2015年巴黎气候协议

巴黎协定与全球气候变化的挑战近年来，全球气候变化已成为备受关注的热点话题，随之而来的是国际社会为解决这一挑战所做出的努力和一系列协议的签署。

其中最知名的便是巴黎协定，它被誉为里程碑式的协议，旨在应对气候变化并减少全球温室气体排放。

然而，巴黎协定所面临的挑战也是显而易见的。

巴黎协定的背景巴黎协定于2015年达成，标志着全球各国为减缓气候变化和适应其影响达成的国际共识。

协定规定各国应采取行动限制全球平均气温上升在工业化前水平的2摄氏度以下，并努力将温升控制在1.5摄氏度范围内。

巴黎协定的挑战然而，实现巴黎协定的目标并非易事。

面对全球气候变化的挑战，各国在减排行动上仍存在诸多困难和差异。

一些发达国家对减排承诺缺乏实质性措施，而一些发展中国家则因经济发展需求而难以全面减排。

全球温室气体排放量仍在不断增加，加剧了全球气候变化的严重性。

技术创新与应对气候变化要实现巴黎协定的目标，技术创新是关键。

清洁能源、可持续发展技术等将成为未来减排的利器。

通过加大对新能源技术研发的投入，提高能效和推动绿色生产，我们或许能够在应对气候变化的道路上取得更大的进展。

全球合作与气候行动在全球范围内加强合作也是应对气候变化挑战的关键。

各国应该共同努力，分享技术、经验和资源，形成多边合作机制。

只有团结一心，才能在全球变暖的问题上取得实质性的突破。

巴黎协定的确为全球气候变化挑战带来了新的希望，但要实现其既定目标仍需付出更多努力。

技术创新和全球合作将成为突破困局的关键。

唯有共同努力，才能保护地球家园，为后代留下更美好的未来。

希望未来能看到全球各国携手共进，共同应对气候变化挑战，让我们的地球更加美丽。

巴黎协定升温控制目标引言巴黎协定是全球关于气候变化的一项重要国际协议，于2015年达成并于2016年生效。

其目标是通过采取全球行动来应对气候变化，并将全球平均温度上升控制在2摄氏度以下，力争不超过1.5摄氏度。

本文将详细介绍巴黎协定中关于升温控制目标的内容。

1. 背景随着工业化和人类活动的增加，大量温室气体的排放导致地球气候系统发生变化。

这种变化引起了许多问题，如海平面上升、极端天气事件增多以及生态系统的破坏等。

为了应对这些挑战，国际社会积极推动制定全球性的减排政策，并最终形成了巴黎协定。

2. 升温控制目标巴黎协定明确规定了全球平均温度上升的控制目标，即将其限制在2摄氏度以下，并力争不超过1.5摄氏度。

这一目标是基于科学研究和气候模型的结果，旨在减少气候变化对人类社会和生态系统的不可逆转的影响。

2.1 科学依据巴黎协定的升温控制目标是基于国际气候科学界的共识。

根据国际气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）的报告，全球平均温度上升超过2摄氏度将导致严重后果，如海平面上升、干旱加剧、生物多样性丧失等。

因此，将温度上升控制在2摄氏度以下是至关重要的。

2.2 1.5摄氏度目标巴黎协定中提出了更为雄心勃勃的1.5摄氏度目标。

这一目标是为了进一步减少气候变化对人类社会和生态系统造成的风险。

根据科学研究，将温度上升控制在1.5摄氏度以下可以减少极端天气事件的发生频率，并有助于保护脆弱生态系统。

3. 实现措施为了实现巴黎协定中关于升温控制目标的要求，国际社会需要采取一系列行动。

3.1 减排措施减少温室气体的排放是实现升温控制目标的关键。

各国应制定具体的减排计划，并采取相应措施，如加强能源效率、推广可再生能源、改善工业生产方式等。

3.2 森林保护和恢复森林在吸收二氧化碳和维持地球生态平衡方面起着重要作用。

因此，保护和恢复森林资源是实现升温控制目标的重要手段。

各国应加强森林保护和管理，并通过植树造林等方式增加森林面积。

3.3 技术创新与合作技术创新对于减少温室气体排放和实现可持续发展至关重要。

解析巴黎协定中的气候变化风险管理与应对措施气候变化已成为全球共同面临的挑战，为了保护环境、减缓气候变化，国际社会积极采取各种措施，其中最具里程碑意义的协议便是巴黎协定。

本文将解析巴黎协定中的气候变化风险管理与应对措施，旨在揭示其对全球气候变化问题的积极意义和具体行动。

一、协定框架巴黎协定于2015年通过，并于2016年正式生效。

该协定的关键目标是通过全球合作控制全球变暖在2摄氏度以内，并致力于追求1.5摄氏度的目标。

此外，协定还规定了各国共同努力实现的具体行动和时间表。

二、风险管理为有效管理与应对气候变化风险，巴黎协定中设有以下关键机制：1.国家自主贡献：各参与国提交自主贡献，即每个国家根据自身国情和能力制定的减排目标和行动方案。

