巴黎气候协议最终草案

联合国FCCC /CP/2015/L.9/Rev.1 气候变化框架公约Distr.: Limited12 December 2015 ChineseOriginal: EnglishGE.15-21932 (C) 171215 171215 *1521932*缔约方会议第二十一届会议2015年11月30日至12月11日，巴黎议程项目4(b)德班加强行动平台(第1/CP.17号决定)通过《公约》之下对所有缔约方适用的议定书、另一法律文书或某种有法律约束力的议定结果通过《巴黎协定》主席的提案第-/CP.21号决定草案缔约方会议，忆及关于设立德班加强行动平台问题特设工作组的第1/CP.17号决定，又忆及《公约》第二、第三和第四条， 还忆及缔约方会议的相关决定，包括第1/CP.16、第2/CP.18、第1/CP.19和第1/CP.20号决定，欢迎联合国大会通过的题为“改变我们的世界：2030年可持续发展议程”的A/RES/70/1号决议，特别是其目标13, 第三次发展筹资问题国际会议通过的《亚的斯亚贝巴行动议程》，以及在另外会议上通过的《仙台减少灾害风险框架》，认识到气候变化对人类社会和地球构成紧迫的可能无法逆转的威胁，这就要求所有国家尽可能开展最广泛的合作，参与有效和适当的国际应对行动，以期更快地减少全球温室气体排放量，又认识到，为实现《公约》最终目标就需要大幅度减少全球排放，并强调在处理气候变化问题时要有紧迫感，FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.1GE.15-21932 (C)2/33承认气候变化是人类的共同关切，缔约方在采取行动处理气候变化问题时，应当尊重并促进人权、健康权、土著人民权利、当地社区权利、移民权利、儿童权利、残疾人权利、处境脆弱的人民的权利、发展权以及性别平等、妇女赋权和代际公平，以及考虑到它们各自在这些方面的义务，又承认发展中国家缔约方因执行应对措施及在这方面执行第5/CP.7、第1/CP.10、第1/CP.16和第8/CP.17号决定的影响而产生的具体需要和关切， 严重关切地强调，迫切需要解决以下两者之间存在的很大差距，一是缔约方关于2020年之前全球温室气体年排放的减缓保证的总合效果，二是与工业化前水平相比将全球平均温度升幅控制在2°C 以内并继续争取与工业化前水平相比把温度升幅限定在1.5°C 而需要的总合排放路径， 又强调加强2020年之前的力度可为加强2020年之后的力度奠定坚实的基础， 强调迫切需要加快执行《公约》及其《京都议定书》，以加强2020年之前的力度， 认识到迫切需要发达国家缔约方以可预测的方式进一步提供资金、技术和能力建设支持，以增强发展中国家2020年前的行动， 强调有力度的早期行动带来的持久效益，包括可大量减少未来减缓和适应工作的费用， 承认有必要通过加强可再生能源的利用，促进发展中国家尤其是非洲国家普遍获得可持续的能源， 同意维护和促进区域和国际合作，以动员所有缔约方和非缔约方利害关系方，包括民间社会、私营部门、金融机构、城市和其他次国家级主管部门、地方社区和土著人民大力开展更有力度的气候行动， 一.通过 1. 决定通过附件所载《联合国气候变化框架公约》下的《巴黎协定》(下称“本协定”)； 2. 请联合国秘书长担任本协定的保存人，并自2016年4月22日至2017年4月21日将本协定在美利坚合众国纽约开放供签署； 3. 请秘书长在2016年4月22日召集高级别签署仪式； 4. 又请《公约》所有缔约方在秘书长召集的仪式上签署本协定或尽早签署，并酌情尽快交存各自的批准、接受、核准或加入书； 5. 确认《公约》缔约方在本协定生效之前可暂行适用本协定的所有条款，并请缔约方将任何此种暂行适用通知保存人；FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.13/33GE.15-21932 (C)6. 注意到按照第1/CP.17号决定第4段，德班加强行动平台问题特设工作组的工作已经完成；7. 决定设立《巴黎协定》特设工作组，并比照适用选举德班加强行动平台问题特设工作组主席团成员所用的相同安排1；8. 又决定《巴黎协定》特设工作组应为本协定的生效及作为《巴黎协定》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议第一届会议的召开做准备；9. 还决定监督本决定所载相关要求所产生的工作方案的执行情况；10. 请《巴黎协定》特设工作组定期向缔约方会议报告其工作进展，并在作为《巴黎协定》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议第一届会议之前完成其工作；11. 决定《巴黎协定》特设工作组应从2016年起结合《公约》附属机构届会举行其届会，还应拟订决定草案，作为通过缔约方会议向作为《巴黎协定》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议提出的建议，供其第一届会议审议和通过；二. 国家自主贡献12. 欢迎缔约方根据第1/CP.19号决定第2(b)段通报的国家自主贡献；13. 重申请所有尚未这样做的缔约方尽快并在缔约方会议第二十二届会议(2016年11月)之前，向秘书处通报用以实现《公约》第二条所载目标的国家自主贡献，通报方式应有利于国家自主贡献清晰、透明，便于理解；14. 请秘书处继续在《气候公约》网站上公布缔约方通报的国家自主贡献；15. 重申吁请发达国家缔约方、资金机制经营实体及其他任何有能力的组织为可能需要此种支持的缔约方提供拟定和通报国家自主贡献方面的支持；16. 注意到FCCC/CP/2015/7号文件所载缔约方截至2015年10月1日通报的国家自主贡献总合效果的综合报告；17. 关切地指出，估计2025年和2030年由国家自主贡献产生的温室气体排放合计总量不符合成本最低的2°C 情景，而是在2030年预计会达到550亿吨水平，又指出，需要做出的减排努力应远远大于与国家自主贡献相关的减排努力，才能将排放量减至400亿吨，将与工业化前水平相比的全球平均温度升幅控制在2°C 以内，或减至以下第21段提到的特别报告所指出的水平，使温度升幅限定在比工业化前水平高1.5°C ；18. 在这方面，还注意到许多发展中国家缔约方在其国家自主贡献中表示的适应需要；__________________1 经第2/CP.18号决定第2段核准。

