules(2) full of imagination(3) colloquial language(4) freedom of imagination(5) genuine in feelings: answer their call for classics3. back to naturenature is “breathing living thing” (Rousseau)II. American Romanticism1. Background(1) Political background and economic development(2) Romantic movement in European countriesDerivative – foreign influence2. features(1) American romanticism was in essence the expression of “a real new experience and contained “an alien quality” for the simple reason that “the spirit of the place” was radically new and alien.(2) There is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider. American romantic authors tended more to moralize. Many American romantic writings intended to edify more than they entertained.(3) The “newness” of Americans as a nation is in connection with American Romanticism.(4) As a logical result of the foreign and native factors at work, American romanticism was both imitative and independent.III. Washington Irving1. several names attached to Irving(1) first American writer(2) the messenger sent from the new world to the old world(3) father of American literature2. life3. works(1) A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty(2) The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. (He won a measure of international recognition with the publication of this.)(3) The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus(4) A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada(5) The Alhambra4. Literary career: two parts(1) 1809~1832a. Subjects are either English or Europeanb. Conservative love for the antique(2) 1832~1859: back to US5. style – beautiful(1) gentility, urbanity, pleasantness(2) avoiding moralizing – amusing and entertaining(3) enveloping stories in an atmosphere(4) vivid and true characters(5) humour – smiling while reading(6) musical languageIV. James Fenimore Cooper1. life2. works(1) Precaution (1820, his first novel, imi tating Austen’s Pride and Prejudice)(2) The Spy (his second novel and great success)(3) Leatherstocking Tales (his masterpiece, a series of five novels)The Deerslayer, The Last of the Mohicans, The Pathfinder, The Pioneer, The Prairie3. point of viewthe theme of wilderness vs. civilization, freedom vs. law, order vs. change, aristocrat vs. democrat, natural rights vs. legal rights4. style(1) highly imaginative(2) good at inventing tales(3) good at landscape description(4) conservative(5) characterization wooden and lacking in probability(6) language and use of dialect not authentic5. literary achievementsHe created a myth about the formative period of the American nation. If the history of the United States is, in a sense, the process of the American settlers exploring and pushing the American frontier forever westward, then Cooper’s Leatherstocking Tales effectively approximates the American national experience of adventure into the West. He turned the west and frontier as a useable past and he helped to introduce western tradition to American literature.Section 2 Summit of Romanticism – American TranscendentalismI. Background: four sources1. Unitarianism(1) Fatherhood of God(2) Brotherhood of men(3) Leadership of Jesus(4) Salvation by character (perfection of one’s character)(5) Continued progress of mankind(6) Divinity of mankind(7) Depravity of mankind2. Romantic IdealismCenter of the world is spirit, absolute spirit (Kant)3. Oriental mysticismCenter of the world is “oversoul”4. PuritanismEloquent expression in transcendentalismII. Appearance1836, “Nature” by Emer sonIII. Features1. spirit/oversoul2. importance of individualism3. nature – symbol of spirit/Godgarment of the oversoul4. focus in intuition (irrationalism and subconsciousness)IV. Influence1. It served as an ethical guide to life for a young nation and brought about the idea that human can be perfected by nature. It stressed religious tolerance, called to throw off shackles of customs and traditions and go forward to the development of a new and distinctly American culture.2. It advocated idealism that was great needed in a rapidly expanded economy where opportunity often became opportunism, and the desire to “get on” obscured the moral necessity for rising to spiritual height.3. It helped to create the first American renaissance – one of the most prolific period in American literature.V. Ralph Waldo Emerson1. life2. works(1) Nature(2) Two essays: The American Scholar, The Poet3. point of view(1) One major element of his philosophy is his firm belief in the transcendence of the “oversoul”.(2) He regards nature as the purest, and the most sanctifying moral influence on man, and advocated a direct intuition of a spiritual and immanent God in nature.(3) If man depends upon himself, cultivates himself and brings out the divine in himself, he can hope to become better and even perfect. This is what Emerson means by “the infinitude of man”.(4) Everyone should understand that he makes himself by making his world, and that he makes the world by making himself.4. aesthetic ideas(1) He is a complete man, an eternal man.(2) True poetry and true art should ennoble.(3) The poet should express his thought in symbols.(4) As to theme, Emerson called upon American authors to celebrate America which was to him a lone poem in itself.5. his influenceVI. Henry David Thoreau1. life2. works(1) A Week on the Concord and Merrimack River(2) Walden(3) A Plea for John Brown (an essay)3. point of view(1) He did not like the way a materialistic America was developing and was vehemently outspoken on the point.(2) He hated the human injustice as represented by the slavery system.(3) Like Emerson, but more than him, Thoreau saw nature as a genuine restorative, healthy influence on man’s sp iritual well-being.(4) He has faith in the inner virtue and inward, spiritual grace of man.(5) He was very critical of modern civilization.(6) “Simplicity…simplify!”(7) He was sorely disgusted with “the inundations of the dirty institutions of men’s odd-fellow society”.(8) He has calm trust in the future and his ardent belief in a new generation of men. Section 3 Late RomanticismI. Nathaniel Hawthorne1. life2. works(1) Two collections of short stories: Twice-told T ales, Mosses from and Old Manse(2) The Scarlet Letter(3) The House of the Seven Gables(4) The Marble Faun3. point of view(1) Evil is at the core of human life, “that blackness in Hawthorne”(2) Whenever there is sin, there is punishment. Sin or evil can be passed from generation to generation (causality).(3) He is of the opinion that evil educates.(4) He has disgust in science.4. aesthetic ideas(1) He took a great interest in history and antiquity. To him these furnish the soil on which his mind grows to fruition.(2) He was convinced that romance was the predestined form of American narrative. To tell the truth and satirize and yet not to offend: That was what Hawthorne had in mind to achieve.5. style – typical romantic writer(1) the use of symbols(2) revelation of characters’ psychology(3) the use of supernatural mixed with the actual(4) his stories are parable (parable inform) – to teach a lesson(5) use of ambiguity to keep the reader in the world of uncertainty – multiple point of viewII. Herman Melville1. life2. works(1) Typee(2) Omio(3) Mardi(4) Redburn(5) White Jacket(6) Moby Dick(7) Pierre(8) Billy Budd3. point of view(1) He never seems able to say an affirmative yes to life: His is the attitude of “Everlasting Nay” (negative attitude towards life).(2) One of the major themes of his is alienation (far away from each other).Other themes: loneliness, suicidal individualism (individualism causing disaster and death), rejection and quest, confrontation of innocence and evil, doubts over the comforting 19c idea of progress4. style(1) Like Hawthorne, Melville manages to achieve the effect of ambiguity through employing the technique of multiple view of his narratives.(2) He tends to write periodic chapters.(3) His rich rhythmical prose and his poetic power have been profusely commented upon and praised.(4) His works are symbolic and metaphorical.(5) He includes many non-narrative chapters of factual background or description of what goes on board the ship or on the route (Moby Dick)Romantic PoetsI. Walt Whitman1. life2. work: Leaves of Grass (9 editions)(1) Song of Myself(2) There Was a Child Went Forth(3) Crossing Brooklyn Ferry(4) Democratic Vistas(5) Passage to India(6) Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking3. themes –“Catalogue of American and European thought”He had been influenced by many American and European thoughts: enlightenment, idealism, transcendentalism, science, evolution ideas, western frontier spirits, Jefferson’s individualism, Civil War Unionism, Orientalism.Major themes in his poems (almost everything):l equality of things and beingsl divinity of everythingl immanence of Godl democracyl evolution of cosmosl multiplicity of naturel self-reliant spiritl death, beauty of deathl expansion of Americal brotherhood and social solidarity (unity of nations in the world)l pursuit of love and happiness4. style: “free verse”(1) no fixed rhyme or scheme(2) parallelism, a rhythm of thought(3) phonetic recurrence(4) the habit of using snapshots(5) the use of a certain pronoun “I”(6) a looser and more open-ended syntactic structure(7) use of conventional image(8) strong tendency to use oral English(9) vocabulary – powerful, colourful, rarely used words of foreign origins, some even wrong(10) sentences – catalogue technique: long list of names, long poem lines5. influence(1) His best work has become part of the common property of Western culture.(2) He took over Whitman’s vision of the poet-prophet and poet-teacher and recast it in a more sophisticated and Europeanized mood.(3) He has been compared to a mountain in American literary history.(4) Contemporary American poetry, whatever school or form, bears witness to his great influence.II. Emily Dickenson1. life2. works(1) My Life Closed Twice before Its Close(2) Because I Can’t Stop for Death(3) I Heard a Fly Buzz – When I died(4) Mine – by the Right of the White Election(5) Wild Nights – Wild Nights3. themes: based on her own experiences/joys/sorrows(1) religion – doubt and belief about religious subjects(2) death and immortality(3) love – suffering and frustration caused by love(4) physical aspect of desire(5) nature – kind and cruel(6) free will and human responsibility4. style(1) poems without titles(2) severe economy of expression(3) directness, brevity(4) musical device to create cadence (rhythm)(5) capital letters – emphasis(6) short poems, mainly two stanzas(7) rhetoric techniques: personification – make some of abstract ideas vividIII. Comparison: Whitman vs. Dickinson1. Similarities:(1) Thematically, they both extolled, in their different ways, an emergent America, its expansion, its individualism and its Americanness, their poetry being part of “American Renaissance”.(2) Technically, they both added to the literary independence of the new nation by breaking free of the convention of the iambic pentameter and exhibiting a freedom in form unknown before: they were pioneers in American poetry.2. differences:(1) Whitman seems to keep his eye on society at large; Dickinson explores the inner life of the individual.(2) Whereas Whitman is “national” in his outlook, Dickinson is “regional”.Dickinson has the “catalogue technique” (direct, simple style) which Whitman doesn’t haveChapter 3 The Age of RealismI.Background: From Romanticism to Realism1.the three conflicts that reached breaking point in this period(1)industrialism vs. agrarian(2)culturely-measured east vs. newly-developed west(3)plantation gentility vs. commercial gentility2.1880’s urbanization: from free competition to monopoly capitalism3.the closing of American frontierII.Characteristics1. truthful description of life2.typical character under typical circumstance3.objective rather than idealized, close observation and investigation of life“Realistic writers are like scientists.”4.open-ending: Life is complex and cannot be fully understood. It leaves much room for readers to think by themselves.5.concerned with social and psychological problems, revealing the frustrations of characters in an environment of sordidness and depravityIII.Three Giants in Realistic Period1.William Dean Howells –“Dean of American Realism”(1)Realistic principlesa.Realism is “fidelity to experience and probability of motive”.b.The aim is “talk of some ordinary traits of American life”.c.Man in his natural and unaffected dullness was the object of Howells’s fictional representation.d.Realism is by no means mere photographic pictures of externals but includes a central concern with “motives” and psychological conflicts.e.He condemns novels of sentimentality and morbid self-sacrifice, and avoids such themes as illicit love.f.Authors should minimize plot and the artificial ordering of the sense of something “desultory, unfinished, imperfect”.g.Characters should have solidity of specification and be real.h.Interpreting sympathetically the “common feelings of commonplace people” was best suited as a technique to express the spirit of America.i.He urged writers to winnow tradition and write in keeping with current humanitarian ideals.j.Truth is the highest beauty, but it includes the view that morality penetrates all things.k.With regard to literary criticism, Howells felt that the literary critic should not try to impose arbitrary or subjective evaluations on books but should follow the detached scientist in accurate description, interpretation, and classification.(2)Worksa.The Rise of Silas Laphamb.A Chance Acquaintancec.A Modern Instance(3)Features of His Worksa.Optimistic toneb.Moral development/ethicscking of psychological depth2.Henry James(1)Life(2)Literary career: three stagesa.1865~1882: international themeThe AmericanDaisy MillerThe Portrait of a Ladyb.1882~1895: inter-personal relationships and some playsDaisy Miller (play)c.1895~1900: novellas and tales dealing with childhood and adolescence, then back to international themeThe Turn of the ScrewWhen Maisie KnewThe AmbassadorsThe Wings of the DoveThe Golden Bowl(3)Aesthetic ideasa.The aim of novel: represent lifemon, even ugly side of lifec.Social function of artd.Avoiding omniscient point of view(4)Point of viewa.Psychological analysis, forefather of stream of consciousnessb.Psychological realismc.Highly-refined language(5)Style –“stylist”nguage: highly-refined, polished, insightful, accurateb.Vocabulary: largec.Construction: complicated, intricate3.Mark Twain (see next section)Local Colorism1860s, 1870s~1890sI.Appearance1.uneven development in economy in America2.culture: flourishing of frontier literature, humourists3.magazines appeared to let writer publish their worksII.What is “Local Colour”?T asks of local colourists: to write or present local characters of their regions in truthful depiction distinguished from others, usually a very small part of the world.Regional literature (similar, but larger in world)lGarland, Harte – the westlEggleston – IndianalMrs StowelJewett – MainelChopin – LouisianaIII.Mark Twain – Mississippi1.life2.works(1)The Gilded Age(2)“the two advantages”(3)Life on the Mississippi(4)A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court(5)The Man That Corrupted Hardleybug3.style(1)colloquial language, vernacular language, dialects(2)local colour(3)syntactic feature: sentences are simple, brief, sometimes ungrammatical(4)humour(5)tall tales (highly exaggerated)(6)social criticism (satire on the different ugly things in society)pa rison of the three “giants” of American Realism1.ThemeHowells – middle classJames – upper classTwain – lower class2.T echniqueHowells - smiling/genteel realismJames – psychological realismTwain – local colourism and colloquialismChapter 4 American NaturalismI.Background1.Darwin's theory: "natural selection"2.Spenser's idea: "social Darwinism"3.French Naturalism: ZoraII.Features1.environment and heredity2.scientific accuracy and a lot of details3.general tone: hopelessness, despair, gloom, ugly side of the societyIII.significanceIt prepares the way for the writing of 1920s’“lost generation” and T. S. Eliot.IV.Theodore Dreiser1.life2.works(1)Sister Carrie(2)The trilogy: Financier, The Titan, The Stoic(3)Jennie Gerhardt(4)American Tragedy(5)The Genius3.point of view(1)He embraced social Darwinism – survival of the fittest. He learned to regard man as merely an animal driven by greed and lust in a struggle for existence in which only the "fittest", the most ruthless, survive.(2)Life is predatory, a "game" of the lecherous and heartless, a jungle struggle in which man, being "a waif and an interloper in Nature", a "wisp in the wind of social forces", is a mere pawn in the general scheme of things, with no power whatever to assert his will.(3)No one is ethically free; everything is determined by a complex of internal chemisms and by the forces of social pressure.4.Sister Carrie(1)Plot(2)Analysis5.Style(1)Without good structure(2)Deficient characterization(3)Lack in imagination(4)Journalistic method(5)Techniques in paintingChapter 5 The Modern PeriodSection 1 The 1920sI. IntroductionThe 1920s is a flowering period of American literature. It is considered “the second renaissance” of American literature. The nicknames for this period:(1) Roaring 20s – comfort(2) Dollar Decade – rich(3) Jazz Age – Jazz musicII. Backgrounda) First World War –“a war to end all wars”(1) Economically: became rich from WWI. Economic boom: new inventions. Highly-consuming society.(2) Spiritually: dislocation, fragmentation.b) wide-spread contempt for law (looking down upon law)1. Freud’s theoryIII. Features of the literatureWriters: three groups(1) Participants(2) Expatriates(3) Bohemian (unconventional way of life) – on-lookersTwo areas:(1) Failure of communication of Americans(2) Failure of the American societyImagismI. BackgroundImagism was influenced by French symbolism, ancient Chinese poetry and Japanese literature “haiku”II. Development: three stages1. 1908~1909: London, Hulme2. 1912~1914: England - America, Pound3. 1914~1917: Amy LowellIII. What is an “image”?An image is defined by Pound as that which presents an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time, “a vortex or cluster of fused ideas” “endowed with energy”. The exact word must bring the effect of the object before the reader as it had presented itself to the poet’s mind at the time of writing.IV. Principles1. Direct treatment of the “thing”, whether subjective or objective;2. To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation;3. As regarding rhythm, to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of a metronome.V. Significance1. It was a rebellion against the traditional poetics which failed to reflect the new life of the new century.2. It offered a new way of writing which was valid not only for the Imagist poets but for modern poetry as a whole.3. The movement was a training school in which many great poets learned their first lessons in the poetic art.4. It is this movement that helped to open the first pages of modern English and American poetry.VI. Ezra Pound1. life2. literary career3. works(1) Cathay(2) Cantos(3) Hugh Selwyn Mauberley4. point of view(1) Confident in Pound’s belief that the artist was morally and culturally the arbiter and the “saviour” of the race, he took it upon himself to purify the arts and became the primemover of a few experimental movements, the aim of which was to dump the old into the dustbin and bring forth something new.(2) T o him life was sordid personal crushing oppression, and culture produced nothing but “intangible bondage”.(3) Pound sees in Chinese history and the doctrine of Confucius a source of strength and wisdom with which to counterpoint Western gloom and confusion.(4) He saw a chaotic world that wanted setting to rights, and a humanity, suffering from spiritual death and cosmic injustice, that needed saving. He was for the most part of his life trying to offer Confucian philosophy as the one faith which could help to save the West.5. style: very difficult to readPo und’s early poems are fresh and lyrical. The Cantos can be notoriously difficult in some sections, but delightfully beautiful in others. Few have made serious study of the long poem; fewer, if anyone at all, have had the courage to declare that they have conquered Pound; and many seem to agree that the Cantos is a monumental failure.6. ContributionHe has helped, through theory and practice, to chart out the course of modern poetry.7. The Cantos –“the intellectual diary since 1915”Features:(1) Language: intricate and obscure(2) Theme: complex subject matters(3) Form: no fixed framework, no central theme, no attention to poetic rulesVII. T. S. Eliot1. life2. works(1) poemsThe Love Song of J. Alfred PrufrockThe Waste Land (epic)Hollow ManAsh WednesdayFour Quarters(2) PlaysMurder in the CathedralSweeney AgonistesThe Cocktail PartyThe Confidential Clerk(3) Critical essaysThe Sacred WoodEssays on Style and OrderElizabethan EssaysThe Use of Poetry and The Use of CriticismsAfter Strange Gods3. point of view(1) The modern society is futile and chaotic.(2) Only poets can create some order out of chaos.(3) The method to use is to compare the past and the present.4. Style(1) Fresh visual imagery, flexible tone and highly expressive rhythm(2) Difficult and disconnected images and symbols, quotations and allusions(3) Elliptical structures, strange juxtapositions, an absence of bridges5. The Waste Land: five parts(1) The Burial of the Dead(2) A Game of Chess(3) The Fire Sermon(4) Death by Water(5) What the Thunder SaidVIII. Robert Frost1. life2. point of view(1) All his life, Frost was concerned with constructions through poetry. “a momentary st ay against confusion”.(2) He understands the terror and tragedy in nature, but also its beauty.(3) Unlike the English romantic poets of 19th century, he didn’t believe that man could find harmony with nature. He believed that serenity came from working, usually amid natural forces, which couldn’t be understood. He regarded work as “significant toil”.3. works – poemsthe first: A Boy’s Willcollections: North of Boston, Mountain Interval (mature), New Hampshire4. style/features of his poems(1) Most of his poems took New England as setting, and the subjects were chosen from daily life of ordinary people, such as “mending wall”, “picking apples”.(2) He writes most often about landscape and people – the loneliness and poverty of isolated farmers, beauty, terror and tragedy in nature. He also describes some abnormal people, e.g. “deceptively simple”, “philosophical poet”.(3) Although he was popular during 1920s, he didn’t experiment like other modern poets. He used conventional forms, plain language, traditional metre, and wrote in a pastured tradition.IX. e. e. cummings“a juggler with syntax, grammar and diction” –individualism, “painter poet”Novels in the 1920sI. F. Scott Fitzgerald1. life – participant in 1920s2. works(1) This Side of Paradise(2) Flappers and Philosophers(3) The Beautiful and the Damned(4) The Great Gatsby(5) Tender is the Night(6) All the Sad Young Man(7) The Last Tycoon3. point of view(1) He expressed what the young people believed in the 1920s, the so-called “American Dream” is false in nature.(2) He had always been critical of the rich and tried to show the integrating effects of money on the emotional make-up of his character. He found that wealth altered people’s characters, making them mean and distrusted. He thinks money brought only tragedy and remorse.(3) His novels follow a pattern: dream – lack of attraction – failure and despair.4. His ideas of “American Dream”It is false to most young people. Only those who were dishonest could become rich.5. StyleFitzgerald was one of the great stylists in American literature. His prose is smooth, sensitive, and completely original in its diction and metaphors. Its simplicity and gracefulness, its skill in manipulating the relation between the general and the specific reveal his consummate artistry.6. The Great GatsbyNarrative point of view – NickHe is related to everyone in the novel and is calm and detected observer who is never quick to make judgements.Selected omniscient point of viewII. Ernest Hemingway1. life2. point of view (influenced by experience in war)(1) He felt that WWI had broken America’s culture and traditions, and separated from its roots. He wrote about men and women who were isolated from tradition, frightened, sometimes ridiculous, trying to find their own way.(2) He condemned war as purposeless slaughter, but the attitude changed when he took part in Spanish Civil War when he found that fascism was a cause worth fighting for.(3) He wrote about courage and cowardice in battlefield. He defined courage as “an instinctive movement towards or away from the centre of violence with self-preservation and self-respect, the mixed motive”. He also talked about the courage with wh ich to face tragedies of life that can never be remedied.(4) Hemingway is essentially a negative writer. It is very difficult for him to say “yes”. He holds a black, naturalistic view of the world and sees it as “all a nothing” and “all nada”.3. works(1) In Our Time(2) Men Without Women(3) Winner Take Nothing(4) The Torrents of Spring(5) The Sun Also Rises(6) A Farewell to Arms(7) Death in the Afternoon。