这一机制确保了参与国可根据自身具体情况进行调整，减少风险并提高适应能力。

2.透明度与核查：协定要求各参与国定期向国际社会报告各项减排行动和成果，并接受国际核查机制的监督。

这有助于激励各国积极履行减排承诺，并确保减排成果得到客观确认。

3.气候融资：巴黎协定鼓励发达国家向发展中国家提供气候融资支持，以帮助其转型为低碳经济，应对气候变化风险。

这一机制有助于解决发展中国家气候变化应对的资金难题，促进全球气候变化风险的共同管理。

三、应对措施为实现协定目标，巴黎协定中提出了一系列应对措施，包括但不限于：1.减排措施：各国应制定和实施具体的减排计划，通过减少温室气体排放来降低全球变暖风险。

具体措施包括加强工业与能源行业的节能减排、推广可再生能源的利用以及改善交通和城市规划，以减少汽车尾气和城市建筑的碳排放。

2.适应措施：针对气候变化已经带来的影响，各国应采取适当措施来调整其社会经济系统以适应新的气候条件。

这包括改善农业和水资源管理，加强城市防洪和防灾能力，以及推动生态系统管理和恢复，增加生态韧性。

3.技术支持与创新：协定强调了技术支持与创新的重要性。

各国应加强技术交流和合作，推动低碳技术的研发和应用，以提高减排效率和适应能力。

2015年环境政策
2015年环境政策主要包括以下方面的内容：
1. 环境保护目标：2015年，全球领导人在巴黎气候变化大会上通过了《巴黎协定》，确立了限制全球变暖目标，即将全球平均气温升幅控制在2摄氏度以内，并努力争取将升幅控制在1.5摄氏度以内。

2. 减排承诺：各国根据《巴黎协定》提出了减排目标和行动计划。

中国承诺在2030年前将二氧化碳排放达到峰值并实施不低于人均经济产出低于2015年水平65%的碳排放强度约束。

3. 能源转型：为减少对化石燃料的依赖和减少温室气体排放，各国积极推进能源转型。

中国大力发展清洁能源，提高可再生能源比例。

4. 保护生物多样性：各国加强对生物多样性的保护和管理，推动野生动植物保护区和自然保护区的建设和管理，采取措施减少生物多样性的损失。

5. 改善环境治理：各国加强环境监管和治理，推动环境法律法规的制定和落实，加强责任追究和惩治环境犯罪行为。

6. 推动循环经济：各国加强资源节约与循环利用，推动循环经济发展，减少废弃物产生和环境污染。

7. 加强国际合作：各国加强环境领域的国际合作，分享经验和技术，共同应对全球环境问题。

联合国FCCC /CP/2015/L.9/Rev.1 气候变化框架公约Distr.: Limited12 December 2015 ChineseOriginal: EnglishGE.15-21932 (C) 171215 171215 *1521932*缔约方会议第二十一届会议2015年11月30日至12月11日，巴黎议程项目4(b)德班加强行动平台(第1/CP.17号决定)通过《公约》之下对所有缔约方适用的议定书、另一法律文书或某种有法律约束力的议定结果通过《巴黎协定》主席的提案第-/CP.21号决定草案缔约方会议，忆及关于设立德班加强行动平台问题特设工作组的第1/CP.17号决定，又忆及《公约》第二、第三和第四条， 还忆及缔约方会议的相关决定，包括第1/CP.16、第2/CP.18、第1/CP.19和第1/CP.20号决定，欢迎联合国大会通过的题为“改变我们的世界：2030年可持续发展议程”的A/RES/70/1号决议，特别是其目标13, 第三次发展筹资问题国际会议通过的《亚的斯亚贝巴行动议程》，以及在另外会议上通过的《仙台减少灾害风险框架》，认识到气候变化对人类社会和地球构成紧迫的可能无法逆转的威胁，这就要求所有国家尽可能开展最广泛的合作，参与有效和适当的国际应对行动，以期更快地减少全球温室气体排放量，又认识到，为实现《公约》最终目标就需要大幅度减少全球排放，并强调在处理气候变化问题时要有紧迫感，FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.1GE.15-21932 (C)2/33承认气候变化是人类的共同关切，缔约方在采取行动处理气候变化问题时，应当尊重并促进人权、健康权、土著人民权利、当地社区权利、移民权利、儿童权利、残疾人权利、处境脆弱的人民的权利、发展权以及性别平等、妇女赋权和代际公平，以及考虑到它们各自在这些方面的义务，又承认发展中国家缔约方因执行应对措施及在这方面执行第5/CP.7、第1/CP.10、第1/CP.16和第8/CP.17号决定的影响而产生的具体需要和关切， 