Argumentation

Argumentation1. What’s your opinion? My view 型-——agree or disagree型/ some …others型介绍双方观点--—提出你支持的观点___________________（主题)is a common occurrence in our lives。

The attitudes toward this issue vary /differ from person to person. Some people tend to ____________ (观点A)。

However, others argue that ______________（观点B). As far as I am concerned， I will choose to ___________(你的观点）/ Weighing the pros and cons of these arguments, I am inclined to agree with the latter.介绍对方观点及其1-2个理由介绍背景句。

Some people are of the opinion/ have the idea/ point out/ take the view that_______. They assert/ contend/ argue/hold/ insist/maintain/ claim thatSpeaking for myself，________________________。

(你的观点）。

I would like to present 2—3 explanations to confirm that I am right。

/ My arguments for this point are listed as follows.First, …Second …Third…From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that ____________.简述上述理由或提出希望、方法等Topic OneNowadays young people tend to phone more often than write to each other。

四种论证方法论证（argumentation）是指从一定的观点出发，使用逻辑思维和推理方法，有条理地说明事实并论证观点。

它是基于某种认识的客观事实，分析之后得出的某种结论，让旁观者也能认同的一种技巧。

在日常生活、工作和学习中，我们经常遇到论证这一技巧，而有四种主要的论证方法，它们分别是：对比比较、推理推断、经验论据以及自然规律论据。

首先是对比比较，它是一种最普遍也是最常用的论证方法，其特点就在于找出可比较的事物，并通过对比比较推断出一定的结果。

比如，某个商品的质量好还是坏，通过与其他相似的产品进行对比比较，可以得出结论，解决日常生活中的种种疑难问题。

其次是推理推断，也就是通过对事物特征和性质及其相互关系之间的推断，从而得出一定的结论。

推理推断是论证中最基本的方法，通过深入分析事物的特质和性质，以及它们之间的关系，进而得出一定的结论。

若是用推理推断对某个事件进行分析，则可以准确地判断出结果。

第三种是经验论据，从本质上讲，它是将一些具体的现象作为凭据，通过它来论证观点的真实性。

经验论据注重实践应用，而不是理论抽象，其实就是在现实生活中发现一些有用的经验，再对其进行总结，辨证分析，以支持自己的观点。

比如，我们在做某项事情时，可以去参考他人具体的经验，从而使自己更好地处理问题。

最后是自然规律论据，它是从一定的客观规律出发，综合考虑多方面的因素，得出某种结论的论证方法。

自然规律论据是借助天然规律，来说明某种状况的存在，而不是臆测，从而论证观点的真实性。

比如，说明一种物质的温度最低时的状态，可以通过观察它的冷却速率和热力学冷却原理，从而得出结论。

从上面可以看出，论证是一项日常生活、工作和学习中很常见的技巧，它也是解决各种实际问题的有效方法之一。

而有四种主要的论证方法，它们分别是：对比比较、推理推断、经验论据、自然规律论据。

它们在论证中的应用不同，但是它们都具有一定的通用性，可以有效解决实际问题。

论证方法的运用，涉及到丰富的逻辑技巧，从而使我们能够更好地把握实际问题，更加清楚地解读问题，更准确地作出判断。

Sound Argumentation1.归纳论点，说明论点有问题，存在逻辑漏洞，准备展开攻击。

2.攻击逻辑错误。

3.concession。

Case 1:The argument is well-presented, but not thoroughly well-reasoned.By making a comparison of the city of, the city Wuhan with the higher speed limit and therefore automobile accidents, with the city of Beijing, an area of a lower speed limit and subsequently fewer accidents, the argument for reducing Wuhan’s speed limits in order to decrease accidents seems logical.However, the citizens of Wuhan are failing to consider other possible alternatives to the increasing car accidents after the raise in speed limit. Such alternatives may include the fact that there are fewer reliable car traveling the roads in Beijing, or that the age bracket of those in Wuhan may be more conductive to driving safely. It is possible that there are more younger, inexperienced, or more elderly, unsafe drivers in Beijing than there are in Wuhan. In addition,the citizens have failed to consider the geographical and physical terrain of the two different areas. Perhaps Wuhan’s highway is in an area of more dangerous curves, sharp turns, or has many intersections or merging points where accidents are more likely to occur. It appears reasonable, therefore, for the citizens to focus on these trouble spots than to reduce the speed in the entire area. Beijing may be in an area of easier driving conditions where accidents are less likely to occur regardless of the speed limit.Overall, the reasoning behind decreasing Wuhan’s speed limit back to its original seems logical as presented above since the citizens are acting in their own best interests and want to protect their safety. However, before any final decisions are made about the reduction in speed limit, the citizens and officials of Wuhan should evaluate all possible alternatives and causes for the increased number of accidents over the six-month period as compared to Beijing.Sample 2This loan applicant claims that a jazz club in X city would be a protfitable venture. To support this claim the applicant points out that X city has no other jazz clubs. He also cites various other evidence that jazz is popular among X residents. Careful examination of this supporting evidence, however, reveals that it lends little credible support to the applicant’s claim.First of all, if the demand for a live jazz club in X city were as great as the applicant claims, it seems that X would already have one or more such clubs. The fact that the