(完整版)南京农业大学2016年博士研究生入学考试英语试题

南京农业大学2016年博士研究生入学考试英语试题考生答题须知：1．所有题目（包括填空、选择、图表等类型题目）答题答案必须做在考点发给的答题纸上，做在本试题册上无效。

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PART I Vocabulary (15points)Section ADirections: Choose the word that is the closest synonym to the underlined word.1. The government slated new elections in the spring, largely as a result of the public clamor.A. demandB. viewC. requestD. opinion2. The most prolific writer is not necessarily the best.A. written-aboutB. productiveC. artfulD. religious3. Imagine my vexation when they said they would come to dinner and then didn't show.A. enlightenmentB. astonishmentC. annoyanceD. contrariness4. Any troop of wild animals should be approached warily.A. fearlesslyB. confidentlyC. silentlyD. prudently5. There is little learning involved when one is reprimanded two or three months after the deed.A. recommendedB. reproachedC. recompensedD. reversed6. Archaeologists are interested in pottery, figurines and other vestiges of ancient civilizations.A. tracesB. shardsC. productsD. artifacts7. Packaging is designed so as to encourage impetuous shopping.A. extravagantB. carefulC. impotentD. impulsive8. Pan of his general thrift is to be meticulous in verifying monthly expenses.A. painstakingB. dilatoryC. meretriciousD. gaudy9. The jurors came to a deadlock in the defendant's trial for murder.A. a decision of guiltyB. a decision to punish by electrocutionC. an impasseD. an unusual verdict10. Among the lowest of the judicial ranks, justices of the peace nevertheless frequently exercise jurisdictionover a variety of misdemeanors.A. guidanceB. sovereigntyC. authorityD. suzerainty11. A mistake is rarely atoned for by a single apology, however profuse.A. extravagantB. producedC. divergentD. repetitious12. Her office in the First National Bank building is provisional.A. permanentB. temporaryC. corruptD. craven13. The burglars ransacked the room taking anything of value they found.A. demolishedB. took overC. inhabitedD. thoroughly searched14. The whole of the endowment was used to refurbish the school gymnasium.A. millionairesB. endorsementsC. governmentsD. donations15. The massacre of innocent people cannot ever be condoned.A. overlookedB. praiseC. condemnedD. satisfiedSection BDirections: Choose the answer that best completes the sentence.16. When he realized the true nature of the proposal, he ________ all communication with the group.A. convertB. avertedC. severedD. make17. The worsening financial situation made it obvious that an economic depression was _____.A. attainableB. remoteC. imminentD. eminent18. All of the dental instruments need to be _______ before the next patient is seen.A. heatedB. scaldedC. sterilizedD. burned19. Rock climbing is so popular now that many people are able to ________ the steepest face with greatagility.A. scaleB. surpassC. overcomeD. mount20. If you call the 911 emergency number, they will ________ firemen, policemen, and paramedicsimmediately.A. assignB. detachC. attachD. dispatch21. His evident _______ to his wife despite her indiscretion proved him to be a man of integrity.A. personalityB. characterC. fidelityD. morality22. I don't know why he has been given ________. It wasn't his accomplishment but his wife's.A. acclaimB. confidenceC. reimbursementD. robustness23. After a concert tour in Asia, Canada and the U. S., he will _______ work on a five-language opera.A. confineB. indulgeC. resumeD. undergo24. When Ph. D candidates ________ their impending professorships, they consider housing benefits offeredby the prospective universities.A. anticipateB. assumeC. applyD. demand25. My supply of confidence slowly ________ as the deadline approached.A. withdrewB. eliminatedC. exterminatedD. diminished26. The battle is of great significance when viewed in the ________ of the progress of the war.A. prospectiveB. respectiveC. perspectiveD. prescriptive27. It has long been known that total sleep ________ is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, upon examination of thedead bodies, the animals look completely normal.A. depositionB. destructionC. deprivationD. reduction28. In that country, hospital doctors don't go sightseeing very often because their work ________ almost alltheir time.A. takes upB. takes offC. takes apartD. takes over29. According to the law of that country, the Parliament will have to be ________ before the General Election.A. decomposedB. dispersedC. dissolvedD. disintegrated30. He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract, and now he has to ________ theconsequences.A. answer forB. run intoC. abide byD. step intoPART Ⅱ Grammar (15 points)Section ADirections: Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence.31. Switzerland is best known for its majesty mountain range and thousands flock to the AlpsA B Ceach year to take advantage of their ideal skiing conditions.D32. Police were sent to disperse the crowds but ended up by shooting down protesters and itA Bwas in this chaos that the seeds of political liberation were sown.C D33. Even today, through the hustle and bustle of Nevsky Prospect, St Petersburg's main street,A Bthe classical beauty of the city mesmerizes the eye.C D34. She is furious of her son's grades in school, which explains why Mark is jealous of Julia's high AB Cmarks on the exam.D35. Smog-choked Southern California demands them. It's a car for people who never want to goAto a gas station again. But the fact is, for all the talk, selling gas-less machines has been aB Chard-sell.D36. People thought: Hey, eat a carp and you will be taking in what it is that gives you these fishA Btheir long life-span. Of course, it hasn't done a lot of good for these carp.C D37. In deciding to undertake dangerous pursuits, people usually strive for their maximumApersonal ability rating, when they are challenged but can he victorious, rather than merelyB Csurmounting the mediocre.D38. In proposing such philanthropic donations, the director of the company certainly spoke fromA Ba genuine concern for the needy and not any desire for personal accolades.C D39. The armor, infantry and other military forces were held up by the enemy counter attack,A B Cthus caused the delay in the advance.D40. Just as children the world over like Christmas rooming, adults so like Christmas eveningA B Cwhen peace and calm return to the household.D41. Each employee with a modicum of intelligence would be able to undertake such a basic process.A B C D42. The economic situation will improve given that there is forecast to be less unemploymentA Band closures than in previous years.C D43. The three most important issues of concern to citizens today are prison reform,A Babusing children and toxic waste.C D44. I was on the verge of incurring Mr. Rochester's wrath by not listening to his prohibitions,A Bwhile a ray once more shone almost imperceptibly on the hallway wall and I heard his muffledC Dstep on the carpet.45. The above is the most important aspect which apes can be told from more primitive socialA B C Dgroupings.Section BDirections: Choose the answer that best fills in the blank.46. ________ that the earth was flat?A. Used it to be thoughtB. Did it used to be thoughtC. Was it need to being thoughtD. Does it used to be thought47. It is most inappropriate ________ in the college VIP lounge.A. for any students to be thereB. for there to be any studentsC. to be any students thereD. to have there any students48. She ________ much more accurate responses now, had she taken more pains in devising the questions.A. gotB. would have gotC. had gotD. would be getting49. An extensive foundation in the basic sciences should be required of all science students, ________.A. whether they are future physicists or chemists.B. be they future physicists or chemists.C. they are future physicists or chemists.D. they should be future physicists or chemists.50. The general opinion is that he is ________ to complain.A. so much a milquetoastB. too a milquetoastC. too much of a milquetoastD. so much of a milquetoast51. Although of course there are exceptions, it seems reasonably dear that in certain countries - Rwanda,Somalia and parts of the former Yugoslavia come to mind-hunger is less a result of an absolute foodshortage, ________ a policy decision or the political situation.A. than ofB. rather thanC. but the result ofD. than is52. The ozone layer plays as great a role in the suability of spaceship Earth as ________ the waters of its lakes,ponds, oceans, rivers, and streams.A. doB. doesC. playD. are53. Perhaps I should not have done so, but I changed my mind about the new job even though I was ________last week.A. to be startedB. to have startedC. to have been startingD. start54. Despite an overlay of quasi-literary French vocabulary stemming from the Norman Invasion of 1066, thedaily vocabulary of English remained Germanic, _______ its grammatical structure.A. the same areB. and so areC. as didD. and so were55. Although money is always useful, it isn't all ________.A. what there is to lifeB. to which there is in lifeC. there is to lifeD. that is in life56. ________ ever so humble, there's no plane like home.A. It beB. Be itC. It wasD. Was it57. ________ all customs, no matter how sacrosanct, are essentially learned reactions appropriate, perhapsonly to the holders thereof is a basic assumption of anthropologists.A. NearlyB. It is nearlyC. That nearlyD. When nearly58. Although women cluster to him like moths around a flame, he is none ______ happier for it.A. butB. theC. matchD. any59. The major reason why Americans enjoy an abundant food supply is that the arable land at their disposalfor food production is ________.A. three times more the world averageB. three times as much the world averageC. three times the world averageD. the world average is three times60. The sound of the roaring of a tiger is ________ heard by jungle dwellers ________ feelings of unease, for ayear does not elapse without victims falling to the tiger's ferocity.A. always...withB. ever...withoutC. ever...withD. never...withoutPART ⅢClone test (10 points)Directions: Choose the word that best completes the meaning.One of the basic characteristics of capitalism is the private ownership of the major means of production-capital. The ownership of large amounts of capital can bring __61__ profits, as well as economic and political power. Some recent theorists, 62 have argued that our society has moved to a new stage of 63 _that they call "postindustrial" society. One important change in such society is that the ownership of 64 amounts of capital is no longer the only or even the most important 65 of profits and influence; knowledge as well as 66 capital brings profits and influence.There are many 67 with the thesis above, not the least of 68 is that wealthy capitalists can buy the experts and knowledge they need to keep their profits and influence. But this does not 69 the importance of knowledge in an advanced industrial society, as the 70 of some new industries indicates.71 , genetic engineering and the new computer technology have 72 many new fines and made some scientists quite rich. In 73 with criticism of the postindustrial society thesis, however, it must also be 74 that those already in control of huge amounts of capital (i.e., major corporations) soon 75 to take most profits in these industries based on new knowledge.Moving down from the level of wealth and power, we still find knowledge increasingly 76 . Many newhigh-tech jobs are being created at the upper-skill, low-paying service 77 . Something like a caste line is emerging centered around knowledge. Individuals who fall too far behind in the 78 of knowledge at a young age will find it almost impossible to catch up later, no matter how hard they try. Illiteracy in English language has been a severe 79 for marry years in the United States, but we are also moving to the point when computer illiteracy will hinder many more people and 80 them to a life of low-skill and low-paid labor.61. A. quantitative B. extensive C. comprehensive D. sophisticated62. A. moreover B. however C. therefore D. nevertheless63. A. aggression B. proficiency C. productivity D. evolution64. A. dominant B. impressive C. magnificent D. significant65. A. source B. factor C. component D. element66. A. adequate B. profitable C. material D. spiritual67. A. advantages B. consequences C. problems D. potentials68. A. them B. those C. which D. that69. A. deny B. refuse C. admit D. acknowledge70. A. emergence B. innovation C. extinction D. discovery71. A. In addition B. For example C. Above all D. In short72. A. produced B. created C. improved D. facilitated73. A. line B. need C. doubt D. match74. A. idealized B. recognized C. supervised D. summarized75. A. stepped in B. settled down C. leaned over D. mined out76. A. accessible B. important C. popular D. abundant77. A. enterprises B. employment C. professions D. industries78. A. control B. mastery C. search D. pursuit79. A. handicap B. penalty C. inconvenience D. shortcoming80. A. enforce B. punish C. confine D. condemnPART ⅣREADING OOMPREHENSION (30 points)Directions: Answer all questions based on the information in the passages below.Passage 1Let us assume, for the moment, that labor is not prepared to work for a lower money-wage and that a reduction in the existing level of money-wages would lead, through strikes or otherwise, to a withdrawal from the labor market of labor which is now employed. Does it follow from this that the existing level of real wages accurately measures the marginal disutility of labor? Not necessarily. For, although a reduction in the existing money-wage would lead to a withdrawal of labor, it does not follow that a fall in the value of the existing money-wage in terms of wage-goods would do so, if it were due to a rise in the price of the latter. In other words, it may be the case that within a certain range the demand of labor is for a minimum money-wage and not for a minimum real wage. The classical school has tacitly assumed that this would involve no significant change in their theory. But this is not so. For if the supply of labor is not a function of real wages as its sole variable, their argument breaks down entirely and leaves the question of what the actual employment will be quite indeterminate. They do not seem to have realized that, unless the supply of labor is a function of real wages alone, their supply curve for labor will shift bodily with every movement of prices. Thus their method is tied up with their very special assumptions, and cannot be adapted to deal with the more general case.Now ordinary experience tells us, beyond doubt, that a situation where labor stipulates (within limits) for a money-wage rather than a real wage, so far from being a mere possibility, is the normal case. Whilst workers will usually resist a reduction of money-wages, it is not their practice to withdraw their labor whenever there is a rise in the price of wage-goods. It is sometimes said that it would be illogical for labor to resist a reduction of money-wages but not to resist a reduction of real wages. For reasons given below, this might not be so illogical as it appears at first; and, as we shall see later, fortunately so. But, whether logical or illogical, experience shows that this is how labor in fact behaves.Moreover, the contention that the unemployment which characterizes a depression is due to a refusal by labor to accept a reduction of money-wages is not clearly supported by the facts. It is not very plausible to assert that unemployment in the United States in 1932 was due either to labor obstinately refusing to accept a reduction of money-wages or to its obstinately demanding a real wage beyond what the productivity of the economic machine was capable of furnishing. Wide variations are experienced in the volume of employment without any apparent change either in the minimum real demands of labor or in its productivity. Labor is not more truculent in the depression than in the boom-fax from it. Nor is its physical productivity less. These facts from experience are a prima facie ground for questioning the adequacy of the classical analysis.81. "Labor is not prepared to work for a lower money-wage". The sentence means ________.A. a fall in the value of the existing money-wage would lead to a withdrawal of laborB. a rise in the price of wage-goods would lead to a withdrawal of laborC. the demand of labor is for a rise of existing money-wageD. the demand of labor is for reduction in the value of real wages82. The classical school refers to ________.A. those scholars with traditional ideaB. the traditional schoolC. the experts who hold to the standard theoryD. all of the above83. According to the author, the