美国文学第一章殖民地时期及独立革命时期的美国文学（1617——1783）Background: 1)The first permanent English settlement in North America at James Town, Virginia in 16172)In 1629 the puritans established the Massachusetts Bay Colony.3)Independent War (1776——1783)Personal Literature In Its Various FormsJohn Smith A True Relation of Virginia《关于弗吉尼亚的真实叙述》William Bradford Of Plymouth Plantation《普利茅斯种植园史》He was the first governor of the Plymouth PlantationEarly PoetryAnne Bradstreet Contemplations《沉思集》She was known as the “Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up”inAmerica.Important Writers of American PuritanismJonathan Edwards The Freedom of the Will《论意志自由》His endeavors contributed to bringing about the “GreatAwakening（大觉醒）”.他被认为是美国超验主义的先驱。

Benjamin Franklin Poor Richard’s Almanac《穷查理年鉴》The Autobiography《自传》Authors who call for democratic government and writes for it Thomas Paine Common Sense《常识》The American Crisis《美国危机》The Rights of Man《人的权利》The Age of Reason《理性的时代》Philip Freneau The Indian Burying Ground《印第安人殡葬地》“The Wild Honey Suckle”《野忍冬花》He is “poet of the American Revolution”and the “father ofAmerican Poetry”OthersThomas Jefferson Declaration of Independence《独立宣言》第二章浪漫主义时期的美国文学（19世纪上半叶）Early American RomanticismWashington Irving The Sketch Book《见闻札记》marked the beginning ofAmerican Romanticism.Rip Van Winkle《瑞普·凡·温克尔》The Legend of Sleepy Hollow《睡谷传说》He has been called the father of the American short story.He is the first American Writer of imaginative literature togain international fame, so he was regarded as father ofAmerican literature.James Fennimore Cooper The Spy《间谍》Leaherstocking Tales《皮袜子五部曲》拓荒者，最后的莫西干人，草原，探路者，杀鹿者他是第一个在大西洋两岸有影响力的美国作家New England Transcendentalism(1840s开始)Ralph Waldo Emerson Nature《论自然》had been called “the manifesto ofAmerican Transcendentalism”美国超验主义的宣言The American Scholar《美国学者》Henry David Thoreau Walden《瓦尔登湖》Nathaniel Hawthorne The Scarlet Letter《红字》He is a master of symbolism. Herman Melville Moby Dick《白鲸》Edgar Allan Poe Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque《怪诞奇异故事集》The Raven《乌鸦》他是侦探小说的鼻祖(In the poetry aspect)Walt Whitman Leaves of Grass《草叶集》Emily Dickinson Because I Could Not Stop for Death《因为我不能等待死神》I Heard a Fly Buzz----When I Died《我死时听到了苍蝇的嗡嗡声》New England PoetsWilliam Cullen Bryant To a Waterfowl《致水鸟》是美国第一个赢得国际声誉的本土诗人The Reformers and AbolitionistsHarriet Beecher Stowe Uncle Tom’s Cabin《汤姆叔叔的小屋》She is an anti-slavery writer.第三章现实主义时期的美国文学（19世纪后半叶）背景：1861—1865美国内战By the 1870s, the New England Renaissance gradually lost its influence. The age of Romanticism and Transcendentalism was by and large over. Then the age of realism arrived. American realism developed into naturalism.Realism writersWilliam Dean Howells The Rise of Silas Lapham《塞拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹》He writers about the rising middle class.Henry James The American《美国人》Daisy Miller《戴茜·米勒》The Portrait of a Lady《贵妇人的画像》He describes the upper class. He is famous forpsychological realism.Local Colorism WritersMark Twain The Adventuress of Tom SawyerThe Adventures of Huckleberry FinnThe Gilded Age《镀金时代》Life on the Mississippi《在密西西比上》Autobiography《自传》The Innocents Abroad《傻子出国记》The Prince and the Pauper《王子与贫儿》Bret Harte The Luck of Roaring Camp《咆哮营的幸运儿》Hamlin Garland Main-Traveled Road《大路条条》Naturalism WritersStephen Crane Maggie: A girl of the Streets《街头女郎马吉》The Red Badge of Courage《红色英勇勋章》Frank Norris Mcteague《麦克提格》Octopus《章鱼》Theodore Dreiser Sister Carrie《嘉丽姐妹》金融家，巨头，斯多噶Jack London The Call of the Wild《野性的呼唤》他被认为是心理现实主义的创造者O’Henry The Last Leaf《最后一片叶子》麦琪的礼物Upton Sinclair The Jungle《屠场》Oil《石油》Boston《波士顿》第四章现代时期的美国文学。