closest jazz club is 65 miles away suggests a lack of interest among X residents in a local jazz club. Since the applicant has not adequately responded to this concern, his claim that the proposed club would be profitable is untenable.The popularity of X’s annual jazz festival and its nightly jazz radio show might appear to lend support to the applicant’s claim. However, it is entirely possible that the vast majority of festival attendees are out –of-town visitors. Moreover, the author provides no evidence that radio listeners would be interested in going out to hear live jazz. For that matter, the radio program might actually pose competition for the YY club, especially considering that the program airs during the evening.Nor does the mere fact that several well-know jazz musicians live in X city lend significant support to the applicant’s claim. It is entirely possible that these musicians perform elsewhere, perhaps at the club located 65 miles away. This would go a long way toward explaining why X does not currently have a jazz club, and it would weaken the applicants assertion that the YY club would be profitable.Finally, the nationwide study showing that the average jazz fan spends $ 1, 000 each year on jazz entertainment would lend support to the applicant’s claim only if X residents typify jazz fans nationwide. However, the applicant provides no credible evidence that this is the case.In conclusion, the loan applicant’s argument is not persuasive.To bloster it he must provide clearer evidence that X residents would patronize the YY club on a regular basis. Such evidence might include the following: statistics showing that a significant number of X residents attend the jazz festival each year: a survey showing that fans of X’s jaxx radio program would go out to hear live jazz if they had the chance: and assurances from well-known local jazz musicians that they would play at the YY if given the opportunity.。

China should Carry Out Real-name System on the InternetWith the increasing internet users, instant messaging gradually connected the users into a virtual society.So,it should be protected,and its environment should be safe.Nowadays,people hold a fierce discussion about whether China should carry out real-name system on the internet.Undoubtedly,I hold the opinion that we should do it.There is no doubt that there are more and more netizens in China now.Without real-name system,more and more problems like cyber crime,morals lacking of network,piracy and so forth are emerging.Without real-name system,every netizen can make any comments,being not worried about any consequences.Because every netizen wears mask and no one knows who he is.Badly,someone may stigmatize anyone he doesn’t like without punishment.But it is cyber crime.So,without real-name system,cyber crime can happen without any punishments.Without real-name system,morals lacking of network is becoming more and more serious.It is common that we can see people quarreling with each other in some forums.Meantime,we can see many pornographic contents on the internet.In today’s society,the network has become an important part of teenager’s life.But the uncivilized behavior has posed a great threat to the development of teenager’s responsibility,obligation and moral sense.Without real-name system,tort problems are becoming worse and worse.Anonymous users can release pirated software and they can also use it.Meantime,they can download music without copyright owner’s permission.So it is necessary to carry out real-name system on internet.Maybe,the challengers will say they dare not make comments under other’s supervision.But we can use technologies to solve the problem.Then,you can freely make a speech without breaking the low.Meantime,because of the real-name system,we couldn’t easily say some words and do something with violating moralities.。

英语写作的四种类型：
1、narration 记叙文：
记叙文是以记人、叙事、写景、状物为主，以写人物的经历和事物发展变化为主要内容的一种文体形式。

2、argumentation 议论文：
议论文，又叫说理文，是一种剖析事物论述事理、发表意见、提出主张的文体。

作者通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非等方法，来确定其观点正确或错误，树立或否定某种主张。

议论文应该观点明确、论据充分、语言精炼、论证合理、有严密的逻辑性。

3、exposition 应用文：
应用文是人类在长期的社会实践活动中形成的一种文体，是国家机关、政党、社会团体、企业事业单位在日常工作、生活中处理各种事物时，经常使用的具有明道、交际、信守和约定成俗的惯用格式文体。

4、description 说明文：
说明文是一种以说明为主要表达方式的文章体裁。

它通过对实体事物科学地解说，对客观事物做出说明或对抽象事理的阐释，使人们对事物的形态、构造、性质、种类、成因、功能、关系或对事理的概念、特点、来源、演变、异同等能有科学的认识，从而获得有关的知识。