supply curve for labor depends on the ________.A. red money wagesB. movement of priceC. function of money-wagesD. both A & B84. “Their" method cannot be adapted to deal with the more general case because they have not realized that________.A. a fall in the value of real wages would lead to a withdrawal of the labor from market of laborB. a reduction in the existing level of money-wages would lead to a withdrawal from the labor market oflaborC. the supply of labor is not a function of real wagesD. the demand of labor is only for a minimum money-wages85. How dose labor usually behave?A. Labor would stipulate for money-wage.B. Labor would violently resist a reduction of real wages.C. Labor would strenuously resist a reduction of both money-wages and real wages.D. Labor would stipulate for real wages.86. The last paragraph of thus passage indicates that ________.A. labor resisted a reduction of money-wages, which characterized the depression of the 1930s in the U.S.B. labor demanded a real wage, which characterized the depression of 1930s in the U. S.C. neither labor refusing to work for a lower money-wage nor demanding a real wage could characterize thedepression of 1930s in the U. S.D. both A & BPassage 2The law of private international tribunals with respect to conflicts of interest of arbitrators is quite extensive, albeit by no means uniform. It relates both to what will disqualify an arbitrator and to what the arbitrator must disclose during the selection process. Most national legal systems have statutory rules as to the type of interests, relationships, and experiences that disqualify an arbitrator. Not infrequently, the disqualifying factors are identical for arbitrators and judges, although they may treat domestic and international arbitration somewhat differently, and may indeed supplement the international roles with additional features. A closer look reveals that courts and arbitration agencies tend to apply the regulations relatively lightly, recognizing that arbitrators move in the highly interconnected world of affairs, and do not stand aloof from commerce as judges do. Accordingly, acquaintanceship with the parties and their counsel does not suffice to disqualify, whereas actual business or legal connections will. Inasmuch as judges do not seek more work, although arbitrators generally do, suspicions arise that an arbitrator's favor may incline to the party or counsel who has in the past and may again in the future provide employment.The uncertainty in the held is at its most troubling when arbitrators are party-appointed. Some argue that such arbitrators should fulfill he same functions and satisfy the same qualifications as third-party arbitrators, others dispute any real claim to objectivity. The latter view has had considerable currency, particularly in the United States, where courts and drafters of state laws regard such advocates as pawns of the appointers. Imposing standard of neutrality and disinterestedness on them would he futile.It follows from this dichotomy between party-appointed and non-party-appointed arbitrators that opinion on the question of their nationality is also split. A party needs to be expected to choose a fellow national. This question of nationality is acute when one party to the arbitration is a governmental agency and one or more of the arbitrators are likewise nationals; a foreign enterprise contract calling for such arbitration may be foolhardy.The slate is largely blank with respect to roles for the conduct of arbitrators outside the field of conflict of interests. Considering only the matter of ex-parte communications, American case law is astonishing lax, refusing to set aside awards where such communication obtained between an arbitrator and a party without the presence of the other party, thereby violating evidentiary rules requiring the attendance of both patties. The differences in views on this topic indicate how useful a set of guidelines might be.87. The best title for this passage is __________.A. International Arbitrators: Causes and SolutionsB. Arbitrators: Causes and SolutionsC. Arbitrators: Problems in PracticeD. International Arbitrators and Conflicts of Interests88. The expression "They may treat" refers to __________.A. arbitrators and judgesB. national legal systemsC. experiencesD. disqualifying factors89. Courts and agencies __________.A. do not apply their regulations strictlyB. often consider arbitrators as judgesC. understand the general relationship between business and arbitratorsD. may be described by all of the above90. A third-party arbitrator is one who is chosen __________.A. to supplement the two arbitrators chosen by the contending sidesB. to reach a final decision after the two arbitrators have submitted their decisionC. by someone not involved in the matter in disputeD. as a pawn of the appointers91. A foreign enterprises contract is a bad idea __________.A. in all casesB. when each partner picks an arbitratorC. when third party arbitrators are involvedD. when a government agency is one side of the contract92. "Ex-parte communications" refer to __________.A. something that cannot be determined by the textB. all parties being present when matters involving them are discussedC. the requirement to set aside a decisionD. impartialityPassage 3Ask an American schoolchild what he or she is learning in school these days and you might even get a reply, provided you ask it in Spanish. But don't bother, here’s the answer: Americans nowadays are not learning any of the things that we learned in our day, like reading and writing. Apparently these are considered fusty old subjects, invented by white males to oppress women and minorities.What are they learning? In a Vermont college town I found the answer sitting in a toy stone book rack, next to typical kids' books like "Heather Has Two Mommies and Daddy is 'Dysfunctional"'. It's a teacher's guide called "Happy to Be Me", subtitled "Building Self-Esteem”. Self-esteem as it turns out, is a big subject in American classrooms. Many American schools see building it as important as teaching reading and writing. They call it "whole language" teaching, borrowing terminology from the granola people to compete in the education marketplace.No one ever spent a moment building my self-esteem when I was in school. In fact, from the day I first stepped inside a classroom my self-esteem was one big demolition site. All that mattered was "the subject", be it geography, history, or mathematics. I was praised when I remembered that "near", "fit", "friendly", "pleasing", "like" and their opposites took the dative case in Latin. I was reviled when I forgot what a cosine was good for. Generally, I lived my school years beneath a torrent of castigation as consistent I eventually ceased to hear it, as people who live near the sea eventually stop hearing the waves.Schools have changed. Reviling is out, for one thing. More important, subjects have changed.Whereas I learned English, modern kids learn something called "language skills". Whereas I learned writing, modern kids learn something called "communication". Communication, the book tells us, is seven per cent words, twenty three per cent facial expression, twenty per cent tone of voice, and fifty percent body language. So this column, with its carefully chosen words, would earn at most a grade of seven per cent. That is, if the school even gave out something as oppressive and demanding as grades.The result is that, in place of English classes, American children are getting a course in "How to Win Friends and Influence People". Consider the new attitude toward journal writing: I remember one high school English class when we were required to keep a journal. The idea was to emulate those great writers who confided indimes, searching their soul and honing their critical thinking on paper."Happy to Be Me" states that journals are a great way for students to get in touch with their feelings. Tell students they can write one sentence or a whole page. Reassure them that no one, not even you, will read what they write. After the unit, hopefully all students will be feeling good about themselves and will want to share some of their entries with the class.There was a time when no self-respecting book for English teachers would use "great” or "hopefully" that way. Moreover, back then the purpose of English courses (an antique term for "Unit") was not to help students "feel good about themselves". Which is goo d, because all that reviling didn’t make me feel p articularly good about anything.93. In paragraph 2, "whole language" teaching is in inverted commas because __________.A. the writer is using direct speechB. the writer is questioning the education conceptC. the words quoted have been extracted from a translationD. the writer is quoting from another source94. In paragraph 3, the author is clearly expressing his idea about self-esteem. He believes that it is__________.A. essential that self-esteem should be promoted in American schools because the author used to suffer froma lack of self-esteem as a childB. equally important to equip children with the necessary skills and knowledge they will require in the futureC. important to remember how mush school children used to suffer from a lack of self-esteemD. reassuring to observe that children benefit from the promotion of a positive image96. Which of the following is the writer implying in paragraph 4?A. Self-criticism has gone too far.B. Evaluating criteria are inappropriate nowadays.C. Communication is a more comprehensive category than language skills.D. This column does not meet the demanding evaluating criteria of today.96. We may infer from paragraph 4 that the writer generally disagrees with one of the following ideas__________.A. the whole concept of communication is being perceived differentlyB. the way American children communicate among themselves is more important than anything elseC. academic skills should be encouraged and promoted in the American education systemD. the progress that American children could be monitor with more traditional methods97. In this passage, the writer is clearly stating the intention which is to get the reader to _____.A. confirm current education trends and teaching methodsB. rethink and reorganize educational strategiesC. think about the various elements which constitute what we call "communication" nowadaysD. reassure the parents about the methodology currently being used in American schools98. What's the best summary for this passage?A. New educational theories will revolutionize the way our children learn.B. The influence of new methodology will spread worldwide.C. Personal values like self-esteem will become predominant for school children in the future.D. Current education trends may jeopardize the prospects of future generations.。

装备学院2016年博士研究生入学考试英语(1001)试题(注意：答案必须定在答题纸上，本试卷满分100分)PART I VOCABULARY (10 points, 0.5 point each)Section ADirection:There are 10 questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four words or phrasesmarked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest inmeaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter with a singlebar across the square brackets on your Answer Sheet.1. Many women prefer to use cosmetics to enhance their beauty and make them lookyounger.A. revealB. underlineC. improveD. integrate2. What players and coaches fear most is the partiality on the part of the referees in agame.A. justiceB. biasC. participationD. regionalism3. The sale has been on for a long time because the price is reckoned to be too high.A. consideredB. stipulatedC. raisedD. stimulated4. Smugglers try every means to lay hands on unearthed relics for their personal gains.A. set foot onB. lose their heart toC. set their mind onD. get hold of5. There must have been round about a thousand people participating in the forum.A. approximatelyB. exactlyC. less thanD. more than6. These old shabby houses will be demolished for the construction of residentialbuildings.A. pulled outB. pulled inC. pulled downD. pulled up7. Readers are required to comply with the rules of the library and mind their manners.A. observeB. memorizeC. commentD. request8. Artificial intelligence deals partly with the analogy between the computer and thehuman brain.A. likenessB. relationC. contradictionD. difference9. It is often the case that some superficially unrelated events turn out to be linked insome aspects.A. practicallyB. wonderfullyC. beneficiallyD. seemingly10. The alleged all-powerful master of chi kong was arrested on a charge of fraud.A. so-calledB. well-knowsC. esteemedD. undoubted Section BDirection:There are 10 questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with something missing. Below each sentence are four words or phrases markedA, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracketson your Answer Sheet.11. It is hoped that pork can be made leaner by introducing a cow gene into the pig‟sgenetic _______.A. reservoirB. warehouseC. poolD. storehouse12. The chairman said that he was prepared to ________ the younger people in thedecision making.A. put up withB. make way forC. shed light onD. take charge of13. Tom is angry at Linda because she _____ him _______ all the time.A. sets…upB. puts…downC. runs…outD. drops…in14. The ability to focus attention on important things is a ________ characteristic ofintelligence.A. definingB. decliningC. defeatingD. deceiving15. Our picnic having been _____ by the thunderstorm, we had to wait in the pavilionuntil it cleared up.A. destroyedB. underminedC. spoiltD. contaminated16. I was disappointed to see that those people I had sort of ____ were pretty ordinary.A. despisedB. resentedC. worshipedD. ridiculed17. One of the main purpose of using slang is to consolidate one‟s ____ with a group.A. specificationB. unificationC. notificationD. identification18. The _____ from underdeveloped countries may well increase in response to thesoaring demand for high-tech professionals in developed nations.A. brain damageB. brain trustC. brain feverD. brain drain19. This matter settled, we decided to _______ to the next item on the agenda.A. succeedB. exceedC. proceedD. precede20. Listening is as important as taking. If you are a good listener, people often _____you for being a good conversationalist.A. complementB. complimentC. compelD. complainPart II Cloze Test (15 points, 1 point each)Directions:There are 15 questions in this part of the test. Read the passage through.Then, go back and choose one suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C, orD for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the wordor phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets onyour Answer Sheet.It has been said that in a high-divorce society, not only are more unhappy marriages likely to end in divorce, but in addition, more marriages are likely to become unhappy. Much of life‟s happiness and much of its 21 come from the same source—one‟s marriage. Indeed, few things in life have the potential to provide as much 22 or as much anguish. As the accompanying box indicates, many couples are having more than their share of the 23 .But divorce statistics reveal only part of the problem. For each marriage that sinks, countless others remain 24 but are stuck in stagnant waters. “We used to be a happy family, but the last 12 years have been horrible,”25 a woman married for more than 30 years. “My husband is not interested in my feelings. He is truly my worst 26 enemy.” Similarly, a husband of nearly 25 years said: “My wife has told me that she doesn‟t love me anymore. She says that if we can just exist as roommates and each go our 27 ways when it comes to leisure time, the situation can be 28 .”Of course, some in such terrible straits 29 their marriage. For many, however, divorce is 30 . Why? According to Dr. Karen Kavser, factors such as children, community disgrace, finances, friends, relatives, and religious beliefs might keep a couple together, even in a 31 state. “Unlikely to divorce, legally,” she says, “these spouses choose to 32 a partner from whom they are emotionally divorced.”Must a couple whose relationship has cooled 33 themselves to a life of dissatisfaction? Is a loveless marriage the only 34 to divorce? Experience proves that many troubled marriages can be saved—not only from the 35 of breakup but also from the misery of lovelessness.21. A. mighty B. misery C. mystery D. myth22. A. delight B. dismay C. dignity D. destiny23. A. late B. later C. latter D. last24. A. ashore B. afloat C. arrogant D. ascended25. A. conferred B. compromised C. confessed D. confided26. A. passional B. feeling C. emotional D. sensational27. A. separate B. parting C. different D. divided28. A. excused B. forgiven C. comprehended D. tolerated29. A. intensify B. terminate C. reinforce D. betray30. A. in the end B. out of the count C. in the way D. out of the question31. A. loving B. lovely C. loved D. loveless32. A. insist on B. persist in C. remain with D. keep in with33. A. resign B. deposit C. expel D. return34. A. pattern B. destination C. alternative D. route35. A. addiction B. agony C. abuse D. abolition Part III Reading Comprehension (30 point)Section A (20 points, 1 point each)Directions:In this part of the test, there are five short passages. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answerfrom the four choices given and mark the corresponding letter with a singlebar across the square brackets on your Answer Sheet.Section A (20 points, 1 point each)Passage OneThere are over 6,000 different computer and online games in the world now. A segment of them are considered to be both educational and harmlessly entertaining. One such game teaches geography, and other trains pilots. Others train the player in logical thinking and problem solving. Some games also help young people to become more computer literate, which is more important in this technology-driven era.But the dark side of the computer games has become more and more obvious. “A segment of games features anti-social themes of violence, sex and crude language,”says David Walsh, president of the National Institute on Media and Family. “Unfortunately, it‟s a segment that seems particularly popular with kids aged eight to fifteen.”One study showed that almost 80 percent of the computer and online games young people preferred contained violence. The investigators said “These are not just games anymore. These are learning machines. We‟re teaching kids in the most incredible manner what it‟s like to pull the trigger. What they are not learning are the real-life consequences.”They also said “The new and more sophisticated games are even worse, because they have better graphics and allow the player to participate in even more realistic violent acts.” In the game Carmageddon, for example, the player will have driven over and killed up to 33,000 people by the time all levels are completed. A description of the outcome of the game says: “Your victims no t only squish under your tires and splatter blood on the windshield, they also get on their knees and beg for mercy, or commit suicide. If you like, you can also dismember them.”Is all this simulated violence harmful” Approximately 3,000 different studies have been conducted on this subject. Many have suggested that there is a connection between violence in games and increased aggressiveness in the players.Some specialists downplay the influence of the games, saying that other factors must be taken into consideration, such as the possibility that kids who already have violent tendencies are choosing such games. But could it be that violent game still play a contributing role? It seems unrealistic to insist that people are not influenced by what they see. If that were true, why would the commercial world spend billions of dollars annually for television advertising?36. Which of the following computer games is NOT mentioned as educational and harmlessly entertaining?A. Those that help people learn more about computers.B. Those that teach the features of the earth.C. Those that provide special training for writers online.D. Those that provide special training for pilots.37. According to one study, more computer and online games _______.A. allow the players to take part in killing actsB. teach the players to be antisocialC. make the players forget the real life resultsD. that young people like contain violence38. What does the underlined word “dismember” in paragraph 4 mean?A. To kick somebody out.B. To cut somebody into pieces.C. To dismiss somebody.D. To stab a knife into somebody.39. Many studies have suggested that _________.A. more and more young people enjoy cruel computer gamesB. violence in computer games makes their players more aggressiveC. there are now far more incidents of violence due to computer gamesD. simulated violence in computer games is different from real violence40. The author uses “television advertising” as an example to show that _______.A. other factors must be considered as possible causes of violence in real lifeB. computer and online games are not the only cause of increased violence in real lifeC. the commercial world is contributing to the increased violence in real lifeD. there is a close link between computer games and increased violence in real lifePassage TwoThe collapse of the Earth‟s magnetic field—which guards the planet and guides many of its creatures—appears to have started seriously about 150 years ago, the New York Times reported last week.The field‟s strength has decreased by 10 or 15 percent so far and this has increased the debate over whether it signals a reversal of the planet‟s lines of magnetic force.During a reversal, the main field weakens, almost vanishes, and reappears with opposite polarity. The transition would take thousands of years. Once completed, compass needles that had pointed north would point south. A reversal could cause problems for both man and animals. Astronauts and satellites would have difficulties. Birds, fish and animals that rely on the magnetic field for navigation would find migration confusing. But experts said the effects would not be a big disaster, despite claims of doom and vague evidence of links between past field reversals and species extinctions.Although a total transition may be hundreds or thousands of years away, the rapid decline in magnetic strength is already affecting satellites. Last month, the European Space Agency approved the world‟s largest effort at tracking the field‟s shifts. A group of new satellites, called Swarm, is to monitor the collapsing field with far greater precision. “We want to get some idea of how this would evolve in the near future, just like people trying to predict the weather,” said Gauthier Hulot, a French geophysicist working out the first predictions by the end of the mission.”No matter what the new findings, the public has no reason to panic. Even if a transition is coming on its way, it might take 2,000 years to mature. The last one took place 780,000 years ago, when early humans were learning how to make stone tools. Deep inside the Earth flow hot currents of melted iron. This mechanical energy creates generator, the same principle turns mechanical energy into electricity.No one knows precisely why the field periodically reverses. But scientists say the responsibility probably lies with changes in the disorderly flows of melted iron, which they see as similar to the gases that make up the clouds of Jupiter.41. According to the passage, the Earth‟s magnetic field has __________.A. begun to change in the opposite directionB. been weakening in strength for a long timeC. caused the changes on the polaritiesD. misguided many a man and animal42. During the transition of the Earth‟s magnetic field ____________.A. the compass will become uselessB. man and animals will be confused as to directionsC. the magnetic strength of the Earth will disappearD. the magnetic strength of the Earth will be stronger43. According to the experts, the reversal of the Earth‟s magnetic field would ______.A. destroy almost all the creatures on the EarthB. cause some species extinctions on the EarthC. not be as disastrous as the previous oneD. cause no big trouble for man and animals44. According to the passage, ___________.A. we should not worry about the transition of the Earth‟s magnetic fieldB. the Earth‟s magnetic field will not change for at least 2,000 yearsC. the Earth‟s magnetic field has decreased its strength rapidlyD. the transition of the Earth‟s magnetic field can be controlled by modern science45. The author says “…the public has no reason to panic” because _________.A. the transition is still thousands of years awayB. the new transition will come 780,000 years from nowC. the transition can be precisely predicted by scientistsD. the process of the transition will take a very long time to finishPassage ThreeThe terrorist attacks in London Thursday served as a stunning reminder hat in today‟s world, you never know what you might see when you pick up the newspaper or turn on the TV. Disturbing images of terror can trigger an instinctive response no matter how close or far away from home the event happened.Throughout history, every military conflict has involved psychological warfare in one way or another as the enemy sought to break the morale of their opponent. But thanks to advances in technology, the popularity of the Internet, and proliferation of news coverage, the rules of engagement in this type of mental battle have changed.Whether it‟s a massive attack or a single horrific act, the effects of psychological warfare aren‟t limited to the physical damage inflicted. Instead, the goal of these attacks is to instill a sense of fear that is much greater than the actual threat itself.Therefore, the impact of psychological terror depends largely on how the acts are publicized and interpreted. But that also means there are ways to defend yourself and your loved ones by putting these fears into perspective and protecting your children from horrific images.What Is Psychological Terror? “The use of terrorism as a tactic is based upon inducing a climate of fear that is disproportionate with the actual threat,” says Middle Eastern historian Richard Bulliet of Columbia University. “Every time you have an act of violence, publicizing that violence becomes an important part of the act itself.”“There are various ways to have your impact. You can have your impact by the magnitude of what you do, by the symbolic character of target, or the horrific quality of what you do to a single person,” Bulliet tells WebMD. “The point is that it isn‟t what do, but it‟s how it‟s covered that determines the effect.”For example, Bulliet says the Iranian hostage crisis, which began in 1979 and lasted for 444 days, was actually one ofthe most harmless things that happened in the Middle East in the last 25 years. All of the US hostages were eventually released unharmed, but the event remains a psychological scar for many Americans who watched helplessly as each evening‟s newscast counted the days the hostages were being held captive.Bulliet says terrorists frequently exploit images of a group of masked individuals exerting total power over their captives to send the message that the act is a collective demonstration of the group‟s power rather than an individual criminal act. “You don‟t have the notion that a certain person has taken a hostage. It‟s an image of group power, and the force becomes generalized rather than personalized,”says Bulliet. “The randomness and the ubiquity of the threat give the impression of vastly greater capacities.”Psychiatrist Ansar Haroun, who served in the US Army reserves in the first Gulf War and more recently in Afghanistan, says that terrorist groups often resort to psychological warfare because it‟s the only tactic they have available to them. “They don‟t have M-16s, and we have M-16s. They don‟t have the mighty military power that we have, and they only have access to things like kidnapping,” says Haroun, who is also a clinical professor of psychiatry at the University of California, San Diego.“In psychological warfare, even one beheading can have the psychological impact that might be associated with killing 1,000 of the enemy,” Haroun tells WebMD. “You haven‟t really harmed the enemy every much by killing one person on the other side. But in terms of inspiring fear, anxiety, terror, and making us all feel bad, you‟ve achieved a lot of demoralization.”46. What has changed the rules of psychological warfare? ___________.A. Terrorist attacksB. The increase of military conflictsC. Advances in nuclear weaponsD. Prosperity of the media47. The goal of psychological warfare is to ____________.A. change the ideology of the opponentB. win a battle without military attacksC. generate a greater sense of fearD. bring about more physical damage48. According to Richard Bulliet, publicized an act of violence becomes an important part of terrorism itself because ____________.A. psychological terrorism is a tacticB. terrorism depends on a climate of fear rather than on the actual threatC. the use of terrorism is to inspire fear that is more destructive than the actual threatD. publicizing the violence can make more people know the actual threat49. The Iranian hostage crisis shows that __________.A. means determines effectsB. hostage crises are prevalentC. psychological terrors remain harmlessD. the American media is effective50. Terrorists hold an individual as a hostage to ___________.A. scare the publicB. demonstrate their crueltyC. manipulate the government concernedD. show their group powerPassage FourIn a year marked by uncertainty and upheaval, officials at New Orleans universities that draw applicants nationwide are not following the usual rules of thumb when it comes to college admissions. The only sure bet, they say, is that this fall‟s entering classes—the first since Katrina—will be smaller than usual.In typical years, most college admissions officials can predict fairly accurately by this point in the admissions cycle how many high school seniors will commit to enrolling in their institutions. Many of the most selective schools require students—who increasingly are applying to multiple institutions—to make their choices by May 1. Loyola University, whose trustees will vote May 19 on whether to drop several degree programs and eliminate 17 faculty positions, received fewer applications—about 2,900 to date, compared with 3,500 in recent years. The school hopes to enroll 700 freshmen, down from 850 in the past few years. Historically black Dillard University, which is operating out of a hotel and was forced to cancel its annual March open house, also saw drops, as did Xavier University, a historically black Catholic institution that fell behind its recruitment schedule. Dillaed won‟t release numbers, but spokeswoman Maureen Larkins says applications were down and enrollments are expected to be lower than in the past. Xavier admissions dean Winston Brown says its applicant pool fell by about half of last year‟s record 1,014; he hopes to enroll 500 freshmen.In contrast, Tulane University, which is the most selective of the four and developed an aggressive recruitment schedule after the hurricane, enjoyed an 11% increase in applications this year, to a record 20,715. Even so, officials predict that fewer admitted student s will enroll and are projecting a smaller-than-usual freshman class—1,400 compared with a more typical 1,600. Tulane officials announced in December that they would eliminate some departments and faculty positions.Like Tulane, other schools are taking extra steps this year to please admitted student, often by enlisting help from alumni around the country and reaching out to students with more e-mail, phone calls or Web-based interactions such as blogs. In addition, Loyola is relaxing deadlines, sweetening the pot with larger scholarships and freezing tuition at last year‟s level. Dillard, too, is freezing tuition. It‟s also hosting town meetings in target cities and regions nationwide, and moved its academic calendar back from …august to mid-September “to turn away from the majority of the hurricaneseason,”Larkins says. Xavier extended its application deadline and stepped up its one-one-one contact with accepted students. And Tulane, among other things, has doubled the number of on-campus programs for accepted student and hosted a community service weekend program.While the schools expect applicants to be apprehensive, the admissions officials also see encouraging signs of purposefulness among applicants. “A lot of students who are choosing to come to this city are saying, …I want to be a part of the action,‟” says Stieffel, noting that Loyola‟s transfer applications were up 30%. And while applications to Xavier are down, Brown is betting that students who do apply are serious. “The ones who are applying, we feel, are more likely to come,” he says.51. The word “Katrina” in Para. 1 probably refers to _____________.A. a hurricaneB. an admission officialC. a universityD. a student52. It can be learned from the passage that ____________.A. most colleges requires students to apply and commit to their institutionsB. more students are applying to multiple institutionsC. all students are required to make their institution choices by May 1D. university trustees make decisions on enrollment53. The following