严重关切地强调，迫切需要解决以下两者之间存在的很大差距，一是缔约方关于2020年之前全球温室气体年排放的减缓保证的总合效果，二是与工业化前水平相比将全球平均温度升幅控制在2°C 以内并继续争取与工业化前水平相比把温度升幅限定在1.5°C 而需要的总合排放路径， 又强调加强2020年之前的力度可为加强2020年之后的力度奠定坚实的基础， 强调迫切需要加快执行《公约》及其《京都议定书》，以加强2020年之前的力度， 认识到迫切需要发达国家缔约方以可预测的方式进一步提供资金、技术和能力建设支持，以增强发展中国家2020年前的行动， 强调有力度的早期行动带来的持久效益，包括可大量减少未来减缓和适应工作的费用， 承认有必要通过加强可再生能源的利用，促进发展中国家尤其是非洲国家普遍获得可持续的能源， 同意维护和促进区域和国际合作，以动员所有缔约方和非缔约方利害关系方，包括民间社会、私营部门、金融机构、城市和其他次国家级主管部门、地方社区和土著人民大力开展更有力度的气候行动， 一.通过 1. 决定通过附件所载《联合国气候变化框架公约》下的《巴黎协定》(下称“本协定”)； 2. 请联合国秘书长担任本协定的保存人，并自2016年4月22日至2017年4月21日将本协定在美利坚合众国纽约开放供签署； 3. 请秘书长在2016年4月22日召集高级别签署仪式； 4. 又请《公约》所有缔约方在秘书长召集的仪式上签署本协定或尽早签署，并酌情尽快交存各自的批准、接受、核准或加入书； 5. 确认《公约》缔约方在本协定生效之前可暂行适用本协定的所有条款，并请缔约方将任何此种暂行适用通知保存人；FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.13/33GE.15-21932 (C)6. 注意到按照第1/CP.17号决定第4段，德班加强行动平台问题特设工作组的工作已经完成；7. 决定设立《巴黎协定》特设工作组，并比照适用选举德班加强行动平台问题特设工作组主席团成员所用的相同安排1；8. 又决定《巴黎协定》特设工作组应为本协定的生效及作为《巴黎协定》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议第一届会议的召开做准备；9. 还决定监督本决定所载相关要求所产生的工作方案的执行情况；10. 请《巴黎协定》特设工作组定期向缔约方会议报告其工作进展，并在作为《巴黎协定》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议第一届会议之前完成其工作；11. 决定《巴黎协定》特设工作组应从2016年起结合《公约》附属机构届会举行其届会，还应拟订决定草案，作为通过缔约方会议向作为《巴黎协定》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议提出的建议，供其第一届会议审议和通过；二. 国家自主贡献12. 欢迎缔约方根据第1/CP.19号决定第2(b)段通报的国家自主贡献；13. 重申请所有尚未这样做的缔约方尽快并在缔约方会议第二十二届会议(2016年11月)之前，向秘书处通报用以实现《公约》第二条所载目标的国家自主贡献，通报方式应有利于国家自主贡献清晰、透明，便于理解；14. 请秘书处继续在《气候公约》网站上公布缔约方通报的国家自主贡献；15. 重申吁请发达国家缔约方、资金机制经营实体及其他任何有能力的组织为可能需要此种支持的缔约方提供拟定和通报国家自主贡献方面的支持；16. 注意到FCCC/CP/2015/7号文件所载缔约方截至2015年10月1日通报的国家自主贡献总合效果的综合报告；17. 关切地指出，估计2025年和2030年由国家自主贡献产生的温室气体排放合计总量不符合成本最低的2°C 情景，而是在2030年预计会达到550亿吨水平，又指出，需要做出的减排努力应远远大于与国家自主贡献相关的减排努力，才能将排放量减至400亿吨，将与工业化前水平相比的全球平均温度升幅控制在2°C 以内，或减至以下第21段提到的特别报告所指出的水平，使温度升幅限定在比工业化前水平高1.5°C ；18. 在这方面，还注意到许多发展中国家缔约方在其国家自主贡献中表示的适应需要；__________________1 经第2/CP.18号决定第2段核准。

