26131-b20 3GPP手机音频测试协议

gs-93032-6标准GS-93032-6是一种技术标准，属于电子产品领域中的一种国际标准。

该标准主要用于定义和规范智能手机和其他移动终端设备的通信功能、性能要求以及测试方法。

本文将详细介绍GS-93032-6标准的背景、内容和应用等方面。

GS-93032-6标准是由国际电联（ITU）制定的，旨在确保各种移动通信设备之间的互操作性和兼容性。

智能手机和移动终端设备的广泛普及和快速发展，加速了社会信息化进程，对通信技术提出了更高的要求。

GS-93032-6标准的出现，就是为了解决智能手机和移动终端设备之间兼容性问题，为用户提供更好的使用体验。

GS-93032-6标准主要包括了以下几个方面的内容：产品定义和分类、通信功能要求、性能要求、测试方法等。

首先，该标准对智能手机和移动终端设备进行了具体的定义和分类，以便针对不同类型的设备制定相应的规范。

其次，标准明确了设备的通信功能要求，包括支持的网络制式、频段范围、通信协议等。

这些要求旨在确保设备在不同通信网络和环境下能够正常工作。

此外，GS-93032-6标准还规定了设备的性能要求，包括电池寿命、信号接收和传输能力、音频和视频质量等方面的指标。

这些性能要求不仅影响用户的日常使用体验，还与设备的功耗和稳定性密切相关。

标准还详细列出了各项性能指标的测试方法和评估标准，以确保设备在研发和生产过程中能够达到预期的性能要求。

GS-93032-6标准的应用范围非常广泛。

首先，该标准适用于各种品牌和型号的智能手机和移动终端设备，包括苹果、三星、华为等品牌。

其次，该标准也适用于移动通信工程和设备供应商，以确保他们提供的设备符合市场需求和标准要求。

此外，GS-93032-6标准也对相关的测试设备和测试服务提供了指导，促进了相关行业的发展和进步。

总之，GS-93032-6标准是关于智能手机和移动终端设备的技术标准，用于规范设备的通信功能、性能要求和测试方法。

该标准的出现解决了智能手机和移动终端设备之间兼容性问题，为用户提供更好的使用体验。

音频测试中常用标准说明
现代音视频产品已经进入到了每个人的生活中，不断追求产品的音频表现是整个音频行业的持续追求。

如何衡量一个产品音频指标的好坏，这往往需要对其进行音频性能测试。

常见的音频测试的项目可以粗略的分类为：动态范围，频率响应，灵敏度，谐波失真，互调失真，信噪比，最大输入输出电平等。

在目前应用广泛的音频标准中都是分别从不同的角度考察了音频常见产品的性能，现将分类如下：
针对常见的音频测试标准，成都摩尔实验室(MORLAB)在此领域积累了较为丰富的相关经验并配备了专业而完备的音频测试系统及经验丰富的音频测试工程师，相信通过摩尔实验室的专业测试与分析将对提高您产品的音
效起到重要作用。

2012-10-10 来源：摩尔实验室。

测试蓝牙协议一致性测试方案1蓝牙协议概述蓝牙技术规范（Specification）包括协议（Protocol）和应用规范（Profile）两个部分。

协议定义了各功能元素（如串口仿真协议（RFCOMM）、逻辑链路控制和适配协议（L2CAP）等各自的工作方式，而应用规范则阐述了为了实现一个特定的应用模型（Usage model），各层协议间和运转协同机制。

显然，Protocol 是一种横向体系结构，而Profile是一种纵向体系结构。

较典型的Profile有拨号网络（Dial-up Networking）、耳机（Headset）、局域网访问（LAN Access）和文件传输（File Transfer）等，它们分别对应一种应用模型。

整个蓝牙协议体系结构可分为底层硬件模块、中间协议层（软件模块）和高端应用层三大部分。

图1中所示的链路管理层（LM）、基带层（BB）和射频层（RF）属于蓝牙的硬件模块。

RF层通过2.4GHz无需授权的ISM频段的微波，实现数据位流的过滤和传输，它主要定义了蓝牙收发器在此频带正常工作所满足的要求。

BB层负责跳频和蓝牙数据及信息帧的传输。

LM层负责连接的建立和拆除以及链路的安全机制。

它们为上层软件模块提供了不同的访问人口，但是两个蓝牙设备之间的消息和数据传递必须通过蓝牙主机控制器接口（HCI）的解释才能进行。

也就是说，HCI是蓝牙协议中软硬件之间的接口，它提供了一个调用下层BB、LM状态和控制寄存器等硬件的统一命令接口。

HCI层以上的协议实体运行在主机上，而HCI以下的功能由蓝牙设备来完成，二者之间通过一个对两端透明的传输层进行交互。

中间协议层包括逻辑链路控制和适配协议（L2CAP,Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol）、服务发现协议（SDP，Service Discovery Protocol）、串口仿真协议（RFCOMM）和电信通信协议（TCS,Telephone control Protocol）。

修正记录文档名称鼎信通达综合接入网关用户手册手册版本 2.2日期2014/10/18作者Porter修正说明同步支持IMS平台软件版本2.18.02.06或以上版本目录第一章产品介绍 (1)1.1概述 (1)1.2产品外观 (2)1.3接口及指示灯介绍 (2)1.3.1DAG1000-4S接口及指示灯介绍 (2)1.3.2DAG1000-8S接口及指示灯说明 (3)1.3.3DAG2000-16S接口及指示灯介绍 (5)1.3.4DAG2000-24/32S接口及指示灯介绍 (6)1.3.5DAG2500-48/72S接口及指示灯介绍 (9)1.3.6DAG3000-128S接口及指示灯介绍 (12)1.4组网应用 (13)1.5功能和特点 (13)1.5.1支持协议 (13)1.5.2语音传真参数 (14)1.5.3补充业务 (14)第二章基本操作 (15)2.1话机操作 (15)2.1.1拨打电话号码或分机号 (15)2.1.2IP地址呼叫 (15)2.2呼叫保持 (15)2.3呼叫等待 (16)2.4呼叫转移 (16)2.4.1盲转（Blind） (16)2.4.2询问转移（Attend） (16)2.4.3三方通话 (17)2.5操作码列表 (17)2.6发送和接收传真 (19)2.6.1DAG（FXS）支持四种传真模式： (19)2.6.2T.38和Pass-Through (19)第三章设备自助设置 (20)3.1IP地址查询 (20)3.2恢复出厂设置 (20)3.3设置IP地址 (20)第四章WEB配置 (22)4.1WEB登陆 (22)4.1.1登陆准备 (22)4.1.2登陆WEB (24)4.2状态和统计 (24)4.2.1系统信息 (24)4.2.2注册信息 (26)4.2.3TCP/UDP统计 (26)4.2.4RTP会话统计 (27)4.3快速配置向导 (27)4.4网络 (27)4.4.1本地网络 (27)4.4.2VLAN参数 (29)4.4.3Qos (31)4.4.4LAN Qos (31)4.4.4DHCP服务(路由模式下可选配置) (31)4.4.5DMZ主机(路由模式下可选配置) (32)4.4.6转发规则(路由模式下可选配置) (33)4.4.7静态路由(路由模式下可选配置) (33)4.4.8防火墙(路由模式下可选配置) (34)4.4.8地址解析 (35)4.5SIP服务器 (35)4.6端口配置 (37)4.7高级选项配置 (39)4.7.1FXS参数 (39)4.7.2媒体参数 (41)4.7.3SIP参数 (43)4.7.4传真参数 (47)4.7.5拨号规则 (48)4.7.6功能键 (50)4.7.7系统参数 (52)4.7.8Action URL (54)4.8呼叫和路由配置 (55)4.8.1通配组 (55)4.8.2端口组 (55)4.8.3IP中继 (56)4.8.4路由参数 (56)4.8.5IP-Tel路由 (57)4.8.6Tel-IP/Tel路由 (58)4.8.7IP->IP路由 (58)4.9号码变换 (59)4.9.1IP-Tel被叫号码 (59)4.9.2Tel-IP改变主叫号码 (60)4.9.3Tel-IP改变被叫号码 (62)4.10管理 (63)4.10.1TR069参数 (63)4.10.2SNMP参数 (63)4.10.3Syslog参数 (64)4.10.4云服务器 (66)4.11安全设置 (66)4.11.1WEB访问控制列表 (66)4.11.2Telnet访问控制列表 (67)4.11.3密码修改 (67)4.11.4加密配置 (68)4.12工具 (69)4.12.1固件升级 (69)4.12.2数据备份 (69)4.12.3数据恢复 (70)4.12.4Ping测试 (70)4.12.5Tracert测试 (71)4.12.6Outward测试 (72)4.12.7网络抓包 (73)4.12.8恢复出厂设置 (73)4.12.9设备重启 (74)第五章术语 (75)关于本文档本文档主要描述综合接入网关（IAD）设备的外观、功能特性、配置及维护操作方法。