statements are all true EXCEPT ____________.A. Tulane University also saw drops in applications this yearB. Xavier University fell behind its recruitment scheduleC. applicants to Xavier University fell by about half of last year‟s recordD. Loyola University will vote on whether to eliminate 17 faculty positions54. In order to attract applicants, Loyola University and Dillard University are both _.A. freezing tuitionsB. extending application deadlinesC. hosting meetingsD. increasing scholarships55. Tulane University enjoyed an increase in applicants due to its ____________.A. new enrollment policiesB. aggressive recruitment scheduleC. academic positionD. financial situationSection B (10 points, 2 points each)Directions: In this section, there is a short passage with five questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions orcomplete the statements in the fewest possible words on the Answer Sheet.In all of the industrial countries and many less developed countries, a debate along the lines of government vs. business prevails. This struggle has gone on for so long, and is so pervasive, that many who participate in it have come to think of these two social institutions as natural and permanent enemies, each striving to oppose the other.Viewing the struggle in that format diminishes the chance of attaining more harmonious relations between government and business. Moreover, if these two are seen as natural and deadly enemies, then business has no long-range future. It is self-evident that government, as the only social instrument that can legally enforce its will by physical control, must win any struggle that is reduced to naked power.A more realistic, and most constructive, approach to the conflict between business and government starts by noticing the many ways in which they are dependent on each other. Business cannot exist without social order. Business can and does generate its own order, its own regularities of procedure and behavior; but at bottom these rest upon more fundamental patterns of order which can be maintained and evolved by the political state.The dependence of government on business is less absolute. Governments can absorb direct responsibility for organizing economic functions. In many cases, ancient and modern, government-run economic activities seem to have operated at a level of efficiency not markedly inferior to comparable work organized by business. If society‟s sole purpose is to achieve a bare survival for its members, there can be no substantial objection to governmental absorption of economic arrangements.(注意：此部分试题请在答题纸上作答)56. What is the passage mainly about?57. The function of the government is to ________________________________?58. What is the starting point of a more realistic approach?59. Business can and does generate its own order, but ________________.60. Government depend less on business because ___________________________.Part IV Error Detection and Correction (10 points, 1 point each) Directions:The following passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved youshould proofread the passage and correct it in the following way. Writedown your correction on the Answer Sheet.For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correctone in the blank provided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “Λ”sign and write the word you believe to be missingin the blank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word Cross the unnecessary with a slash “/” and put theword in the blank provided at the end of the line. Example:When Λ art museum wants a new exhibit, it never buys things in finished form and hangs them on the wall When a natural history museum wants an exhibition, it must often build it. (1) an(2) never(3) exhibitAs one of the many outgrowths of the sweeping federal health carelaw, health insurances and employers must now pay the cost of screening 61.____ children for obesity and providing them with appropriate counseling.With about one in three children in America obese and overweight, 62.____ the need for such programs is clear. But experts say, creating them willbe challenging. More than intensive hospital-based programs, few proven 63.____ models exist for helping children and adolescents achieve and maintain ahealthier weight, and researchers do not even fully understand the factorsthat contributed the rapid rise in childhood obesity in recent years. 64.____ While there are many community efforts aimed at getting every childto eat better and exercise more, including Michelle Obama‟s “Let‟s Move”initiative, there is also growing demand for programs help children who 65.____ are already seriously overweight. WellPoint and the UnitedHealth Group,another large insurer, are experimenting with the new approaches, and 66.____ even Weight Watchers says it is working to develop a program for childrenand teenagers. Drug companies and medical device makers are also testingsome products for children. 67.____ Adults have a difficult enough time lose weight, and the issues are 68.____ even more complicated with children and teenagers, experts say. Childrenare still growing, and the goal of any program maybe to help them grow 69.____ into a healthier weight rather than to actually gain pounds. Experts also 70.____ say that to be successful, programs need to focus on the family as a whole,changing what everybody eats and how much time they are all active, notsitting in front of a computer screen or television.Part V Translation (15 points, 3 points each)Directions:Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese. Write your Chinese version in the proper space on Answer Sheet..。

农学博士英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is a common agricultural practice?A. MonocultureB. PolycultureC. Both A and BD. None of the above2. The term "photosynthesis" refers to the process by which plants:A. Convert sunlight into energyB. Break down organic compoundsC. Absorb waterD. Release oxygen3. In agriculture, the use of "fertilizers" is primarily for:A. Soil structure improvementB. Pest controlC. Enhancing plant growthD. Harvesting crops4. What is the main purpose of crop rotation?A. To increase crop yieldB. To reduce soil erosionC. To prevent pest infestationD. All of the above5. The "Green Revolution" in agriculture is associated with:A. The use of high-yielding varietiesB. The application of organic farmingC. The reduction of chemical fertilizersD. The promotion of sustainable practices6. What is the role of "pesticides" in agriculture?A. To increase crop yieldB. To protect crops from pestsC. To improve soil fertilityD. To enhance crop quality7. "Organic farming" is characterized by:A. The use of chemical fertilizersB. The avoidance of synthetic chemicalsC. The reliance on monocultureD. The use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs)8. The term "biotechnology" in agriculture refers to:A. The use of traditional farming methodsB. The application of modern scientific techniquesC. The cultivation of wild plantsD. The breeding of livestock9. "Sustainable agriculture" aims to:A. Maximize short-term profitsB. Ensure long-term productivityC. Increase the use of machineryD. Expand the scale of farming10. "Conservation tillage" is a method that:A. Involves deep plowing of soilB. Reduces soil disturbanceC. Increases the use of waterD. Requires more fertilizers二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）1. The process by which plants absorb water and nutrients from the soil is known as __________.2. A system of farming that mimics natural ecosystems is called __________.3. The use of genetically modified seeds in agriculture can lead to __________.4. The practice of leaving land fallow for a period is known as __________.5. The main component of natural gas used as a fertilizer is __________.6. The technique of grafting involves joining two different plants to form a __________.7. The term "drought-resistant" refers to plants that can survive with __________.8. The process of converting solar energy into chemical energy in plants is __________.9. The use of manure as a fertilizer is an example of__________.10. The practice of planting different crops in the samefield at the same time is known as __________.三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. Explain the concept of integrated pest management (IPM) in agriculture.2. Describe the benefits of using compost in agricultural practices.3. What are the potential environmental impacts of using chemical fertilizers?4. Discuss the importance of biodiversity in agricultural ecosystems.四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）1. Discuss the role of biotechnology in modern agriculture and its potential implications for food security.2. Analyze the challenges and opportunities presented by the adoption of precision farming techniques.五、翻译题（每题5分，共10分）1. Translate the following sentence into English: “土壤侵蚀是农业生产中一个严重的问题，需要采取有效措施来防止。

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2011A majority of the world's climate scientists have convinced themselves, and also a lot of laymen, some of whom have political power, that the Earth's climate is changing;什lat the change, from humanity's point of view, is for the worse; and that the cause is human activity, in the form of excessive emissions of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide.A minority, though, are sceptical. Some think that recent data suggesting the Earth's average temperature is rising are explained by natural variations in solar radiation, and that this trend may be coming to an end. Others argue that there is no conclusive evidence that modern temperatures arc higher than they used to be.We believe that global wanning is a serious threat, and that the world needs to take steps to try to avert it. That is the job of the politicians・ But we do not believe that climate change is a certainty. There are no certainties in science・Prevailing theories must be constantly tested against evidence, and more evidence collected, and the theories tested again. That is the job of the scientists・世界上大部分气候学家已经使他们口己及许多普通民众（包括一些政界人士）确信，地球的气候正处丁变化之中；对人类而言，这一变化正H趋严重；罪魁祸首是人类活动，其表现形式为过量排放二氧化碳之类的温室气体。

Part I Listening Comprehension(30questions,20points)Section A(20questions,10points)Directions:In this part,you will hear short conversations between two people.After each conversation,you will hear a question about the conversation.The conversation and questions will not be repeated.After you hear a question,read the four possible answers in your testbook and choose the best answer.Then,on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and draw a line crossing the letter that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.Example:You will hear:You will read:A)2hoursB)3hoursC)4hoursD)5hours1.A)He will be in the line for a long time.B)He has had experience coming to a line and waiting for a long time.C)He will not line up and wait.D)He doesn’t mind getting up early because lines don’t bother him.2.A)She isn’t knowledgeable about where things are on campus.B)The people outside are very good to ask.C)The man should not ask the registration office.D)The registration is outside of the building.3.A)Do a better job of guessing what she is expecting.B)Go talk to the professor and find out what her expectations are.C)Keep trying to work harder.D)Complain to the dean about professor Merrington’s strict marking.4.A)He didn’t pay for it as expected.B)He bought a Horizon.C)He paid a lot for it.D)He didn’t pay that much although you might think he had..5.A)Come to the cafeteria early to get a place.B)Start cooking instead of eating out.C)Move out of the campus housing.D)Stop complaining.6.A)She is a great outdoor type.B)It is unusual for her to go mountain climbing.C)Shania prefers mountain climbing.D)Shania doesn’t really like the outdoor.7.A)Go in a couple of weeks later.B)Come as soon as he finished his case.C)Not go and work on his assignment.D)Come as soon as he is not so far behind.8.A)Who is begging the professor for money.B)What is bothering the professor.C)Why the professor is so upset.D)Who is giving the professor trouble.9.A)She doesn’t want to play here.B)He should decide where to play.C)He should call someone else.D)She would have to be there to decide.10.A)She is late for something.B)She was bored.C)She thinks they shouldn’t wait.D)She thinks more should be achieved.11.A)He is too busy to go.B)He is late for her assignment.C)He would like to go but is afraid she cannot play well.D)He will go as soon as the assignment is finished.12.A)She thinks there is no chance of it happening.B)She thinks it’s quite possible under the circumstancesC)She is ambivalent.D)She would rather just help nurses.13.A)The man’s hand will get cold.B)The man needs to wear gloves.C)The man should hold the skis himself.D)The man should wear thinner gloves.14.A)Marge’s proofreading costs a lot.B)It will take one day for Marge to get back.C)Marge could do it but it will mean more delay.D)Marge may or may not do it.15.A)He thinks the woman should practice more.B)He thinks she hasn’t practiced enough.C)He thinks the woman is now perfect at the new program.D)He thinks she practiced a lot so it’s now paying off.16.A)Look after if she is paid.B)Call Maggie to look after the dog.C)Not look after the dog.D)Look after the dog.17.A)The location of the computer.B)The new schedule.C)How to find a new home.D)The address of the website.18.A)She can go any day,but Friday is the best time.B)She can’t go any day.C)She can only go on Friday.D)She can go any day except Friday.19.A)Go to the Reeds Hotel pool.B)Arrange for a party at Reeds Hotel.C)Remind her to get things ready quickly.D)Confirm bookings at Reeds Hotel.20.A)Bill’s email is on the internet.B)Bill’s number is listed on the internet.C)Bill’s number might be on the listing on the internet.D)Bill may have moved.Section B(10questions,10points)Directions:In this section,you will hear3short passages.At the end of each passage,you will hear some questions.Both the passage and the question will be spoken only once.After you hear a question,you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A,B,C,and D,and decide which is the best answer.Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage1Questions21to23are based on the passage you’ve just heard.21.A)In ancient China.B)In ancient Egypt.C)In ancient Greece.D)In ancient Rome.22.A)In ancient Egypt only members of the royal family were allowed to useumbrellas.B)By the late16th century the English people began to use umbrellas.C)The umbrella changed much in style in the18th century.D)The umbrella was initially used as a sunshade.23.A)When and how the umbrella was invented.B)The making of the umbrella.C)The history of the use of the umbrella.D)The different uses of the umbrella.Passage2Questions24to27are based on the passage you’ve just heard.24.A)Both the players and the spectators are protected.B)The players have to catch beetles in their cars.C)The ball is extremely big.D)The players have to catch the ball while driving.25.A)Dangerous.B)Exciting but dangerous.C)Protective.D)Popular.26.A)He thinks the game will be as popular as football.B)He thinks the game will be more popular than football.C)He doesn’t think the game will be more popular than football.D)He doesn’t think the game will be popular at all.27.A)Americans are only interested in new things.B)The game is popular both in America and Europe.C)Football is no longer very popular in America.D)The game can be dangerous for both the players and the spectators.Passage3Questions28to30are based on the passage you’ve just heard.28.A)Scientists and comets.B)The origin of comets.C)Place of comets in the solar system.D)Man’s study of comets.29.A)In1760B.C.B)In1770B.C.C)In1780B.C.D)In1750B.C.30.A)The word‘comet’comes form Greek.B)People used to think that comets brought bad news as well as good news.C)Edward Halley died in1758.D)Halley’s Comet will reappear in2062.Part II.Vocabulary(25questions,25points)Section ADirections:There15incomplete sentences in this section.For each sentence there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence.Then mark the corresponding letter in theAnswer Sheet with a single line through the center.31.The first thing to do in seeking a position is to determine exactly what you want to do,not______a vagueobjective but with a definite goal.A)in any term B)in terms of C)in high terms D)in set terms32.Energy shortage,soaring inflation,rampant unemployment and threat of war have made adults Americansnervous,and that sense of pervasive worry has been______the nations’youth.A)went on to D)keep up with C)passed on to D)hold on to33.The idea of trying to cheat the income tax authorities______his