英语专八人文知识考试总结1 专八考试人文知识考试内容总结其中英美文学包括英国文学和美国文学。

英国文学主要分为六个时期：1. Old and Medieval English Literature（中古英国文学）。

2. The Renaissance Period（文艺复兴时期）。

3. The Neoclassical Period（新古典主义时期）。

4. The Romantic Period（维多利亚时期）。

5. The Victorian Period（维多利亚时期）。

6. The Modern Period（现代时期）。

美国文学主要分为四个时期：1. The Literature Around the Revolution of Independence（独立革命前后的文学）。

2. American Romanticism（美国浪漫主义文学）。

3. American Realism（美国现实主义文学）。

4. American Modernism（美国现代主义文学）。

语言学，考生不光要知道语言的本质还要掌握语音学，音位学，形态学，句法学，语义学和语言学的知识。

关于英语国家概况，英语专业的学生都会开设英美概况这门课程，但是专八考试的中需要考生了解的是英语国家概况，不光包括英国和美国，还有其他一些说英语的地区，包括爱尔兰概况，加拿大概况，澳大利亚概况和新西兰概况。

3专八人文知识:英国地理概况the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france and connects the atlantic ocean and north sea.英吉利海峡：英吉利海峡是一道狭长的海峡，分割英法两国，连接大西洋和北海。

the dee estuary: a small sea ( in irish sea) where the dee river enters.迪河河口：是迪河流入的一个小海。

专业英语八级人文知识之美国文学第一阶段独立革命之前（十七世纪中期之前）概述1、美国本土文学（美国印第安传统文学）早在欧洲人闯入北美大陆之前，那里世世代代居住的原始人是印第安人，他们的文化早已在这片土地上流传、存在了几千年之久。

他们创造出了并仍然在创造这优秀的印第安口头文学。

在各种典礼上咏诵的祝词，在劳作中吟唱的歌曲，世世代代交口相传的部落神话故事和英雄故事，刻写在山间岩壁上的象形史诗，都是印第安传统文学的只要内容和形式，也是人类文明的宝贵遗产之一。

后来，随着殖民地的开拓，移民人数的剧增，印第安文化不断遭受重创，从而在17世纪出现断裂。

18世界末又开始以书面文学的形式开始了新的发展。

Three stages of development：1）traditional literature 2）transitional literature 3）modern literature2、北美殖民时期文学（十六世纪末—十七世纪中期）北美殖民文学的开端，以1607年英国在今佛吉尼亚的詹姆斯顿建立第一个永久性殖民点为标志。

从那时起直到1776年美利坚合众国成立，这半个世纪的北美英语文学的发展是外来文学移植、扎根并本土化的一个准备过程。

这一时期的文学作品主要是一些英国的殖民地官员或传道士、冒险家们以日记或游记随笔等形式记录的新大陆的风土人情、自然景色和民间生活等。

John Smith was considered to be the first author in the history of American literature。

3、清教思想的表述最初从欧洲来到美国的定居者被成为“清教徒”，因为他们迁徙的主要目的之一是为了“净化”教堂中的宗教行为。

他们的作品主要以传布清教主义思想的布道文为主。

第二阶段独立革命时期（17世纪中期—18世纪末）概述独立革命前后的美国文学，标志着北美文学产生后的第一次大转折，其主要内容和形式与殖民时期文学截然不同：如果说殖民时期文学主要反映的是清教精神，独立革命时期的文学则充满了浓烈的政治性和思辨性。

美国文学史整理一、Colonial America 殖民时期1、New England：Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, andConnecticut.2、Doctrines of Puritanism清教American Puritanism stressed predestination（命运神定), original sin（原罪）, total depravity (彻底的堕落), and limited atonement (有限的赎罪)from God’s grace.3、Writing style：fresh, simple and direct and with a touch of nobility；the rhetoric is plain andhonest.4、Life style：hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety.5、Main writer:①Thomas Paine 托马斯·潘恩work：Common Sense (1776) 《常识》American Crisis (1776-1783) 《美国危机》The Rights of Man《人权》The Age of Reason《理性时代》②Benjamin Franklin（本杰明·富兰克林）Poor Richard’s Almanac 《穷查理历书》Autobiography 《富兰克林自传》<clarity, good sense, and simplicity of the English essayists Joseph Addison and Richard Steele>③Thomas Jefferson 托马斯·杰弗逊Declaration of Independence (1776)《独立宣言》<simple and clear, powerful and graceful>二、American Romanticism (early period) 浪漫主义前期1、Characteristics：①A rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism.反对理性主义的客观性。

英国文学知识点总结一、中古世纪时期和文艺复兴时期1.The Canterbury Tales, a collection of stories told by a group of pilgrims on theirway to Canterbury, is an important poetic work by ______. (2006)A.William LanglandB. Geoffrey ChaucerC. William ShakespeareD. AlfredTennyson2.______ is defined as an expression of human emotion which is condensed intofourteen lines. (2006)A.Free verseB. sonnetC. odeD. epigram重要文学术语一句话定义：Ballad 民谣：Ballad is a story in poetic form to be sung or recited. It was handed down from generation to generation. 代表作：Robin HoodEpic 史诗：Epic, in poetry, refers to a long work dealing with the actions of gods and heroes. 代表作：BeowulfRenaissance 文艺复兴：It meant the reintroduction into Western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome.Humanism 人文主义：Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.Spenserian stanza 斯宾塞诗节：it refers to a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter, the last line in iambic pentameter, rhyming ababbcbcc. 代表作：the Faerie QueeneSonnet 十四行诗: A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter. 代表人物：William Shakespeare重要人物和其代表作的一句话评价：Geoffrey Chaucer 乔叟：He is regarded as the father of modern English poetry. 英国诗歌之父代表作：Canterbury Tales: A collection of stories told by a group of pilgrims.Philip Sidney 菲利普锡尼：He stands for the spirit of the Elizabeth age. 伊莉莎白时代精神的代表代表作：Defense of Poetry, Arcadia.Edmund Spenser 斯宾塞：the poet s’ poet. He created Spenser Stanza. 诗人中的诗人，斯宾塞诗节的创作者。