2015年达成的巴黎协定2015年12月12日，在法国巴黎举行的联合国气候变化大会上，历经两周的谈判后，195个执约国达成了历史性的巴黎协定，旨在应对全球气候变化问题。

下面是有关巴黎协定的相关参考内容。

巴黎协定旨在控制全球平均气温上升幅度：该协定的一个重要目标是控制全球平均气温上升幅度，力争将其控制在“本世纪末前不超过2摄氏度，尽量将其控制在1.5摄氏度以内”。

为实现这一目标，各国将采取措施减少温室气体排放，通过全球合作来降低温室气体的排放量。

国家自主决定的贡献和透明度：巴黎协定采用了国家自主决定的贡献（Nationally Determined Contributions，简称NDCs）机制，即各国根据自身国情和能力制定的减排目标和行动计划。

各国将定期向联合国提交国家自主决定的贡献，并定期更新。

此外，巴黎协定还强调了透明度的重要性，要求各国定期向联合国提交有关温室气体排放、行动计划和支持情况的信息，并接受审核。

提供发展中国家资金支持：巴黎协定明确指出，发达国家应支持发展中国家应对气候变化的行动，包括提供资金支持、技术转让和能力建设。

发展中国家在实施自己的减排措施和适应变化方面面临着巨大的经济和技术挑战，因此资金支持对于它们的能力建设至关重要。

积极推动可持续发展：巴黎协定鼓励各国采取措施促进可持续发展，平衡社会、经济和环境的共同利益。

尽管应对气候变化需要付出一定的经济代价，但巴黎协定认为可持续发展和应对气候变化是相辅相成的，可以实现双赢。

设立全球气候基金：巴黎协定确立了一个全球气候基金，旨在筹集和分配资金，支持发展中国家应对气候变化的行动。

这个基金的目标是提供每年1000亿美元的资金支持，尽量从不同的来源筹集资金，包括公共资金、私营企业和国际金融机构。

促进国际合作和技术转让：巴黎协定提倡国际间的合作与技术转让，以帮助发展中国家提高应对气候变化的能力。

促进技术研发与转让、加强技术支持和南南合作，是巴黎协议的重要组成部分。

巴黎协定的目标与实施措施尊敬的读者：巴黎协定的目标与实施措施巴黎协定是在2015年11月巴黎举行的联合国气候变化大会上通过的全球范围的国际气候协议。

该协定旨在应对全球气候变化，并设定了一系列目标和实施措施。

本文将围绕巴黎协定的目标与实施措施展开论述。

一、巴黎协定的目标巴黎协定的主要目标是控制全球气候变暖，将全球平均气温上升控制在2摄氏度以内，并努力争取将升温幅度控制在1.5摄氏度以下。

为达到这一目标，协定规定了以下几个具体目标：1.减少温室气体排放：协定要求各签约方采取措施，通过减少温室气体的排放来降低碳排放量。

各国应制定并实施国家适应和缓解气候变化的计划，促进清洁能源发展，提高能源效率，加强碳捕捉与储存等技术研究，以减少温室气体的排放。

2.适应气候变化：协定要求各国加强适应气候变化的能力。

各国应制定适应气候变化的国家计划，并提供相应的技术、资金和能力建设的支持，以帮助发展中国家适应气候变化的挑战。

3.资金支持：协定要求发达国家提供资金支持给发展中国家，以帮助其实施减缓和适应气候变化的行动。

发达国家应设立资金机构，建立资金机制，并逐年增加资金支持的规模。

二、巴黎协定的实施措施为实现以上目标，巴黎协定明确了一系列实施措施，包括但不限于：1.全球气候行动：协定鼓励各国制定并实施国家适应和缓解气候变化的计划，加强行动合作，推动可持续发展，促进清洁能源和清洁技术的推广应用。