principles,he had a strong sense of civicresponsibility.A)went against B)fought against C)leaned against D)over against34.If anyone can think of a better course of action,I______suggestions.A)would like to B)am delighted to C)am in open D)am open to35.With technological developments,some labor-intensive industries have______high-tech industries.A)given up B)stepped aside C)stood along D)yielded to36.You are looking bit______this morning;you must have had too much alcohol last night.A)blank B)fragile C)blue D)dizzy37.As she is______to eggs,she cannot eat one without breaking into a rash.A)partial B)accustomed C)allergic D)relevant38.She still looks weak though her fever______after she took some medicine.A)educed B)caught C)got off D)came down39.Relations between the two countries began to______in1965.A)deteriorate B)cease C)accelerate D)stimulate40.Economic activity has been organized on the______of cheap and abundant oil from the beginning of the20thcentury until early the21st century.A)gist B)notion C)rationale D)premise41.Owing to a/an______lack of lower-income housing,the municipal government is embarrassed by theimpressing housing issue.A)acute B)stressful C)demanding D)urgent42.The idea that machines could be made to fly seemed______two hundred years ago.A)original B)eccentric C)terrific D)splendid43.The policy______it necessary for the town’s safety to arrest most speeders.A)narrated B)elaborated C)deemed D)commended44.If you do something on_____,you do it because you suddenly want to,although you haven’t planned to.A)impulse B)pulse C)impromptu D)imminence45.If______numbers provide any proof,America’s universities and colleges are the envy of the world,for theUnited States’3,500institutions were flooded with407,530students from193different countries last year.A)definite B)strong C)fundamental D)sheerSection BDirections:Choose the one word or phrase that best keeps the meaning of the sentence if it is substituted for the underlined word or phrase.46.Shortage of land and funding are blamed for the city’s inadequate green space.A)complained about B)are liable for C)accused of D)are damned as47.The hostess didn’t know what to do,as she hadn’t got enough food to go round so many people.A)give service to B)cater for C)be enough for D)sate oneself with48.The government stressed that high production rate should not be achieved at the expense of work quality.A)at any expense B)at the cost of C)at any cost D)to the extension of49.The idea that we cannot leave everything to free market forces seems to gain groundA)be acknowledged B)be accepted C)stand still D)get the ground of50.It is reported that the country’s national debt amounts in aggregate to four thousand million dollars.A)as a whole B)on the whole C)total to D)sum up51.At its last meeting,the Council endorsed changes intended to modernize the building.A)modified B)approved C)signed D)donated52.The United States committed a breach of international practice.A)violation B)concession C)offence D)compromise53.From the start,the plan was doomed to failure,so all his effort was in vain.A)expected B)supposed C)condemned D)promised54.In feudal society where there existed a rigid hierarchy of power,the poor had no chance of advancementexcept that they could pass many different levels of examinations.A)criteria B)layer C)degree D)rank55.You shouldn’t have criticized her so harshly.You have hurt her ego.A)self esteem B)self image C)image D)esteem.Part III.Reading Comprehension(20questions,40points)Directions:Read the following passages and answer the multiple-choice questions after each passage. Passage1Too Many Science Ph.D.’s?Something is wrong when a lot of young scientists,after achieving Ph.D.'s.are feeling like losers.Its a given that the job market for science positions in academe is bleak.A doctorate is supposed to be a ticket to a dream job,but many Ph.D.'s aren't even landing their third or fourth choices.But with reliable statistics hard to come by,the scientific community is at odds over whether it is producing too many Ph.D.'s.Some scientists believe that doctoral programs should be practicing"birth control,"cutting back the number of graduate students they admit.Most.,however,say the answer lies in changing doctoral education which they say has been too focused on producing university scientists."It's really destructive to the profession to have the sense that Ph.D.'s aren't valued,"says Ronald Breslow,a chemist at Columbia University and president of the American Chemical Society.Young scientists in the post-Cold War era are facing two major difficulties:many have had to work in postdoctoral or temporary research positions for four years orlonger,because they can't find jobs.Others,like Kathryn S.Jones,have found jobs but can't find financing for their research.Ms.Jones,a retrovirologist,got a non-tenure-track position as a research assistant professor at the University of Maryland at Baltimore,but is about to lose the job because she hasn't landed a major grant."I have a Ph.D.,"says Ms.Jones,who earned it at the Albert Einstein College of''Medicine,"I've given my data at international meetings.But because of the small percentage of success in this field,I walk around feeling like a failure."By the end of this month,the start-up money that Ms.Jones received three years ago,when she was hired by the university and the Veterans Administration medical Center on the campus,will be gone.She can keep her laboratory and her titles for up to a year,and could be back in business if she gets a grant.But she’s not hopeful. In fact,she’s thinking about getting certified to teach high-school biology.“I have to wonder if I want to be the last rat leaving a sinking ship,”she says.A report published last spring,called“Reshaping the Graduate Education of Scientists and Engineers,”has sparked a national debate about doctoral education.Written by scholars and policy makers,it was sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences,the National Academy of Engineering,and the Institute of Medicine.According to the report,the proportion of science and engineering Ph.D.'s employed by academe fell to43per cent in1991.the most recent year for which statistics were available,from5I per cent in1977.The1993 unemployment rate was only2per cent for recent Ph.D.recipients and1.6per cent for all scientists and engineers, it said.Those figures seem low,but they include Ph.D.'s in temporary or post-doctoral positions."There is an oversupply of recent graduates for research positions in academic laboratories and federal and industrial labs,"says Phillip A.Griffiths,director of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton,N.J.,and chairman of the panel that wrote the report."Beyond that,it becomes quite a bit more murky.There certainly is an oversupply of unmet expectations."Since the job market varies by field,the report said it would be unwise to set across-the-board limits on graduate enrollment.Instead,it suggested broadening Ph.D.programs for students who aren't planning standard academic careers.Scientific societies provide a more up-to-date picture of the job-market,and it is grim.In December,the Joint Policy Board for Mathematics announced an unemployment rate of14.7per cent for the1,226Ph.D.'s awarded in the field in1994——1995——the highest rate ever reported.An additional4.2percent of the Ph.D.'s were in part-time jobs,and of those employed in academe,61per cent were not in positions eligible for tenure.Anne C.Petersen,deputy director of the National Science Foundation,acknowledges that the N.S.F.was late in recognizing the job-market woes.“The anxiety some young people have is really obvious,”she says. Foundation officials are uncertain what exactly is happening,she says,because of gaps in the data collected on Ph.D's.But the N.S.F.is committed to improving its data collection,so that better information on where Ph.D.send up is available.In the next few years,she says,the foundation will also direct money to new models of doctoral education,other than the standard one presuming that a Ph.D.will become a professor."The Ph.D.should be construed in our society more like the law degree,"she says."A lot of people go to law school with no plans to practice law."But Mark S Wrighton,president of Washington University in St.Louis and a noted chemist,believes that the Ph.D.experience should continue to be"research-intensive."He says more federal money should be put directly into the hands of graduate students,allowing them to work on their own research ideas——and to make themselves more remarkable—and less given to the research projects of professors who hire graduate students as research assistants.56.After achieving Ph.D's,a lot of young scientists are feeling like losers,because_______.A)they have no faith in the academeB)they can only choose from three or four positionsC)it is very difficult for them to find a desirable jobD)it is impossible for them to carry out scientific work57.As we all know,the job market for science position in academe is_______.A)tight B)challenging C)small D)exclusive58.Which of the following is true according to the article?A)A)Some scientists believe that there are too many doctoral programs.B)B)Reliable statistics suggest that there are not enough Ph.D's for science positions.C)C)Most scientists argue that doctoral education should produce more competent Ph.D's.D)D)Scholars hope that the job market will be open to more Ph.D's.59.What can we learn from the experience of Ms.Jones?A)The start-up money can last three years.B)Every Ph.D has financial problems.C)Postdoctoral position is a good choice.D)Grant,jobs,and title are interrelated.60.In order to reshape the Graduate Education of Scientists and Engineers,which of thefollowing suggestions is mentioned?A)To set limits on graduate enrollment in all fields.B)To direct money to new models of doctoral education.C)To broaden Ph.D programs for students who are to be professors.D)To hire graduate students as research assistants.Passage TwoOur Love-Hate Affair with TechnologyThe entertainment we enjoy is a measure of who we are.Two recent movies——last summers Star Wars and November's Close Encounters of the Third Kind—suggest that Americans are both fascinated with and horrified by the technological world we have shaped.Neither movie pretends to great seriousness.Star Wars is a light confection about another galaxy and era and a young man named Luke Skywalker who,thanks to an improbable series of coincidences,is drawn into a death battle against the galaxy's wicked emperor.En route to victory,he encounters a fair princess and wins her heart,if not her hand.(This is the age of liberation.)Close Encounters of the Third Kind concerns Roy Neary,an ordinary American who has an encounter with a UFO and becomes obsessed with his search for an explanation.His mission is impeded by those who do not believe in the existence of UFOs;by those who would prefer to wish the perplexing UFOs out of existence;and by those in power who,to prevent panic,deny the existence of UFOs.Luke Skywalker and every adventurer-hero since Odysseus,Neary finds an available pretty girl to accompany him on his lonely mission.In the last frame, though,he achieves a goal more lofty than marriage——he strides into a UFO and,the ultimate American pioneer,flies away with the strange Visitors to destinations unknown.From the popularity of Star Wars,the likely success of Close Encounters,and the increasing respectability ofthe whole genre of science fiction,it is clear that our age,more than its predecessors,needs whatever consolation or reassurance science fiction affords.If all art is to some extent escapist,one might ask what it is that we are escaping from.An answer,I think,is hidden in the films'imagery.In StarWars,Luke Skywalker ekes out a living as a "moisture farmer"(whatever that may be)in a bleak desert on the remote planet of Tatooine.Apparently,the reason he lives in such an unfruitful place rather than in galactic Palm Springs is that there is no galactic Palm Springs:Evil technology has reduced the universe to wind and sand.If the technocrats(技术专家治国论者)were not so vicious and self-serving,the land would be more fruitful.Luke's mission is to replace the Bad technocrats with the Good,which he does.In a closing ceremony disturbingly reminiscent of Nuremberg Nazi rallies,Luke is rewarded with a medal(and a wink)by the princess,who represents the new,benevolent ruling class.Similarly,in Close Encounters,the world in which Roy Neary lives is corrupted by bad technology.Director Stephen Spielberg focuses his camera critically on all the mechanical paraphernalia(器材)——toy trains,hair dryers,TV's——with which we surround ourselves.The way the Visitors from the other planet make their presence known is by wreaking havoc on technology;turning on toys,s,in the dead of night;turning off the telephones and the electricity;and bewildering the air traffic scanners.The vision that obsesses Roy Neary, though,is not one of a Thoreauvian cabin in the woods,where evil technology may never trespass,but rather one of a technologically perfect world,where all the circuits enhance man's happiness.Like Neary and Skywalke,Americans are perplexed by the failure of technology to supply us with a meaningful life or a decent environment to live in.For every wonderful achievement,technology seems to deal us an equivalent kick in the shins.Travel has become more efficient and less civilized.Television has helped to raise a generation of unprecedentedly educated six-year-olds and increasingly illiterate high school seniors.We can enjoy completely enclosed and comfortable environments hundreds of feet above the sidewalk until,as witness the NewYork City blackout last summer,someone pulls the plug and the environments become inaccessible and uninhabitable.Only the most naive believe we can escape our increasingly technological environment. Recognizing that the technologizing trend is irreversible,we fantasize,with Skywalker and Neary,about a world where all the machines work with us,rather than against us,where the computer does not obstinately mis-bill,and where jets disgorge(卸下)our luggage intact at correct destinations.Regrettably,as both these films imply,the"perfect"technocracy is one over which ordinary mortals can exercise no influence.The enormity and complexity of the system preclude nonexpert involvement.Our only options in such a world would be to replace the bad technocrats,as Skywalker does,evade them,as Neary does, or trust that in their loving-kindness they will make the machines produce what we desire.Our democratic methods of trying to control our exploding technology may be less than"perfect,"but they do leave man some room in which to manage his destiny.61.What is Roy Neary's mission?A)To find a pretty girl.B)To look for an explanation about UFOs.C)To fly away to destinations unknown.D)To be a member of the world of UFOs.62.What can we learn from the increasing popularity of the whole genre of science fiction according to theauthor?A)Bad technology has caused serious problems.B)Science fiction is an art of escapism.C)We need more reassurance than our ancestors.D)Science fiction offers us more entertainment than any other art63.We can infer from the passage that the author thinks that__________.A)humans are more vicious and self-serving than any other creatureB)there does not exist a Palm Springs in the universeC)farmers can only eke out a livingD)our world has been seriously damaged by evil technology64.According to the author;every technological achievementA)has changed our living styleB)has made the environment more inhabitableC)has brought us more harm than benefitD)has enhanced people’s happiness65.What is the attitude of the author toward technology?A)Supportive.B)Negative.C)Tolerant.E)Cautious.Passage ThreeComputers BugYear2,000Bug Unstoppable for Some ComputersWith500days left until the year2,000,experts said last week,that it may already be too late for many companies to defuse the millennium computer time bomb.According to the Gartner Group,a US high-technology consultant agency,nearly a quarter of all worldwide companies have not yet started work on plans to solve the year2,000problems.This means most of these organizations will effectively be unable to fix their system in time.The Gartner group,which said last year that the millennium bomb rehabilitation would cost between US$300 billion and US$600billion worldwide,also said in the repot published this month that only50percent of companies that had projects to eliminate the bug planned to test their corrected systems.Dangerous PolicyExperts said this was a dangerous policy,because correcting computer programmes often introduced new flaws. Testing was essential.The millennium computer bomb is a legacy from shortcuts by software writers,who in the name of economy expressed years with just the final two digits rather than four.When clocks tick past midnight on December31,1999,many unrectified computers and chips will interpret the double zero as1900.This will turn many computer programmes to mush.Unchecked,many public utilities,assembly lines,bank teller machines,traffic lights and lifts may shut down.Some experts say the problem has been grossly exaggerated by software companies seeking to scare customers into buying the latest,bug-free products.But Graham Titterington,consultant at London consultancy Ovum,does not share this optimistic view.