ArgumentationAims：1．Knowing to define the term,2．Comparing this style of writing with exposition, description, and narration3．Knowing requirements of a GOOD argumentative essay4．Knowing how to outline an augmentative essay: three parts.Procedure: （theory-practice）The purpose of exposition is to inform; the purpose of argumentation, on the other hand, is to convince. While an expository paper makes known something and explains it to make the reader understand, an argumentative essay tries to make the reader agree with its point of view and support it, to persuade him to change his mind or behavior, and to approve a policy or a course of action that it proposes. Speeches on policies, editorials of newspapers, articles on political or theoretical questions, and various proposals are often argumentative.Argumentation frequently makes use of the other three types of writing --- description, narration, and above all exposition, for argumentation and exposition are very closely related --- argumentation is actually exposition with the additional purpose of convincing or persuading.Although they can take different shapes, argumentative essays have certain basic features in common. If you wish to write a good argumentative essay, you should do your best to meet the following requirements:(1) A debatable pointIt is imperative that the paper should have a debatable point, that is, something which can be viewed from more than one angle and is therefore open to dispute. Generally speaking, the following are not good themes.1) Mere statements of facts“Chinese doctors use acupuncture anesthesia to perform certain operations”is a fact that cannot be debated. But if it is changed into “acupuncture anesthesia should replace conventional anesthesia in all operations”, it becomes debatable.2) Statements of personal preference“Ba Jin is my favorite author” expresses personal preference which does not lead to dispute. But a statement like “Ba Jin is the greatest Chinese writer of the 20th century” is disputable and sufficient evidence should be provided.3) Viewpoints that are generally accepted or can be easily verifiedIt is universally known that “noise pollution is harmful to people’s health”, but it is not generally accepted that “noise pollution is the most harmful of all environmental pollution”. The former viewpoint can be proved, but the later is arguable.(2)Sufficient evidenceSince the point of your paper is not a fact, a statement of personal taste, or a viewpoint universally accepted, you will have to provide sufficient evidence to convince the reader. Sufficient evidence includes common knowledge; specific examples; hard, not soft, evidence, or facts, not opinions, unless the opinions are expert and authoritative; statistics; and quotations from authorities. Valid evidence is that which is clearly and directly connected with the point to be proved.(3)Good logicIt is obvious that good logic is even more important to argumentation than to any other typesof writing. All the facts and reasons that are given as evidence should be logically connected with the conclusion and with each other. Any fallacy in logic or wrong step in reasoning would leave the reader in doubt about the whole argument.There are generally two ways of reasoning:1)Inductive reasoning (from specific facts to a general conclusion)Inductive reasoning is the more common way. When you use induction, you start with facts and proceed from facts to a general conclusion. In other words, you move from specific examples to a general statement.2)Deductive reasoning (from a general statement to a specific conclusion)The process is just the opposite of inductive reasoning --- it moves from a general statement to a specific conclusion. It works on the model of syllogism --- a three-part argument in which there are two statements, known as the major premise and the minor premise, and a conclusion.Here is an example of a syllogism:A.All human beings make mistakes. (a general statement)B.X is a human being.C.Therefore, X makes mistakes. (a specific conclusion)From the above example we can see that the major premise must be an accepted generalization, and the minor, a factual example of that generalization. If A and B are true, C, the conclusion, is bound to be true.You must be very careful about your premises, especially your major premise, such statements as “all students love to study” and “women are more imaginative than men” are not generally accepted, and therefore cannot be used as major premises.(4)Clear logicA typical argumentative essay consists of three parts:an introduction which identifies the issue to be discussed and explains the importance of such a discussion; a body which presents the evidence; and a conclusion in which the proposition, if it is stated at the beginning, is reaffirmed.In the body, it is advisable that you devote the first one or two paragraphs to a consideration of the other side of the case before stating and amplifying your own views. Then in each paragraph that follows, you add something new and important to your argument. The evidence you provide should be arrangedA.from the least important to the most important,B.from the most familiar to the least familiar, andC.from the easiest to accept or comprehend to the most difficult.(5)Good use of the other three types of writing --- description, narration, andespecially the various methods of exposition(6)An honest and friendly attitudeTo argue is not to quarrel or fight. The force of an argument does not come from abuse, sarcasm, exaggeration, or fierce attack, but from solid evidence, logical reasoning, and careful analysis. A domineering or hostile tone could only raise doubts about your good faith and impair the credibility of your argument, whereas an honest and friendly attitude will help win the trust of your readers.Take care that you neither overstate or understate, and avoid overuse of such words and phrases as “perhaps”, “maybe”, “sometimes”, “more often”, “nearly always”, “I think”, or “in myopinion”, which invariably weaken the force of your argument.ModelsThe Harmful Effects of the Multiple-Choice TestThe multiple-choice test is a common examination form that is widely used as a standard international testing method in various academic fields, especially in language testing. Some educators and teachers embrace it as a most scientific test form for its objectivity, accuracy and high efficiency of grading test papers. However, after many years of application, investigation and research, other teachers and educators have admitted that to judge students’ real and practical abilities, such testing method has many limitations and drawbacks. In my opinion, for all its efficiency, objectivity and validity, the multiple-choice test should not be widely used for the examinations of academic courses on campus.Those who argue for the advantages of the multiple-choice test believe that such tests can greatly improve the accuracy and speed of test paper grading. The standardized answer sheets of such test make it possible for computers to replace men to grade the papers. Undoubtedly, the computerization of test paper grading not only improve the speed of grading test papers, but also eliminates the subjective factors of bias or preference that can not be totally avoided by those who grade them. Here, computers or electronic devices are considered as the norm for scientific testing method. It may be safe to check manufactured products by electronic devices for their qualities. Yet, to check the real abilities and potentials of complex human beings, such devices and such testing method are far from enough. In fact, many problems from such testing do exist.First of all, it is convenient for students to cheat in