巴黎合约的主要内容1. 引言巴黎合约，全称《联合国气候变化框架公约巴黎协定》，是在2015年12月12日联合国气候变化大会（COP21）上通过的一项国际协议。

该协议旨在应对全球气候变化，减缓全球变暖速度，并为实现温室气体减排目标提供框架和指导。

2. 目标巴黎合约的主要目标是通过各国共同努力，将全球平均温度上升控制在本世纪末不超过2摄氏度，并尽力争取将上升幅度控制在1.5摄氏度以内。

为实现这一目标，合约设定了以下主要内容：(1) 温室气体减排目标各签署国应自愿地提交具体的温室气体减排目标，这些目标被称为“国家自主贡献”（Nationally Determined Contributions，简称NDCs）。

这些目标应当是具体、可衡量、可比较并符合科学知识。

(2) 温室气体减排机制为实现各国的减排目标，合约鼓励各国采取各种减排措施，包括能源转型、提高能源效率、发展可再生能源等。

此外，合约还提出了市场机制和国际合作的框架，以促进温室气体减排。

(3) 适应与脆弱性巴黎合约强调了对气候变化的适应和脆弱性问题的重视。

各签署国应加强适应能力，减轻对气候变化的脆弱性影响，并支持发展中国家在适应方面的努力。

(4) 资金支持为支持发展中国家实现减排和适应目标，合约承诺提供资金支持。

发达国家承诺从2020年起每年向发展中国家提供1000亿美元的资金支持，并增加这一数额。

3. 实施与监测巴黎合约设立了一个“全球股份”（Global Stocktake）机制，以监测各国履行减排和适应目标的进展情况。

该机制将每5年进行一次综合评估，评估各国在减排、适应、资金支持等方面的表现，并根据评估结果提出相应的建议。

此外，合约还设立了一个透明度框架，要求各签署国定期报告其减排和适应的行动和成果，并接受国际审查。

4. 全球合作与差异化责任巴黎合约强调了全球合作的重要性，并呼吁各国共同努力应对气候变化。

同时，合约也承认发达国家在气候变化问题上有历史责任，并应对减排和资金支持承担更大的责任。

解读巴黎协定对全球气候政策的重要意义近年来，全球气候变化已成为世界各国共同关注的焦点。

气候变化不仅对人类生存环境造成了巨大影响，也对经济、社会和生态系统带来了严重挑战。

为了应对这一全球性问题，2015年12月，联合国气候变化框架公约第21次缔约方大会（COP21）在法国巴黎成功达成了《巴黎协定》。

这一历史性的协议被广泛认为是全球气候政策的重要里程碑，具有深远的意义。

首先，巴黎协定的达成标志着全球气候治理进入了一个新的阶段。

协定的核心目标是通过全球合作，将全球平均气温上升控制在2摄氏度以内，并努力争取将温升限制在1.5摄氏度以内。

这一目标的确立是对过去国际社会在气候变化问题上的不断努力和积累的肯定，也是对未来全球气候治理的指导。

巴黎协定的达成为各国提供了一个共同的框架和行动纲领，使得全球气候治理更加系统化、协调化和可持续化。

其次，巴黎协定的重要意义还在于确立了全球责任共担的原则。

根据协定，各国需要根据自身国情制定并实施国家自主贡献（NDCs），即减缓和适应气候变化的具体行动计划。

这一原则体现了不同国家根据自身能力和责任共同参与全球气候治理的理念，摒弃了过去发达国家单方面减排的做法。

巴黎协定的达成为发展中国家提供了更多的支持和资源，帮助他们加强适应能力，推动可持续发展。

此外，巴黎协定还强调了全球气候融资的重要性。

根据协定，发达国家承诺从2020年起每年提供1000亿美元的气候资金支持发展中国家应对气候变化。

这一承诺的实现将有助于发展中国家推动低碳转型、提高适应能力和减缓气候变化的能力。

同时，协定还鼓励各国加强技术转让和能力建设，促进全球气候技术的创新和推广。

然而，尽管巴黎协定取得了重要的突破，但仍面临着一些挑战。

首先，协定的执行需要各国共同努力，需要建立有效的监测、报告和核查机制，确保各国履行自己的承诺。

其次，气候融资问题仍然存在不确定性，发达国家的资金承诺能否兑现仍有待观察。

此外，全球气候变化的复杂性和不确定性也给协定的实施带来了挑战，需要各国加强科学研究和技术创新。

GE.15-21932(E)*1521932*Conference of the PartiesTwenty-first sessionParis, 30 November to 11 December 2015Agenda item 4(b)Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (decision 1/CP.17)Adoption of a protocol, another legal instrument, or anagreed outcome with legal force under the Conventionapplicable to all PartiesADOPTION OF THE PARIS AGREEMENTProposal by the PresidentDraft decision -/CP.21The Conference of the Parties,Recalling decision 1/CP.17 on the establishment of the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action,Also recalling Articles 2, 3 and 4 of the Convention,Further recalling relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties, including decisions 1/CP.16, 2/CP.18, 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20,Welcoming the adoption of United Nations General Assembly resolution A/RES/70/1, “Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustaina ble Development”, inparticular its goal 13, and the adoption of the Addis Ababa Action Agenda of the thirdInternational Conference on Financing for Development and the adoption of the SendaiFramework for Disaster Risk Reduction,Recognizing that climate change represents an urgent and potentially irreversible threat to human societies and the planet and thus requires the widest possible cooperationby all countries, and their participation in an effective and appropriate internationalresponse, with a view to accelerating the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions,Also recognizing that deep reductions in global emissions will be required in order to achieve the ultimate objective of the Convention and emphasizing the need for urgencyin addressing climate change,Acknowledging that climate change is a common concern of humankind, Parties should, when taking action to address climate change, respect, promote and consider theirrespective obligations on human rights, the right to health, the rights of indigenous peoples,United Nations FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.1Distr.: Limited12 December 2015Original: EnglishFCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.12local communities, migrants, children, persons with disabilities and people in vulnerable situations and the right to development, as well as gender equality, empowerment of women and intergenerational equity,Also acknowledging the specific needs and concerns of developing country Parties arising from the impact of the implementation of response measures and, in this regard, decisions 5/CP.7, 1/CP.10, 1/CP.16 and 8/CP.17,Emphasizing with serious concern the urgent need to address the significant gap between the aggregate effect of Parties’ mitigation pledges in terms of global annual emissions of greenhouse gases by 2020 and aggregate emission pathways consistent with holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels,Also emphasizing that enhanced pre‐2020 ambition can lay a solid foundation for enhanced post‐2020 ambition,Stressing the urgency of accelerating the implementation of the Convention and its Kyoto Protocol in order to enhance pre-2020 ambition,Recognizing the urgent need to enhance the provision of finance, technology and capacity-building support by developed country Parties, in a predictable manner, to enable enhanced pre-2020 action by developing country Parties,Emphasizing the enduring benefits of ambitious and early action, including major reductions in the cost of future mitigation and adaptation efforts,Acknowledging the need to promote universal access to sustainable energy in developing countries, in particular in Africa, through the enhanced deployment of renewable energy,Agreeing to uphold and promote regional and international cooperation in order to mobilize stronger and more ambitious climate action by all Parties and non-Party stakeholders, including civil society, the private sector, financial institutions, cities and other subnational authorities, local communities and indigenous peoples,I. ADOPTION1.Decides to adopt the Paris Agreement under the United Nations FrameworkConvention on Climate Change (hereinafter referred to as “the Agreement”) as contained in the annex;2.Requests the Secretary-General of the United Nations to be the Depositary of theAgreement and to have it open for signature in New York, United States of America, from22 April 2016 to 21 April 2017;3.Invites the Secretary-General to convene a high-level signature ceremony for theAgreement on 22 April 2016;4.Also invites all Parties to the Convention to sign the Agreement at the ceremony tobe convened by the Secretary-General, or at their earliest opportunity, and to deposit their respective instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, where appropriate, as soon as possible;5. Recognizes that Parties to the Convention may provisionally apply all of theprovisions of the Agreement pending its entry into force, and requests Parties to provide notification of any such provisional application to the Depositary;FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.16. Notes that the work of the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform forEnhanced Action, in accordance with decision 1/CP.17, paragraph 4, has been completed;7. Decides to establish the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement under thesame arrangement, mutatis mutandis, as those concerning the election of officers to theBureau of the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action;18. Also decides that the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement shall preparefor the entry into force of the Agreement and for the convening of the first session of theConference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement;9. Further decides to oversee the implementation of the work programme resultingfrom the relevant requests contained in this decision;10. Requests the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement to report regularly tothe