“The situation is pretty critical.Most companies are doing something,but are they doing enough?”he said in an interview.Titterington also said that for the vast majority of business there was no extemal check on the effectiveness of their remedial work.Running out of TimeMitul Mehta,senior European research manager at Frost&Sullivan in London,said time was running out for many companies.Companies now could only pinpoint vital computer systems for fixing.Less crucial systems would just have to run the risk of crashing and be fixed later,Mehta said.“Some crucial areas apart from computers are not getting enough attention.I don’t think networking companies have their act together–meaning manufacturers of routers,switches and network equipment like Bay(network company)and Cisco(Systems company),these kinds of companies,”Mehta said.He said:“Anybody looking at their system now is probably too late anyway.”Critical SituationIn his report,Gartner Group millennium research director,Lou Marcoccio,said that of the15,000companies and government agencies surveyed,23percent had not started millennium bomb projects.Of these,86percent were small companies which would not have a chance to correct their systems unless they began immediately. The Gartmer report said most Western European companies and the United States had made good progress. Germany was a notable laggard.“:Eastern Europe,Russia,India,pakistan,Southeast Asia,Japan,most of South America,most of middle east and Central Africa all lag the United States by more than21months.“Most of Western Europe is six months behind the United States,except for Germany which is21months behind,and France,which is eight to10months behind.“The US government had the lead on all other national governments by an even wider margin than the companies in those countries.Most government agencies are significantly behind the United States.”The reportsaid.66.Which of the following statements is correct according to the passage?A)Most worldwide companies will be too late to solve the year2,000programme problems.B)Only a quarter of these companies have started to solve the year2,000programmeproblems.C)Only50%of companies worldwide planned to test their corrected systems.D)To solve the year2,000programme problems,between US$300billion to$600billion had to be spent.67.The millennium computer bomb problem resulted from the fact that_______.A)computer companies were trying to scare customers into buying new productsB)too many programmes had not been tested before they were put to useC)the software writers expressed years with two digits rather than four digitsD)many uncorrected computers interpreted1,900as2,000,or vice versa68.Lou Maroecio reported that_________.A)15,000computer companies and govemment agencies had not started millennium bomb projects.B)86percent computers would not have a chance to be rectifiedC)Germany was slow in solving the millennium problemD)Most countries have soled the millennium problem69.Which of the following countries is the slowest in correcting its computer systems?A)Japan.B)France.C)German.D)England.70.After reading the passage,one may safely conclude that_______.A)if we start working now,the year2,000bug problem can still be solvedB)it is already too late for many companies to do the correction workC)it is a dangerous policy to correct computer programmes because new flaws may be introducedD)the year2000bug problem has been exaggeratedPassage FourDemographic TransitionWhile economic change has grabbed the headlines,the change in the structure of Asia’s populations has been at least as profound.According to a recent article by Jeffrey Williamson,an economist at Harvard,and Matthew Higgins,of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York,this demographic miracle may almost entirely account for the economic one.Work by Andrew Mason of the University of Hawaii and Ronald Lee and Timothy Miller,both of the University of California at Berkeley,buttresses this view.Both groups of economists argue that the knock-on effect of the demographic changes will,if managed correctly,spur growth throughout Asia until well into the next century.As countries become rich,they tend to go through a“demographic transition”in which fast-improving medical conditions and high birth rates combine to cause rapid population growth.This was the situation in most of Asia 30years ago.Eventually,however,birth rates fall significantly,and population growth slows.This causes a shift in the age profile of the population from that of a lumpy pyramid_lots of infants and children and relatively few grandparents_to a kind of Chinese lantern,with relatively few people in the youngest and oldest groups and a big bulge in the middle.For economies,this bulge is good news.It means that a large share of the population is of working age,and the“dependency ratio”is relatively low.In the West,the demographic transition took more than a century.But in South-East Asia it happened in the space of a single generation.For instance,in1965,Thai women had an average of more than six children;now they have fewer than three.Much the same thing happened first in Japan,then in Singapore,Taiwan,South Korea and Indonesia.At the same time,these countries have had the highest rates of economic growth in the world. This may not be a coincidence.In earlier work,Mr.Williamson estimated that changes in the age structure of the populations alone could account for1.5%of growth in GDP per person per year.But it is not simply high growth rates that have typified the region.It has also enjoyed exceptionally high rates of saving and investment. And it is these,both groups of authors argue,which have been surprisingly affected by demography.Before the early1970s,when the youth-dependency burden was at its peak,South-East Asia’s saving rates were much lower.。

装备学院2012 年博士研究生入学考试英语（1001）试题（注意：答案必须写在答题纸上，本试卷满分 100 分）Part I Vocabulary (10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: There are 20 sentences in this section. There are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D under each of the following sentences. Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.1.He was a medal for his outstanding contribution to science.A.rewardedB. awardedC. promisedD. admitted2.Tall and , with close-cropped hair, Austin looks like anyone else on the track t eam.A.allergicB. confusedC. slenderD. splendidinjury and sickness received a good deal of publicity and3.The problem ofattention this year.A.careerB. professionalC. occupationalD. employment4.Three of workers produce machines that reduce tree branches to wood chips.A.shiftsB. shuttlesC. treatiesD. treads5.It is well known that the first can only work hard planting young trees for a new business,while the following people may obtain the successful fruits.A.practitionersB. amateursC. forerunnersD. managers6.The between direct and non-direct investment is thus meant to focus on the issueof control.A.distinctB. distinguishC. discriminationD. distinction7.The old gentleman to be an old friend of his grandfather's.A.turned inB. turned overC. turned upD. turned out8.With its share of the market falling sharply, Vermeer opened a plant in Beijing, taking aChinese partner and drawing help for the from the Chinese.A.adventureB. ventureC. featureD. fractureC. withheldD. deprived10.His casual clothes were not for such a formal occasion.A.appropriateB. grantedC. conspicuousD. noble11.The focus of the conference was the application of computer-game technologies andenvironments to real -world business problems.A.properB. outsideC. virtualD. inside12.The most explanation is that professors are not particularly interested in students'welfare.A.plausibleB. clarifiedC. respectfulD. indifferent13.The manufacturers rely increasingly on governments, here and abroad, to andexpand.A.profoundB. prosperC. extractD. conquer14.The Obama hasn’t tried to formulate policy that far into the future.A.managementB. governmentC. administrationD. parliament15.While the cause of the accident to one part, the commission also raised broaderconcerns about quality control.A.exploringB. consultingC. completingD. narrowing16.The commission recommended that the space agency a better quality-controlprogram for engine parts.A.put into actionB. put into effectC. take into actionD. take into action17.The significance of the new fossils is that Australopithecus sediba is the directancestor of the human genus.A.principleB. effectiveC. principalD. affective18.The analysis is not complete and Dominion no numbers to the public.A.releasedB. publishedC. confessedD. dominated19.The rules stated that anyone who had held office for three years was not for re-election.A.admirableB. eligibleC. reliableD. capable20.The rocks above the cave have gradually away, bringing the fossils to the surface.A.trackedB. tracedC. emergedD. erodedPart II Cloze Test (15 points, 1 point each)Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on your Answer Sheet.Who won the World Cup 1994 football game? What happened at the United Nations? How did the critics like the new play? 21 an event takes place, newspapers are on the streets to the details. Wherever anything happens in the world, reports are on the spot to 22 the news.Newspapers have one basic 23 , to get the news as quickly as possible from its source, from those who make it to those who want to know it. Radio, telegraph, television, and other inventions brought competition for newspapers. 24 did the development of magazines and other means of communication. However, this competition merely spurred the newspapers on. They quickly made use of the newer and faster means of communication to improve the 25 and thus the efficiency of their own operations. Competition also led newspapers to branch out to many other fields. Besides keeping readers 26 of the latest news, today's newspapers 27 and influence readers about politics and other important and serious matters. Newspapers influence readers' economic choices 28 advertising. Most newspapers depend on advertising for their very 29 . Newspapers are sold at a price that fails to 30 even a small fraction of the cost of production. The main 31 of income for most newspapers is commercial advertising. The 32 in selling advertising depends on a newspaper's value to advertisers. This 33 in terms of circulation. How many people read the newspaper? Circulation depends 34 on the work of the circulation department and on the services or entertainment offered in a newspaper's pages. But for the most part, circulation depends on a newspaper's value to readers as a source of information about the community, city, country, state, nation, and world, and even 35 space.21.A. Mean while B. Just when C. Soon after D. Before then22.A. gather B. spread C. carry D. bring23.A. reason B. cause C. purpose D. problem24.A. How B. So C. More D. What25.A.value B. ratio C. rate D. speedrm B. be informed C. to be informed D. informed27.A.entertain B. encourage C. educate D. edit28.A. on B. through C. with D. of29.A. forms B. existence C. contents D. purpose30.A. spend B. cover C. earn D. realize31.A. source B. origin C. course D. finance32.A. way B. means C. chance D. success33. A. measures B. is measured C. measured D. was measured34. A. somewhat B. little C. much D. something35. A. far B. farther C. out D. outerPart III Reading Comprehension (30 points)Section A (20 points, 1 point each)Directions: In this part of the test, there are four short passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and then answer the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A, B, C, or D and mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.Passage 1Hurricanes are violent storms that cause millions of dollars in property damage and take many lives. They can be extremely dangerous, and too often people underestimate their fury. Hurricanes normally originate as a small area of thunderstorms over the Atlantic Ocean west of the Cape Verde Islands during August or September. For several days, the area of the storm increases and the air pressure falls slowly. A center of low pressure forms, and winds begin to whirl around it. It is blown westward, increasing in size and strength.Hurricane hunters then fly out to the storm in order to determine its size and intensity and to track its direction. They drop instruments for recording temperature, air pressure, and humidity (湿度), into the storm. They also look at the size of waves on the ocean, the clouds, and the eye of the storm. The eye is a region of relative calm and clear skies in the center of the hurricane. People often lose their lives by leaving shelter when the eye has arrived, only to be caught in tremendous winds again when the eye has passed.Once the forecasters have determined that it is likely the hurricane will reach shore, they issue a hurricane watch for a large, general area that may be in the path of the storm. Later, when the probable point of landfall is clearer, they will issue a hurricane warning for a somewhat more limited area. People in these areas are wise to stock up on nonperishable foods, flash light and radio batteries, candles, and other items they may need if electricity and water are not available after the storm. They should also try to hurricane-proof their houses by bringing in light-weight furniture and other items from outside and covering windows. People living in low-lying areas are wise to evacuate their houses because of the storm surge, which is a large rush of water that may come ashore with the storm. Hurricanes generally lose power slowly while traveling over land, but many move out to sea, gather up force again, and return to land. As they move toward the north, they generally lose their identity as hurricanes.36.The eye of the hurricane is .A.the powerful center of the stormB.the relatively calm center of the stormC.the part that determines its directionD.the center of low pressure37.Which of the following statements is true?A.A storm surge is a dramatic increase in wind velocity.B.A hurricane watch is more serious than a hurricane warning.C.Falling air pressure is an indicator that the storm is increasing in intensity.D.It is safe to go outside once the eye has arrived.38.Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?A.How to Avoid Hurricane damageB. Forecasting HurricanesC. The dangerous HurricaneD. Atlantic Storms39.The low-lying areas refer to those regions that .A.close to the ground levelB. one-storey flatC. flat housesD. near to the lowest level of hurricane40.Which of the following is NOT a method of protecting one's house from a hurricane?A.taking out heavy thingsB. moving in light-weight furnitureC. covering windowsD. equipping the house with stonesPassage 2On the morning of September 11th, I boarded the train from Washington Heights in Upper Manhattan just as usual and went to the Body Positive office in the South Street Seaport of Lower Manhattan. While I was leaving the subway at 8:53 am, a man ran down the street screaming, "Someone just bombed the World Trade Center." Those around me screamed and shouted "No!" in disbelief. However, being an amateur photographer, and thinking that I might be able to help out, I ran directly toward the WTC. I stopped just short of the WTC at a corner and looked up. There before me stood the gaping hole and fire that had taken over the first building. I stood there in shock taking pictures, wanting to run even closer to help out, but I could not move. Soon I saw what looked like little angels floating down from the top of the building. I began to cry when I realized that these "angels" -- in fact, desperate office workers - - were coming down, some one-by-one, some even holding hands with another. Could I actually be seeing this disaster unfold with hundreds of people around me crying, screaming and running for safety?As I watched in horror, another white airliner came from the south and took aim at the South Tower. As the plane entered the building, there was an explosion and fire and soon debris ( 碎片) began to fall around me. It was then that I realized that we were being attacked and that this was just not a terrible accident. Yet, I still could not move, until I was pushed down by the crowd on the street, many now in a panic running toward the water, as far from the WTC as they could possibly get. All around me were the visual reminders of hundreds of people running in panic. There were shoes, hats, briefcases, pocketbooks, newspapers, and other personal items dropped as hundreds of people ran for safety.Much has been written about the disaster already. We have learned so much in such a small amount of time about appreciating life. In some way we must move forward, bury the dead, build a memorial for those lost, and begin the coping and healing process for the survivors. Buthealing takes time. Some have been able to head right back to work, others seek counseling,while others remain walking through the streets with expressionless faces. However, we are all united in our grief.41.According to paragraph 1, the author’s office was .A.at Washington HeightsB.just beside the World Trade CenterC.in the South Street SeaportD.far from the WTC42.The passage tells us that the author .A.was a social workerB.worked in the Body Positive office near the WTCC.was asked to take some pictures of WTCD.ran toward WTC because he wanted to make out what was happening43.What was his first reflection when he stood at the corner?A.People were floating down from the top of the building as if they wanted to break a world record.B.A terrorist attack against America had begun. .C.There was a terrible accident in which an airliner struck the first building.D.He was just at a loss and could not make out what had happened.44.What was the immediate reaction of the man on seeing all this?A.He watched in horror and cried, but couldn’t move.B.He ran nearer to help out.C.He ran nearer to take pictures.D.He ran away to try to find a shelter.45.In the last paragraph, the author’s attitude is that .A.different people have different ideasB.people shouldn’t walk with expressionless facesC.people should go back to work immediatelyD.however difficult the situation is, people should unite and move forwardPassage 3We can begin our discussion of “population as global issue” with what most persons mean when they discuss “the population problem”: too many people on earth and a too rapid increase in the number added each year. The facts are not in dispute. It was quite right to employ the analogy that likened demographic growth to “a long, thin powder fuse that burns steadily and haltingly until it finally reaches the charge and explodes.”To understand the current situation, which is characterized by rapid increases in population, it is necessary to understand the history of population trends. Rapid growth is a comparatively recent phenomenon. Looking back at the 8,000 years of demographic history, we find that populations have been virtually stable or growing very slightly for most of human history. For most of our ancestors, life was hard, often nasty, and very short. There was high fertility in most places, but this was usually balanced by high mortality. For most of human history, it wasseldom the case that one in ten persons would live past forty, while infancy and childhood w ereespecially risky periods. Often, societies were in clear danger of extinction because death rates could exceed their birthrates. Thus, the population problem throughout most of history was how to prevent extinction of the human race.This pattern is important to notice. Not only does it put the current problems of demographic growth into a historical perspective, but it suggests that the cause of rapid increase in population in recent years is not a sudden enthusiasm for more children, but an improvement in the conditions that traditionally have caused high mortality.Demographic history can be divided into two major periods: a time of long, slow growth which extended from about 8,000 B.C. till approximately A.D. 1650. In the first period of some 9600 years, the population increased from some 8 million to 500 million in 1650. Between 1650 and the present, the population has increased from 500 million to more than 4 billion. And it is estimated that by the year 2000 there will be 6.2 billion people throughout the world. One way to appreciate this dramatic difference in such abstract numbers is to reduce the time frame to something that is more manageable. Between 8000BC and 1650, an average of only 50,000 persons was being added annually to the world’s population each year. At present, this number is added every six hours. The increase is about 80,000,000 persons annually.46.Which of the following demographic growth pattern is most suitable for the long thinpowder fuse analogy?A.A virtually stable or slightly decreasing period and then a sudden explosion of population.B.A slow growth for a long time and then a period of rapid, dramatic increase.C.Too many people on earth and some rapid increase in the number added each year.D.A long period when death rates exceeds birthrates and then a short period with higherfertility and lower mortality.47.During the first period of demographic history, societies were often in danger of extinctionbecause .A.only one in ten persons could live past 40.B.there was higher mortality than fertility in most places.C.it was too dangerous to have babies due to the poor conditions.D.our ancestors had little enthusiasm for more children.48.Which statement is true about population increase?A.There might be an increase of 2.2 billion persons from now to the year 2000.B.About 50,000 babies are born every six hours at present.C.Between 8000 BC and the present, the population increase is about 80,000,000 personseach year.D.The population increased faster between 8000BC and 1650 than between 1650 and thepresent.49.The word “demographic” in the first paragraph means .A.statistics of humanB.surroundings studyC.accumulation of humanD.development of human50.The author of the passage intends to .A.warn people against the population explosion in the near futurepare the demographic growth pattern in the past with that after 1650C.find out the cause for rapid increase in population in recent yearsD.present us a clear and complete picture of the demographic growthPassage 4Auctions are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer. He asks the crowd assembled in the auction-room to make offers, or “bids”, for the various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures, and finally names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods. This is called “knocking down” the goods, for the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a table at which he stands. This is often set on a raised platform called a rostrum. ？The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction, andthe English word comes from the Latin auctio, meaning “increase”. The Romans usually sold in this way the spoils taken in war; these sales were called sub basra, meaning “under the spear”, a spear being stuck in the ground as a signal for a crowd to gather. In England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries goods were often sold “by the candle”: a short candle was lit by the auctioneer, and bids could be made while it stayed alight.Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are coffee, hides, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit and vegetables and wines. Auction sales are also usual for land and property, antique furniture, pictures, rare books, old china and similar works of art. The auction rooms at Christie's and Sotheby's in London and New York are world famous.An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be sold and where and when they can be viewed by prospective buyers. If the advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of goods to be sold together, called a “lot”, is usually given a number. The auctioneer need not begin with Lot 1 and continue in numerical order; he may wait until he registers the fact that certain dealers are in the room and then produce the lots they are likely to be interested in. The auctioneer's services are paid for in the form of a percentage of the price the goods are sold for. The auctioneer therefore has a direct interest in pushing up the bidding as high as possible.The auctioneer must know fairly accurately the current market values of the goods he is selling, and he should be acquainted with regular buyers of such goods. He will not waste time by starting the bidding too low. He will also play on the rivalries among his buyers and succeed in getting a high price by encouraging two business competitors to bid against each other. It is largely on his advice that a seller will fix a “reserve” price, that is ,a price below which the goods cannot be sold. Even the best au ctioneers, however, find it difficult to stop a “knock out”, whereby dealers illegally arrange beforehand not to bid against each other, but nominate one ofthemselves as the only bidder, in the hope of buying goods at extremely low prices. If such a‘knock-out’ comes off, the real auction sale takes place privately afterwards among the dealers.51.A candle used to burn at auction sales .A.because they took place at nightB.as a signal for the crowd to gatherC.to keep the auctioneer warmD.to limit the time when offers could be made52.An auction catalogue gives prospective buyers .A.the current market values of the goodsB.details of the goods to be soldC.the order in which goods must be soldD.free admission to the auction sale53.The auctioneer may decide to sell the “lots” out of order because .A.he sometimes wants to confuse the buyersB.he knows from experience that certain people will want to buy certain itemsC.he wants to keep certain people waitingD.he wants to reduce the number of buyers54.An auctioneer likes to get high prices for the goods he sells because .A.then he earns more himselfB.the dealers are pleasedC.the auction-rooms become world famousD.it keeps the customers interested55. A ‘knock-out’ is arranged .A.to increase the auctioneer's profitB.to allow one dealer only to make a profitC.to keep the price in the auction room lowD.to help the auctioneerSection B (10 points, 2 points each)Directions: In this section, there is a passage with five questions. After you have read the passage, answer each question in English with no more than 15 words. Write down your answer on the Answer Sheet.1.Chad Hurley and Steve Chen have some experience with turning a small Web site into Internet gold. In 2006 they sold their scrappy start-up YouTube to Google for $1.65 billion.2.More recently they picked an unlikely candidate to be their next Web sensation: a Yahoo castoff (丢弃物).3.The men are trying to inject new life into Delicious, a social bookmarking service that, in its time, was popular among the technorati, but failed to catch on with a broader audience.4.“What we plan to do,” Mr. Hurley said in an interview here last week, “is try to introduce Delicious to the rest of the world.”5.Created in 2003, Delicious lets people save links from around the Web and organize them using a simple tagging system, assigning keywords like “neuroscience” or “recipes.” It was praised for the way it allowed easy sharing of those topical links. The site’s early popularity spurred Yahoo to snap it up in 2005 — but in the years after that Yahoo did little with it.6.In December, leaked internal reports from Yahoo hinted that the company was planning to sell or shut down the service.7.At the same time, Mr. Chen and Mr. Hurley, who had recently formed a new company called Avos and begun renting space a few blocks from the original YouTube offices in San Mateo, had been brainstorming ideas for their next venture. One problem they kept circling around was the struggle to keep from drowning in the flood of news, cool new sites and videos surging through their Twitter accounts and RSS feeds, a glut that makes it difficult to digest more thana sliver of that material in a given day.8.“Twitter sees something like 200 million tweets a day, but I bet I can’t even read 1,000 aday,” Mr. Chen said. “There’s a waterfall of content that you’re missing out on.”9.He added, “There are a lot of services trying to solve the information discovery problem, and no one has got it right yet.”10.When the men heard about Yahoo’s plans to close Delicious, their ears perked up, and they placed a personal call to Jerry Yang, one of the founders of Yahoo, and made him an offer. (They declined to disclose financial details of the transaction.)11.At heart, they say, the revamped service will still resemble the original Delicious when it opens to the public, which Mr. Chen and Mr. Hurley said would happen later this year. But their blueprint involves an overhaul of the site’s design and the software and the systems used to tag and organize links.12.The current home page of Delicious features a simple cascade of blue links, the most recent pages bookmarked by its users, and it tends to largely be dominated technology news. But the new Delicious aims to be more of a destination, a place where users can go to see the most recent links shared around topical events, like the Texas wildfires or the anniversary of the Sept.11 attacks, as well as the gadget reviews and tech tips.13.The home page would feature browseable “stacks,” or collections of related images, videos and links shared around topical events. The site would also make personalized recommendations for users, based on their sharing habits. “We want to simplify things visually, mainstream the product and make it easier for people to understand what they’re doing,” Mr. Hurley said.14.Mr. Chen gives the example of trying to find information about how to repair a vintage car radio or plan an exotic vacation.15.“You’re Googling around and have eight to 10 browser tabs of results, links to forums and message boards, all related to your search,” he said. The new Delicious, he said, provides “a very easy way to save those links in a collection that someone else can browse.”16.They say they decided to buy Delicious rather than build their own service for a number of reasons.17.“We know how hard it would be to build a brand,” Mr. Hurley said. “Delicious lets us hit the ground running with its existing footprint.”18.A number of sites already have Delicious buttons as an option for sharing content — right alongside Facebook, Twitter and Tumblr, Mr. Hurley said.19.But Mr. Chen said the team also “liked the idea of saving one of the original Web 2.0 companies that started the social sharing movement on the Web.” He added: “There was some sense of history. We were genuinely sad that it would be shut down.”20.Both founders acknowledge that they were never diehard Delicious users. “I signed up in 2005 and I didn’t use it again until 2011,” Mr. Chen said with an embarrassed laugh.56.What is likely to be Chad Hurley and Steve Chen’s next web sensation according to thepassage?57.Why the author says in paragraph 2 that the sensation is an UNLIKELY candidate?58.How do you un derstand the sentence said by Mr. Hurley “Delicious lets us hit the groundrunning with its existing footprint” in paragraph 17?59.What does the word ‘diehard’ possibly mean in the first sentence of the last paragraph?60.List no less than 10 words in the passage that are related with web or i nternet.Part IV Error Detection and Correction (10 points, 1 point each) Directions: Each of the following underlined part has an error. Find out the errors in the underlined parts and without altering the meaning of the sentence, write down your correction on the Answer Sheet.To be really happy and really safe, one ought to have at least two or three hobbies, and they must all be real. It is no use to start late in life to say: “I wi ll take an interest in this or that.”(61) Such an attempt only aggravates the strain of mental effort. A man may acquire great knowledges of topics unconnected with his daily work, and yet hardly get any benefit or relief.(62) It is no use doing what you like; you have got to dislike what you do. Broadly speaking, human being may be divided as three classes (63): those who are toiled to death, those who are worried to death, and those who are bored to death. It is no use offering the manual laborer, tired out with a hard week’s sweating and effort, (64) the chance of playing a game of football or baseball on Saturday afternoon. It is no use inviting the politician or the profession or business man, (65) who has been working or worrying about serious things for six days, to work or worry about trifling things at the weekend.It may also be said that rational, industrious, useful human beings are divided into two classes: first, those whose work is work and whose pleasure is pleasure; and secondly, people whose work and pleasure are one. (66) Of these the former are the major. (67) They have their compensations. The long hours in the office or the factory bring with them as their reward, not only the means of sustenance, and a keen appetite for pleasure even in its simplest and most modest forms. (68) But Fortune’s favored children belong to the second class. Their life is a naturally harmony. (69) For them the working hours are never long enough. Each day is a holiday, and ordinary holidays when they come are grudged as enforced interruptions in an absorbing vacation. Yet of both classes the need of an alternative outlook, (70) of a change of atmosphere, of a diversion of effort, is essential.Part V Translation (15 points, 3 points each)Directions: Translate the five underlined sentences in the following passage into Chinese. Write down your translation on the Answer Sheet.A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps; for there is a companionship of books as well as of men; and one should always live in the best。