the multiple-choice test. The standardization of answer sheets makes it easier for students to plagiarize others’ answers. The choices of A. B. C. D. are most clearly printed on the answer sheets or test papers. With only a quick glance, any student who attempts to cheat in the exam can surely steal the correct choice from whoever is nearby and whoever is considered as a good student. What’s more, some students may have some secret deal among themselves in the exam, delivering generous service to the needed. In this case, even when they are separated from each other with considerable distance by the proctor/invigilator, they can still succeed. The proctor may feel quite helpless because even though they sometimes see or feel students cheating, they cannot pinpoint or prove how the students are cheating in the exam. This in a way encourages the students’ misconduct and leads to their ethical degradation.Secondly, the multiple-choice test is often like a gambling. Doing well in such an exam is in some way becoming a matter of chance. According to the law of probability, if a question has four choices, then the probability of the right answer will be as high as 25%. Even is a person, absolutely ignorant of knowledge of that subject, take part in the multiple-choice test, he will have 25% chances of getting the right answer, just by guess. Because of this characteristic, some students’ attitude and attention to study may be quite misled and their capability and flexibility may be weakened. For example, we used to answer the multiple-choice tests at middle schools. When we come to college and face a problem of answering various questions in more details by writing or by speaking, we are at a loss, not to mention our difficulty in writing Englishcompositions.Thirdly, the multiple-choice test fails to evaluate the students’ abilities thoroughly, especially their potential abilities. Owing to the nature of such a test form, the four letters on the answer sheet cannot reveal the thought process of the students who take the exams. We all know that thought process is the reflection of one’s abilities and potentials in many different ways, and that process is often much more important than the test results themselves in telling the real abilities of the students. Therefore, the answers chosen on the answer sheet do not truly correspond to the students’ practical abilities.Fourthly, such a method of testing can seriously affect the students’ way of studying. Since the multiple-choice test demands no writing, students tend to develop a very passive way of receiving knowledge and responding to the questions related to the knowledge, and therefore neglect the abilities of actively and creatively using what they have learned. This is especially harmful for language study that requires constant actual practice. It may lower the students’interest and intelligence in their studies and lead to the failure of our educational purposes. After all, how can we meet the complex challenge of modern society with simple “A. B. C. D.” ?From the above cases of evidence and analysis, it is clear that the multiple-choice test should not dominate the examinations of our academic courses. It may be used partially for some specific purposes for some courses, but extensive use of the multiple-choice test at various levels of our educational institutions will surely impoverish the quality of our education and of our students.Is English Writing Necessary for English Majors?English writing is generally the most difficult one in the language competence required for the students majoring in English, considering the great pains student writers take and the slight progress they make in their practice. Most of the beginners think there is no need to practice writing English compositions since their writing skills in Chinese are quite sufficient, and English writing is after all not quite practical for their future work. However, English writing, as a very important part of students’ general language competence and as a means of expressing oneself andof spreading knowledge and information, is necessaryand essential for English majors.1)T he difficulty ofEnglish writing baffles(=confuses) some students so much that they turn to their Chinese skills for help. That is natural. In fact, their Chinese writingskills do help their English writing, especially in generating and organizing ideas and details. Meanwhile, Chinese writing is different from English writing in sentence structure and paragraph organizations and their differences in expressions are certainly even bigger. Simply translating Chinese word for word into English cannot make good English writing. Other students hold a wrong view of English learning. They think to learn English is just to memorize a large vocabulary, to master the grammar and to speak fluent English. Once they are proficient in those areas of English, they can naturally handle English writing well. To correct such a one-sided view, one thing must be kept in mind, that is, spoken English is not equal to written English. Oral speech is often rather loose and flexible withoutprecise and proper arrangement. Oral English uses simple everydaylanguage while written English comprises complicated words andsentence structures. Therefore, written English is more demanding,and it requires intentional and intensive practice. English writingcourse can serve this purpose.The students’laziness in observing and thinking partly accounts for their reluctance to practice writing. Writing sharpens and improves thinking. English writing canhelp students develop the habit and ability of thinking in English and become generally more competent in English. Composition topics can be varied yet close to life. If students have a good habit of observing life and thinking constantly, they won’t bump into (=accidentally meet) topics with empty heads. Keen observation and deep thoughts are necessary for good English writing, and they are also signs for well-educated people.Writing can also strengthen students’abilities in comprehension and oral English. Writing is creative work. After brainstorming, various ideasand pictures may pop into their minds and some beautiful sentences may be written down on a piece of paper, which will last long in their memory. Their written English skills may help to polish and beautify their spoken English and make their oral expression precise and elegant. Writing involves lots of reading. When reading others’ writing, they will be sensitive to various styles and that will quicken their reading speed and comprehension.Furthermore, English writing is in fact a most practical tool in students’future career. It willbe used in writing telexes, business letters, research papers and public speeches. Every kind of writing has its special style, which needs a careful study and strenuous practice. yet all those are based on essential skills in English writing that will be covered in an English writing course.Finally, the required competence forEnglish majors differs from other English learners. English majors are not limited to the command of anyparticular sphere of the English language, but they must have all-round competence in terms of listening and reading comprehension, spoken abilities and writing skills in English, so that they can adopt themselves to various situations in their future work.No one is born capable of everything. Hard work is the premise of success. To be able to use English freely, we do not only have to read a lot, speaka lot, but also write a lot. English writing practice consolidates(=strengthen)students’overall English competence and enables them to express their ideas and feelings in a more precise, graceful and permanent form.。