Conference of the Parties on the progress of its work and to complete its work by thefirst session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to theParis Agreement;11. Decides that the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement shall hold itssessions starting in 2016 in conjunction with the sessions of the Convention subsidiarybodies and shall prepare draft decisions to be recommended through the Conference of theParties to the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the ParisAgreement for consideration and adoption at its first session;II. INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS12.Welcomes the intended nationally determined contributions that have beencommunicated by Parties in accordance with decision 1/CP.19, paragraph 2(b);13.Reiterates its invitation to all Parties that have not yet done so to communicate to thesecretariat their intended nationally determined contributions towards achieving theobjective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 as soon as possible and well inadvance of the twenty-second session of the Conference of the Parties (November 2016)and in a manner that facilitates the clarity, transparency and understanding of the intendednationally determined contributions;14. Requests the secretariat to continue to publish the intended nationally determinedcontributions communicated by Parties on the UNFCCC website;15.Reiterates its call to developed country Parties, the operating entities of theFinancial Mechanism and any other organizations in a position to do so to provide supportfor the preparation and communication of the intended nationally determined contributionsof Parties that may need such support;16.Takes note of the synthesis report on the aggregate effect of intended nationallydetermined contributions communicated by Parties by 1 October 2015, contained indocument FCCC/CP/2015/7;17.Notes with concern that the estimated aggregate greenhouse gas emission levels in2025 and 2030 resulting from the intended nationally determined contributions do not fallwithin least-cost 2 ˚C scenarios but rather lead to a projected level of 55 gigatonnes in2030, and also notes that much greater emission reduction efforts will be required thanthose associated with the intended nationally determined contributions in order to hold theincrease in the global average temperature to below 2 ˚C above pre-industrial levels by1Endorsed by decision 2/CP.18, paragraph 2.3FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.14reducing emissions to 40 gigatonnes or to 1.5 ˚C above pre-industrial levels by reducing toa level to be identified in the special report referred to in paragraph 21 below;18.Also notes, in this context, the adaptation needs expressed by many developingcountry Parties in their intended nationally determined contributions;19.Requests the secretariat to update the synthesis report referred to in paragraph 16above so as to cover all the information in the intended nationally determined contributions communicated by Parties pursuant to decision 1/CP.20 by 4 April 2016 and to make it available by 2 May 2016;20.Decides to convene a facilitative dialogue among Parties in 2018 to take stock of thecollective efforts of Parties in relation to progress towards the long-term goal referred to in Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Agreement and to inform the preparation of nationally determined contributions pursuant to Article 4, paragraph 8, of the Agreement;21. Invites the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change to provide a special report in2018 on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways;III. DECISIONS TO GIVE EFFECT TO THE AGREEMENTM ITIGATION22. Invites Parties to communicate their first nationally determined contribution no laterthan when the Party submits its respective instrument of ratification, accession, or approvalof the Paris Agreement. If a Party has communicated an intended nationally determinedcontribution prior to joining the Agreement, that Party shall be considered to have satisfiedthis provision unless that Party decides otherwise;23. Urges those Parties whose intended nationally determined contribution pursuant todecision 1/CP.20 contains a time frame up to 2025 to communicate by 2020 a newnationally determined contribution and to do so every five years thereafter pursuant toArticle 4, paragraph 9, of the Agreement;24. Requests those Parties whose intended nationally determined contribution pursuantto decision 1/CP.20 contains a time frame up to 2030 to communicate or update by 2020these contributions and to do so every five years thereafter pursuant to Article 4, paragraph9, of the Agreement;25. Decides that Parties shall submit to the secretariat their nationally determinedcontributions referred to in Article 4 of the Agreement at least 9 to 12 months in advance ofthe relevant meeting of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Partiesto the Paris Agreement with a view to facilitating the clarity, transparency andunderstanding of these contributions, including through a synthesis report prepared by thesecretariat;26. Requests the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement to develop furtherguidance on features of the nationally determined contributions for consideration andadoption by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the ParisAgreement at its first session;27. Agrees that the information to be provided by Parties communicating theirnationally determined contributions, in order to facilitate clarity, transparency andunderstanding, may include, as appropriate, inter alia, quantifiable information on thereference point (including, as appropriate, a base year), time frames and/or periods forimplementation, scope and coverage, planning processes, assumptions and methodologicalapproaches including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gasFCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.1 emissions and, as appropriate, removals, and how the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious, in the light of its national circumstances, andhow it contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in itsArticle 2;28. Requests the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement to develop furtherguidance for the information to be provided by Parties in order to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of nationally determined contributions for considerationand adoption by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to theParis Agreement at its first session;29.Also requests the Subsidiary Body for Implementation to develop modalities and procedures for the operation and use of the public registry referred to in Article 4,paragraph 12, of the Agreement, for consideration and adoption by the Conference of theParties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement at its first session;30. Further requests the secretariat to make available an interim public registry in thefirst half of 2016 for the recording of nationally determined contributions submitted in accordance with Article 4 of the Agreement, pending the adoption by the Conference of theParties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement of the modalities and procedures referred to in paragraph 29 above;31. Requests the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement to elaborate, drawingfrom approaches established under the Convention and its related legal instruments as appropriate, guidance for accounting for Parties’ nationally determined contribution s, asreferred to in Article 4, paragraph 13, of the Agreement, for consideration and adoption