SkyworksSolutions,Inc.•Phone[781]376-3000•Fax[781]376-3100•*********************•Si4844-B20模拟调谐数字显示 AM/FM/SW 收音机特性功能方框图⏹ 支持全球 FM 波段(64–109MHz)⏹支持全球 AM 波段(504–1750kHz)⏹支持 SW 波段(2.3–28.5MHz)⏹所有 AM/FM 地区波段可选⏹增强 FM/SW 波段覆盖范围⏹ 2 线控制接口⏹单声道/立体声和有效的电台指示器⏹数字音量支持⏹低音/高音支持⏹最少的 BOM 元件，无需手动校准⏹卓越的接收性能⏹FM 波段中国电视频道音频载波接收⏹EN55020 兼容⏹两节 AAA 电池，电源电压为 2.0 到 3.6V⏹支持宽波段铁氧体磁棒天线和空心环形天线⏹24 引脚 SSOP 封装⏹符合 RoHS该产品、其功能和/或其体系结构使用了以下一项或多项专利，以及其他正在申请或发布的国内外专利：7,127,217;7,272,373; 7,272,375; 7,321,324;7,355,476; 7,426,376; 7,471,940;7,339,503; 7,339,504.订购信息：请参阅第 21 页。

Si4844-B202SkyworksSolutions,Inc.•Phone[781]376-3000•Fax[781]376-3100•*********************•Si4844-B20SkyworksSolutions,Inc.•Phone[781]376-3000•Fax[781]376-3100•*********************• 3T ABLE OF C ONTENTSSectionPage1. Electrical Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42. Typical Application Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123. Bill of Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134. Functional Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144.1. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144.2. FM Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154.3. AM Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154.4. SW Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154.5. Frequency Tuning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164.6. Band Select . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164.7. Bass and Treble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164.8. Volume Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164.9. Stereo Audio Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164.10. Stereo DAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174.11. Soft Mute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174.12. Reference Clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174.13. Reset, Powerup, and Powerdown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174.14. Memorizing Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174.15. Programming with Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175. Commands and Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186. Pin Description: Si4844-B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207. Ordering Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218. Package Outline: Si4844-B20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .229. PCB Land Pattern: Si4844-B20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2310. Top Marking: Si4844-B20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2411. Additional Reference Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25Document Change List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26Si4844-B204SkyworksSolutions,Inc.•Phone[781]376-3000•Fax[781]376-3100•*********************•1. Electrical SpecificationsTable 1. Recommended Operating Conditions 1,2ParameterSymbol Test ConditionMin Typ Max Unit Supply Voltage 3V DD 2— 3.6V Power Supply Powerup Rise TimeV DDRISE10——µsNotes:1.Typical values in the data sheet apply at V DD =3.3V and 25°C unless otherwise stated.2. All minimum and maximum specifications in the data sheet apply across the recommended operating conditions forminimum V DD =2.7V.3. Operation at minimum V DD is guaranteed by characterization when V DD voltage is ramped down to 2.0V. Partinitialization may become unresponsive below 2.3V.Table 2. DC Characteristics(V DD =2.7 to 3.6V, TA =–15 to 85°C)ParameterSymbolTest ConditionMinTypMaxUnitFM ModeSupply Current 1I FM —21.0—mA Supply Current 2I FMLow SNR level—21.5—mAAM/SW ModeSupply Current 1I AM—20.0—mASupplies and InterfaceV DD Powerdown CurrentI DDPD—10—µANotes:1.Specifications are guaranteed by characterization.2. LNA is automatically switched to higher current mode for optimum sensitivity in weak signal conditions.Si4844-B20SkyworksSolutions,Inc.•Phone[781]376-3000•Fax[781]376-3100•*********************• 5Figure 1.Reset TimingTable 3. Reset Timing Characteristics(V DD = 2.7 to 3.6V, TA = –15 to 85°C)ParameterSymbol Min Typ Max Unit RSTB Pulse Widtht PRST 100——µs 2-wire bus idle time after RSTB risest SDIO 100——µs 2-wire bus idle time before RSTB rises, and VDD valid time before RSTB risest SRST 100——µs RSTB low time before VDD becomes invalidt RRST——µsNotes:1.RSTB must be held low for at least 100µs after the voltage supply has been ramped up.2. RSTB needs to be asserted (pulled low) prior to the supply voltage being ramped down.RSTBVDDSDIOSCLKSi4844-B206SkyworksSolutions,Inc.•Phone[781]376-3000•Fax[781]376-3100•*********************•Table 4. 2-Wire Control Interface Characteristics 1,2,3(V DD =2.7 to 3.6V, T A =–15 to 85°C)ParameterSymbol Test ConditionMin Typ Max Unit SCLK Frequency f SCLK 0—400kHz SCLK Low Time t LOW 1.3——µs SCLK High Timet HIGH 0.6——µs SCLK Input to SDIO ↓ Setup (START)t SU:STA 0.6——µs SCLK Input to SDIO ↓ Hold (START)t HD:STA 0.6——µs SDIO Input to SCLK ↑ Setup t SU:DAT 100——ns SDIO Input to SCLK ↓ Hold 4,5t HD:DAT 0—900ns SCLK input to SDIO ↑ Setup (STOP)t SU:STO 0.6——µs STOP to START Time t BUF 1.3——µs SDIO Output Fall Timet f:OUT—250nsSDIO Input, SCLK Rise/Fall Timet f:IN t r:IN—300nsSCLK, SDIO Capacitive Loading C b ——50pF Input Filter Pulse Suppressiont SP——50nsNotes:1.When V D =0V, SCLK and SDIO are low impedance.2. When selecting 2-wire mode, the user must ensure that a 2-wire start condition (falling edge of SDIO while SCLK ishigh) does not occur within 300ns before the rising edge of RST.3. When selecting 2-wire mode, the user must ensure that SCLK is high during the rising edge of RST, and stays highuntil after the first start condition.4. The Si484x delays SDIO by a minimum of 300ns from the V IH threshold of SCLK to comply with the minimum t HD:DATspecification.5. The maximum t HD:DAT has only to be met when f SCLK =400kHz. At frequencies below 400kHz, t HD:DAT may beviolated as long as all other timing parameters are met.200.1C b1pF----------+200.1C b1pF----------+Si4844-B20SkyworksSolutions,Inc.•Phone[781]376-3000•Fax[781]376-3100•*********************• 7Figure 2.2-Wire Control Interface Read and Write Timing ParametersFigure 3.2-Wire Control Interface Read and Write Timing DiagramTable 5. FM Receiver Characteristics 1,2(V DD =2.7 to 3.6V, TA =–15 to 85°C)ParameterSymbol Test ConditionMin Typ Max Unit Input Frequencyf RF64—109MHz Sensitivity with Headphone Network 3(S+N)/N = 26 dB —2.2—µV EMFNotes:1.Additional testing information is available in “AN603: Si4822/26/27/40/44 DEMO Board Test Procedure.”Volume =maximum for all tests. Tested at RF =98.1MHz.2. To ensure proper operation and receiver performance, follow the guidelines in “AN602: Si4822/26/27/40/44 Antenna,Schematic, Layout, and Design Guidelines.” Skyworks will evaluate schematics and layouts for qualified customers.3. Frequency is 64~109MHz.4. Guaranteed by characterization.5. V EMF =1 mV.6. F MOD =1kHz, MONO, and L =R unless noted otherwise.7. ∆f =22.5kHz.8. |f 2 – f 1| > 2MHz, f 0=2x f 1 – f 2.9. B AF =300Hz to 15kHz, A-weighted.10. At L OUT and R OUT pins.11. ∆f =75 kHz.12. Tested in Digital Volume Mode.SCLK70%30%SDIO70%30%STARTSTOP t f:INt r:INt LOWt HIGHt HD:STAt SU:STA t t t SU:DATt r:INHD:DATf:IN, t f:OUTSi4844-B208SkyworksSolutions,Inc.•Phone[781]376-3000•Fax[781]376-3100•*********************•LNA Input Resistance 4,5—4—k ΩLNA Input Capacitance 4,5—5—pF AM Suppression 4,5,6,7m = 0.3—50—dB Input IP34,8—105—dBµV EMFAdjacent Channel Selectivity 4±200 kHz —50—dB Alternate Channel Selectivity 4±400 kHz —65—dB Audio Output Voltage 5,6,7,12—80—mV RMS Audio Mono S/N 5,6,7,9,10—55—dB Audio Stereo S/N 3,4,5,7,9,10—55—dB Audio Frequency Response Low 4–3dB ——30Hz Audio Frequency Response High 4–3dB 15——kHz Audio Stereo Separation 5,11—40—dB Audio THD 5,6,11—0.10.5%Audio Output Load Resistance 4,10R L Single-ended 10——k ΩAudio Output Load Capacitance 4,10C LSingle-ended——50pFTable 5. FM Receiver Characteristics 1,2 (Continued)(V DD =2.7 to 3.6V, TA =–15 to 85°C)ParameterSymbolTest ConditionMin Typ Max Unit Notes:1.Additional testing information is available in “AN603: Si4822/26/27/40/44 DEMO Board Test Procedure.”Volume =maximum for all tests. Tested at RF =98.1MHz.2. To ensure proper operation and receiver performance, follow the guidelines in “AN602: Si4822/26/27/40/44 Antenna,Schematic, Layout, and Design Guidelines.” Skyworks will evaluate schematics and layouts for qualified customers.3. Frequency is 64~109MHz.4. Guaranteed by characterization.5. V EMF =1 mV.6. F MOD =1kHz, MONO, and L =R unless noted otherwise.7. ∆f =22.5kHz.8. |f 2 – f 1| > 2MHz, f 0=2x f 1 – f 2.9. B AF =300Hz to 15kHz, A-weighted.10. At L OUT and R OUT pins.11. ∆f =75 kHz.12. Tested in Digital Volume Mode.Si4844-B20SkyworksSolutions,Inc.