双边观点英语作文的建议雅思写作有两类大作文，report和argumentation两种，前者主要是分析某个问题，提出解决方案，而后者则是对于某个具有争议性的问题或者观点进行利弊分析。

而针对于argumentation，即辩论型作文，作文的结构可以分为单边支持型和双边讨论型这两种。

而回看各种雅思考官范文和一些范文，大多数都是选择双边讨论的形式，这主要是因为英人的思维比较缜密，他们看待问题比较客观公正，所以比较倾向于考生对于问题的全面分析和理解。

那么怎么去写好双边讨论式呢？来看一下argumentation有哪几种类型：1To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion？针对这一问题，很多中国考生只是单纯的从同意或者不同意这两个比较单一的角度去分析问题，实际上，这个写作题目并不只是个单项选择，考生应该从正反两方面多角度去分析的。

比如有些问题，完全可以从自己个人角度和社会角度来进行利弊的分析，从两方面讨论，既能计划证阐述内容比较客观公正，又能避免比较片面的看法，一举两得。

2Discuss both these views and give your own opinions。

从题目要求我们可以知道，这道题目自然是两个观点都要进行分析的。

需要考生们通过两方面论点的讨论，终给出自己的观点，观点可以是偏向任意一个view，也可以选择站在中立的立场上，只要言之成理即可。

这类题目在argumentation中出现的频率比较高。

3To what extent do the benefits outweigh the drawbacks？（主要是利弊的分析）这题目，考生除了要给出一个&ldquo；利大于弊&rdquo；或者&ldquo；弊大于利&rdquo；的结论外，还要对有利和不利的一面都进行阐述分析，后得出一个比较客观的答案，这才比较符合题目的要求。