2.适应性与损失与损害：协定要求加强对气候变化影响的科学研究和评估，制定适应气候变化的政策和措施，帮助发展中国家适应气候变化的挑战。

同时，建立适应性和损失与损害机构，提供相应的技术和资金支持。

3.提供资金支持：协定要求发达国家履行提供资金支持的承诺，建立并不断增加资金机制，为发展中国家提供技术、资金与能力建设的支持。

4.技术转让和合作：协定鼓励技术创新、开发和推广，促进技术转让与合作，加强发展中国家的技术能力建设和技术转移。

5.能力建设和机构支持：协定要求各国加强能力建设，建立相关机构，加强交流与合作，为实施协定提供必要的机构和能力建设支持。

GE.15-21930(E)*1521930*Conference of the PartiesTwenty-first sessionParis, 30 November to 11 December 2015Agenda item 4(b)Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (decision 1/CP.17)Adoption of a protocol, another legal instrument, or anagreed outcome with legal force under the Conventionapplicable to all PartiesADOPTION OF THE PARIS AGREEMENTProposal by the PresidentDraft decision -/CP.21The Conference of the Parties,Recalling decision 1/CP.17 on the establishment of the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action,Also recalling Articles 2, 3 and 4 of the Convention,Further recalling relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties, includingdecisions 1/CP.16, 2/CP.18, 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20,Welcoming the adoption of United Nations General Assembly resolutionA/RES/70/1, “Transforming our world: the 2030 Age nda for Sustainable Development”, inparticular its goal 13, and the adoption of the Addis Ababa Action Agenda of the thirdInternational Conference on Financing for Development and the adoption of the SendaiFramework for Disaster Risk Reduction,Recognizing that climate change represents an urgent and potentially irreversiblethreat to human societies and the planet and thus requires the widest possible cooperationby all countries, and their participation in an effective and appropriate internationalresponse, with a view to accelerating the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions,Also recognizing that deep reductions in global emissions will be required in order to achieve the ultimate objective of the Convention and emphasizing the need for urgencyin addressing climate change,Acknowledging that climate change is a common concern of humankind, Partiesshould, when taking action to address climate change, respect, promote and consider theirrespective obligations on human rights, the right to health, the rights of indigenous peoples,United Nations FCCC/CP/2015/L.9Distr.: Limited12 December 2015Original: EnglishFCCC/CP/2015/L.92local communities, migrants, children, persons with disabilities and people in vulnerablesituations and the right to development, as well as gender equality, empowerment ofwomen and intergenerational equity,Also acknowledging the specific needs and concerns of developing country Parties arising from the impact of the implementation of response measures and, in this regard,decisions 5/CP.7, 1/CP.10, 1/CP.16 and 8/CP.17,Emphasizing with serious concern the urgent need to address the significant gap between the aggregate effect of Parties’ mitigation pledges in terms of global annualemissions of greenhouse gases by 2020 and aggregate emission pathways consistent withholding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C,Also emphasizing that enhanced pre‐2020 ambition can lay a solid foundation for enhanced post‐2020 ambition,Stressing the urgency of accelerating the implementation of the Convention and its Kyoto Protocol in order to enhance pre-2020 ambition,Recognizing the urgent need to enhance the provision of finance, technology and capacity-building support by developed country Parties, in a predictable manner, to enable enhanced pre-2020 action by developing country Parties,Emphasizing the enduring benefits of ambitious and early action, including major reductions in the cost of future mitigation and adaptation efforts,Acknowledging the need to promote universal access to sustainable energy in developing countries, in particular in Africa, through the enhanced deployment ofrenewable energy,Agreeing to uphold and promote regional and international cooperation in order to mobilize stronger and more ambitious climate action by all Parties and non-Partystakeholders, including civil society, the private sector, financial institutions, cities andother subnational authorities, local communities and indigenous peoples,I. ADOPTION1.Decides to adopt the Paris Agreement under the United Nations FrameworkConvention on Climate Change (hereinafter referred to as “the Agreement”) as contained in the annex;2.Requests the Secretary-General of the United Nations to be the Depositary of theAgreement and to have it open for signature in New York, United States of America, from22 April 2016 to 21 April 2017;3.Invites the Secretary-General to convene a high-level signature ceremony for theAgreement on 22 April 2016;4.Also invites all Parties to the Convention to sign the Agreement at the ceremony tobe convened by the Secretary-General, or at their earliest opportunity, and to deposit their respective instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, where appropriate, as soon as possible;5. Recognizes that Parties to the Convention may provisionally apply all of theprovisions of the Agreement pending its entry into force, and requests Parties to provide notification of any such provisional application to the Depositary;6. Notes that the work of the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform forEnhanced Action, in accordance with decision 1/CP.17, paragraph 4, has been completed;FCCC/CP/2015/L.97. Decides to establish the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement under thesame arrangement, mutatis mutandis, as those concerning the election of officers to theBureau of the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action;18. Also decides that the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement shall preparefor the entry into force of the Agreement and for the convening of the first session of theConference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement;9. Further