•Phone[781]376-3000•Fax[781]376-3100•*********************• 9Table 6. AM/SW Receiver Characteristics 1, 2(V DD = 2.7 to 3.6 V, TA = –15 to 85 °C)ParameterSymbol Test Condition Min Typ Max Unit Input Frequencyf RFMedium Wave (AM)504— 1750kHz Short Wave (SW)2.3—28.5MHz Sensitivity 3,4,5(S+N)/N = 26 dB — 30—µV EMF Large Signal Voltage Handling 5THD < 8%— 300— mV RMS Power Supply Rejection Ratio 5ΔV DD =100 mV RMS , 100 Hz— 40— dB Audio Output Voltage 3,6,8— 60— mV RMS Audio S/N 3,4,6— 55— dB Audio THD 3,6— 0.10.5%Antenna Inductance 5,7180—450µHNotes:1.Additional testing information is available in “AN603: Si4822/26/27/40/44 DEMO Board Test Procedure.”Volume =maximum for all tests. Tested at RF =520kHz and RF =6MHz.2. To ensure proper operation and receiver performance, follow the guidelines in ““AN602: Si4822/26/27/40/44 Antenna,Schematic, Layout, and Design Guidelines.” Skyworks will evaluate schematics and layouts for qualified customers.3. FMOD =1kHz, 30% modulation, 2kHz channel filter.4. B AF =300Hz to 15kHz, A-weighted.5. Guaranteed by characterization.6. V IN =5mVrms.7. Stray capacitance on antenna and board must be <10pF to achieve full tuning range at higher inductance levels.8. Tested in Digital Volume Mode.Si4844-B2010SkyworksSolutions,Inc.•Phone[781]376-3000•Fax[781]376-3100•*********************•Table 7. Reference Clock and Crystal Characteristics(V DD = 2.7 to 3.6V, T A = –15 to 85°C)ParameterSymbolTest Condition MinTypMaxUnitReference ClockXTALI Supported Reference Clock Frequencies *31.13032.76840,000kHz Reference Clock Frequency Tolerance for XTALI–100—100ppmREFCLK_PRESCALE 14095REFCLK31.13032.76834.406kHz Crystal OscillatorCrystal Oscillator Frequency —32.768—kHz Crystal Frequency Tolerance –100—100ppm Board Capacitance——3.5pF*Note: The Si4844-B20 divides the RCLK input by REFCLK_PROSCALE to obtain REFCLK. There are some RCLKfrequencies between 31.130kHz and 40MHz that are not supported. For more details, see Table 9 of “AN610: Si48xx ATDD Programming Guide.”Table 8. Thermal ConditionsParameterSymbol Min Typ Max Unit Thermal Resistance* JA —80—°C/W Ambient Temperature T A –152585°C Junction TemperatureT J——92°C*Note: Thermal resistance assumes a multi-layer PCB with the exposed pad soldered to a topside PCB pad.Si4844-B20Table 9. Absolute Maximum Ratings 1, 2Parameter Symbol Value UnitSupply Voltage V DD–0.5 to 5.8VInput Current3I IN10mAOperating Temperature T OP–40 to 95︒CStorage Temperature T STG–55 to 150︒CRF Input Level40.4V PKNotes:1.Permanent device damage may occur if the above Absolute Maximum Ratings are exceeded. Functional operationshould be restricted to the conditions as specified in the operational sections of this data sheet. Exposure beyond recommended operating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.2. The Si4844-B devices are high-performance RF integrated circuits with certain pins having an ESD rating of < 2kVHBM. Handling and assembly of these devices should only be done at ESD-protected workstations.3. For input pins RST, SDIO, SCLK, XTALO, XTALI, BAND, TUNE2, TUNE1, IRQ, and LNA_EN.4. At RF input pins, FMI, and AMI.Si4844-B202. Typical Application SchematicNotes:1.Place C4 close to V DD2 and DBYP pins.2. All grounds connect directly to GND plane on PCB.3. Pin 6 and 7 leave floating.4. To ensure proper operation and receiver performance, follow the guidelines in “AN602: Si4822/26/27/40/44 Antenna,Schematic, Layout, and Design Guidelines.” Skyworks will evaluate the schematics and layouts for qualified customers.5. Pin 8 connects to the FM antenna interface and pin 12 connects to the AM antenna interface.6. Place Si484x as close as possible to antenna jack and keep the FMI and AMI traces as short as possible.7. Recommend keeping the AM ferrite loop antenna at least 5cm away from the Si4844-B.8. Keep the AM ferrite loot antenna away from the MCU, audio amplifier, and other circuits which have AM interference.9. Place the transformer T1 away from any sources of interference and even away from the I/O signals of the Si4844-B.Si4844-B20 3. Bill of MaterialsTable 10. Si4844-B20 Bill of MaterialsComponent(s)Value/Description Supplier C1Reset capacitor 0.1µF, ±20%, Z5U/X7R MurataC4Supply bypass capacitor, 0.1µF, ±20%, Z5U/X7R MurataC5Coupling capacitor, 0.47µF, ±20%, Z5U/X7R MurataB1Ferrite bead 2.5k/100MHz MurataVR1Variable resistor (POT), 100k, ±10% KennonU1Si4844-B AM/FM/SW Analog Tune Digital Display Radio Tuner SkyworksANT1Ferrite stick,180–450μH JiaxinOptional ComponentsC2, C3Crystal load capacitors, 22pF, ±5%, COGVenkel(Optional: for crystal oscillator option)Y132.768kHz crystal (Optional: for crystal oscillator option)Epson or equivalentANT2Air loop antenna, 10-20μH variousS1Band switch Any, depends on customerR1Resistor, 203k, ±1%VenkelR2Resistor, 50k, ±1%VenkelR3Resistor, 180k, ±1%VenkelR4Resistor, 67k, ±1%VenkelSi4844-B204. Functional DescriptionFigure4.Si4844-B Functional Block Diagram4.1. OverviewThe Si4844-B is the analog-tuned digital-display digital CMOS AM/FM/SW radio receiver IC that integrates the complete receiver function from antenna input to audio output. Working with an external MCU with LCD/LED driver, Si4844-B can output the AM/FM/SW frequencies, band, Bass/Treble and stereo/mono information to display on LCD/LED, while using a simple potentiometer at the front end for analog-tune. Leveraging Skyworks' proven and patented digital low intermediate frequency (low-IF) receiver architecture, the Si4844-B delivers superior RF performance and interference rejection in AM, FM and SW bands. The Si4844-B is pin-to-pin compatible with the current Si484x-A tuning. The Si4844-B shares the advanced features of the Si484x-A and can support a wider range of FM and SW bands. It also supports China TV channels and audio reception in the FM band. The superior control algorithm integrated in Si4844-B provides an easy and reliable control interface while eliminating all the manually tuned external components used in traditional solutions.Like other successful audio products from Skyworks, Si4844-B offers unmatched integration and PCB space savings with minimum external components and small board area on a single side PCB. The high integration and complete system production test simplifies design-in, increases system quality, and improves manufacturability. The receiver has very low power consumption, runs off two AAA batteries, and delivers the performance benefits of high performance digital radio experience with digital display to the legacy analog-tuned radio market.The Si4844-B provides good flexibility in using the chip. The frequency range of FM/AM/SW bands, mono/stereo threshold, de-emphasis value, AM tuning step, AM soft mute level/rate, and Bass/Treble can be either configured by the MCU or by using external hardware to make a selection. The reference clock of the FM tuner can be provided either by the crystal or by the host MCU within tolerance.Si4844-B also has flexibility in selecting bands and configuring band properties, enabling masked Host MCU for multiple projects, and reducing the cost of development. Four tuning preferences are available tomeet different tuning preference requirements.4.2. FM ReceiverThe Si4844-B integrates a low noise amplifier(LNA) supporting the worldwide FM broadcast band (64to 109MHz) and the TV audio stations within the fre quency range in China are also supported. The FM band can also be configured to be a wider range such as 64–108 MHz in one band.Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis is a technique used by FM broadcasters to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of FM receivers by reducing the effects of high frequency interference and noise. When the FM signal is transmitted, a pre-emphasis filter is applied to accentuate the high audio frequencies. All FM receivers incorporate a de-emphasis filter which attenuates high frequencies to restore a flat frequency response. Two time constants are used in various regions. The de-emphasis time constant can be chosen to be 50 or 75μs. Refer to “AN602: Si4822/26/27/40/44 Antenna, Schematic, Layout, and Design Guidelines.”The Si4844-B also has advanced stereo blending that employs adaptive noise suppression. As a signal quality degrades, the Si4844-B gradually combines the stereo left and right audio channels to a mono audio signal to maintain optimum sound fidelity under varying reception conditions. The Si4844-B can output a stereo signal to MCU with LCD/LED driver to display on the LCD/LED so that the user can easily discern the signal quality.The stereo on signal is defined using both RSSI and the Left and Right separation levels as these two specifications are the primary factors for stereo listening. The criteria can be set between two conditions: the Left and Right channels are separated by more than 6dB with RSSI at >20dB or Left and Right channels are separated by more than 12dB with RSSI at >28dB. The selection can be set up using different values of the external resistor or configured by the host MCU. Refer to “AN602: Si4822/26/27/40/44 Antenna, Schematic, Layout, and Design Guidelines.”The user can also refer to the “AN610: Si48xx ATDD Programming Guide” for those who want to configure the value by