美国文学Part 1. Colonial America Thomas Thomas Paine Paine 托马斯·潘恩1737-18091737-1809The Case of the Officers of Excise 税务员问题；Common Sense 常识；American Crisis 美国危机；Rights of Man 人的权利：Downfall of Despotism 专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason 理性时代 Philip Philip Freneau Freneau 菲利普·弗伦诺1752-18321752-1832The Rising Glory of America 蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship 英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans 纪念美国勇士纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle 野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground 印第安人殡葬地印第安人殡葬地 Jonathan Edwards The Freedom of the Will The Great Doctrine of Original Sin defended The Nature of True V irtue Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林1706-17901706-1790A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Money;Poor Richard ’s Almanack 穷查理历书；The Way to Wealth 致富之道；The Autobiography 自传自传 Part 2. American Romanticism Washington Irving 华盛顿·欧文1783-18591783-1859A History of New Y ork 纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book 见闻札记The The Legend Legend Legend of of of Sleepy Hollow Sleepy Hollow 睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Bracebridge Hall 布雷斯布里奇田庄；Talks of Travellers 旅客谈；The Alhambra 阿尔罕伯拉 James James Fenimore Fenimore Fenimore Cooper Cooper 詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀1789-18511789-1851The Spy 间谍;The Pilot 领航者;The Littlepage Manuscripts 利特佩奇的手稿;Leatherstocking Tales 皮裹腿故事集:The Pioneer 拓荒者；The Last of Mohicans 最后的莫希干人最后的莫希干人;The Prairie 大草原;The Pathfinder 探路者;The Deerslayer 杀鹿者杀鹿者 Part 3.New England Transcendentalism Ralf Ralf Waldo Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生1803-18821803-1882Essays 散文集:Nature 论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书;The The American American American Scholar Scholar 论美国学者;Divinity;The Oversoul 论超灵;Self-reliance 论自立;The Transcendentalist 超验主义者;Representative Men 代表人物;English Traits 英国人的特征;School Address 神学院演说 Concord Hymn 康考德颂;The Rhodo 杜鹃花;The Humble Bee 野蜂;Days 日子-首开自由诗之先河首开自由诗之先河 Henry David Threau 亨利·大卫·梭罗1817-18621817-1862Wadden,or Life in the Woods 华腾湖或林中生活;Resistance to Civil Government/Civil Disobedience 抵制公民政府;A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利·沃兹沃思·朗费罗1807-18821807-1882 The Song of Hiawatha 海华沙之歌----美国人写的第一部印第安人史诗;V oices of the Night 夜吟;Ballads and Other Poens 民谣及其他诗民谣及其他诗;Belfry of Bruges and Other Poems 布鲁茨的钟楼及其他诗;Tales of a Wayside Inn 路边客栈的故事路边客栈的故事---诗集：An April Day 四月的一天/A Psalm of Life 人生人生礼物/Paul Revere ’s Ride 保罗·里维尔的夜奔;Evangeline 伊凡吉琳;The Courtship of Miles Standish迈尔斯·斯坦迪什的求婚迈尔斯·斯坦迪什的求婚------------叙事长诗；叙事长诗；叙事长诗；Poems on Slavery Poems on Slavery 奴役篇奴役篇---------反蓄奴组诗反蓄奴组诗反蓄奴组诗Nathaniel Nathaniel Hawthorne Hawthorne 纳撒尼尔·霍桑1804-1864 Twice-told Tales 尽人皆知的故事;Mosses from an Old Manse 古屋青苔:Y :Young Goodman Brownoung Goodman Brown 年轻的古德曼·布朗;The ;The Scarlet Scarlet Scarlet Letter Letter 红字;The House of of the the the Seven Seven Seven Gables Gables 有七个尖角阁的房子--------心理若们罗曼史;The Blithedale Romance 福谷传奇;The Marble Faun 玉石雕像玉石雕像Herman Melville 赫尔曼·梅尔维尔1819-18911819-1891 Moby Dick/The White Whale 莫比·迪克莫比·迪克莫比·迪克//白鲸；白鲸；Typee Typee 泰比泰比;Omoo ;Omoo 奥穆奥穆;Mardi ;Mardi 玛地玛地;Redburn ;Redburn 雷得本得本;White Jacket ;White Jacket 白外衣白外衣;Pierre ;Pierre 皮尔埃皮尔埃;Piazza ;Piazza 广场故事广场故事;Billy Budd ;Billy Budd 比利·巴德比利·巴德Walt Whitman 沃尔特·惠特曼1819-18921819-1892 Leaves of Grass 草叶集:Song of the Broad-Axe 阔斧之歌阔斧之歌;I hear America Singing 我听见美洲在歌我听见美洲在歌唱;When Lilacs Lost in the Dooryard Bloom’d 小院丁香花开时;Democratic Vistas 民主的前景;The Tramp and Strike Question 流浪汉和罢工问题;Song of Myself 自我之歌自我之歌Emily Dickinson 埃米莉·迪金森1830-18861830-1886 The Poems of Emily Dichenson 埃米莉·迪金森诗集埃米莉·迪金森诗集---------------““Tell all the truth and tell it slant slant”迂回曲折的，玄学的”迂回曲折的，玄学的”迂回曲折的，玄学的Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加·爱伦·坡1809-18491809-1849（以诗为（以诗为诗；永为世人共赏的伟大抒情诗人-----叶芝）叶芝） Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque 怪诞奇异故事集;Tales 故事集;The Fall of the House of Usher 厄舍古屋的倒塌;Ligeia 莱琪儿;Annabel Lee 安娜贝尔·李----------歌特风格；歌特风格；首开近代侦探小说先河，又是法国象征主义运动的源头Tamerlane and Other Poems 帖木儿和其他诗;Al Araaf,Tamerlane and Minor Poems 艾尔·阿拉夫，艾尔·阿拉夫，帖木儿和其他诗;The Raven and Other Poems 乌鸦及其他诗:The Raven 乌鸦;The City in the Sea 海城;Israfel 伊斯拉菲尔;To Hellen 致海伦致海伦Harriet Beecher Stowe 哈丽特·比彻·斯托1811-1896 Uncle Tom ’s Cabin 汤姆叔叔的小屋;A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp 德雷德阴暗大沼地的故事片;The Minister’s Wooing 牧师的求婚;The Pearl of Orr ’s Island 奥尔岛的珍珠;Oldtown Folks 老城的人们的人们 Part 4. The age of Realism William Dean Dean Howells Howells 威廉·狄恩·豪威尔斯1837-1920 The Rise of Silas Lapham 赛拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹赛拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹;A Modern Instance 现代婚姻; A Hazard of Now Fortunes 时来运转;A Traveller from Altruia 从利他国来的旅客;Through the Eye of the Needle 透过针眼----乌托邦小说;Criticism and Fiction;Novel-Writing and Novel-Reading 小说创作与小说阅读小说创作与小说阅读 23、Henry James 享利·詹姆斯1843-19161843-1916 小说：Daisy Miller 苔瑟·米乐；苔瑟·米乐；The Portrait of a Lady The Portrait of a Lady 贵妇人画像；贵妇人画像；The Bostonians The Bostonians 波士顿人；顿人；The Real Thing and Other Tales The Real Thing and Other Tales 真货色及其他故事；真货色及其他故事；The Wings of the Dove The Wings of the Dove 鸽翼；The Ambassadors 大使；大使；The Golden Bowl The Golden Bowl 金碗金碗评论集：French Poets and Novelists 法国诗人和小说家法国诗人和小说家;Hawthorne 霍桑;Partial Portraits 不完全的画像;Notes and Reviews 札记与评论;Art of Fiction and Other Essays 小说艺术小说艺术Part 5. Local Colorism Mark Mark Twain Twain 马克·吐温（Samuel LonghorneClemens ）------美国文学的美国文学的一大里程碑一大里程碑 The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County 加拉维拉县有名的跳蛙;The Innocent ’s Abroad 傻瓜出国记;The ;The Gilded Gilded Gilded Age Age 镀金时代;The ;The Adventures Adventures Adventures of of of Tom Tom Tom Sawyer Sawyer 汤姆·索耶历险记;The Prince and the Pauper 王子与贫儿;The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 哈克贝利·费恩历险记;A Connecticut Connecticut Y Y ankee ankee in in in King King King Arthur Arthur Arthur’’s s Court Court 亚瑟王宫中的美国佬;The ;The Tragedy Tragedy Tragedy of of of Pudd Pudd Pudd’’nhead Wilson 傻瓜威尔逊;Personal ;Personal Recollections Recollections Recollections of of of Joan Joan Joan of of of Arc Arc 冉·达克;The ;The Man Man Man That That That Corrupted Corrupted Hadleyburg 败坏哈德莱堡的人How to Tell a Story 怎样讲故事怎样讲故事---对美国早期幽默文学的总结对美国早期幽默文学的总结Part 6. American Naturalism Stephen Stephen Crane Crane 斯蒂芬·克莱恩1871-19001871-1900Magic:A Girl of the Streets 街头女郎梅姬（美国文学史上首次站在同情立场上描写受辱妇女的悲惨命运）；The Red Badge of Courage 红色英勇勋章；The Open Boat 小划子;The Bride Comes to Y ellow Sky 新娘来到黄天镇新娘来到黄天镇 Frank Norris 弗兰克·诺里斯1870-19021870-1902Moran of the Lady Letty 茱蒂夫人号上的莫兰茱蒂夫人号上的莫兰（romantic ）;Mc-Teague 麦克提格（naturalistic ）;The Epic of the Wheat(realistic)小麦诗史(The Octopus 章鱼,The Pit 小麦交易所);A Deal in Wheat and Other Stories of the Old and New West 小麦交易所及其他新老西部故事小麦交易所及其他新老西部故事 Theodore Dreiser 西奥多·德莱塞1871-19451871-1945Sister Sister Carrie Carrie 嘉莉姐妹;Jennie ;Jennie Gerhardt Gerhardt 珍妮姑娘;Trilogy ;Trilogy of of of Desire Desire 欲望三部曲(Financer 金融家,The ,The Titan Titan 巨人,The ,The Stoic);An Stoic);An American Tragedy 美国的悲剧（被称为美国最伟大的小说）;Nigger Jeff 黑人杰弗黑人杰弗 Edwin Edwin Arlington Arlington Arlington Robinson Robinson鲁宾逊1869-1935 Captain Craig 克雷格上尉---诗体小说；The Town Down the River 河上的城镇;The Man Against the Sky 衬托着天空的人;Avon ’s Harvest 沃冯的收成;Collected Poems 诗集诗集 40、Jack London 杰克·伦敦1876-19161876-1916The Son of the Wolf 狼之子,The Call of the Wild 野性的呼唤;The Sea-wolf 海狼;White Fang 白獠牙;The People of the Abyss 深渊中的人们;The Iron Heel 铁蹄铁蹄;Marti Eden 马丁·伊登;How I become a Socialist 我怎样成为社会党人;The War of the Classes 阶级之间的战争;What Life Means to Me 生命对我意味着什么;Revolution 革命;Love ;Love of of of Life Life 热爱生命;The ;The Mexican Mexican 墨西哥人;Under ;Under the the Deck A wings 在甲板的天蓬下 Upton Upton Sinclair Sinclair 厄普顿·辛克莱尔1878-19681878-1968Spring and Harvest 春天与收获;The Jungle 屠场（揭发黑幕运动的代表作家）;King Coal 煤炭大王;Oil 石油;Boston 波士顿;Dragon ’s Teeth 龙齿龙齿 Part 7. The 1920s Imagism Ezra Ezra PoundPound 艾兹拉·庞德1885-19721885-1972 The Spirit of Romance 罗曼司精神罗曼司精神;The Anthology Des Imagistes 意像派诗选意像派诗选;Cathay 华夏（英译中国诗）;Literary ;Literary Essays Essays 文学论;Hugh ;Hugh Swlwyn Swlwyn Swlwyn Mauberley;A Mauberley;A Mauberley;A Few Few Few Don Don Don’’ts ts by by by Imagiste Imagiste 意像派戒条;Personage 面具;Polite ;Polite Essays Essays 文雅集;The Cantos of Ezra Pound 庞德诗章（109首及8首未完成稿）成稿）Thomas Thomas Stearns Stearns Stearns Eliot Eliot 托马斯·艾略特1888-19651888-1965 Prufrock and Other Observations 普罗夫洛克（荒原意识）普罗夫洛克（荒原意识）;The Waste Land 荒原(The Burial of the Dead 死者的葬礼;A Game of Chess 弈棋弈棋;The Fire Sermon 火诫;Death by Water 水边之死;What the Thunder Said 雷电之言); 名诗：Ash Wednesday 圣灰星期三;Four Quarters 四个四重奏四个四重奏诗剧：Murder in the Cathedral 大教堂谋杀案;Family Reunion 大团圆;Cocktail Party 鸡尾酒会鸡尾酒会Wallace Stevens 华莱士·史蒂文斯1879-19551879-1955 Harmonium 风琴;The Man With the Blue Guitar 弹蓝吉他的人;Notes Toward a Supreme Fiction 关于最高虚构的札记(Peter (Peter Quince Quince Quince at at at the the the Clavier Clavier 彼得·昆斯弹风琴;Sunday ;Sunday Morning Morning 礼拜天早晨);The Auroras of Autumn 秋天的晨曦;Collected Poems 诗集诗集William Carlos Williams 威廉·卡罗斯·威廉斯1883-19631883-1963 收入Des Imagistes 意像派（意像派的第一部诗选）诗集：Sour Grapes;Spring and All 春;The Desert Music;The Journey of Love 爱的历程;Collected Poems;Complete Poems;Collected Later Poems;Pictures from Brueghel 布留盖尔的肖像;Paterson 佩特森（5卷长诗）;Asphodal,That Green Flower 常青花日光兰（长诗）常青花日光兰（长诗）名诗：Red Wheelbarrow 红色手推车;The Widow ’s s Lament Lament in in Spring Spring 寡妇的春怨;The ;The Dead Dead Baby;The Sparrow ,to My Father 麻雀—致父亲;Proletarian Portrait 无产阶级画像（from An Early Martyr 先驱）; The Great American Novels 伟大的美国小说伟大的美国小说;In the American Grain 美国性格;Autobiography 自传自传 Robert Robert Frest Frest 罗伯特·弗罗斯特1874-19631874-1963 A Boy ’s Wish 少年心愿；North of Boston 波士顿之北(Mending Wall 修墙,After Apple-picking 摘苹果之后);Mountain Interval 山间（成熟阶段）(The Road Not taken 没有选择的道路没有选择的道路); West-running Brook 西流的溪涧;A Further Range 又一片牧场;A Witness Tree 一株作证的树一株作证的树Carl Carl Sandburg Sandburg 卡尔·桑德堡1878-19671878-1967 Always the Y oung Stranger 永远是陌生的年轻人s;In Reckless Ecstasy 肆无忌惮的狂热;The Prairie Y ears 草原的年代一、二;The War Y ears 战争的年代（林肯传记）;The American Songbag 美国歌袋;The People,Y es 人民，好;Honey and Salt 蜜与盐;Corn-huskers 辗米机（Fog 雾）;Smoke and Steel 烟与钢烟与钢E Cumings 肯明斯1894-1962 Tulips Tulips anddd anddd anddd Chimneys Chimneys 郁金香与烟囱;The ;The Enormous Enormous Enormous Room Room 大房间;XLI Poems 诗41首;Viva万岁;No ， Thanks 不，谢谢;Collected Poems 诗集;Eimi 爱米（访苏游记）F F Scott Scott Fitzgerald 弗朗西斯·菲茨杰拉德1896-1940(1896-1940(迷惘的一代迷惘的一代迷惘的一代)) The Side of Paradise 人间天堂人间天堂;The Beautiful and the Damned 美丽的和倒霉;The Great Gatsby 了不起的盖茨比;Tender in the Night 夜色温柔夜色温柔;The Last Tycoon 最后的巨头最后的巨头 短篇小说：Flappers and Philosophers 姑娘们和哲学家们;Tales of the Jazz 爵士时代的故事;Taps at Reveille 早晨的起床号→The Ice Palace 冰宫;May Days 五一节;The Diamond as Big as the Ritz 像里茨饭店那样大的钻石;Winter Dreams 冬天的梦;The Rich Boy 富家子弟;Babylon Revisted 重访巴比伦敦巴比伦敦 The Crack-up 崩溃（自传体文集）崩溃（自传体文集）Ernest Ernest Hemingway Hemingway 欧内斯特·海明威1899-1961（“迷惘的一代”的代表人物）惘的一代”的代表人物） In In Our Our Our Time Time 在我们的年代里;The ;The Torrents Torrents Torrents of of of Spring Spring 春潮;The ;The Sun Sun Sun Also Also Also Rises Rises 太阳照样升起;Farewell to Arms 永别了，武器;For Whom the Bell Tolls 丧钟为谁而鸣短篇小说：Men Men Without Without Without W W omen 没有女人的男人;The ;The Winners Winners Winners Take Take Take Notheing Notheing 胜者无所获;The Fifth Column and First Forty-nine Stories 第五纵队与首次发表的四十九个短篇政论：To Have and Have Not 贫与富贫与富 回忆录：A Moveable Feast 到处逍遥到处逍遥William Faulkner 威廉·福克纳1897-19621897-1962 The Marble Faun 云石林神（诗集）;Soldiers ;Soldiers’’ Pay 兵饷（小说）兵饷（小说）短篇小说：Dry September 干燥的九月;The Sound and the Fury 愤怒与喧嚣愤怒与喧嚣;As I lay dying 当我垂当我垂死的时候;Light in August 八月之光;Absalom,Absolam 押沙龙，押沙龙（家世小说）Sherwood Anderson 舍伍德·安德森1876-19411876-1941 Windy Windy McPherson McPherson McPherson’’s s Son Son 饶舌的麦克斐逊的儿子;Marching ;Marching Men Men 前进中的人们;Mid-American Chants 美国中部之歌;Winesburg,Ohio/The Book of the Grotesque 俄亥俄州的温斯堡俄亥俄州的温斯堡/畸人志;Poor White 穷苦的白人;Many Marriages 多种婚姻;Dark Laughter 阴沉的笑声The Triumph of the Egg and Other Stories 鸡蛋的胜利和其他故事;Death in the Woods and Other Stories 林中之死及其他故事;I Want to Know Why 我想知道为什么我想知道为什么我想知道为什么 Sinclair Lewis 辛克莱·刘易斯1885-1951(1885-1951(美国第一美国第一个获诺贝尔奖个获诺贝尔奖)) Dur Mr Wrenn 我们的雷恩先生;The Job 求职;The Main Street 大先进;Babbitt 巴比特;Arrowsmith艾罗史密斯;Elmer Gantry 艾尔默·甘特里;Dodsworth 多兹沃斯;It can ’t Happen Here 事情不会发生在这里;Kingsblood Royal 王孙梦王孙梦 V illa Sibert Cather 维拉·凯塞1873-19471873-1947 O,Pioneers 啊，先驱们;My Antonia我的安东尼亚;The Professor ’s House 教授之家;Death Comes for the Archibishop 大主教之死大主教之死Thomas Thomas W W olfe 托马斯·沃尔夫1900-19381900-1938 Look Homeward,Angel 天使，望乡→（续）Of Time and the River 时间与河流;The Web and the Rock 蛛网与岩石;Y ou Can ’t Go Home Again 有家归不得;The Hills Beyond 远山（未完成）远山（未完成）短篇小说：From Death to Morning 从死亡到早晨从死亡到早晨从死亡到早晨 Part 8. The 1930sJohn Dos Dos Passos Passos 帕索斯1896-1970 The Three Soldiers;Manhattan Transfer;U.S.A(The Forty-second Parallel;1919;The Big Money);District Money);District of of of Columbia Columbia 哥伦比亚大区(The (The Adventures Adventures Adventures of of of a a a Y Y oung oung Man Man 一个年轻人的冒险;Number One 第一号;The Grand Design 伟大的计划);Orient Express 东方特别快车（游记）东方特别快车（游记） John Steinbeck 约翰·斯坦贝克1902-19661902-1966 Cup Cup of of of Gold Gold 金杯;Tortilla ;Tortilla Flat Flat 煎饼房;In ;In Dubious Dubious Dubious Battle Battle 胜负未定;Of Mice and Men 鼠和人;The Grapes of Wrath 愤怒的葡萄;The Moon is Down 月亮下去了月亮下去了;Cannery Row 罐头厂街;The Pearl 珍珠短篇小说：The Red Pony 小红马(The Gift,The Great Mountains 大山大山;The Promise 许诺,The Leader of the People 人们的领袖) Part 9. Black American LiteratureFrederick Frederick Douglass Douglass 弗莱德里克·道格拉斯1817-1895 Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass an American Slave 弗莱德里克·道格拉斯，一个美国黑人的自述/My /My Bondage Bondage Bondage and and and My My My Freedom Freedom 我的枷锁与我的自由/The /The life life life and and and Time Time Time of of of Frederick Frederick Douglass 弗莱德里克·道格拉斯的生平与时代Booker T. Washington William E ·B Dubois 威廉·艾伯·杜波依斯1868-19631868-1963 Souls Souls of of of Black Black Black Folk Folk 黑人的灵魂(Of (Of Booker Booker Booker T T T Washington Washington and and Others);The Others);The Others);The Suppression Suppression Suppression of of of the the African Slave Trade into into the the the USA USA 制止非洲奴隶贸易进入美国;The Philadephia Negro;John Brown;The Black Flame 黑色的火焰（三部曲）James James Langston Langston Langston Hughes Hughes 詹姆斯·兰斯顿·休斯1902-19691902-1969Mulatto 混血儿（剧本）;The Weary Blues 疲倦的歌声;Dear Lovely Death 亲爱的死神;Shakespear in Harlem 哈莱姆的莎士比亚;I Wonder as I Wander 我漂泊我思考我漂泊我思考;The Best of Simple 辛普尔精选辛普尔精选辛普尔精选 Ralph Ellison 拉尔夫·埃利林1914-1914- 长篇小说：Invisible Man 看不见的人看不见的人散文集：Shadow and Act 影子与行动;Going to the Territory 步入文学界步入文学界James Baldwin 詹姆斯·鲍德温1924-19871924-1987散文集：Note of a Native Son 土生子的笔记;Nobody Knows My Name;Fire Next Time 下一次烈火;No Name in the Street 他的名字被遗忘;The Devil Finds Work 魔鬼找到工作 小说：Go Tell it on the Mountain 向苍天呼吁;Giovanni ;Giovanni’’s Room 乔万尼的房间;Another Country 另一个国度;Tell ;Tell Me Me Me How How How Long Long Long the the the Train Train Train’’s s Been Been Been Gone Gone 告诉我火车已开多久;If ;If Beale Beale Beale Street Street Street Could Could Talk 假如比尔能说话;Just Above My Head 就在我头上就在我头上短篇小说集：Going to Meet the Man 去见这个人去见这个人剧本：The Amen Corner 阿门角;Blues for Mister Charley 为查理先生唱布鲁斯/黑人怨;One Day When I was Lost 有一天当我迷失的时候有一天当我迷失的时候/迷路前后迷路前后Gwendolyn Brooks Part 10. American DramaEugene Oneil 尤金·奥尼尔1888-19531888-1953 独幕剧：Bound Bound East East East to to to Cardiff Cardiff 东航卡迪夫;The ;The Long Long Long V V oyage oyage Home Home 归途迢迢;The ;The Moon Moon Moon of of of the the Carribbeans 加勒比人之月多幕剧：Beyond the Horizon 天边外（其成名作）;Anna Christie 安娜·克里斯蒂;The Emperor Jones琼斯皇;The Hairy Ape 毛猿;All the God ’s Children Got Wings 上帝的儿女都有翅膀上帝的儿女都有翅膀The Great God Brown 大神布朗;The ;The Strange Strange Strange Interlude Interlude 奇异的插曲;Mourning ;Mourning Becomes Becomes Becomes Electr Electr 素娥怨/悲悼a;The Iceman Cometh 送冰的人来了;The Long Days Journey Into Night 进入黑夜的漫长旅程/日长路远夜常深沉夜常深沉Clifford Odets J J D D D Salinger Salinger 杰罗姆·大卫·塞林格1919-1919- 短篇小说：The Y oung Folks 年轻人年轻人 短篇小说集：Nine Stories 故事九篇中篇小说：Franny 弗兰尼;Zooey 卓埃;Raise ;Raise High High High the the the Roof Roof Roof Beam,Carpenters Beam,Carpenters 木匠们，把屋梁升高;Seymour:An Introduction 西摩其人西摩其人长篇小说：The Cather in the Rye 麦田守望者麦田守望者 Tennessee William 田纳西·威廉斯1911-19831911-1983 American Blues 美国的布鲁斯;Battle of Angels 天使的战斗;The Glass Menagerie 玻璃动物园;The Streetcar Streetcar Named Named Named Desire Desire 欲望号街车;Cat ;Cat on on on a a a Hot Tin Hot Tin Roof 热铁皮屋顶上的猫;The Night of of The The Iguana 鬣蜥之夜;Summer and Smoke 夏与烟;The Rose Tattoo 玫瑰纹;Sweet Bird of Y o ut out 可爱的青春鸟春鸟Arthur Arthur Miller Miller 阿瑟·米勒1915-1915- Situation Normal 情况正常;The Man Who Had All the Luck 吉星高照的人;All My Sons 都是我的儿子;The ;The Death Death Death of of of a a a Salesman Salesman 推销员;The ;The Crucible Crucible 严峻的考验/萨姆勒的女巫;A ;A V V iew iew from from from the the Bridge 桥头眺望;A Memory of Two Mondays 两个星期一的回忆;After the Fall 堕落之后堕落之后;Incident at V ichy 维希事件维希事件 ;The Price 代价;The Creation of the World and Other Business创世及其他;The Archbishop ’s Ceiling 大主教的天花板;The American Clock 美国时钟Edward Edward Albee Albee 爱德华·阿尔比1928-1928-The Zoo Story 动物园的故事;The Death of Bessie Smith 贝西·史密斯之死;The Sandbox 沙箱;The American Dream 美国梦;Who ’s Afraid of V irginia Woolf?谁害怕弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫;Tiny Alice 小爱丽丝;A ;A Delicate Delicate Delicate Balance Balance 脆弱的羊群;Seascape 海景;The ;The Lady Lady Lady from from from Dubuque Dubuque 来自杜布克的女人;The Man With Three Arms 在臂人在臂人 Part 11. The Post-W ar Scene: The Novel . PoetrySaul Bellow 索尔·贝娄1915-1915- 长篇小说：Dangling Man 晃来晃去/挂起来的人;The V ictim 受害者;The Adventure of Augie March 奥基·马奇历险记;Henderson the Rain King 雨王汉德逊雨王汉德逊;Herzog 赫索格;Mr Summlar’s Planet 塞姆勒先生的行星;Humboldt ’s Gift 洪堡的礼物洪堡的礼物中篇小说：Seize the Day 且乐今朝且乐今朝Norman Mailer 诺曼·米勒1923- (1923- (垮掉的一代；文垮掉的一代；文学恐怖主义者学恐怖主义者//亡命之徒亡命之徒)) 裸者与死者；Barbary Shore 巴巴里海滨;The Deer Park 廘苑;An American Dream 一场美国梦;The White Negro 白色黑人;Advertisement for Myself 为自己做广告;Why Are We in Vietnam?我们为什么要去越南;The Executioner ;The Executioner’’s Song 刽子手之歌;The Armies of the Night 夜色幕下的大军(History as a Novel/The Novel as History)—非虚构小说;New Journalism 新新闻报道新新闻报道Joseph Heller 约瑟夫·海勒1923-1923-长篇小说：Catch-22第二十二条军规;Something Happened 出了毛病;As Good as Gold 像高尔德像高尔德一样好一样好 剧本：We Bombed in New Haven 我们轰炸纽黑文我们轰炸纽黑文;Catch-22;Clevinger ;Catch-22;Clevinger’’s Trial 克莱文杰受审（据Catch-22第八章）第八章） John Barth 约翰·巴思1930-1930-长篇小说：The Floating Opera 漂浮的歌剧;The End of the Road 穷途末路;The Sot-weed Factor 烟草代理商;Letters 书信集;Giles ;Giles Goat-boy Goat-boy 山羊孩子贾尔斯;Lost ;Lost in in in the the the Funhouse Funhouse 迷失在开心馆里（Title 题目）;Chimera 客迈拉；客迈拉； Sabbatical 学院的轮休假;The ;The Friday Friday Friday Book:Essays Book:Essays Book:Essays and and and Other Other Nonfictions 星期五的书：论文及其他非小说 Thomas Pynchon 托马斯·品钦1937- (1937- (后现代后现代主义主义))Geography of a Horse Dreamer 马塞梦测者的地理;Angel City 天使城;The Tooth of Crime 罪恶的罪恶的牙齿;Family 家庭家庭 (Curse of the S tarving Class Starving Class 饥饿阶级的诅咒;Buried Child 被埋葬的孩子;True W est 真正的西部);Fool for Love 情痴;A Lie of the Mind 心灵的谎言;Paris/Texas 德州的巴黎德州的巴黎 Poetry: Stanley Kunitz Richard Wilbur Elizabeth Bishop Howard Nemerov 。