decides to oversee the implementation of the work programme resultingfrom the relevant requests contained in this decision;10. Requests the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement to report regularly tothe Conference of the Parties on the progress of its work and to complete its work by thefirst session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to theParis Agreement;11. Decides that the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement shall hold itssessions starting in 2016 in conjunction with the sessions of the Convention subsidiarybodies and shall prepare draft decisions to be recommended through the Conference of theParties to the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the ParisAgreement for consideration and adoption at its first session;II. INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS12.Welcomes the intended nationally determined contributions that have beencommunicated by Parties in accordance with decision 1/CP.19, paragraph 2(b);13.Reiterates its invitation to all Parties that have not yet done so to communicate to thesecretariat their intended nationally determined contributions towards achieving theobjective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 as soon as possible and well inadvance of the twenty-second session of the Conference of the Parties (November 2016)and in a manner that facilitates the clarity, transparency and understanding of the intendednationally determined contributions;14. Requests the secretariat to continue to publish the intended nationally determinedcontributions communicated by Parties on the UNFCCC website;15.Reiterates its call to developed country Parties, the operating entities of theFinancial Mechanism and any other organizations in a position to do so to provide supportfor the preparation and communication of the intended nationally determined contributionsof Parties that may need such support;16.Takes note of the synthesis report on the aggregate effect of intended nationallydetermined contributions communicated by Parties by 1 October 2015, contained indocument FCCC/CP/2015/7;17.Notes with concern that the estimated aggregate greenhouse gas emission levels in2025 and 2030 resulting from the intended nationally determined contributions do not fallwithin least-cost 2 ˚C scenarios but rather lead to a projected level of 55 gigatonnes in2030, and also notes that much greater emission reduction efforts will be required thanthose associated with the intended nationally determined contributions in order to hold theincrease in the global average temperature to below 2 ˚C above pre-industrial levels byreducing emissions to 40 gigatonnes or to 1.5 ˚C above pre-industrial levels by reducing toa level to be identified in the special report referred to in paragraph 21 below;1 Endorsed by decision 2/CP.18, paragraph 2.3FCCC/CP/2015/L.9418.Also notes, in this context, the adaptation needs expressed by many developingcountry Parties in their intended nationally determined contributions;19.Requests the secretariat to update the synthesis report referred to in paragraph 16above so as to cover all the information in the intended nationally determined contributions communicated by Parties pursuant to decision 1/CP.20 by 4 April 2016 and to make it available by 2 May 2016;20.Decides to convene a facilitative dialogue among Parties in 2018 to take stock of thecollective efforts of Parties in relation to progress towards the long-term goal referred to in Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Agreement and to inform the preparation of nationally determined contributions pursuant to Article 4, paragraph 8, of the Agreement;21. Invites the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change to provide a special report in2018 on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways;III. DECISIONS TO GIVE EFFECT TO THE AGREEMENTM ITIGATION22. Invites Parties to communicate their first nationally determined contribution no laterthan when the Party submits its respective instrument of ratification, accession, or approvalof the Paris Agreement. If a Party has communicated an intended nationally determinedcontribution prior to joining the Agreement, that Party shall be considered to have satisfiedthis provision unless that Party decides otherwise;23. Urges those Parties whose intended nationally determined contribution pursuant todecision 1/CP.20 contains a time frame up to 2025 to communicate by 2020 a newnationally determined contribution and to do so every five years thereafter pursuant toArticle 4, paragraph 9, of the Agreement;24. Requests those Parties whose intended nationally determined contribution pursuantto decision 1/CP.20 contains a time frame up to 2030 to communicate or update by 2020these contributions and to do so every five years thereafter pursuant to Article 4, paragraph9, of the Agreement;25. Decides that Parties shall submit to the secretariat their nationally determinedcontributions referred to in Article 4 of the Agreement at least 9 to 12 months in advance ofthe relevant meeting of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Partiesto the Paris Agreement with a view to facilitating the clarity, transparency andunderstanding of these contributions, including through a synthesis report prepared by thesecretariat;26. Requests the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement to develop furtherguidance on features of the nationally determined contributions for consideration andadoption by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the ParisAgreement at its first session;27. Agrees that the information to be provided by Parties communicating theirnationally determined contributions, in order to facilitate clarity, transparency andunderstanding, may include, as appropriate, inter