host MCU.4.3. AM ReceiverThe highly integrated Si4844-B supports worldwide AM band reception from 504 to 1750kHz with five sub-bands using a digital low-IF architecture with a minimum number of external components and no manual alignment required. This patented architecture allows for high-precision filtering, offering excellent selectivity and SNR with minimum variation across the AM band. Similar to the FM receiver, the Si4844-B optimizes sensitivity and rejection of strong interferers, allowing better reception of weak stations.To offer maximum flexibility, the receiver supports a wide range of ferrite loop sticks from 180–450μH. An air loop antenna is supported by using a transformer to increase the effective inductance from the air loop. Using a 1:5 turn ratio inductor, the inductance is increased by 25 times and easily supports all typical AM air loop antennas, which generally vary between 10 and 20μH.A 9, 10kHz tuning step can be chosen by the external resistor or host MCU according to the different regions, and AM soft mute level can be programmed by the host MCU to have different tuning experiences. One of the AM bands can be configured as a universal AM band that simultaneously supports 9kHz and 10kHz channel spaces for all regional AM standards worldwide. Refer to “AN610: Si48xx ATDD Programming Guide” and “AN602: Si4822/26/27/40/44 Antenna, Schematic, Layout, and Design Guidelines”for more details.4.4. SW ReceiverThe Si4844-B supports short wave band receptions from 2.3 to 28.5MHz in 5kHz step size increments. It can also be configured to have a wide SW band that can be used in SW radio with 1 or 2 SW banks. Si4844-B supports extensive short wave features such as minimal discrete components and no factory adjustments. The Si4844 supports using the FM antenna to capture short wave signals. Refer to “AN610: Si48xx ATDD Programming Guide”and “AN602: Si4822/26/27/40/44 Antenna, Schematic, Layout, and Design Guidelines”for more details.4.5. Frequency TuningA valid channel can be found by tuning the potentiometer that is connected to the TUNE1 and TUNE2 pin of the Si4844-B chip.To offer easy tuning, the Si4844-B also outputs the tuned information to the MCU with LCD/LED driver to display. It will light up the icon on display if the RF signal quality passes a certain threshold when tuned to a valid station. Multiple tuning preferences are available. The user can choose to have the best performance (volume, stereo/mono effect) only at the exact channel, or the best performance in a larger range. Refer to "AN610: Si48xx ATDD Programming Guide" for more details. 4.6. Band SelectThe Si4844-B supports worldwide AM band with five sub-bands, US/Europe/Japan/China FM band with five sub-bands, and SW band with 16 sub-bands. Si4844-B provides the flexibility to configure the band and band properties at either the MCU side or the Tuner side, enabling masked MCU for multiple projects. For details on band selection, refer to “AN602: Si4822/26/27/40/44 Antenna, Schematic, Layout, and Design Guidelines”and "AN610: Si48xx ATDD Programming Guide".4.7. Bass and TrebleThe Si4844-B further supports Bass/Treble tone control for superior sound quality. The Si4844-B can be set to be default normal, or programmed by the host MCU I2C-compatible 2-wire mode. FM has nine levels Bass/Treble effect and AM/SW has seven levels Bass/Treble effect. For further configuration details, refer to "AN610: Si48xx ATDD Programming Guide." 4.8. Volume ControlThe Si4844-B not only allows users to use the traditional PVR wheel volume control through an external speaker amplifier, it also supports digital volume control programmed by the host MCU. Si4844-B can be programmed to be Bass/Treble mode only or digital volume mode only; it can also be programmed to have the digital volume coexist with Bass/Treble in two modes. Refer to "AN610: Si48xx ATDD Programming Guide" and “AN602: Si4822/26/27/40/44 Antenna, Schematic, Layout, and Design Guidelines” for more details.4.9. Stereo Audio ProcessingThe output of the FM demodulator is a stereo multiplexed (MPX) signal. The MPX standard was developed in 1961, and is used worldwide. Today's MPX signal format consists of left + right (L+R) audio, left – right (L–R) audio, a 19kHz pilot tone.Figure5.MPX Signal Spectrum4.9.1. Stereo DecoderThe Si4844-B's integrated stereo decoder automatically decodes the MPX signal using DSP techniques. The 0 to 15kHz (L+R) signal is the mono output of the FM tuner. Stereo is generated from the (L+R), (L–R), and a 19kHz pilot tone. The pilot tone is used as a reference to recover the (L–R) signal. Output left and right channels are obtained by adding and subtracting the (L+R) and (L–R) signals respectively.4.9.2. Stereo-Mono BlendingAdaptive noise suppression is employed to gradually combine the stereo left and right audio channels to a mono (L+R) audio signal as the signal quality degrades to maintain optimum sound fidelity under varying reception conditions. Three metrics, received signal strength indicator (RSSI), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and multipath interference, are monitored simultaneously in forcing a blend from stereo to mono. The metric which reflects the minimum signal quality takes precedence and the signal is blended appropriately.All three metrics have programmable stereo/mono thresholds and attack/release rates. If a metric falls below its mono threshold, the signal is blended from stereo to full mono. If all metrics are above their respective stereo thresholds, then no action is taken to blend the signal. If a metric falls between its mono and stereo thresholds, then the signal is blended to the level proportional to the metric’s value between its mono and stereo thresholds, with an associated attack and release rate.0575338231915Frequency (kHz)ModulationLevel4.10. Stereo DACHigh-fidelity stereo digital-to-analog converters (DACs) drive analog audio signals onto the LOUT and ROUT pins. The audio output may be muted.4.11. Soft MuteThe soft mute feature is available to attenuate the audio outputs and minimize audible noise in very weak signal conditions. An advanced algorithm is implemented to get a better analog tuning experience. The soft mute feature is triggered by the SNR metric. The SNR threshold for activating soft mute is programmable, as are soft mute attenuation levels and attack and decay rates.4.12. Reference ClockThe Si4844-B supports programmable RCLK input (to XTALI pin) with the spec listed in Table7. It can be shared with the host MCU to save extra crystal.An onboard crystal oscillator is available to generate the 32.768kHz reference when an external crystal and load capacitors are provided. Refer to "AN602: Si4822/26/27/40/44 Antenna, Schematic, Layout, and Design Guidelines" for more details.4.13. Reset, Powerup, and Powerdown Setting the RSTB pin low will disable analog and digital circuitry, reset the registers to their default settings, and disable the bus. Setting the RSTB pin high will bring the device out of reset.Figure1 shows typical reset, startup, and shutdown timings for the Si4844-B. RSTB must be held low (asserted) during any power supply transitions and kept asserted as specified in Figure1 after the power supplies are ramped up and stable. Failure to assert RSTB as indicated here may cause the device to malfunction and may result in permanent device damage.A powerdown mode is available to reduce power consumption when the part is idle. Putting the device in powerdown mode will disable analog and digital circuitry while keeping the bus active.4.14. Memorizing StatusThe Si4844-B provides the feature to memorize status from the last power down with a simple design on PCB, including frequency of the FM/AM/SW station. Refer to “AN602: Si4822/26/27/40/44 Antenna, Schematic, Layout, and Design Guidelines”for details.4.15. Programming with CommandsTo ease development time and offer maximum customization, the Si4844-B provides a simple yet powerful software interface to program the receiver. The device is programmed using commands, arguments, properties, and responses.To perform an action, the user writes a command byte and associated arguments, causing the chip to execute the given command. Commands control an action such as powerup the device, shut down the device, or get the current tuned frequency. Arguments are specific to a given command and are used to modify the command. Properties are a special command argument used to modify the default chip operation and are generally configured immediately after powerup. Examples of properties are de-emphasis and soft mute attenuation threshold.Responses provide the user information and are echoed after a command and associated arguments are issued. All commands provide a 1-byte status update, indicating interrupt and clear-to-send status information. For a detailed description of the commands and properties for the Si4844-B, see "AN610: Si48xx ATDD Programming Guide."。