一．Literature of colonial settlements(北美殖民时期文学)（16C末——17C中）John Smith “the first author”《A True Map of Virginia》二．the literature around the revolution of independence (17C中——18C末)1．Franklin （1706——1790）scientist politician writer《the Autobiography，自传》《poor Richard’s almanac穷查理历书》2. Thomas Jefferson (1743——1826) 《the declaration of independence，独立宣言》3. Philip Freneau 菲利普·弗伦诺(1752——1832) “father of American poetry”《the wild honey suckle，野忍冬花》《The Indian Burying Ground 印第安人殡葬地》《the British prison shop英国囚船》《the rising glory of America美国的荣耀蒸蒸日上》三．American Romanticism(18C末——19C中后)1. Washington Irving 华盛顿·欧文美国文学之父《the sketch book 见闻札记》《the legend of sleep hollow 睡谷的传说》《rip Van Winkler 瑞普·凡·温克尔》2. James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯·菲尼·莫库珀《the spy 间谍》《the pioneers 拓荒者》《the last of the Mohicans 最后的莫西干人》《the prairie 大草原》《the pathfinder 探路人》《the deerslayer 杀鹿者》《leather stocking tales 皮袜子的故事集》3. Edgar Allen Poe 埃德加·爱伦·坡写科学和侦探小说“侦探小说的鼻祖”《tales of the grotesque and arabesque 怪诞故事集》《the murders in the Rue morgue 莫格街谋杀案》《the fall of the house of Usher 厄舍古厦的倒塌》4．Ralph waldo Emerson 拉尔夫·瓦尔多·爱默生transcendentalism超验主义《Nature 论自然》《essays 论文集》《the American scholar 美国学者》5．Henry David Thoreau 亨利·大卫·梭罗超验主义《Walden 瓦尔登湖》6．Herman Melville 赫尔曼·梅尔维尔《Moby Dick 莫比·迪克》7．Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利·朗费罗《the song of Hiawatha 海华沙之歌》《voices of the night 夜吟》《A psalm of life 人生礼赞》8．Walt Whitman 华尔特·惠特曼《leaves of grass 草叶集》《song of myself 自我之歌》四．American Realism （19C中——20C初）1．Harriet Beecher Stowe 哈丽叶特比彻斯托夫人女《uncle tom’s cabin 汤姆叔叔的小屋》（anti-slavery novel）2．Mark Twain 马克·吐温《the adventures of Tom Sawyer 汤姆·索耶历险记》《the adventures of Huckleberry Finn 哈克贝利·芬历险记》《life on Mississippi 密西西比河上》《the gilded age镀金时代》海明威评价：“全部美国文学都来自马克吐温的《哈克贝利·芬历险记》”3．O·Henry 欧·亨利短篇小说《the cop and the anthem 警察与赞美诗》《the furnished room 带家具出租的房间》《the gift of the magi 麦琪的礼物》《the last leaf 最后一片藤叶》4．Henry James 亨利·詹姆斯《Daisy Miller 黛西·米勒》《the portrait of a lady 贵妇人画像》《the wings of the dove 鸽翼》《the ambassadors 大使们》《the Golden bowl 金碗》5．Jack London 杰克·伦敦《the sea wolf 海狼》自传体短篇小说《Martin Eten 马丁·伊登》《the call of the wild 野性的呼唤》6．Theodore Dreiser 西奥多·德莱赛《sister Carrie 嘉莉妹妹》《Jennie Gerhardt 珍妮姑娘》五．American modernism （20C初——）1．Sinclair Lewis 辛克莱·刘易斯1930年第一个美国人获诺贝尔奖《main street 大街》《Babbitt 巴比特》2．Eugene O’Neill 尤金·奥尼尔剧作家1936年获诺贝尔奖《long day’s journey into night 进入黑夜的漫长旅途》《the hairy ape 毛猿》《the Iceman cometh 送冰人来了》3．Pearl S. Buck 赛珍珠1938年获诺贝尔奖《the good earth 大地》翻译了《水浒传all men are brothers》4．Thomas Stearns Eliot T.S.艾略特1948年获诺贝尔奖《the wasteland 荒原》《four quartets 四个四重奏》《murder in the Cathedral 大教堂的凶杀案》《the hollow man 空心人/透明人》5．William Faulkner 威廉·福克纳1949年获诺贝尔奖《the sound and the fury 愤怒与喧嚣》《as I lay dying 当我垂死的时候/我弥留之际》6．Ernest Hemingway 欧内斯特·海明威“the lost generation迷惘的一代”的代表作家1954年获诺贝尔文学奖《the sun also rises 太阳照常升起》《farewell to arms永别了，武器》《for whom the Bell tolls 丧钟为谁而鸣》《the old man and the sea 老人与海》7．F·Scott Fitzgerald 司各特·费茨杰拉德《the great Gatsby 了不起的盖茨比》（jazz age）8．John Steinbeck 约翰·斯坦贝克1962年获诺贝尔奖《the grapes of wrath 愤怒的葡萄》《of mice and men 人与鼠》9．Toni Morrison 托尼·莫瑞森黑人作家1993年获诺贝尔奖《song of Solomon 所罗门之歌》10．J.D. Salinger J.D.塞林格《the catcher in the rye 麦田里的守望者》11．Ralph Ellison拉尔夫·埃里森African-American novelist 《the invisible man 隐形人》12．Joseph Heller 约瑟夫·海勒“黑色幽默”文学代表人物《catch-22 第二十二条军规》13．Tennessee Williams 田纳西·威廉斯剧作家《A streetcar named desire 欲望号街车》14．Ezra Pound 艾兹拉·庞德意象派诗歌（imagism）创始人《in A station of the metro 地铁车站》（14words ：the apparition of these faces in the crowd；petals on a wet, black bough.）15．Robert Frost 罗伯特·弗罗斯特“新英格兰诗人”《new Hampshire 新罕布什尔》《A boy’s wish 一个孩子的愿望》16．Margaret Mitchell 玛格丽特·米切尔《gone with the wind 飘》。