alia, quantifiable information on thereference point (including, as appropriate, a base year), time frames and/or periods forimplementation, scope and coverage, planning processes, assumptions and methodologicalapproaches including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gasemissions and, as appropriate, removals, and how the Party considers that its nationallydetermined contribution is fair and ambitious, in the light of its national circumstances, andFCCC/CP/2015/L.9 how it contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in itsArticle 2;28. Requests the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement to develop furtherguidance for the information to be provided by Parties in order to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of nationally determined contributions for considerationand adoption by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to theParis Agreement at its first session;29.Also requests the Subsidiary Body for Implementation to develop modalities and procedures for the operation and use of the public registry referred to in Article 4,paragraph 12, of the Agreement, for consideration and adoption by the Conference of theParties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement at its first session;30. Further requests the secretariat to make available an interim public registry in thefirst half of 2016 for the recording of nationally determined contributions submitted in accordance with Article 4 of the Agreement, pending the adoption by the Conference of theParties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement of the modalities and procedures referred to in paragraph 29 above;31. Requests the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement to elaborate, drawingfrom approaches established under the Convention and its related legal instruments as appropriate, guidance for accounting for Parties’ nationally determined contribution s, asreferred to in Article 4, paragraph 13, of the Agreement, for consideration and adoption bythe Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement atits first session, which ensures that:(a) Parties account for anthropogenic emissions and removals in accordance withcommon methodologies and metrics assessed by the Intergovernmental Panel on ClimateChange and adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Partiesto the Paris Agreement;(b) Parties ensure methodological consistency, including on baselines, betweenthe communication and implementation of nationally determined contributions;(c) Parties strive to include all categories of anthropogenic emissions orremovals in their nationally determined contributions and, once a source, sink or activity isincluded, continue to include it;(d) Parties shall provide an explanation of why any categories of anthropogenicemissions or removals are excluded;32. Decides that Parties shall apply the guidance mentioned in paragraph 31 above tothe second and subsequent nationally determined contributions and that Parties may elect toapply such guidance to their first nationally determined contribution;33. Also decides that the Forum on the Impact of the Implementation of response measures, under the subsidiary bodies, shall continue, and shall serve the Agreement;34. Further decides that the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Adviceand the Subsidiary Body for Implementation shall recommend, for consideration andadoption by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement at its first session, the modalities, work programme and functions of the Forumon the Impact of the Implementation of response measures to address the effects of the implementation of response measures under the Agreement by enhancing cooperationamongst Parties on understanding the impacts of mitigation actions under the Agreementand the exchange of information, experiences, and best practices amongst Parties to raisetheir resilience to these impacts;5FCCC/CP/2015/L.9635. Decides that the guidance under paragraph 31 above shall ensure that double counting is avoided on the basis of a corresponding adjustment by both Parties for anthropogenic emissions by sources and/or removals by sinks covered by their nationally determined contributions under the Agreement;36. Invites Parties to communicate, by 2020, to the secretariat mid-century, long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 19, of the Agreement, and requests the secretariat to publish on the UNFCCC website Parties’ low greenhouse gas emission development strategies as communicated; 37. Requests the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice to develop and recommend the guidance referred to under Article 6, paragraph 2, of the Agreement for adoption by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement at its first session, including guidance to ensure that double counting is avoided on the basis of a corresponding adjustment by Parties for both anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks covered by their nationally determined contributions under the Agreement;38. Recommends that the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement adopt rules, modalities and procedures for the mechanism established by Article 6, paragraph 4, of the Agreement on the basis of:(a) Voluntary participation authorized by each Party involved;(b) Real, measurable, and long-term benefits related to the mitigation of climate change;(c) Specific scopes of activities;(d) Reductions in emissions that are additional to any that would otherwise occur;(e) Verification and certification of emission reductions resulting from mitigation activities by designated operational entities;(f) Experience gained with and lessons learned from existing mechanisms and approaches adopted under the Convention and its related legal