Javier GozalvezNew 3GPP Standard for IoTInternet of Thingsmajor milestone was achieved inthe Third-Generation Partner-ship Project’s (3GPP’s) Radio AccessNetwork Plenary Meeting 69 with thedecision to standardize the narrow-band (NB) Internet of Things (IoT), anew NB radio technology to addressthe requirements of the IoT. The newtechnology will provide improved in-door coverage, support of a massivenumber of low-throughput devices,low delay sensitivity, ultralow devicecost, low device power consump-tion, and optimized network archi-tecture. The technology can bedeployed in-band, utilizing resourceblocks within a normal long-termevolution (L TE) carrier, or in the un-used resource blocks within an L TEcarrier’s guard-band, or stand alonefor deployments in dedicated spec-trum. The NB-IoT is also particularlysuitable for the refarming of GlobalSystem for Mobile Communications(GSM) channels.Ericsson, AT&T, and Altair dem-onstrated over ten years of batterylife using LTE power-saving mode(PSM) on a commercial LTE IoT chipset platform. The demonstrationruns on Ericsson networks and Al-tair’s FourGee-1160 Cat-1 chip set fea-turing ultralow power consumption.Long-term battery life has becomea prerequisite for a vast number ofIoT applications. PSM is an EricssonEvolved Packet Core (EPC) featurebased on 3GPP (Release 12) for bothGSM and LTE networks. The featureis able to dramatically extend I oTdevice battery life up to ten yearsor more for common use cases andtraffic profiles. This capability isdefined for both LTE and GSM tech-nologies and lets devices enter anew deep-sleep mode—for hours oreven days at a time—and only wakeup when needed.Ericsson, Sony Mobile, and SKTelecom conducted lab testing ofthe key functionalities of LTE deviceCategory 0 and Category M (Machine-Type Communication). LTE Category0 has been standardized in the3GPP LTE Release 12 and is the firstdevice category specifically target-ing reduced complexity and, thus,reduced cost for the IoT. LTE CategoryM is a key theme in LTE Release 13,representing further cost savings andimproving battery lifetime. Wearabledevices and related applications wereselected for the user scenarios beingtested and trialed. The wearabledevice test use cases are focused onconsumer lifestyle and wellness ap-plications enabled through multiplesensors providing accelerometer,identification, pulse meter, and globalpositioning system functionality.Orange and Ericsson announceda trial of optimized, low-cost, low-complexity devices and enhancednetwork capabilities for cellular IoTover GSM and LTE. What the compa-nies claim will be the world’s first ex-tended coverage (EC) GSM trial willbe conducted in France using the900-MHz band, with the aim of en-hancing device reachability by up to20 dB, or a sevenfold improvementin the range of low-rate applications.This further extends the dominantglobal coverage of GSM in Europeand Africa to reach challenging lo-cations, such as deep indoor base-ments, where many smart metersare installed, or remote areas inwhich sensors are deployed for agri-culture or infrastructure monitoringuse cases. I n addition, EC-GSM willreduce device complexity and, thus,lower costs, enabling large-scale IoTdeployments. In parallel, the compa-nies will carry, in partnership withSequans, what they believe is theworld’s first LTE IoT trial using low-cost, low-complexity devices withone receive antenna (instead of two),and half-duplex frequency divisionduplex (FDD). This simplifies thedevice hardware architecture andreduces expensive duplex filters, al-lowing for a 60% cost reduction incomparison with the existing LTECategory 4. Ericsson will also dem-onstrate, together with Sequans,energy efficiency over GSM and LTEnetworks with the PSM technology.The PSM feature is applicable toboth GSM and LTE and supportedby EPC.Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MVT.2015.2512358Date of publication: 24 February 2016AEricsson, MyOmega System Tech-nologies, Intel, and Telenor Connex-ion have partnered to build what they claim is the world’s first end-to-end site implementation of secure oT connectivity service for wine-makers. The service will enable wine-makers to collect data on air and soil humidity and temperature, as well as solar intensity, using IoT sensors and ntel-based oT gateways con-nected to a cloud service. The data can be used to perform a predictive analysis and to support resource management and real-time remote monitoring. Ericsson’s secure I oT service is based on the Ericsson De-vice Connection Platform integrated with the Authentication Federation Gateway. Built on the 3GPP standard Generic Bootstrapping Architecture for LTE, the implementation features what Ericsson claims is the world’s first end-to-end security and authen-tication capabilities for transferring sensor data to the cloud for process-ing and analysis.Berg I nsight estimates that LTE will be the leading technology for cellular I oT devices in 2019. The company estimates that global ship-ments of cellular oT devices will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 20.1% to reach 239.7 million units in 2020.Gartner estimates that 6.4 bil-lion connected things will be in use worldwide in 2016, which repre-sents an increase of 30% from 2015. This figure will reach 20.8 billion by 2020. The firm expects that IoT will support total services spending of US$235 billion in 2016, which repre-sents an increase of 22% from 2015. Fifth GenerationThe Radiocommunication Assembly of the International Telecommunica-tion Union (ITU) has endorsed a res-olution that establishes the road map for the development of fifth-generation (5G) mobile and the term that will apply to it: “I nternational Mobile Telecommunications (I MT) 2020.” The overall vision for the 5G systems, along with the goals, pro-cess, and time line for its develop-ment, is now in place. The detailedtechnical performance requirementsfor the radio systems to support 5Gwill be developed, in close collabo-ration with industry and nationaland regional standards organiza-tions, following the stringent timelines defined by ITU. New demands,including applications requiringvery high-data-rate communica-tions, many more devices withdiverse service requirements, betterquality of user experience, and bet-ter affordability, will require anincreasing number of innovativesolutions. Low-latency and high-reli-ability communication are perceivedas an enabler for the future develop-ment of new applications in healthcare, safety, business, entertain-ment, and other sectors.NTT DOCOMO, I nc., announcedthat a 5G trial it conducted withNokia Networks at the RoppongiHills high-rise complex in Tokyo, Ja-pan, achieved ultrahigh-speed datatransmission in excess of 2 Gb/s.The trial used millimeter-wave-length signals with an extremelyhigh frequency of 70 GHz, a key de-velopment for the eventual commer-cial use of 5G wireless technology inactual-use environments. Accordingto the company, to date, no test hadachieved a 5G data transmission ina commercial complex, such as ashopping mall, due to problems withbase stations being out of line ofsight and diffused reflections caus-ing the attenuation of highly direc-tional millimeter signals. This time,however, the trial was successfulbecause of the use of two technolo-gies: 1) beamforming, which focusesradio waves in a specific direction,and 2) beam tracking to controlbeam direction according to the mo-bile device’s location. n addition,in a separate trial that DOCOMOconducted with Samsung Electron-ics in Suwon-city, South Korea, amaximum data-receiving speed ofmore than 2.5 Gb/s was achievedin a vehicle travelling with a speedof 60 km/h. The trial used a 28-GHzhigh-frequency signal in