bythe Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement atits first session, which ensures that:(a) Parties account for anthropogenic emissions and removals in accordance with methodologies and common metrics assessed by the Intergovernmental Panel on ClimateChange and adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Partiesto the Paris Agreement;(b) Parties ensure methodological consistency, including on baselines, betweenthe communication and implementation of nationally determined contributions;(c) Parties strive to include all categories of anthropogenic emissions orremovals in their nationally determined contributions and, once a source, sink or activity isincluded, continue to include it;(d) Parties shall provide an explanation of why any categories of anthropogenicemissions or removals are excluded;32. Decides that Parties shall apply the guidance mentioned in paragraph 31 above tothe second and subsequent nationally determined contributions and that Parties may elect toapply such guidance to their first nationally determined contribution;33. Also decides that the Forum on the Impact of the Implementation of response measures, under the subsidiary bodies, shall continue, and shall serve the Agreement;34. Further decides that the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Adviceand the Subsidiary Body for Implementation shall recommend, for consideration andadoption by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement at its first session, the modalities, work programme and functions of the Forumon the Impact of the Implementation of response measures to address the effects of the implementation of response measures under the Agreement by enhancing cooperationamongst Parties on understanding the impacts of mitigation actions under the Agreement5FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.16and the exchange of information, experiences, and best practices amongst Parties to raise their resilience to these impacts;*36. Invites Parties to communicate, by 2020, to the secretariat mid-century, long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 19, of the Agreement, and requests the secretariat to publish on the UNFCCC website Parties’ low greenhouse gas emission development strategies as communicated; 37. Requests the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice to develop and recommend the guidance referred to under Article 6, paragraph 2, of the Agreement for adoption by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement at its first session, including guidance to ensure that double counting is avoided on the basis of a corresponding adjustment by Parties for both anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks covered by their nationally determined contributions under the Agreement;38. Recommends that the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement adopt rules, modalities and procedures for the mechanism established by Article 6, paragraph 4, of the Agreement on the basis of:(a) Voluntary participation authorized by each Party involved;(b) Real, measurable, and long-term benefits related to the mitigation of climate change;(c) Specific scopes of activities;(d) Reductions in emissions that are additional to any that would otherwise occur;(e) Verification and certification of emission reductions resulting from mitigation activities by designated operational entities;(f) Experience gained with and lessons learned from existing mechanisms and approaches adopted under the Convention and its related legal instruments;39. Requests the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice to develop and recommend rules, modalities and procedures for the mechanism referred to in paragraph 38 above for consideration and adoption by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement at its first session;40. Also requests the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice to undertake a work programme under the framework for non-market approaches to sustainable development referred to in Article 6, paragraph 8, of the Agreement, with the objective of considering how to enhance linkages and create synergy between, inter alia, mitigation, adaptation, finance, technology transfer and capacity-building, and how to facilitate the implementation and coordination of non-market approaches;41. Further requests the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice to recommend a draft decision on the work programme referred to in paragraph 40 above, taking into account the views of Parties, for consideration and adoption by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement at its first session;A DAPTATION* Paragraph 35 has been deleted, and subsequent paragraph numbering and cross references to other paragraphs within the document will be amended at a later stage.FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.142. Requests the Adaptation Committee and the Least Developed Countries ExpertGroup to jointly develop modalities to recognize the adaptation efforts of developingcountry Parties, as referred to in Article 7, paragraph 3, of the Agreement, and makerecommendations for consideration and adoption by the Conference of the Parties servingas the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement at its first session;43. Also requests the Adaptation Committee, taking into account its mandate and itssecond three-year workplan, and with a view to preparing recommendations forconsideration and adoption by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of theParties to the Paris Agreement at its first session:(a) To review, in 2017, the work of adaptation-related institutional arrangementsunder the Convention, with a view to identifying ways to enhance the coherence of theirwork, as appropriate, in order to respond adequately to the needs of Parties;(b) To consider methodologies for assessing adaptation needs with a view toassisting developing countries, without placing an undue burden on them;44. Invites all relevant United Nations agencies and international, regional and nationalfinancial institutions to provide information to Parties through the secretariat on how theirdevelopment assistance and climate finance programmes incorporate climate-proofing andclimate resilience measures;45. Requests Parties to strengthen regional cooperation on adaptation where appropriateand, where necessary, establish regional centres and networks, in particular in developingcountries, taking into account decision 1/CP.16, paragraph 13;46. Also requests the Adaptation Committee and the Least Developed Countries ExpertGroup, in collaboration with the Standing Committee on Finance and other relevantinstitutions, to develop methodologies, and make recommendations for consideration andadoption by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the ParisAgreement at its first session on:(a) Taking the necessary steps to facilitate the mobilization of support foradaptation in developing countries in the context of the limit to global average temperatureincrease referred to in Article 2 of the Agreement;(b) Reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of adaptation and support referredto in Article 7, paragraph 14(c), of the Agreement;47. Further requests the Green Climate Fund to expedite support for the least developedcountries and other developing country Parties for the formulation of national adaptationplans, consistent with decisions 1/CP.16 and 5/CP.17, and for the subsequentimplementation of policies, projects and programmes identified by them;L OSS AND DAMAGE48. Decides on the continuation of the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss andDamage associated with Climate Change Impacts, following the review