instruments;39. Requests the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice to develop and recommend rules, modalities and procedures for the mechanism referred to in paragraph 38 above for consideration and adoption by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement at its first session;40. Also requests the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice to undertake a work programme under the framework for non-market approaches to sustainable development referred to in Article 6, paragraph 8, of the Agreement, with the objective of considering how to enhance linkages and create synergy between, inter alia, mitigation, adaptation, finance, technology transfer and capacity-building, and how to facilitate the implementation and coordination of non-market approaches;41. Further requests the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice to recommend a draft decision on the work programme referred to in paragraph 40 above, taking into account the views of Parties, for consideration and adoption by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement at its first session;A DAPTATION42. Requests the Adaptation Committee and the Least Developed Countries ExpertGroup to jointly develop modalities to recognize the adaptation efforts of developingFCCC/CP/2015/L.9 country Parties, as referred to in Article 7, paragraph 3, of the Agreement, and makerecommendations for consideration and adoption by the Conference of the Parties servingas the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement at its first session;43. Also requests the Adaptation Committee, taking into account its mandate and itssecond three-year workplan, and with a view to preparing recommendations forconsideration and adoption by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of theParties to the Paris Agreement at its first session:(a) To review, in 2017, the work of adaptation-related institutional arrangementsunder the Convention, with a view to identifying ways to enhance the coherence of theirwork, as appropriate, in order to respond adequately to the needs of Parties;(b) To consider methodologies for assessing adaptation needs with a view toassisting developing countries, without placing an undue burden on them;44. Invites all relevant United Nations agencies and international, regional and nationalfinancial institutions to provide information to Parties through the secretariat on how theirdevelopment assistance and climate finance programmes incorporate climate-proofing andclimate resilience measures;45. Requests Parties to strengthen regional cooperation on adaptation where appropriateand, where necessary, establish regional centres and networks, in particular in developingcountries, taking into account decision 1/CP.16, paragraph 13;46. Also requests the Adaptation Committee and the Least Developed Countries ExpertGroup, in collaboration with the Standing Committee on Finance and other relevantinstitutions, to develop methodologies, and make recommendations for consideration andadoption by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the ParisAgreement at its first session on:(a) Taking the necessary steps to facilitate the mobilization of support foradaptation in developing countries in the context of the limit to global average temperatureincrease referred to in Article 2 of the Agreement;(b) Reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of adaptation and support referredto in Article 7, paragraph 14(c), of the Agreement;47. Further requests the Green Climate Fund to expedite support for the least developedcountries and other developing country Parties for the formulation of national adaptationplans, consistent with decisions 1/CP.16 and 5/CP.17, and for the subsequentimplementation of policies, projects and programmes identified by them;L OSS AND DAMAGE48. Decides on the continuation of the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss andDamage associated with Climate Change Impacts, following the review in 2016;49. Requests the Executive Committee of the Warsaw International Mechanism toestablish a clearinghouse for risk transfer that serves as a repository for information oninsurance and risk transfer, in order to facilitate the efforts of Parties to develop andimplement comprehensive risk management strategies;50. Also requests the Executive Committee of the Warsaw International Mechanism toestablish, according to its procedures and mandate, a task force to complement, draw uponthe work of and involve, as appropriate, existing bodies and expert groups under theConvention including the Adaptation Committee and the Least Developed Countries ExpertGroup, as well as relevant organizations and expert bodies outside the Convention, todevelop recommendations for integrated approaches to avert, minimize and addressdisplacement related to the adverse impacts of climate change;7FCCC/CP/2015/L.9851. Further requests the Executive Committee of the Warsaw International Mechanism to initiate its work, at its next meeting, to operationalize the provisions referred to in paragraphs 49 and 50 above, and to report on progress thereon in its annual report;52. Agrees that Article 8 of the Agreement does not involve or provide a basis for any liability or compensation;F INANCE53. Decides that, in the implementation of the Agreement, financial resources providedto developing countries should enhance the implementation of their policies, strategies,regulations and action plans and their climate change actions with respect to bothmitigation and adaptation to contribute to the achievement of the purpose of the Agreementas defined in Article 2;54. Further decides that, in accordance with Article 9, paragraph 3, of the Agreement,developed countries intend to continue their existing collective mobilization goal through2025 in