美国文学笔记整理完整版1607-1776北美殖民时期Colonial Settlements约翰·史密斯美国文学史上第一个作家John Smith A Ture Relation of Virginia《关于费吉尼亚的真实叙述》（美国文学第一本书）乔纳森·爱德华兹清教徒主义作家（Puritanism ）Jonathan Edwards1776-1783独立革命时期Revolution of Independence（启蒙运动）本杰明·富兰克林Poor Richard ’s Almana c 穷查理历书；Benjamin Franklin The Way to Wealth致富之道；1706-1790The Autobiography自传(记录作者从穷到成功的经历，“美国梦”反映，体现启蒙倡导的理性主义和有序、教育的观点 )托马斯·潘恩美国独立之父the father of American revolutionThomas Paine Common Sense常识（独立战争宣传册revolutionary pamphlets ）1737-1809American Crisis美国危机（鼓励人民抵抗英军，共16小册）Rights of Man人的权利（支持法国革命）The Age of Reason理性时代（基督给他名誉带来的影响）菲利普·弗伦诺独立诗人 a poet of the American Revolution，美国诗歌之父Philip Freneau The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲1752-1832The British Prison Ship英国囚船The Wild Honey suckle野生的金银花The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士--同类诗中最佳托马斯·杰斐逊独立宣言 Declaration of IndependenceThomas Jefferson18 世纪末 -19 世纪中后浪漫主义时期Romanticism1.早期浪漫主义华盛顿·欧文美国文学之父father of American Literature(为美国文学第一次赢得世界声誉)Washington Irving以笔记小说和历史传厅闻名，humor1783-1859The Sketch Book见闻札记（标志浪漫主义开始）A History of New York纽约史---美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；----The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说---成为美国第 1 个获国际声誉作家-----Rip Van Winkle里普·万·温克尔( 李伯大梦 )The Alhambra 阿尔罕伯拉詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀frontier novel边疆传奇小说sea novelJames Fenimore Cooper The Spy间谍（独立战争间谍对抗英国）1789-1851The Pilot领航者（sea novel）Leatherstocking Tales皮袜子五步曲（frontier novel ）The Pioneer 拓荒者（ the first true romance of the frontier in American literatureThe Last of Mohicans 最后的莫希干人（主角： Natty Bumppo纳蒂班波）The Prairie大草原The Pathfinder探路者The Deerslayer杀鹿者2.超验主义New England Transcendentalism拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生Nature论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书 manifestoRalf Waldo Emerson The American Scholar论美国学者;1803-1882Self-reliance论自立The Transcendentalist超验主义者Representative Men代表人物School Address神学院演说Days 日子 - 首开自由诗之先河free verse亨利·大卫·梭罗Walden 瓦尔登湖Henry David Thoreau A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers在康科德河和梅里麦克河上的一周1817-1862Civil Disobedience论公民之不服从纳撒尼尔·霍桑subject: human soul first great Americanwriter of fiction象征主义大师Nathaniel Hawthorne The Scarlet Letter红字1804-1864Twice-told Tales尽人皆知的故事Mosses from an Old Manse古屋青苔The House of the Seven Gables有七个尖角阁的房子The Marble Faun玉石雕像The Blithedale Romance福谷传奇Young Goodman Brown年轻的布朗The Birthmark胎记赫尔曼·迈尔维尔擅长航海奇遇和异域风情Herman Melville Moby Dick/The White Whale白鲸（first American proseepic 史诗）1819-1891Typee泰比Omoo 奥穆Mardi玛地White Jacket白外衣Pierre皮尔埃;Billy Budd比利·巴德沃尔特·惠特曼Father of free verse自由诗之父Walt Whitman Leaves of Grass 草叶集（the birth of truly American poetryand the end of romanticism）(共和圣经 Democratic Bible美国史诗American Epic)1819-1892Song of Myself自我之歌Democratic Vistas民主的前景埃米莉·迪金森她的诗大量破折号dash, 主题love, nature, death, immortality;语言 plain, brevity, directEmily Dickinson This is My Letter to the World这是我给世界的一封信1830-1886I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died我死时听到一只苍蝇叫Because I could not Stop for Death因为我不能等待死神I ’ m Nobody. Who Are You? 我是无名小卒。

American LiteratureThe Literature around the Revolution of IndependenceBenjamin Franklin----Poor Richard’s Almanac《格言历书》；The Autobiography《富兰克林自传》Thomas Paine----American Crisis《美国危机》Philip Morian Freneau----the father of American poem, The Rising Glory of America 《美国的荣耀蒸蒸日上》American RomanticismWashington Irving----the father of American literature, History of New York《纽约外史》；The Sketch Book《见闻礼记》James Fenimore Cooper----The Spy; The Pilot; The Last of the Mohican《最后的莫希干人》，库伯是边疆小说的创始人，frontier novels.William Cullen Bryant----the Founder of American Romantic Poetry, Thanatopsis《死亡随想》Transcendental Writers（超验主义作家）:Ralph Waldo Emerson----Nature《论自然》；Self-Reliance《论自立》Henry David Thoreau----Walden, or Life in the Woods《瓦尔登湖》“Brooding” Romanticists（沉思的浪漫主义者）:Nathaniel Hawthorne----The Scarlet Letter；Edger Allan Poe----The Raven《乌鸦》Herman Melville----Moby Dick《白鲸》The Brahmins（婆罗门派）: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow----Voices of the Night《夜吟》；A Psalm of Life《人生礼赞》Walt Whitman----Leaves of Grass; Song of MyselfEmily Dickinson----This is My Letter to the World《这是我给世界的一封信》American RealismAbolition Literature（废奴文学）：Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stove----Uncle Tom’s Cabin Mark Twain----The Adventure of Tom Sawyer; The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn; The Gilded Age《镀金时代》O·Henry----The Cop and Anthem; The Gift of Magi; The Last Leave，he is good atsurprise ending.Jack London----Martin Eden《马丁·伊登》; The Call of the Wild; The Sea Wolf; The Iron Heel《铁蹄》American ModernismErnest Hemingway----A Farewell to Arms; For Whom the Bell Tolls; The Old Man and the SeaF. Scott Fitzgerald----The Great GatsbyJohn Steinbeck----The Grapes of Wrath《愤怒的葡萄》Arthur Asher Miller----Death of a SalesmanBritish LiteratureChartist Writers:Ernest Charles Jones----The Revolt of Hindustan, or the New Word; The Confession of a KingWilliam James Linton----The Dirge of NationTomas Hood----The Song of Shirt; The Bridge of Sighs《伤心之桥》English Critical Realistic Novelists:Charles Dickens----Greatest Realistic Novelist, Oliver Twist《雾都孤儿》；David Copperfield《大卫·考柏菲》& Dombey and Son《董贝父子》；Hard Times《艰难时世》& Tale of Two Cities《双城记》William Makepeace Thackeray----Vanity Fair, or A Novel Without a Hero《名利场》Charlotte Bronte----Jane EyreEmily Bronte----Wuthering HeightAnne Bronte----Agnes Grey《艾格尼丝·格雷》Elizabeth C. Gaskell----often be called Mrs. Gaskell, Mary BartonGeorge Eliot----i.e. Mary Ann Evans, The Mill on the Floss《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》；Silas Marner《织工马南》Thomas Hardy----The Return of the Native《还乡》；Tess of the D’Urbervilles《德伯家的苔丝》；Jude the Obscure《无名的裘德》The Victorian Poets:Alfred Tennyson----the most important poet and one of the “Poets Laureate”, In Memoriam 《悼念》；Idylls of the King《国王之歌》; The Princess, a Medley《公主杂记》Robert Browning----The Ring and the BookElizabeth Barrett Browning----Sonnet from the PortugueseThe Modern PeriodModernism in Britain contains: aestheticism, impression, futurism, expressionism, symbolism, stream of consciousness. Modernism in the US contains: lost generation, beat generation, and black humour.John Galsworthy----The Forsyte Chronicle; The Forsyte Saga; The White MonkeyGeorge Bernard Show----Mrs. Warren’s Profession《华伦夫人的职业》；Widowers’Houses 《鳏夫的房产》；The Philanderer《慈善家》；Pygmalion《皮革马利翁》；Major Barbara 《芭芭拉上校》William Butler Yeast----The Land of Heart’s Desire; The TowerEdward Morgan Forster----A Passage to IndiaOscar Wilde----The Picture of Dorian Gray《格雷的画像》The forerunner of the stream of consciousness in Britain is Henry James, who is famous for his Psychological Realism.Psycho-analytic approach in novel:David Herbert Lawrence----Sons and Lovers, focus on …Oedipus Complex” (恋母情结) Stream of Consciousness:James Joyce----A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man《一个年轻艺术家的画像》；Ulysses 《尤利西斯》Virginia Woolf----To the Lighthouse《到灯塔去》；The Waves《海浪》Others：T.S Eliot----Ash Wednesday; The Waste LandW.S Maugham----The Moon and SixpenceGeorge Orwell----1984; Animal Farm。

美国文学笔记整理完整版专八人文知识WTD standardization office【WTD 5AB- WTDK 08- WTD 2C】美国文学笔记整理完整版1607-1776北美殖民时期Colonial Settlements约翰·史密斯美国文学史上第一个作家John Smith A Ture Relation of Virginia《关于费吉尼亚的真实叙述》（美国文学第一本书）乔纳森·爱德华兹清教徒主义作家（Puritanism）Jonathan Edwards1776-1783独立革命时期Revolution of Independence （启蒙运动）本杰明·富兰克林Poor Richard’s Almana c穷查理历书；Benjamin Franklin The Way to Wealth致富之道；1706-1790 The Autobiography自传(记录作者从穷到成功的经历，“美国梦”反映，体现启蒙倡导的理性主义和有序、教育的观点)托马斯·潘恩美国独立之父the father of American revolutionThomas Paine Common Sense常识（独立战争宣传册revolutionary pamphlets）1737-1809American Crisis美国危机（鼓励人民抵抗英军，共16小册）Rights of Man人的权利（支持法国革命）The Age of Reason理性时代（基督给他名誉带来的影响）菲利普·弗伦诺独立诗人a poet of the American Revolution，美国诗歌之父Philip Freneau The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲1752-1832 The British Prison Ship英国囚船The Wild Honey suckle野生的金银花The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士--同类诗中最佳托马斯·杰斐逊独立宣言 Declaration of IndependenceThomas Jefferson18世纪末-19世纪中后浪漫主义时期Romanticism1. 早期浪漫主义华盛顿·欧文美国文学之父father of American Literature(为美国文学第一次赢得世界声誉)Washington Irving 以笔记小说和历史传厅闻名，humor1783-1859 The Sketch Book见闻札记（标志浪漫主义开始）A History of New York纽约史---美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；----The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说---成为美国第1个获国际声誉作家-----Rip Van Winkle里普·万·温克尔(李伯大梦)The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀frontier novel边疆传奇小说sea novelJames Fenimore Cooper The Spy间谍（独立战争间谍对抗英国）1789-1851 The Pilot领航者（sea novel）Leatherstocking Tales皮袜子五步曲（frontier novel）The Pioneer拓荒者（the first true romance of the frontier in American literatureThe Last of Mohicans最后的莫希干人（主角：Natty Bumppo纳蒂班波）The Prairie大草原The Pathfinder探路者The Deerslayer杀鹿者2. 超验主义New England Transcendentalism拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生Nature论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书manifesto Ralf Waldo Emerson The American Scholar论美国学者;1803-1882 Self-reliance论自立The Transcendentalist超验主义者Representative Men代表人物School Address神学院演说Days日子-首开自由诗之先河free verse亨利·大卫·梭罗Walden瓦尔登湖Henry David Thoreau A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers在康科德河和梅里麦克河上的一周1817-1862 Civil Disobedience论公民之不服从纳撒尼尔·霍桑 subject: human soul first great American writer of fiction 象征主义大师Nathaniel Hawthorne The Scarlet Letter红字1804-1864 Twice-told Tales尽人皆知的故事Mosses from an Old Manse古屋青苔The House of the Seven Gables有七个尖角阁的房子The Marble Faun玉石雕像The Blithedale Romance福谷传奇Young Goodman Brown年轻的布朗The Birthmark胎记赫尔曼·迈尔维尔擅长航海奇遇和异域风情Herman Melville Moby Dick/The White Whale白鲸（first American prose epic史诗）1819-1891 Typee泰比 Omoo奥穆 Mardi玛地White Jacket白外衣 Pierre皮尔埃; Billy Budd比利·巴德沃尔特·惠特曼Father of free verse自由诗之父Walt Whitman Leaves of Grass草叶集（the birth of truly American poetry and the endof romanticism）(共和圣经DemocraticBible美国史诗American Epic)1819-1892 Song of Myself自我之歌Democratic Vistas民主的前景埃米莉·迪金森她的诗大量破折号dash,主题love, nature, death, immortality; 语言plain, brevity, directEmily Dickinson This is My Letter to the World这是我给世界的一封信1830-1886I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died我死时听到一只苍蝇叫Because I could not Stop for Death因为我不能等待死神I’m Nobody. Who Are You?我是无名小卒。