in 2016;49. Requests the Executive Committee of the Warsaw International Mechanism toestablish a clearinghouse for risk transfer that serves as a repository for information oninsurance and risk transfer, in order to facilitate the efforts of Parties to develop andimplement comprehensive risk management strategies;50. Also requests the Executive Committee of the Warsaw International Mechanism toestablish, according to its procedures and mandate, a task force to complement, draw uponthe work of and involve, as appropriate, existing bodies and expert groups under theConvention including the Adaptation Committee and the Least Developed Countries ExpertGroup, as well as relevant organizations and expert bodies outside the Convention, to7FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.18develop recommendations for integrated approaches to avert, minimize and address displacement related to the adverse impacts of climate change;51. Further requests the Executive Committee of the Warsaw International Mechanism to initiate its work, at its next meeting, to operationalize the provisions referred to in paragraphs 49 and 50 above, and to report on progress thereon in its annual report;52. Agrees that Article 8 of the Agreement does not involve or provide a basis for any liability or compensation;F INANCE53. Decides that, in the implementation of the Agreement, financial resources providedto developing countries should enhance the implementation of their policies, strategies,regulations and action plans and their climate change actions with respect to bothmitigation and adaptation to contribute to the achievement of the purpose of the Agreementas defined in Article 2;54. Also decides that, in accordance with Article 9, paragraph 3, of the Agreement,developed countries intend to continue their existing collective mobilization goal through2025 in the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation;prior to 2025 the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the ParisAgreement shall set a new collective quantified goal from a floor of USD 100 billion peryear, taking into account the needs and priorities of developing countries;55. Recognizes the importance of adequate and predictable financial resources,including for results-based payments, as appropriate, for the implementation of policyapproaches and positive incentives for reducing emissions from deforestation and forestdegradation, and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests andenhancement of forest carbon stocks; as well as alternative policy approaches, such as jointmitigation and adaptation approaches for the integral and sustainable management offorests; while reaffirming the importance of non-carbon benefits associated with suchapproaches; encouraging the coordination of support from, inter alia, public and private,bilateral and multilateral sources, such as the Green Climate Fund, and alternative sourcesin accordance with relevant decisions by the Conference of the Parties;56. Decides to initiate, at its twenty-second session, a process to identify the informationto be provided by Parties, in accordance with Article 9, paragraph 5, of the Agreement withthe view to providing a recommendation for consideration and adoption by the Conferenceof the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement at its firstsession;57. Also decides to ensure that the provision of information in accordance with Article9, paragraph 7 of the Agreement shall be undertaken in accordance with modalities,procedures and guidelines referred to in paragraph 96 below;58. Requests Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice to developmodalities for the accounting of financial resources provided and mobilized through publicinterventions in accordance with Article 9, paragraph 7, of the Agreement for considerationby the Conference of the Parties at its twenty-fourth session (November 2018), with theview to making a recommendation for consideration and adoption by the Conference of theParties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement at its first session;59. Decides that the Green Climate Fund and the Global Environment Facility, theentities entrusted with the operation of the Financial Mechanism of the Convention, as wellas the Least Developed Countries Fund and the Special Climate Change Fund, administeredby the Global Environment Facility, shall serve the Agreement;FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.160. Recognizes that the Adaptation Fund may serve the Agreement, subject to relevantdecisions by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the KyotoProtocol and the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the ParisAgreement;61. Invites the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to theKyoto Protocol to consider the issue referred to in paragraph 60 above and make arecommendation to the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to theParis Agreement at its first session;62. Recommends that the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Partiesto the Paris Agreement shall provide guidance to the entities entrusted with the operation ofthe Financial Mechanism of the Convention on the policies, programme priorities andeligibility criteria related to the Agreement for transmission by the Conference of theParties;63. Decides that the guidance to the entities entrusted with the operations of theFinancial Mechanism of the Convention in relevant decisions of the Conference of theParties, including those agreed before adoption of the Agreement, shall apply mutatismutandis;64. Also decides that the Standing Committee on Finance shall serve the Agreement inline with its functions and responsibilities established under the Conference of the Parties;65. Urges the institutions serving the Agreement to enhance the coordination anddelivery of resources to support country-driven strategies through simplified and efficientapplication and approval procedures, and through continued readiness support todeveloping country Parties, including the least developed countries and small islanddeveloping States, as appropriate;T ECHNOLOGY D EVELOPMENT A ND T RANSFER66.Takes note of the interim report of the Technology Executive Committee onguidance on enhanced implementation of the results of technology needs assessments asreferred to in document FCCC/SB/2015/INF.3;67. Decides to strengthen the Technology Mechanism and requests the TechnologyExecutive Committee and the Climate Technology Centre and Network, in supporting theimplementation of the Agreement, to undertake further work relating to, inter alia:(a) Technology research, development and demonstration;(b) The development and enhancement of endogenous capacities andtechnologies;68.Requests the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice to initiate, atits forty-fourth session (May 2016), the elaboration of the technology frameworkestablished under Article 10, paragraph 4, of the Agreement and to report on its findings tothe Conference of the Parties, with a view to the Conference of the Parties making arecommendation on the framework to the Conference of the Parties serving as the meetingof the Parties to the Paris Agreement for consideration and adoption at its first session,taking into consideration that the framework should facilitate, inter alia:(a) The undertaking and updating of technology needs assessments, as well asthe enhanced implementation of their results, particularly technology action plans andproject ideas, through the preparation of bankable projects;(b) The provision of enhanced financial and technical support for theimplementation of the results of the technology needs assessments;9。