the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation;prior to 2025 the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the ParisAgreement shall set a new collective quantified goal from a floor of USD 100 billion peryear, taking into account the needs and priorities of developing countries;55. Recognizes the importance of adequate and predictable financial resources,including for results-based payments, as appropriate, for the implementation of policyapproaches and positive incentives for reducing emissions from deforestation and forestdegradation, and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests andenhancement of forest carbon stocks; as well as alternative policy approaches, such as jointmitigation and adaptation approaches for the integral and sustainable management offorests; while reaffirming the importance of non-carbon benefits associated with suchapproaches; encouraging the coordination of support from, inter alia, public and private,bilateral and multilateral sources, such as the Green Climate Fund, and alternative sourcesin accordance with relevant decisions by the Conference of the Parties;56. Decides to initiate, at its twenty-second session, a process to identify the informationto be provided by Parties, in accordance with Article 9, paragraph 5, of the Agreement withthe view to providing a recommendation for consideration and adoption by the Conferenceof the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement at its firstsession;57. Also decides to ensure that the provision of information in accordance with Article9, paragraph 7 of the Agreement shall be undertaken in accordance with modalities,procedures and guidelines referred to in paragraph 96 below;58. Requests Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice to developmodalities for the accounting of financial resources provided and mobilized through publicinterventions in accordance with Article 9, paragraph 7, of the Agreement for considerationby the Conference of the Parties at its twenty-fourth session (November 2018), with theview to making a recommendation for consideration and adoption by the Conference of theParties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement at its first session;59. Decides that the Green Climate Fund and the Global Environment Facility, theentities entrusted with the operation of the Financial Mechanism of the Convention, as wellas the Least Developed Countries Fund and the Special Climate Change Fund, administeredby the Global Environment Facility, shall serve the Agreement;60. Recognizes that the Adaptation Fund may serve the Agreement, subject to relevantdecisions by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the KyotoFCCC/CP/2015/L.9 Protocol and the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the ParisAgreement;61. Invites the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to theKyoto Protocol to consider the issue referred to in paragraph 60 above and make arecommendation to the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to theParis Agreement at its first session;62. Recommends that the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Partiesto the Paris Agreement shall provide guidance to the entities entrusted with the operation ofthe Financial Mechanism of the Convention on the policies, programme priorities andeligibility criteria related to the Agreement for transmission by the Conference of theParties;63. Decides that the guidance to the entities entrusted with the operations of theFinancial Mechanism of the Convention in relevant decisions of the Conference of theParties, including those agreed before adoption of the Agreement, shall apply mutatismutandis;64. Also decides that the Standing Committee on Finance shall serve the Agreement inline with its functions and responsibilities established under the Conference of the Parties;65. Urges the institutions serving the Agreement to enhance the coordination anddelivery of resources to support country-driven strategies through simplified and efficientapplication and approval procedures, and through continued readiness support todeveloping country Parties, including the least developed countries and small islanddeveloping States, as appropriate;T ECHNOLOGY D EVELOPMENT A ND T RANSFER66.Takes note of the interim report of the Technology Executive Committee onguidance on enhanced implementation of the results of technology needs assessments asreferred to in document FCCC/SB/2015/INF.3;67. Decides to strengthen the Technology Mechanism and requests the TechnologyExecutive Committee and the Climate Technology Centre and Network, in supporting theimplementation of the Agreement, to undertake further work relating to, inter alia:(a) Technology research, development and demonstration;(b) The development and enhancement of endogenous capacities andtechnologies;68.Requests the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice to initiate, atits forty-fourth session (May 2016), the elaboration of the technology frameworkestablished under Article 10, paragraph 4, of the Agreement and to report on its findings tothe Conference of the Parties, with a view to the Conference of the Parties making arecommendation on the framework to the Conference of the Parties serving as the meetingof the Parties to the Paris Agreement for consideration and adoption at its first session,taking into consideration that the framework should facilitate, inter alia:(a) The undertaking and updating of technology needs assessments, as well asthe enhanced implementation of their results, particularly technology action plans andproject ideas, through the preparation of bankable projects;(b) The provision of enhanced financial and technical support for theimplementation of the results of the technology needs assessments;(c) The assessment of technologies that are ready for transfer;9。