Argumentation的写法开头段的写法第一句：背景句（最多 2 句）第二句：主句（目同替）第三句：点句主题句的写法：some people / other people→proponents/opponents→those in favour of.../opponents of ...→advocates/adversaries→supporters/criticsSpecific:→technophiles/technophobes→vivisectionists/antivivisectionists→ animal rights activists animal rights extremists→environmentalists→parents and educatorsThink, believe→suggest, claim, assert→insist, hold, maintain, argue, contend→ raise the doubt whether⋯→ be concerned that⋯→ worry that⋯*当点明偏向面的，不用正*当背景句已了正面，那么主句中不用再交代正面形式向名形式e.g.: some/other people believe→There⋯is a belief that⋯1.There is a perception that⋯, while a counterargument is that⋯2.There is much controversy/a heated debate over whether⋯3.It is/has been a controversial/contentious issue/an issue of controversy/debate in oursociety whether ⋯4.It has sparked/stirred/aroused much controversy/a heated debate in our society whether*以上用于引出反方点5.There is some concern about⋯/over whether*比温⋯柔背景句的写法：1.交代主句生的原因【常用】2.人熟知的社会象【常用】3.引用名人事例4.交代事物的另一方面【常用】5.下定【常用】6.引出一方点例 1： Some people who have been successful in society don attribute’ their success to the theoretical knowledge they learned from their university. Do you agree or disagree?可用名人例： Bill Gates, Michael Dell, Steve Jobs, Mark Zuckerberg例2： Advertising is discouraging people from being different individuals and makes people to be or seem to be the same.Penetrate, infiltrate, facilitate, play an indispensible role in our society一些有用的替：Today, Nowadays→I n recent years→A t present→C urrently→I n modern society→I n contemporary societyThere are more and more⋯→There is an increasing number/amount of⋯→The number/amount of⋯is increasing/has increased.→There is/has been an (⋯) increase in the number/amount of ⋯【使用 There be 句型的候要注意不要出两个】⋯is becoming more and more popular.→⋯ is becoming increasingly popular.→⋯ is gaining (worldwide) popularity.→The popularity of⋯is growing/increasing.观点句的写法：（只能用一次）Personally (speaking), I believe ⋯To my mind, to my way of thinkingTo the best of my knowledgeI am convinced thatFrom my perspective,From my point of view,From my viewpoint,As far as I know,As far as see it,As far as I am concerned,My personal view is that ⋯In my part,点句 /构句（除了pros and cons，其他都可以随意搭配）Advantages/disadvantagesBenefits/drawbacksMerits/demeritsPositive effects/negative, harmful, adverse effectsStrength/weaknessStrong points/weak pointsUpsides/downsidesPros and cons(不能拆分！！)用于利弊分析的/点句：Every coin has two sides. 【用句，尽量少用】Be greater than(far) outweigh/ exceed v.Be more overt adj. thanCannot justifye.g.: I think the advantages cannot justify the disadvantages. So we should take both sides into consideration⋯ Only by this way can we⋯不同度的表达：支持：Agree with/ consent to/subscribe toSupport/prop (up)AdvocateBe in favor ofSide with...is embraced by many peopleremain convinced ofinsist that ... should ...反： I am (strongly) against that 【一般不用如此直接的度，持疑度即可】疑：⋯wonder whether this practice/view can hold water/bear close examinations.中庸草：The essay will compare and contrast its benefits and downsides.There are some points in both sides.⋯The focus of this essay is to analyze/explore/illustrateIn this essay, I will⋯(e.g. : closely exam the pros and cons)This essay aims to⋯中段的写法（利弊分析）（供参考）例： Do the positive effects of advertising outweigh its negative effects?Body P1 的开 : Advertising can bring enormous benefits to people, not only individuals, but manufacturers, and even society as a whole.enormous benefits:所在段的点用要抽象，否下面无法化。