第一章英语国家概括第一节英国概括Ⅰ地理有四个部分组成great Britain（England，Wales，Scotland）and northern IrelandⅡ地理特征最短的海峡strait of Dover 多佛海峡1 England the pennies 英格兰最主要的山脉2 Scotland three natural zone ：the highlands central lowlands the southern uplands ，首都是Edinburgh ，river Clyde 克莱德河是最重要的河流，3 Wales Cardiff 最大的城市和首府4 northern Ireland Belfast 英国最大的湖是内伊湖（Lough Neagh）5 Rivers and lakes最长的是Severn river（赛文河），第二长和最重要的是泰晤士河，（Thames river），典型的海洋性气候（maritime climate）Ⅲ人口60million ，英国人是Anglo-Saxons，苏格兰人hospitable and generous，Wales are emotional and cheerful people，北爱尔兰的官方语言是爱尔兰语，其次才是英语ethic groups 伦敦是最大的少数名族聚居区ⅣHistory：1 first settlers are Lberians （伊利比亚人）2 1066（Norman conquer）1215 （大宪章）1337—1453（英法百年战争）1381（农民起义）1458（玫瑰战争，1350-1650（Renaissance）1642-1646（first civil war ），1658（the restoration 王朝复辟）1688（the glorious revolution）Ⅴ教育实行的是5-16岁都必须前去学习ⅥReligionEstablished churches分为the Church of England（official church ，英国君主必须是这个教的成员主教和大主教由monarch 指定）and the Church of Scotland（Presbyterian，长老教会）Unestablished churches: the Anglican churches 英国圣公会，the free churches 自由教，the roman catholic church 天主教Ⅶ主要节日Christmas day December 25th Easter 复活节（主要的天主教节日）whit Sunday（圣灵降临节，复活节后的第7个周日）Gay Fawkes day （盖伊福克斯之夜，11月5日，燃放烟火的节日）Ⅷsports ，足球是最受欢迎的（职业足球从August 到May），最典型的英国运动是cricket，板球）网球（annual Wimbledon fortnightⅨArts 博物馆（the British museum，the national history museum .the national army museum ,the national gallery）Music (甲壳虫乐队，the Beatles ,first national music day was held in 1992,the most famous music festival is the Edinburgh international festival of music and dramaⅩmedia (BBC ,daily Express Daily mail daily mirror , daily star ,financial times ,the Guardian, the times (泰晤士报)the observer (the first Sunday newspaper)ⅪPoliticalconstitutional monarchy，没有宪法，全靠惯例，parliament （the house of lord and the house of commons，任期为五年）political party ：labor party(Whigs 辉格党) and conservative party（Tories 托利党）第二节美国概括Ⅰyellow National park（大平原地带），大峡谷（the grand canvon ,in Arizona ,phoenix is the largest city in the intermountain region ,the largest commercial city( san Francisco, also the second largest city in California ）ⅡAlaska and Hawaii (Alaska 居住着Inuits，also called Eskimos)Hawaii （Mauna Loa ，莫纳罗亚山，the world’s largest active volcano，盛产sugar cane and pineapple，首府是Honolulu）Ⅲ地理特征1 两大主要山脉是，Appalachian mountains and rocky mountains ，2 the Mississippi river （greatest continental rivers，American Ruhr ），Ohio river（俄亥俄河）3 the great lakes：lake Michigan（唯一一个在美国境内），lake superior（世界上最大的淡水湖），the lake Huron（休伦湖）lake Erie（伊利湖）and lake Ontario（安大略湖）Ⅳhistory1620，201 pilgrim，mayflower,1774(September, first continental congress), on April 19 ,1775 (,the second continental congress),1776( declaration of independence) , in September 1783, （英国承认其独立，签署停火协议），1789（established federal government），1812（和英国开战，认识到强大的联邦政府的重要）1861-1865（civil war）,gilded age (镀金时代，国内战争到20世纪初)，1949（north Atlantic treaty），1950s （civil rights movement）1950-1975（the Vietnam war），1972（Watergate scandal）1972 (访华)，1979（中美建交）ⅤAmerican political美国宪法是世界上最早的成文宪法，（1789讨论成立，国会两院，三分之二以上赞成便可以对宪法进行修改。

79、Robert Penn Warren罗伯特·沃伦1905-1989 Night Rider 夜间骑士;At Heaven’s Gate 在天堂门口;All King’s Men 国王的全部人马;World Enough and Time 足够的世界和时间;The Cave 洞穴;Band of Angels 天使的队伍;A Place to Come to 归宿诗集：Thirtysix Poems;SelectedPoems1923-1943;Brotherto Dragons;Promised:Poems1954-1956;You,Emperorsand Others;Selected Poems New and Old1923-1966;Elven Poems on theSame Themet;Incarnation Poem1966-1968显灵：1966-1968诗选;Now and Then:Poems 1976-1978此时与彼时1976-1978诗选剧作：Proud Flesh 骄傲的血肉之躯;Modern Rhetoric当代修辞学；Birth of Love 爱之诞生(选自与Cleanth93、Jack Kerouac 杰克·凯鲁亚克1922-1966(“垮掉的一代”奠基者) The Town and the City 镇和城;On the Road 在路上;The Subterraneans 地下居民;The Dharma Bums 达摩的流浪者;Visions of Cody 科迪的梦想；Doctor Sax 萨克斯医生;Maggie Cassidy 麦琪·卡西迪;Mexico City Blues 墨西哥城的布鲁斯;Lonesome Traveller 孤独的旅行者;Desolation Angels 凄凉天使;Satori in Paris 巴黎参禅记;Vanity of Duluoz 杜卢奥斯的偏见94、Kurt Vonnegut 库特·冯尼格特 长篇小说：Player Piano 自动钢琴;The Sirens of Titan泰坦族的海妖;Cat’s Craddle 猫的摇篮;SlaughterhouseFive 第五号屠场;Mother Night 黑夜母亲;God BlessYou,Mr Rosewater 上帝保佑你，罗斯瓦特先生;Breakfast of Champions 顶呱呱的早餐;Slapstick,orLonesome No More 滑稽剧,又名不再孤独;Jailbird 囚犯;Deadeye Dick 神枪手迪克转贴于：TEM考试_考试大。

2) Worksa. The Rise of Silas Laphamb. A Chance Acquaintancec. A Modern Instance(3) Features of His Worksa. Optimistic toneb. Moral development/ethicsc. Lacking of psychological depth2. Henry James(1) Life(2) Literary career: three stagesa. 1865~1882: international themeThe AmericanDaisy MillerThe Portrait of a Ladyb. 1882~1895: inter-personal relationships and some playsDaisy Miller (play)c. 1895~1900: novellas and tales dealing with childhood and adolescence, then back to international themeThe Turn of the ScrewWhen Maisie KnewThe AmbassadorsThe Wings of the DoveThe Golden Bowl(3) Aesthetic ideasa. The aim of novel: represent lifeb. Common, even ugly side of lifec. Social function of artd. Avoiding omniscient point of view(4) Point of viewa. Psychological analysis, forefather of stream of consciousnessb. Psychological realismc. Highly-refined language(5) Style – “stylist”a. Language: highly-refined, polished, insightful, accurateb. Vocabulary: largec. Construction: complicated, intricate3. Mark Twain (see next section)Local Colorism1860s, 1870s~1890sI. Appearance1. uneven development in economy in America2. culture: flourishing of frontier literature, humourists3. magazines appeared to let writer publish their worksII. What is “Local Colour”?Tasks of local colourists: to write or present local characters of their regions in truthful depiction distinguished from others, usually a very small part of the world.Regional literature (similar, but larger in world)Garland, Harte – the westEggleston – IndianaMrs StoweJewett – MaineChopin – LouisianaIII. Mark Twain – Mississippi1. life2. works(1) The Gilded Age(2) “the two advantages”(3) Life on the Mississippi(4) A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court(5) The Man That Corrupted Hardleybug3. style(1) colloquial language, vernacular language, dialects(2) local colour(3) syntactic feature: sentences are simple, brief, sometimes ungrammatical(4) humour(5) tall tales (highly exaggerated)(6) social criticism (satire on the different ugly things in society)IV. Comparison of the three “giants” of American Realism1. ThemeHowells – middle classJames – upper classTwain – lower class2. TechniqueHowells – smiling/genteel realismJames – psychological realismTwain – local colourism and colloquialismChapter 4 American NaturalismI. Background1. Darwin’s theory: “natural selection”2. Spenser’s idea: “social Darwinism”3. French Naturalism: ZoraII. Features1. environment and heredity2. scientific accuracy and a lot of details3. general tone: hopelessness, despair, gloom, ugly side of the societyIII. significanceIt prepares the way for the writing of 1920s’ “lost generation” and T. S. Eliot.IV. Theodore Dreiser1. life2. works(1) Sister Carrie(2) The trilogy: Financier, The Titan, The Stoic(3) Jennie Gerhardt(4) American Tragedy(5) The Genius3. point of view(1) He embraced social Darwinism – survival of the fittest. He learned to regard man as merely an animal driven by greed and lust in a struggle for existence in which only the “fittest”, the most ruthless, survive.(2) Life is predatory, a “game” of the lecherous and heartless, a jungle struggle in which man, being “a waif and an interloper in Nature”, a “wisp in the wind of social forces”, is a mere pawn in the general scheme of things, with no power whatever to assert his will.(3) No one is ethically free; everything is determined by a complex of internal chemisms and by the forces of social pressure.4. Sister Carrie(1) Plot(2) Analysis5. Style(1) Without good structure(2) Deficient characterization(3) Lack in imagination(4) Journalistic method(5) Techniques in paintingChapter 5 The Modern PeriodSection 1 The 1920sI. IntroductionThe 1920s is a flowering period of American literature. It is considered “the second renaissance” of American literature. The nicknames for this period:(1) Roaring 20s – comfort(2) Dollar Decade – rich(3) Jazz Age – Jazz musicII. Background1. First World War – “a war to end all wars”(1) Economically: became rich from WWI. Economic boom: new inventions. Highly-consuming society.(2) Spiritually: dislocation, fragmentation.2. wide-spread contempt for law (looking down upon law)3. Freud’s theoryIII. Features of the literatureWriters: three groups(1) Participants(2) Expatriates(3) Bohemian (unconventional way of life) – on-lookersTwo areas:(1) Failure of communication of Americans(2) Failure of the American societyImagismI. BackgroundImagism was influenced by French symbolism, ancient Chinese poetry and Japanese literature “haiku”II. Development: three stages1. 1908~1909: London, Hulme2. 1912~1914: England -> America, Pound3. 1914~1917: Amy LowellIII. What is an “image”?An image is defined by Pound as that which presents an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time, “a vortex or cluster of fused ideas” “endowed with energy”. The exact word must bring the effect of the object before the reader as it had presented itself to the poet’s mind at the time of writing.IV. Principles1. Direct treatment of the “thing”, whether subjective or objective;2. To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation;3. As regarding rhythm, to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of a metronome.V. Significance1. It was a rebellion against the traditional poetics which failed to reflect the new life of the new century.2. It offered a new way of writing which was valid not only for the Imagist poets but for modern poetry as a whole.3. The movement was a training school in which many great poets learned their first lessons in the poetic art.4. It is this movement that helped to open the first pages of modern English and American poetry.VI. Ezra Pound1. life2. literary career3. works(1) Cathay(2) Cantos(3) Hugh Selwyn Mauberley4. point of view(1) Confident in Pound’s belief that the artist was morally and culturally the arbiter and the “saviour” of the race, he took it upon himself to purify the arts and became the prime mover of a few experimental movements, the aim of which was to dump the old into the dustbin and bring forth something new.(2) To him life was sordid personal crushing oppression, and culture produced nothing but “intangible bondage”.(3) Pound sees in Chinese history and the doctrine of Confucius a source of strength and wisdom with which to counterpoint Western gloom and confusion.(4) He saw a chaotic world that wanted setting to rights, and a humanity, suffering from spiritual death and cosmic injustice, that needed saving. He was for the most part of his life trying to offer Confucian philosophy as the one faith which could help to save the West.5. style: very difficult to readPound’s early poems are fresh and lyrical. The Cantos can be notoriously difficult in some sections, but delightfully beautiful in others. Few have made serious study of the long poem; fewer, if anyone at all, have had the courage to declare that they have conquered Pound; and many seem to agree that the Cantos is a monumental failure.6. ContributionHe has helped, through theory and practice, to chart out the course of modern poetry.7. The Cantos – “the intellectual diary since 1915”Features:(1) Language: intricate and obscure(2) Theme: complex subject matters(3) Form: no fixed framework, no central theme, no attention to poetic rulesVII. T. S. Eliot1. life2. works(1) poemsThe Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock。