巴黎气候峰会协议最终草案12日出炉，其中设定全球气温在2100年前平均升幅不得超过摄氏2度，并争取控制在摄氏1.5度内。

法国外交部长、巴黎气候变化大会主席法比尤斯表示，新协议具有法律效力，将交由各国代表商讨通过。

法国总统奥朗德表示，从各国利益出发，这份协议并不完美，但对全球行动而言则意味着成功。

这份协议草案共有12页，列有29个大条目，其中包括目标、减缓、适应、损失损害、资金、技术、透明度、总体盘点等内容。

除核心协议外，法比尤斯还提供了19页的大会决议案文，为巴黎协议的具体落实和相关细节做出安排。

联合国气候变化《巴黎协定》１１月４日正式生效。

联合国秘书长潘基文就此表示：“曾经难以想象，现在不可阻挡。

”那么在这个“不可阻挡”的世界潮流下，国家、企业和个人都会受到什么样的影响？国家：国际法律约束《巴黎协定》生效，使得国际上又有了一个具有法律约束力的气候协议，填补了《京都议定书》第一承诺期２０１２年到期后一直存在的空白。

虽然在《巴黎协定》中，各国是以“国家自主贡献”方式来参与全球应对气候变化行动，但这个“国家自主贡献”目标一旦提交，就置于国际社会的共同监督之下。

这好比大家的学生时代，当着全班同学公开承诺的学习目标，总是比暗自定下的目标更有压力去实现。

《巴黎协定》还规定，从２０２３年开始，每５年将对全球行动总体进展进行一次盘点。

比如中美两个大国都做出了自己的减排承诺。

中国提出二氧化碳排放２０３０年左右达到峰值并争取尽早达峰、单位国内生产总值二氧化碳排放比２００５年下降６０％至６５％等自主行动目标。

美国承诺到２０２５年在２００５年的基础上减排温室气体２６％至２８％。

值得强调的是，发达国家相比发展中国家有更多的义务。

《巴黎协定》规定，发达国家应为发展中国家提供资金、技术等方面的支持。

特别是发达国家曾经承诺，到２０２０年要实现每年向发展中国家提供１０００亿美元应对气候变化支持资金的目标。

企业：罚款或者商机各国在国际上受到的法律约束，自然会以各种方式传递给国内各个领域。

巴黎气候变化大会通过全球气候新协议等作者：来源：《四川党的建设·城市版》2016年第01期巴黎气候变化大会2015年12月12日晚通过全球气候变化新协议。

协议将为2020年后全球应对气候变化行动作出安排。

《协议》指出，各方将加强对气候变化威胁的全球应对，把全球平均气温较工业化前水平升高控制在2摄氏度之内，并为把升温控制在1.5摄氏度之内而努力。

全球将尽快实现温室气体排放达峰，21世纪下半叶实现温室气体净零排放。

根据协议，各方将以“自主贡献”的方式参与全球应对气候变化行动。

发达国家将继续带头减排，并加强对发展中国家的资金、技术和能力建设支持，帮助后者减缓和适应气候变化。

安理会通过政治解决叙利亚问题决议联合国安理会2015年12月18日就政治解决叙利亚问题一致通过决议，将力争2016年1月初启动由联合国斡旋的叙利亚各派正式和谈。

决议重申安理会认可的2012年《日内瓦公报》及2015年11月叙利亚问题第二次外长会议达成的共识，强调叙利亚人民将决定叙利亚的未来。

安理会请联合国秘书长通过斡旋，召集叙政府及反对派代表根据上述两个文件，就政治过渡进程紧急展开正式谈判，以实现危机的持久政治解决。

欧盟宣布再度延长对俄经济制裁欧盟2015年12月21日宣布将对俄罗斯的经济制裁再次延长半年至2016年7月31日。

欧盟在一份声明中表示，鉴于新明斯克协议在2015年年底的规定期限内无法得到全面落实，欧盟决定延长对俄制裁，并将继续评估协议履行的进展情况。

声明指出，欧盟自2014年7月31日因乌克兰问题对俄罗斯实施经济制裁，有效期一年。

2014年9月，欧盟加强了制裁力度，将范围扩大到金融、能源、防务和军民两用产品等方面。

世贸组织部长会达成历史性成果2015年12月19日，世界贸易组织第十届部长级会议在肯尼亚首都内罗毕落下帷幕。

经过5天的艰难谈判磋商，各方在一系列贸易谈判中达成历史性成果。

会议最终通过了《内罗毕部长宣言》，就非洲等发展中国家最为关切的农业出口竞争达成共识，162个成员首次承诺全面取消农产品出口补贴，并就出口融资支持、棉花、国际粮食援助等达成了新的多边纪律。

看上去，这次人类抓住了“拯救自己的最后一次机会”，原定日程12天的巴黎气候变化大会（COP21）在“加时”1天后终于达成了具有法律约束力的全球性协议。

当地时间12月12日，在巴黎北部市郊的布尔歇展览中心，法国外长、巴黎气候大会主席法比尤斯（左三）在大会上落锤，《联合国气候变化框架公约》近200个缔约方通过了新的全球气候协议，协定将为2020年后全球应对气候变化行动作出安排。

12月12日，在巴黎北部市郊的布尔歇展览中心，法国外交部长、巴黎气候变化大会主席法比尤斯(左三)在巴黎气候变化大会上落锤，标志着巴黎气候协议的达成。

当日，《联合国气候变化框架公约》近200个缔约方在巴黎达成新的全球气候协议。

当晚，《联合国气候变化框架公约》（以下简称《公约》）196个缔约方一致同意通过《巴黎协定》。

协定共29条，包括目标、减缓、适应、损失损害、资金、技术、能力建设、透明度、全球盘点等内容。

《巴黎协定》最关键的内容是，缔约各方将加强对气候变化威胁的全球应对，到2100年，把全球平均气温较工业化前水平升高控制在2摄氏度之内，并为把升温控制在1.5摄氏度之内而努力。

全球将尽快实现温室气体排放达到峰值，并且在2050年到2100年之间实现人类活动排放与自然吸收之间的平衡。

也就是说，在考虑到海洋和森林有能力吸收温室气体的情况下，本世纪下半页让地球的新温室气体排放总量为零。

上述目标意味着，从现在开始到2100年的全球气温上升将不得再超过1摄氏度。

在决议通过之前的最后一刻，许多与会国要求将气温升高的上限定在1.5摄氏度。

因为如果气温上升2摄氏度，许多直接受到全球气温变暖影响的小岛屿国家就将被海水覆盖，或变得不宜居住。

但相关国家的诉求最终未被采纳。

气候保护协议的最终目标被定在1.5度到2度之间。

根据协定，各方将以“自主贡献”的方式参与全球应对气候变化行动。

发达国家将继续带头减排，并加强对发展中国家的资金、技术和能力建设支持，帮助后者减缓和适应气候变化。