combina-tion with beamforming with a highnumber of antenna elements andbeam tracking.DOCOMO conducted other tri-als recently in collaboration withvendors: DOCOMO and Ericssonverified the feasibility of a mas-sive multiple-input, multiple-output(MI MO) technology by achieving areal-time data-receiving speed ofmore than 10 Gb/s using Ericsson5G radio prototypes with a 15-GHzfrequency band. DOCOMO and Fu-jitsu confirmed a multi-base-stationcooperative transmission system byachieving a data-receiving speed ofover 11 Gb/s in a total of four mobiledevices with a 4.6-GHz signal. Anoutdoor data-transmission trial con-ducted by DOCOMO, DOCOMO Bei-jing Communications Laboratories,and Huawei Technologies achieveda multiuser (MU) MI MO transmis-sion of 43.9 b/s/Hz/cell, which was3.6-times more efficient than thepast outdoor trials of the LTE-Ad-vanced-based MU-M I MO technol-ogy. According to the companies,the trial with Huawei representsthe first large-scale MU-MIMO tech-nology test, with a concurrent con-nectivity of 24 user devices in themacrocell environment on the sub-6-GHz frequency band. Huawei alsoclaims that it was the first time theperformance of sparse code mul-tiple access and filtered orthogo-nal frequency-division multiplexing(F-OFDM) was validated in the field.SK Telecom and Nokia Networksdemonstrated Nokia Networks’ centi-meter-wave technology in a joint 5Gtrial in South Korea. The two compa-nies achieved 19.1-Gb/s transmission B erg I nsIght estImates that Lte wILL Be the LeadIng technoLogy for ceLLuLar I o t devIces In 2019.speed over the air using 256 quadra-ture amplitude modulation (QAM), 8 # 8 MIMO transmission and 400 MHz of bandwidth.Ericsson published its Mobil-ity Report that provides insight into the future of 5G networks, including a forecast of 150 million 5G mobile subscriptions by 2021. South Korea, Japan, China, and the United States are predicted to lead with the first, and fastest, 5G subscription uptake. 5G will connect new types of devic-es, enabling new use cases related to the I oT; the transition will open up new industries and verticals to information and communications technologies (I CTs) transformation. The report also reveals a signifi-cant increase in mobile video con-sumption, which is driving around six-times-higher traffic volumes per smartphone in North America and Europe (2015–2021). North America data traffic per active smartphone will grow from 3.8 to 22 GB per month by 2021; in Western Europe, the increase is from 2 to 18 GB per month. Other highlights from the lat-est Ericsson Mobility Report include: global mobile data traffic is forecast to grow tenfold by 2021, and video is forecast to account for 70% of to-tal mobile traffic in the same year;20 new mobile broadband subscrip-tions are activated every second; by the end of 2015, there will be one billion mobile subscriptions across Africa; ICT will enable savings in en-ergy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions across all other industrial sectors, with a total emis-sion reduction that could be up to 10 Gt of carbon dioxide emissions (15% of global GHG emissions in 2030). SpectrumThe World Radiocommunication Con-ference 2015 (WRC-15) concluded its deliberations as delegates signed the Final Acts that revise the Radio Regu-lations, the international treaty gov-erning the use of radio-frequency (RF) spectrum and satellite orbits. Around 3,300 participants, represent-ing 162 out of I TU’s 193 memberstates attended the four-week confer-ence 2–27 November 2015. Approxi-mately 500 participants representing130 other entities, including industry,also attended the conference as ob-servers. WRC-15 addressed morethan 40 topics related to frequency al-location and frequency sharing forthe efficient use of spectrum and or-bital resources. Following the grow-ing demand for spectrum for mobilebroadband services, WRC-15 identi-fied frequency bands in the L-band(1,427–1,518 MHz) and in the lowerpart of the C-band (3.4–3.6 GHz).WRC-15 achieved agreement on someadditional portions in other bandsthat were also allocated to mobilebroadband services to be used in re-gions where there was no interfer-ence with other ser vices. Tocounteract the difficulties encoun-tered in finding additional spectrumfor I MT in bands below 6 GHz,WRC-15 decided to include studies inthe agenda for the next WRC in 2019for the identification of bands above6 GHz that will allow technology tomeet demand for greater capacity.WRC-15 made a key decision that willprovide enhanced capacity for mo-bile broadband in the 694–790-MHzfrequency band in ITU Region 1 (Eu-rope, Africa, the Middle East, andCentral Asia) and a globally harmo-nized solution for the implementationof the digital dividend. Full protectionhas been given to television broad-casting as well as to the aeronauticalradionavigation systems operating inthis frequency band. The decision al-locates this band to the mobile ser-vice and identifies it for I MT in I TURegion 1, similarly to what was decid-ed by the WRC in 2007 for ITU Region2 (Americas) and Region3 (Asia-Pa-cific). WRC-15 identified spectrum inthe 694–894-MHz frequency band tofacilitate mobile broadband commu-nications for robust and reliable mis-sion critical emergency services inpublic protection and disaster relief,such as police, fire, ambulances,and disaster-response teams. WRC-15opened the way for the developmentby the International Civil Aviation Or-ganization of worldwide standards forunmanned aircraft systems, and iden-tified the regulatory conditions thatmay be applied to such systems inter-nationally. WRC-15 also agreed onspectrum for wireless avionics intra-communications to allow for theheavy and expensive wiring used inaircraft to be replaced by wire-less systems.Ofcom (United Kingdom) has con-firmed plans for releasing valuablenew airwaves that could be used tomeet the growing demand for mo-bile broadband services. An auctionis planned to take place in early 2016for the spectrum, which has beenmade available by the U.K. Ministryof Defence as part of a wider govern-ment initiative to free up public sec-tor spectrum for civil uses. A totalof 190 MHz of high-capacity spec-trum is being made available in twobands—2.3 and 3.4 GHz—which areparticularly suited for high-speedmobile broadband services. Ofcomproposes to auction the spectrum inlots of 10 MHz for the 2.3-GHz bandand 5 MHz for the 3.4-GHz band.Fourth GenerationChina Mobile Shanghai and The Re-search I nstitute of China Mobile, to-gether with Huawei, has successfullycompleted what they assert is theworld’s first massive MI MO solutiondeployment (ultralarge-scale multian-tenna system) on the fourth-genera-tion (4G) commercial network. Theresults of the tests indicated a down-link throughput per single cell ex-ceeding 630 Mb/s with a single20-MHz carrier. The massive MI MOsolution is an integral feature of L TEtime-division duplex (TDD) evolution[4.5G (4.5 generation)] and can po-tentially increase spectrum efficiencyby six to ten times in the future. I tscore is an ultralarge-scale multianten-na system, where each module inte-grates 128 RF channels and 128built-in antennas. The solution sup-ports all mainstream LTE-TDDfrequency bands. By using the three-dimensional (3-D) beamforming tech-nology, a single massive MI MO eNodeB installed at a height of 25 m is capable of providing 3-D coverageto a building 75-m tall as well as the surrounding roads. This demon-stration indicated that a single site could effectively solve coverage problems that previously could only be resolved with multiple legacy base stations.Ericsson, Vodafone, and Qual-comm Technologies, I nc., conduct-ed what they claim is the world’s first live testing of advanced carrier aggregation (CA) of LTE in licensed and unlicensed bands on a com-mercial mobile network. The trial uses the Ericsson RBS 6,402 indoor small cell, which supports LTE CA between licensed and unlicensed bands on Vodafone’s commercial network, connected to an LTE un-licensed-band-capable test device developed by Qualcomm Technolo-gies, I nc. The latest over-the-air re-sults were achieved by aggregating 20 MHz of Vodafone spectrum in Band 3 (1,800 MHz) with 20 MHz of the unlicensed 5-GHz band U-NI I-1 band. The testing validated LTE per-formance in the unlicensed band and fair coexistence with other tech-nologies like Wi-Fi within the unli-censed 5-GHz band. The Ericsson RBS 6402 indoor picocell includes a 5-GHz LTE-enabled radio in addi-tion to multiple LTE radio variants and an optional 2.4-GHz Wi-Fi mod-ule. The user equipment utilized in this trial is a test device powered by the Qualcomm Snapdragon X12 LTE modem.HKT and Huawei successfully demonstrated what they believe is the world’s first 4.5G 1-Gb/s mobile network. The demonstration intro-duces what the companies claim is a world-first four-component carrier CA network.Nokia Networks and TeliaSonera have conducted a live demonstra-tion of LTE-Advanced three-band CA (3# CA) using Category 9 devices. The companies showcased whatthey claim are record-breaking datarates of up to 375 Mb/s on a commer-cial network, marking an industryfirst in the Nordic region. The end-to-end demo, performed on Sonera’scommercial network in Helsinki, ag-gregated three LTE FDD carriers of20, 20, and 10-MHz bandwidth.Alcatel-Lucent has launched theDistributed Antenna System (DAS)RF Module (RFM), a widebandlow-power LTE interface card thatremoves the need for bulky radiotechnology in a public installation.To connect to a DAS today, serviceproviders must deploy remote ra-dio heads alongside duplexers andattenuators to reduce output pow-er, as well as cooling equipmentin areas where there is often lim-ited space. Working together withAlcatel-Lucent’s LTE radio accessportfolio, the DAS RFM connects toAlcatel-Lucent’s digital basebandunit, working directly with the ana-log DAS through RF signals that con-sume just one-eighth of the powerand heat dissipation of an averageremote radio head, reducing spacerequirements and optimizing costs.Bell Labs has completed a study onthe cost savings delivered by thenew DAS RFM, compared with atraditional remote radio head andassociated equipment. The studyshows that service providers can re-alize up to 30% cost savings in termsof the wireless and DAS equipmentrequired, up to 81% cost savings interms of power and cooling; up to78% cost savings in terms of energy.Ericsson and SK Telecom havenow deployed Ericsson Lean Carrierin urban, suburban, and rural areas.Ericsson Lean Carrier reduces, ormakes lean, the level of referencesignalling needed for good networkperformance. This leads to a cor-responding improvement of thedownlink data speed, which appliesto all parts of the 4G LTE network,with the highest performance gainsoccurring in the areas with mostcell overlap. In a large-scale deploy-ment, users can enjoy up to a 50% in-crease in downlink data speed witha network average increase of about10%. By reducing interference, Erics-son Lean Carrier enables new 256-QAM higher-order modulation to beutilized over a broader area, extend-ing the higher data speed advantageto the outdoor macro environment.According to Ericsson, its Lean Car-rier solution increases the use of256 QAM by up to 280%.Nokia Networks has delivered anew Flexi Zone outdoor modular basestation that it claims is the world’sfirst small cell to achieve over 1-Gb/speak data rate. A bundle of servicessimplify small-cell deployment andhelp operators to evolve to ultra-dense networks. Nokia Networks’new Flexi Zone G2 Multiband CA Out-door Micro-/Pico- Base Station (BTS)platform delivers capacity and great-er than 1 Gb/s peak data rates. By us-ing three RF module slots, operatorscan deploy and aggregate betweenvarious radio access technologiesand spectrum combinations, includ-ing up to three LTE licensed carrierbands or configurations offering acombination of LTE licensed carrierbands, unlicensed LTE bands (LTE-Uor LAA) and Wi-Fi.Nokia Networks, Deutsche Tele-kom, and Cosmote have demonstrat-ed what they claim is a world-first:LTE-Advanced 3 CA combining LTE-FDD in Band 3 (1.8 GHz) with LTE-TDD in Band 42 (3.5 GHz). With 400MHz of TDD spectrum bandwidthavailable in many countries, the com-panies believe that 3.5 GHz providesa good solution for capacity expan-sion to meet future demand based onLTE and LTE-A Pro technologies. hKt and h uaweI successfuLLy demonstrated what they cLaIm Is the worLd’s fIrst 4.5g 1-g B/s moBILe networK.StarHub has successfully de-ployed Nokia Networks’ TD-LTE, FDD-LTE, and outdoor small-cells solution as part of its 4G HetNet in Singapore. The HetNet showcased what the companies claim is the in-dustry’s first TDD-FDD voice-over-LTE handover, with zero call drops and high-definition voice continuity for subscribers. As part of the solu-tion, LTE-Advanced CA delivered high data rates, while Nokia Flexi Zone small cells were installed at strategic traffic hot spots to handle peak-hour data demand.4G Americas announced that LTE-Advanced has been commercially deployed on 100 networks world-wide in 49 countries. There are glob-ally 430 commercial LTE networks with 907 million total LTE subscrib-ers (with an expected forecast of 3.6 billion by 2020). The first LTE-Ad-vanced networks were deployed in South Korea in June 2013 and utilized CA. CA allows operators the ability to utilize disparate spectrum bands to create larger spectrum swaths to increase efficiencies and download speeds. LTE-Advanced will continue to evolve through LTE-Advanced Pro (3GPP Release 13 and beyond) even as 5G technologies are standardized in Release 14 and onward.A new report from the Global Mobile Suppliers Association, “Eval-uating the LTE Broadcast Opportu-nity,” forecasts that the market for LTE broadcast services will reach US$14 billion worldwide by 2020. The report also expects that LTE Broad-cast will reach a potential customer base of 2 billion by 2020. Over 30 mobile operators have been involved in technical lab or field trials of Evolved Multimedia Broadcast Multi-cast Service with a view to using it to reduce the load on their networks by broadcasting popular TV and videocontent rather than sending it toeach viewer individually.Research and T echnologyZTE Corporation announced thecompletion of what it claims is theworld’s first precommercial test ofdistributed MIMO (D-MIMO) technol-ogy. The field test, conducted jointlyby ZTE and a partner, demonstratedan up to nine-times increase in datarate at the cell edge through the useof D-MI MO technology based onZTE’s proprietary Cloud Radio solu-tion. The outdoor part of the testcovered single-user and multiple-us-er scenarios in an environment withmultiple overlapping base stationsand used commercially available mo-bile device terminals.The coherent-joint transmission(JT) technology used in ZTE’s new D-MIMO system ensures full-phase syn-chronization among base stations sothat the jointly transmitted signal isamplified to the maximum level as itarrives at the antenna of a user ter-minal, minimizing interference withother terminals. Compared with thelegacy noncoherent-JT technology,ZTE reported that coherent-JT pro-vides 3 dB of additional gain at theantenna of a target user terminal andforms null steering at the antennasof other user terminals to minimizesignal interference, achieving MU-JT.The D-MI MO technology can ef-fectively improve the data rate at thecell edge through coordinated trans-mission among base stations, resolv-ing a major