辩论赛专用术语辩论赛作为一项受欢迎的比赛形式，不仅需要参赛者具备扎实的知识储备和辩论技巧，还需要熟悉并运用一系列专有术语。

这些术语在辩论比赛中起着重要的作用，能够准确表达观点、加强论证，有助于参赛者的表达和交流效果。

以下是一些常用的辩论赛专用术语：1. 提案（Motion）提案是辩论赛中的议题，也是参赛者需要讨论和辩论的主题。

提案通常是一个肯定或否定性质的陈述，旨在引导参赛者展开辩论。

2. 论证（Argumentation）论证是指通过逻辑和证据来支持自己的观点或驳斥他人观点的过程。

参赛者在辩论过程中使用论证来加强自己的立场，使观点更具说服力。

3. 论据（Evidence）论据是指用来支持或证明观点的具体事实、数据、案例等信息。

参赛者在辩论中使用论据来支撑自己的论证，增强自己的说服力。

4. 逻辑（Logic）逻辑是指观点和论证之间的合理关系，以及合乎常识和常理的推理思维方式。

参赛者需要运用逻辑思维，使自己的论证更加严密和合理。

5. 对手（Opponent）对手是指与自己持相反观点的参赛者或辩论队伍。

在辩论赛中，参赛者需要与对手辩论，并通过论证和反驳来展示自己的观点。

6. 主持人（Moderator）主持人是辩论赛中起监督和引导作用的人员。

主持人负责控制辩论的进行，维持比赛的秩序，并确保每位参赛者有合理的发言机会。

7. 引用（Quotation）引用是指在辩论中使用其他人的言论或观点来支持自己的观点。

通过引用权威人士或专家的话语，参赛者可以增加自己的论证力度。

8. 反驳（Rebuttal）反驳是指对对手观点进行驳斥和批评，通过逻辑推理和具体证据来揭示对手观点的不足之处。

反驳是辩论赛中争取胜利的关键环节之一。

9. 平衡（Balance）平衡是指在辩论过程中，参赛者需要兼顾自己观点的力度和对手观点的合理性。

平衡是一种策略，在辩论中能够更好地控制对话场景。

10. 调查（Research）调查是指参赛者在辩论赛前收集信息、查找相关数据、研究案例等的过程。

申论作文常用术语汇总表1. 观点论证 (Argumentation): 对某个问题或观点提出自己的看法，并给出相关的论据和证据来支持自己的观点。

2. 分析论证 (Analysis): 通过对问题进行深入的分析，提供相关的细节、数据和理由来支持自己的观点。

3. 举例论证 (Illustration): 使用具体的例子来说明自己的观点，让读者更容易理解和接受。

4. 对比论证 (Comparison): 通过对比两个事物或观点的优劣、差异等，来说明自己的观点的合理性。

5. 引用权威 (Quotation): 引用权威人士的观点、数据或研究成果，以增加自己观点的可信度。

6. 实证研究 (Empirical research): 引用已有的实证研究结果，来证明自己的观点的正确性。

7. 数据分析 (Data analysis): 对相关数据进行统计和分析，提供有力的数据支持。

8. 考察历史 (Historical examination): 对某一事件或问题的历史过程和背景进行分析，用以支持自己的观点。

9. 逻辑推理 (Logical reasoning): 通过合理的逻辑推理过程，来得出自己的结论。

10. 层层递进(Progressive elaboration): 在文章中逐步展开论述，从而使得观点更加完整和有说服力。

11. 解决问题 (Problem-solving): 对某个具体问题提出解决思路和方法，并给出相应的理论和实践支持。

12. 比较优势 (Comparative advantage): 强调自己的观点在某个方面具有优势，从而增加观点的说服力。

13. 增进共识 (Consensus building): 通过寻找共同点，促进不同观点之间的沟通与理解，从而达成共识。

14. 反驳异议 (Refuting objections): 对反对自己观点的异议或质疑进行反驳，以证明自己的观点的正确性。

15. 提出建议 (Making suggestions): 在问题讨论的基础上，提出具体的建议和方案，以解决问题或改进状况。

argumentation的用法总结大全（学习版）编制人：__________________审核人：__________________审批人：__________________编制学校：__________________编制时间：____年____月____日序言下载提示：该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的，希望大家下载后，能够帮助大家解决实际问题。

文档下载后可定制修改，请根据实际需要进行调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种类型的经典范文，如英语单词、英语语法、英语听力、英语知识点、语文知识点、文言文、数学公式、数学知识点、作文大全、其他资料等等，想了解不同范文格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor.I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!In addition, this shop provides various types of classic sample essays, such as English words, English grammar, English listening, English knowledge points, Chinese knowledge points, classical Chinese, mathematical formulas, mathematics knowledge points, composition books, other materials, etc. Learn about the different formats and writing styles of sample essays, so stay tuned!argumentation的用法总结大全argumentation的意思argumentation的简明意思n. 争论；讨论；论证英式发音 [ˌɑːɡjumən'teɪʃn] 美式发音 [ˌɑːrɡjumən'teɪʃn]argumentation的具体用法如：Pass through extensive experiment and science's analysis and argumentation. "经过科学的分析、论证,通过广泛而充分的室内室外试验.在此句中argumentation表示论证的意思Argumentation is the process of arguing in an organized or logical way.辩论是以有组织的或合逻辑的方式争论的过程.在此句中argumentation表示争论的意思argumentation的用法例句The new problems arised along with the development of their argumentation.随着他们讨论的深入新的问题也冒了出来.在此句中argumentation表示讨论的意思CAN follow abstract argumentation, for example the balancing of alternatives and drawing of a conclusion.能理解抽象议题的讨论, 如不同角度的看法、抉择与推论.在此句中argumentation表示讨论的意思Song Liping introduces, at present investor allowsto had not decided, still be among argumentation.宋丽萍介绍, 目前投资者准入门槛还没有定, 还在论证当中.在此句中argumentation表示论证的意思Water resources argumentation is basic work for the water permIt'system.摘要建设项目水资源论证是取水许可制度服务的,是一项科学性很强的工作.在此句中argumentation表示论证的意思So he put forward the argumentation that " Beekeepers have a long life ".因而最早提出“养蜂人长寿”的论点.在此句中argumentation表示论点的意思。

argumentation的框架结构Argumentation（论证）是指论述观点或陈述理由的过程，用以说服读者或听众接受某种观点或立场。

在进行argumentation时，一个清晰而有条理的框架结构对于有效地传达信息至关重要。

下面是一个常见的argumentation框架结构，包括以下几个关键要素：1. 引言段（Introduction）：引言应概述所要讨论的问题，并引起读者或听众的兴趣。