上外英国文学史笔记表格版，蛮清晰的。

好不容易才找到的哦，赶快分享吧。

来源：吴蒙的日志英国文学Part 1. Old and medievalBeowulf 贝尔武甫(the national epic of the English people) stricking feature: alliteration,metaphors and understatements.William Langland 威廉。

兰格伦Piers the Plowman耕者皮尔斯Geoffrey Chaucer杰佛利·乔叟1340-1400长诗：The House of Fame声誉之堂;Troilus and Criseyde特罗勒斯与克丽西德小说：Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集----英国文学史上现实主义第一部杰作（他是最早有人文主义思想的作家，现实主义文学的奠基人）his contribut ion to English poetry: introduced from france the rhy med couplet of 5 accentsin iambic meter (the heroic couplet), is the f irst great poet who wrote in the Englishlanguage. Who making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.Part 2. The English renaissanceThomas More托马斯。

莫尔Utopia乌托邦Philip Sidney菲力普。

锡德尼Astrophel and Stella Apology for Poetry诗辩Edmond Spenser埃德蒙。

斯宾塞The Faerie Queene 仙后The Shepherds’s Calender 牧羊人日历Francis Bacon培根1561-1626 Advancement of Learning学术的进展;Novum Organum新工具;New At lantic新大西岛;Essays论文集（Of Studies论学习;Of Wisdom for a Man’s Self）The founder of English materialist philosophyChristopher Marlowe 克里斯托夫。

英国文学一、古英语时期的英国文学〔499-1066〕1、贝奥武夫2、阿尔弗雷德大帝：英国散文之父二、中古英语时期的英国文学1、allegory体非常盛行2、Romance开场上升到一定的高度3、高文爵士和绿衣骑士4、Willian Langlaud "农夫皮尔斯的幻象"5、乔叟坎特伯雷故事集〔英雄双韵体〕6、托马斯.马洛礼"亚瑟王之死"三、文艺复兴时期的英国文学〔伊丽莎白时代〕〔14-16世纪〕1、托马斯.莫尔"乌托邦"2、Thomas Wyatt 和Henry Howard引入sonnet3、Philips Sidney "The defense of Poesie""阿卡迪亚"描述田园生活；现代长篇小说的先驱4、斯宾塞"仙后" 诗人中的诗人；斯宾塞体诗节；5、莎士比亚：长篇叙事诗："维纳斯和阿多尼斯"、"露克丝受辱记"四大悲剧：哈姆雷特、尔王、奥赛罗、麦克白7、本.琼森风俗喜剧〔edy of manners〕"人性互异"8、约翰.多恩"玄学派〞诗歌创始人9、George Herbert 玄学派诗圣10、弗朗西斯.培根现代科学和唯物主义哲学创始人之一"Essays"英国开展史上的里程碑"学术的推进"和"新工具"四、启蒙时期〔18世纪〕1、约翰、弥尔顿："失乐园"、"为英国人民争辩"2、约翰、班扬："天路历程"religious allegory3、约翰、德莱顿：英国新古典主义的出色代表、桂冠诗人；"论戏剧诗"4、亚历山大.蒲柏：英国新古典主义诗歌的重要代表；英雄双韵体的使用到达登峰造极的使用；"田园组诗"是其最早田园诗歌代表作5、托马斯、格雷：感伤主义中墓园诗派的代表人物"墓园挽歌"6、威廉、布莱克：天真之歌、经历之歌；7、罗伯特、斯：格兰最出色的农民诗人；8、Richard Steel和Joseph Addison合作创办"The tatler"和"the spectator"9、Samuel defoe 英国现实主义小说的奠基人之一；"鲁滨逊漂流记"；"铲除非国教徒的捷径"，仪表达自己的不满；10、Jonathan Swift "一个小小的建议"；"格列佛游记"；"桶的故事"；11、Samuel Richardson 英国现代小说的创始人；帕米拉；克拉丽莎；查尔斯.格蓝迪森爵士的历史；12、Henry Fielding 英国现实主义小说理论的奠基人；"约瑟夫。

（完整版）美国文学史-知识点梳理Part I The Literature of Colonial AmericaI．Historical IntroductionThe colonial period stretched roughly from the settlement of America in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th. The first permanent settlement in America was established by English in 1607. ( A group of people was sent by the English King James I to hunt for gold. They arrived at Virginia in 1607. They named the James River and build the James town.)II．The pre-revolutionary writing in the colonies was essentially of two kinds:1) Practical matter-of-fact accounts of farming, hunting, travel, etc. designed to inform people "at home" what life was like in the new world, and, often, to induce their immigration2) Highly theoretical, generally polemical, discussions of religious questions. III．The First American WriterThe first writings that we call American were the narratives and journals of these settlements. They wrote about their voyage to the new land, their lives in the new land, their dealings with Indians.Captain John Smith is the first American writer.A True Relation of such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony (1608)A Map of Virginia: A Description of the Country (1612)General History of Virgini a (1624): the Indian princess PocahontasCaptain John Smith was one of the first early 17th-century British settlers in North America. He was one of the founders ofthe colony of Jamestown, Virginia. His writings about North America became the source of information about the New World for later settlers.One of the things he wrote about that has become an American legend was his capture by the Indians and his rescue by the famous Indian Princess, Pocahontas. IV．Early New England LiteratureWilliam Bradford and John WinthropJohn Cotton and Roger WilliamsAnne Bradstreet and Edward TaylorV．Puritan Thoughts1. The origin of puritanIn the mediaeval Europe, there was widespread religious revolution. In the 16th Century, the English King Henry VIII (At that time, the Catholics were not allowed to divorce unless they have the Pope's permission. Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife because she couldn't bear him a son. But the Pope didn't allow him to divorce, so he) broke away from the Roman Catholic Church & established the Church ofEngland. But there was no radical difference between the doctrines of the Church of England and the Catholic Church. A group of people thought the Church of England was too Catholic and wanted to purify the church. Then came the name Puritans.2. Puritanism -- based on Calvinism(1) predestination: God's electPuritans believed they are predestined before they were born.Nothing or no good work can change their fate.They believed the success of one's business is the sign to show he is the God's elect. So the Puritans works very hard, spend very little and invest more for the future business. They lived avery frugal life. This is their ethics.(2) Origianl sin and total depravityMan is born sinful. This determines some puritans pessimistic attitude towards life.(3) Limited atonement (the salvation of a selected few)(4) theocracyThey combined state with religion. Their government is at least not a liberal one.The Puritans established American tradition -- intolerant moralism. They strictly punished drunks, adultery & heretics.Puritans changed gradually due to the severity of frontier environment3. Influence on American Literature(1) Its optimismAmerican literature was from the outset conditioned by the Puritan heritage. It can be said American literature is based on the Biblical myth of the Garden of Eden. After that, man have an illusion to restore the paradise. The puritans, after arriving at America, believing that God must have sent them to this new land to restore the lost paradise, to build the wilderness into a new Garden of Eden. Fired with such a strong sense of mission, they treated life with a tremendous amount of optimism. The optimistic Puritan has exerted a great influence on American literature.(2) Puritan's metaphorical mode of perception changed gradually into a literary symbolism.Part II The Literature of Reason And RevolutionI．Historical IntroductionWith the growth, especially of industry, there appeared the intense strain with England. The British government did not wantcolonial industries competing with those in England. The British wanted the colonies to remain politically and economically dependent on the mother country. They took a series of measures to insure this dependence. They prevented colonial economy by requiring Americans to ship raw materials abroad and to import finished goods at prices higher than the cost of making them in this country. Politically, the British government forced dependenceby ruling the colonies from overseas and by taxing the colonies without giving them representation in Parliament.However, by the mid-eighteenth century, freedom was won as much by the fiery rhetoric of Thomas Paine's Common Sense and the eloquence of the Declaration of Independence as by the weapons of Washington. In the seventies of the 18th century, the English colonies in North America rose in arms against their mother country. The War for Independence lasted for 8 years (1776-1783) and ended in the formation of a federative bourgeois democratic republic -- the United States of America. II．American EnlightenmentIt was supported by all progressive forces of the country which opposed themselves to the old colonial order and religious obscurantism.It dealt a decisive blow upon the puritan traditions and brought to life secular education and literature. The spiritual life during that period was to a great degree moulded by it.The representatives set themselves the task of disseminating knowledge among the people and advocating revolutionary ideas.The writers injected an invigorating vein into the English language in America as they aimed at clarity and precision oftheir writings.At the initial period the spread of the ideas of the Enlightenment was largely due to journalism. Writings of Europe were widely read in America. The secular ideals of the American Enlightenment were exemplified in the life and career of Benjamin Franklin.III．Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)The AutobiographyPoor Richard’s AlmanacLifeBenjamin Franklin came from a Calvinist background.He was born into a poor candle-maker’s family. He had very little education. He learned in school only for two years, but he was a voracious reader.At 12, he was apprenticed to his elder half-brother, a printer.At 16, he began to publish essays under the pseudonym “Silence Do good” .At 17, he ran away to Philadelphia to make his own fortune.He set himself up as an independent printer and publisher. In 1727 he founded the Junto club.Multiple identities:a printera leading authora politiciana scientista inventora diplomata civic activistFranklin’s Contributions to SocietyHe helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital.He founded an academy which led to the University of Pennsylvania.And he helped found the American Philosophical Society.Franklin’s Contributions to ScienceHe was also remembered for volunteer fire departments, effective street lighting, the Franklin stove, bifocal glasses and efficient heating devices.And for his lightning-rod, he was called “the new Prometheus who had stolen fire from heaven.”Franklin’s Contributions to the U.S.He was the only American to sign the four documents that created the United States:The Declaration of Independence,The Treaty of Alliance with France,The Treaty of Peace with England,The ConstitutionThe AutobiographyThe Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin was probably the first of its kind in literature. It is the simple yet immensely fascinating record of a man rising to wealth and fame from a state of poverty and obscurity into which he was born, the faithful account of the colorful career of America’s first self-made man.The Autobiography is, first of all, a Puritan document. It is Puritan because it is a record of self-examination and self-improvement. The meticulous chart of 13 virtues he set for himself to cultivate to combat the tempting vices, the stupendous effort he made to improve his own person, the belief that God helps those who helps themselves and that every calling is a service to God – all these indicate that Franklin was intensely Puritan. Then, the book is also a convincing illustration of thePuritan ethic that, in order to get on in the world, one has to be industrious, frugal, and prudent.The Autobiography is also an eloquent elucidation of the fact that Franklin was spokesman for the new order of eighteenth-century enlightenment, and that he represented in America all its ideas, that man is basically good and free by nature, endowed by God with certain inalienable rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness.A look at the style of The Autobiography will readily reveal that it is the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness and concision. The plainness of its style, the homeliness of imagery, the simplicity of diction, syntax and expression are some of the salient features we cannot mistake. The lucidity of the narrative, the absence ofornaments in wording and of complex, involved structures in syntax, and the Puritan abhorrence of paradox are all graphically demonstrated in the whole of the book. Taken as a whole, it is safe to say that the book is an exemplary illustration of the American style of writing.IV．Thomas Paine (1737-1809)Common SenseAmerican CrisisV．Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)The Declaration of IndependenceVI．Philip Freneau (1752-1832)“Poet of the American Revolution”“Father of American Poetry”“Pioneer of the New Romanticism”“A gifted and versatile lyric poet”Works“The Wild Honey Suckle”“The Indian Burying Ground”“To a Caty-Did”Freneau as Father of American Poetry: His major themes are death, nature, transition, and the human in nature. All of these themes become important in 19th century writing.Life ExperienceHe was born in New York.At 16, he entered the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University). He decided to do a postgraduate study in theology. But two years later he gave it up. While still an undergraduate, he wrote in collaboration with one of his friends (H. H. Brackenridge) a poem entitled “The Rising Glory of America”.Later he attended the War of Independence, and he was captured by British army in 1780.After being released, he published “The British Prison Ship” in 1781.In the same year, he published “T o the Memory of the Brave Americans”.After war, he supported Jefferson, and contributed greatly to American government.But after 50 years old, he lived in poverty. And at last he died in a blizzard.Main Works“The Rising Glory of America” (1772) 《美洲光辉的兴起》“The House of Night” (1779,1786) 《夜之屋》“The British Prison Ship” (1781) 《英国囚船》“To the Memory of the Brave Americans” (1781) 《纪念美国勇士》?“”The Wild Honey Suckle” (1786) 《野忍冬花》“The Indian Burying Ground” (1788) 《印第安人墓地》野忍冬花（黄杲炘译）美好的花呀，你长得：这么秀丽，却藏身在这僻静沉闷的地方——甜美的花儿开了却没人亲昵，招展的小小枝梢也没人观赏；没游来荡去的脚来把你踩碎，没东攀西摘的手来催你落泪。