challenge facingoperators. The indoor D-MI MO testresult showed that the MU-JT tech-nology can form null steering to-wards multiple users to guaranteegood multiuser joint transmission inan enclosed and small space. Thecompany said that the service datarate of a single testing cell was atleast quadrupled in an ideal nonin-terference situation, and a number oftesting cells have enhanced their re-sistance to interference by morethan a hundred times.Alcatel-Lucent released figuresshowing that in the first half of 2015,the number of security threats onmobile networks has come increas-ingly from a seemingly unlikelysource—personal computers andlaptops. The research also found asignificant increase in the number ofspy-phone applications being detect-ed on both Android and iOS mobiledevices. The Motive Security LabsH1 2015 Malware Report examinesgeneral trends and statistics for mal-ware infections in devices connectedthrough mobile and fixed networks.Data are aggregated across fixed andmobile networks, where Motive Se-curity Guardian malware detectiontechnology is deployed, coveringmore than 100 million devices. In thefirst half of 2015, Alcatel-Lucent esti-mates that an 80% of malware infec-tions detected on mobile networkshave been traced to Windows-basedcomputers and laptops. This findingrepresents a significant change from2013 and 2014 when the source of mo-bile network infections were roughlysplit 50:50 between Android and Win-dows-supported devices. The Motivereport also found that cybercrimi-nals are quickly taking advantage ofunique opportunities in the mobileecosystem to spread spyware. I nfact, 10 of the 25 most prolific threatson smartphones are in the mobilespyware category and are often de-livered bundled with games and freesoftware. These sophisticated spy-ware applications enable the remotetracking of a phone owner’s move-ments as well as the monitoring ofphone calls, text messages, e-mails,and browsing habits.Qualcomm Technologies, I nc.announced the introduction ofQualcomm Snapdragon Smart Pro-tect. The upcoming Qualcommt he d-mImo technoLogy can effectIveLy Improvethe data rate at the ceLL edge through coordInated transmIssIon among Base statIons, resoLvIng a major chaLLenge facIng operators.Snapdragon 820 processor is the first platform offering Snapdragon Smart Protect, providing real-time, on-device machine learning designed to support accurate and effective de-tection of zero-day malware threats for improved personal privacy and device security. Snapdragon Smart Protect is also the first application to utilize Qualcomm Zeroth technol-ogy, augmenting conventional anti-malware solutions by supporting on device real-time malware detection, classification, and cause analysis us-ing an advanced cognitive computing behavioral engine. Snapdragon Smart Protect complements existing signa-ture-based antimalware solutions by analyzing and identifying new threats prior to new signature updates.University of Washington (UW) engineers have developed a novel technology that uses a Wi-Fi router—a source of ubiquitous but untapped energy in indoor environments—to power devices. The UW team used ambient signals from this Wi-Fi rout-er to power sensors in a low-resolu-tion camera and other devices. The team of UW computer science and electrical engineers found that the peak energy contained in untapped, ambient Wi-Fi signals often came close to meeting the operating re-quirements for some low-power de-vices. But because the signals are sent intermittently, energy leaked out of the system during silent pe-riods. The team fixed that problem by optimizing a router to send out superfluous power packets on Wi-Fi channels not currently in use—es-sentially beefing up the Wi-Fi signal for power delivery—without affect-ing the quality and speed of data transmission. The team also devel-oped sensors that can be integrated into devices to harvest the power. In its proof-of-concept experiments, the team demonstrated that the power over Wi-Fi system could wire-lessly power a grayscale, low-power Omnivision VGA camera from 17 ft away, allowing it to store enough energy to capture an image every 35 min. It also recharged the batteryof a Jawbone Up24 wearable fitnesstracker from zero to 41% in 2.5 h.Watt Lab, which belongs to theCentral Research Institute at HuaweiTechnology Corporation Limited,unveiled its new quick-charging lith-ium-ion batteries. These new batter-ies have achieved a charging speedten-times faster than that of nor-mal batteries, reaching about 50%capacity in mere minutes. Huaweipresented videos of the two typesof quick-charging lithium-ion bat-teries: one battery with a 600-mAhcapacity that can be charged to 68%capacity in 2 min and another witha 3,000-mAh capacity and an energydensity above 620 Wh/L, which canbe charged to 48% capacity in fiveminutes to allow 10 h of phone callson Huawei mobile phones. Thesequick-charging batteries underwentmany rounds of testing and havebeen certified by Huawei’s terminaltest department.Electrical engineers at the Uni-versity of California, San Diego,demonstrated a new wireless com-munication technique that works bysending magnetic signals throughthe human body. The new technol-ogy could offer a lower-power andmore secure way to communicateinformation between wearableelectronic devices, providing animproved alternative to existingwireless communication systems.An advantage of this system is thatmagnetic fields are able to pass free-ly through biological tissues, so sig-nals are communicated with muchlower path losses and potentially,much lower power consumption.I n their experiments, researchersdemonstrated that the magneticcommunication link works well onthe body, but they did not test thetechnique’s power consumption.Researchers showed that the pathlosses associated with magneticfield human body communicationare upwards of 10 million timeslower than those associated withBluetooth radios. The researchersbelieve that this technique does notpose any serious health risks. Sincethis technique is intended for appli-cations in ultralow-power commu-nication systems, the transmittingpower of the magnetic signals sentthrough the body is expected to bemany times lower than that of mag-netic resonance imaging scannersand wireless implant devices.IBM Research and Carnegie Mel-lon University (CMU) announcedwhat they claim is the first openplatform designed to support thecreation of smartphone applica-tions that can enable the blind tobetter navigate their surroundings.The IBM and CMU researchers usedthe platform to create a pilot appcalled NavCog that draws on exist-ing sensors and cognitive technolo-gies to inform blind people on theCMU campus about their surround-ings by whispering into their earsthrough earbuds or by creating vi-brations on smartphones. The appanalyzes signals from Bluetoothbeacons located along walkwaysand from smartphone sensors tohelp enable users to move withouthuman assistance, whether insidecampus buildings or outdoors. Thefirst set of cognitive assistance toolsfor developers is now available viathe cloud through IBM Bluemix. Theopen toolkit consists of an app fornavigation, a map editing tool andlocalization algorithms that canhelp the blind identify in real timewhere they are, which direction theyare facing, and additional surround-ing environmental information. Thecomputer vision navigation applica-tion tool turns smartphone imagesof the surrounding environmentinto a 3-D space model to help im-prove localization and navigationfor the visually impaired.Industry Forecasts and SurveysITU has released its flagship annualMeasuring the I nformation SocietyReport. The report reveals that3.2 billion people are now online,representing 43.4% of the global。