国际规则巴黎协定（原创版）目录1.巴黎协定的背景和意义2.巴黎协定的主要内容3.我国的巴黎协定承诺4.巴黎协定对全球气候变化的影响5.我国应对巴黎协定的措施正文1.巴黎协定的背景和意义巴黎协定，全名为《巴黎协定》，是 2015 年 12 月在法国巴黎举行的联合国气候变化大会上达成的一项具有历史性意义的全球气候协议。

该协定旨在加强全球应对气候变化的行动，减少温室气体排放，以达到限制全球气温上升的国际共识。

巴黎协定是在《联合国气候变化框架公约》和《京都议定书》的基础上制定的，为全球应对气候变化提供了一个全面、均衡、有力和持久的框架。

2.巴黎协定的主要内容巴黎协定的主要内容包括以下几个方面：(1) 长期目标：将全球气温上升控制在 2 摄氏度以内，并努力限制在 1.5 摄氏度以内。

(2) 短期目标：各方应尽快达到温室气体排放峰值，并在 2030 年前实现排放降低。

(3) 资金和技术支持：发达国家应向发展中国家提供资金、技术和能力建设支持，帮助发展中国家应对气候变化。

(4) 透明度和监督：各方应定期报告温室气体排放和减排措施，接受国际监督。

3.我国的巴黎协定承诺作为负责任的大国，我国在巴黎协定谈判中发挥了积极作用，为达成协议做出了重要贡献。

我国承诺：(1) 到 2030 年，单位国内生产总值二氧化碳排放比 2005 年下降60% 至 65%。

(2) 2030 年前，非化石能源占一次能源消费比重提高到 20% 左右。

(3) 2030 年前，森林蓄积量比 2005 年增加 45 亿立方米左右。

(4) 2020 年起，每年安排 20 亿元人民币资金，支持发展中国家应对气候变化。

4.巴黎协定对全球气候变化的影响巴黎协定的达成和实施，对于全球应对气候变化具有重大意义。

首先，巴黎协定为全球气候治理提供了一个统一的框架，有利于各国形成合力，共同应对气候变化挑战。

其次，巴黎协定强调了全球各国的共同责任，特别是发达国家对发展中国家的支持，有助于促进国际公平和合作。

巴黎协定的目标与实施措施尊敬的读者：巴黎协定的目标与实施措施巴黎协定是在2015年11月巴黎举行的联合国气候变化大会上通过的全球范围的国际气候协议。

该协定旨在应对全球气候变化，并设定了一系列目标和实施措施。

本文将围绕巴黎协定的目标与实施措施展开论述。

一、巴黎协定的目标巴黎协定的主要目标是控制全球气候变暖，将全球平均气温上升控制在2摄氏度以内，并努力争取将升温幅度控制在1.5摄氏度以下。

为达到这一目标，协定规定了以下几个具体目标：1.减少温室气体排放：协定要求各签约方采取措施，通过减少温室气体的排放来降低碳排放量。

各国应制定并实施国家适应和缓解气候变化的计划，促进清洁能源发展，提高能源效率，加强碳捕捉与储存等技术研究，以减少温室气体的排放。

2.适应气候变化：协定要求各国加强适应气候变化的能力。

各国应制定适应气候变化的国家计划，并提供相应的技术、资金和能力建设的支持，以帮助发展中国家适应气候变化的挑战。

3.资金支持：协定要求发达国家提供资金支持给发展中国家，以帮助其实施减缓和适应气候变化的行动。

发达国家应设立资金机构，建立资金机制，并逐年增加资金支持的规模。

二、巴黎协定的实施措施为实现以上目标，巴黎协定明确了一系列实施措施，包括但不限于：1.全球气候行动：协定鼓励各国制定并实施国家适应和缓解气候变化的计划，加强行动合作，推动可持续发展，促进清洁能源和清洁技术的推广应用。

2.适应性与损失与损害：协定要求加强对气候变化影响的科学研究和评估，制定适应气候变化的政策和措施，帮助发展中国家适应气候变化的挑战。

同时，建立适应性和损失与损害机构，提供相应的技术和资金支持。

3.提供资金支持：协定要求发达国家履行提供资金支持的承诺，建立并不断增加资金机制，为发展中国家提供技术、资金与能力建设的支持。

4.技术转让和合作：协定鼓励技术创新、开发和推广，促进技术转让与合作，加强发展中国家的技术能力建设和技术转移。

5.能力建设和机构支持：协定要求各国加强能力建设，建立相关机构，加强交流与合作，为实施协定提供必要的机构和能力建设支持。