为了使引言更具吸引力，可以使用引人注目的事实、统计数据、引用或提出问题等。

2. 背景信息（Background information）：在引言之后，提供背景信息有助于读者或听众理解讨论的背景和相关概念。

这包括列举关键术语、说明相关概念以及提供相关事实或历史背景。

3. 声明观点（Thesis statement）：在引言和背景信息之后，明确陈述自己的观点或立场。

观点陈述应该简明扼要且清晰明了，使读者或听众能够准确理解你的立场。

4. 主体段落（Body paragraphs）：在主体段落中，逐一呈现、支持和发展你的观点。

每个主体段落都应集中讨论一个关键点，并提供令人信服的理由和证据来支持该点。

每个段落的结构可以按照以下顺序进行：主题句（topic sentence），展开解释或论证，以及呈现相关的例证、数据或专家意见。

5. 反驳（Counterarguments）：在argumentation中，要对可能存在的反对意见或对立观点进行反驳。

针对每个可能的反对观点，提供相关证据和逻辑来反驳，以加强自己的立场。

6. 总结段（Conclusion）：在结尾段，对整个argumentation进行总结并再次强调自己的观点。

总结段应该简洁明了，并呼应引言。

此外，还可以给出进一步的思考或行动建议，以突出观点的重要性。

以上是argumentation的典型框架结构，但在实际写作中，可以根据具体任务和要求进行相应调整。

无论如何，一个清晰、有条理的框架结构有助于保持逻辑连贯性和系统性，从而使argumentation更具说服力。

[导读]下⾯是⼀个雅思⼤作⽂写作模板，是关于argumentation类型的。

argumentation类型是最经典的雅思⼤作⽂类型，在雅思写作中出场的次数⾮常频繁。

下⾯就为⼤家搜集整理了关于雅思⼤作⽂写作模板：argumentation类型，供⼤家参考，希望对⼤家有所帮助。

雅思⼤作⽂写作模板：argumentation类型雅思⼤作⽂argumentation类型⼀共可以有三种结构：2+1，⼀边倒，Balance。

2+1: 当在考试时遇到这样的题问:To what extent do you agree or disagree? 或者How far do you agree or disagree? 或者Discuss the advantages and disadvantages about…? 此处建议使⽤2+1写法。

2+1写法也为五段式。

第⼀段:此开头段⼀定要直接说明你的观点，⽽且是必须表明。

(为了⽅便阐述，这⾥将雅思很BT做为观点)第⼆段:这⼀段要写的，是你⾃⼰观点的⼀个反⾯说明，也就是这段你要写你认为雅思也不是很BT。

此段的结构安排同上述段落的写法。

第三段:便为你⽀持你⾃⼰观点(雅思很BT)的第⼀个⽀持⽅IDEA，写法同上。

第四段:为你⽀持⾃⼰观点(雅思很BT)的第⼆个⽀持⽅IDEA，与法同上。

第五段:便为总结段，同样要再次明确观点。

通过2+1结构⼤家可以看出，我们有⼀段是反对⾃⼰观点的，有两段是写⽀持⾃⼰观点的。

从字数上便可以看出我们的侧重⾯是哪。

题⽬都是问在怎样的程度上同意或者不同意，所以我们要把这个程度写出来，所以要从两个⽅⾯来写⾃⼰的观点，即有两段的⽀持，但同样，什么事情都没有绝对，所以我们要写⼀段观点的缺陷。

这时有的朋友会问，为什么要把反对的那⼀段放在第⼆段⽽不是第四段呢?这是因为保持⽂章的流畅性。

这样使得三、四、五段都为观点的⽀持段，以免在考官会误解你的⽴场不明确。

以上就是这篇雅思⼤作⽂写作模板：argumentation类型的全部内容，⼤家可以看到这样2+1的结构事实上要求⼤家对两种观点都有所描述，上⾯的模板安排的是⽐较清晰的结构，⼤家可以在⾃⼰的雅思⼤作⽂写作备考当中进⾏参考。