2016年医学博士外语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 2. 3. 4. 5. PartⅢCloze 6. PartⅣReading Comprehension 7. PartⅤWritingSection A听力原文：M: Can I see the doctor soon?W: Of course. How about next Monday? There’s a slot available at 10 in the morning. M: I’m afraid I’m working at 10. Is there anything available after 3?W: Let me see. Not on Monday, but we have a 3 o’clock opening next Wednesday. Would you like to come in then? M: No problem. Thank you. Q: When is the man scheduled to see the doctor?1．A．At ten next Wednesday.B．At three next Wednesday.C．At ten next Monday.D．At three next Monday.正确答案：B解析：时间细节题。

护士跟男病人确认了最后的时间是next Wednesday的三点。

听力原文：W: What kind of pain is it? Can you describe the pain? M: It’s terrible, like a knife stabbing me. Q: What kind of pain is the man suffering from?2．A．A dull pain.B．A piercing pain.C．A burning pain.D．A numb pain.正确答案：B解析：细节题。

2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part I. Reading Comprehension (60%)Directions: In this part of the test, there are four short passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A), B), C), or D) and mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet I.Passage 1We live in southern California growing grapes, a first generationof vintners, our home adjacent to the vineyards and the winery. It’s a very pretty place, and in order to earn the money to realize our dream of making wine, we worked for many years in a business that demanded several household moves, an incredible amount of risk-taking and long absences from my husband. When it was time, we traded in our old life, cinched up our belts and began the creation of the winery.We make small amounts of premium wine, and our lives are dictated by the rhythm of nature and the demands of the living vines. The vines start sprouting tiny green tendrils in March and April, and the baby grapes begin to form in miniature, so perfect that they can be dipped in gold to form jewelry. The grapes swell and ripen in early fall, and when their sugar content is at the right level, they are harvested carefully by hand and crushed in small lots. The wine is fermented and tendeduntil it is ready to be bottled. The vineyards shed their leaves, thevines are pruned and made ready for the dormant months --- and the next vintage.It sounds nice, doesn’t it? Living in the country, our days spentin the ancient routine of the vineyard, knowing that the course of our lives as vintners was choreographed long age and that if we practiced diligently, our wine would be good and we’d be successful. From thestart we knew there was a price for the privilege of becoming a wine-making family, connected to the land and the caprices of nature.We work hard at something we love, we are slow to panic over the daily emergencies, we are nimble at solving problems as they arise. Some hazards to completing a successful vintage are expected: rain justbefore harvesting can cause mold; electricity unexpectedly interrupted during the cold fermentation of white wine can damage it; a delayed payment from a major client when the money is needed.There are outside influences that disrupt production and take patience, good will and perseverance. [For example] the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms regulates every facet of the wine business.A winery’s records are audited as often as two or three times a yearand every label --- newly written for each year’s vintage --- must be approved. …[But] The greatest threat to the winery, and one that almost madeus lose heart, came out of a lawyer’s imagination. Out little winery was served notice that we were named in a lawsuit accusing us of endangering the public health by using lead foils on our bottles (it was the only material used until recently) “without warning consumers of apossible risk.” There it was, our winery’s name listed with the industry’s giants. …… I must have asked a hundred times: “Who gets the money if the lawsuit is successful?” The answer was, and I never was able to assimilate it, the plaintiffs and their lawyers who filed the suit! Since the lawsuit was brought in behalf of consumers, it seemed to me that consumers must get something if it was proved that a lead foil was dangerous to them. We were told one of the two consumer claimants was an employee of the firm filing the suit!There are attorneys who focus their careers on lawsuits like this. It is an immense danger to the small businessman. Cash reserves can be used up in the blink of an eye when in the company of lawyers. As long as it’s possible for anyone to sue anybody for anything, we are all in danger. As long as the legal profession allows members to practice law dishonorably and lawyers are congratulated for winning big money in this way, we’ll be plagued with a corruptible justice system.1. The phrase “cinched up our belts”, in the first paragraph, suggests that the coupleA. thought creating a winery would be busyB. wore clothing that was too bigC. strapped their belongings together and movedD. prepared for the difficult work ahead2. The grapes are harvested on a date thatA. may vary.B. depends on the approval of the regulatory bureau.C. is traditionally set.D. is determined by availability of pickers.3. According to the author, the life of vintners is most controlled byA. the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms.B. unexpected changes in temperature.C. the sugar content of the grapes.D. the tempo of the seasons.4. The writer complains that when she questioned the lawyers sheA. never got the answer.B. never got a simple answer.C. could make no sense of the answer she got.D. could not understand the answer she got.5. The writer thinks that the legal professionA. strives to protect consumers.B. does a good job of policing its members.C. is part of an incorruptible system.D. includes rapacious attorneys.Passage 2There is a confused notion in the minds of many persons, which the gathering of the property of the poor into the hands of the rich does no ultimate harm, since in whosever hands it may be, it must be spent at last, and thus, they think, return to the poor again. This fallacy has been again and again exposed; but granting the plea true, the same apology may, of course, be made for black mail, or any other form of robbery. It might be (though practically it never is) as advantageousfor the nation that the robber should have the spending of the money he extorts, as that the person robbed should have spent it. But this is no excuse for the theft. If I were to put a turnpike on the road where it passes my own gate, and endeavor to exact a shilling from every passenger, the public would soon do away with my gate, without listening to any pleas on my part that it was as advantageous to them, in the end, that I should spend their shillings, as that they themselves should. But if, instead of outfacing them with a turnpike, I can only persuade them to come in and buy stones, or old iron, or any other useless thing, out of my ground, I may rob them to the same extent and, moreover, be thanked as a public benefactor and promoter of commercial prosperity. And this main question for the poor of England --- for the poor of all countries --- is wholly omitted in every treatise on the subject of wealth. Even by the laborers themselves, the operation of capital is regarded only in its effect on their immediate interests, never in thefar more terrific power of its appointment of the kind and the object of labor. It matters little, ultimately, how much a laborer is paid for making anything; but it matters fearfully what the thing is which he is compelled to make. If his labor is so ordered as to produce food, fresh air, and fresh water, no matter that his wages are low; the food and the fresh air and water will be at last there, and he will at last get them. But if he is paid to destroy food and fresh air, or to produce iron bars instead of them, the food and air will finally not be there, and he will not get them, to his great and final inconvenience. So that, conclusively, in politics as in household economy, the great question is, not so much what money you have in your pocket, as what you will buywith it and do with it.。

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2016年全国医学博士英语统考答案Listening Comprehension (30%)Section A1. B. At three next Wednesday.2. B. A piercing pain.3. A. He is going to get married.4. D. She couldn't agree with the man more.5. A. Jack's girlfriend is mad at him.6. B. It's wise to be prepared.7. B. He is a trouble-maker.8. D. $309. C. Work out in the gym.10. B. 23211. A. Mary isn't his type.12. A. Play tennis.13. C. In the hospital.14. A. She is seriously ill.15. B. She makes a living now as a landlady.Section BDialogue16. A. A duodenal ulcer.17. B. Try medical means.18. A. Overweight.19. C. He is a heavy smoker.20. D. Make an appointment with Dr. Oaks.Passage One21. D. He is the creator of a website on longevity.22. C. Women develop cardiovascular disease much later than men.23. B. In their 60s and 70s.24. D. Iron.25. C. Another possibility for women's longevity.Passage Two26. C. He struggled under the strain of poverty.27. B. He is an investment advisor.28. D. Fear.29. B. He began reading investment books and then began practicing.30. C. Where there is a will, there is a way.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A, B, C and D, are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then, mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31. Employers have a legal obligation to pay _______ to their workers for injuries.A. compensationB. compromiseC. commodityD. consumptionKey: A32. The argument between the two patients became so fierce that the doctor had to _________.A. alleviateB. aggravateC. extinguishD. interveneKey: D33. But despite all th e legal hustle and bustle, they don’t actually expect to _______ death sentences to life terms without parole.A. induceB. convertC. reviveD. swerveKey: B34. To maintain physical well-being, a person should eat _______ food and get sufficient exercise.A. integralB. grossC. wholesomeD. intactKey: C35. The Central Government’s pledge to maintain the ______ and stability of Hong Kong at all costs is a great encouragement to the local finance.A. provisionB. prosperityC. privilegeD. preferenceKey: B36. It is pointed out that patients must be reassured that “their lives will not be ______ as a result of bed shortages.”A. facilitatedB. forfeitedC. fulfilledD. furnishedKey: B37. The cause of his death has been a mystery and _______ unknown so far.A. exclusivelyB. superficiallyC. utterlyD. doubtfullyKey: C38. It is known that some ways of using resources _______ can destroy the environment as well as the people living in it.A. recklesslyB. sparinglyC. sensiblyD. incrediblyKey: A39. Cholera is a preventable waterborne bacterial infection that is spread through ______ water.A. filteredB. distilledC. contaminatedD. purifiedKey: C40. We welcome him not ____________ as a new broom but rather as a very old friend.A. by the wayB. at all eventsC. by no meansD. in any senseKey: CSection B41. scrutinyA. sanctionB. restrictionC. censusD. examination Key: D42. potentA. inexpensiveB. powerfulC. conventionalD. lethal Key: B43. at odds withA. in tune withB. in favor ofC. for the sake ofD. in disagreement withKey: D44. eminentA. renownedB. notoriousC. popularD. mysteriousKey: A45. diversityA. sevrityB. reliablilityC. varietyD. specificityKey: C46. lapseA. errorB. sinC. guiltD. offenseKey: A47. jaundiceA. grievanceB. sympathyC. jealousyD. indignation Key: C48. to little availA. by no meansB. in vainC. of no accountD. at stake Key: B49. lavishlyA. fearlesslyB. conspicuouslyC. wastefullyD. ferociously Key: C50. progressionA. deteriorationB. accumulationC. expansionD. promotionKey: APart III Cloze (10%)51. A. careful about B. capable of C. accessible to D. susceptible toKey: B52. A. in the event B. in an attempt C. at the moment D. along the wayKey: D53. A. exclusive B. very C. just D. exactKey: A54. A. indeed B. however C. moreover D. thereforeKey: B55. A. demonstration B. dimension C. destiny D. determination Key: C56. A. has been said B. being said C. was said D. is saidKey: B57. A. more or less B. pretty much C. as ever D. if anyKey: B58. A. while B. despite C. nevertheless D. sinceKey: C59. A. case B. mold C. sense D. conditionKey: C60. A. different B. similar C. insufficient D. significantKey: DPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Passage One61. To have a journey of discovery witheach child, according to the passage,is_____________.A. to discover their unique sleep-wakecycles62. In the first paragraph, the authorsuggests that parents ____________.D. keep a diary on sleep pattern for theirchil63. When there exists a “marker”in the child according to the passage, __________.A. it might lead to his or her earlysubstance use64. What is the author trying to tell us inthethird paragraph?B. Sometimes parents need to seek professionalassistance.65. What is the main idea of the passage?C. Parents’role in building their child’shealthy sleeping habit.Passage Two66. The study's results indicated_____________.A. health disparities between English andAmerican senior citizens67. Which of the following is uniquehealth-care challenge for English senior citizens when compared with theirAmerican counterparts?A. higher death rate.68. What does James Smith imply by anAmerican plate?C. large portion of food consumed byAmericans.69. The Americans' unique health-carechallenge, according to James Smith, is derived form ______________.D. their unhealthy lifestyle factors70. Even though it is much more aggressive,the American medicine __________.B. benefits more seniors who needmedicalcare.Passage Three71. The current PIK study ___________.B. was based on the global land-use models72. As the PIK results imply, it ispossible ____________.”D. to return to the emission levels around199573. Simply put, to produce and consume lessmeat and dairy is to __________.A. to reduce more methane and nitrous oxideemissions74. The greenhouse gas pie tellsus__________.C. the priorities in the environmentalprotection75. What can be the best title forthepassage?D. Diet for a Healthier PlanetPassage Four76. What can be said of Henry?C. His life was improved with telehealth.77. Henry activates his daily healthmanagement __________.B. By getting hooked up to themonitoringdevices78. As one of the pioneering patients,Henry __________.A. receives the most benefits fromtelehealth79. What is the most important about thetelehealth technology in the case of Henry?D. His condition can be kept undercontinuous surveillance at home.80. Thanks to the telehealth technologyHenry knows for sure his blood oxygen level, thus __________.C. getting hospitalized in no timePassage Five81. Rappaport argues that a major threat toour human health __________.A. lies in our exposome82. What can be said of the exposomeaccording to Rappaport?D. Changeable.83. Speaking of genes, Rappaport wouldsaythat __________.B. there is no such a thing aspredictivemedicine.84. Even though we cannot pinpoint theexact impact of environmental influences. Wild contends that __________.C. each of us leaves a unique exposurehistory in the environment85. Particularly important, according toNicholson, is the time when __________.C. the exposome comes inPassage Six86. The author cries for a changein____________.D. global science publishing87. According to the author, the lowinternational recognition and impact of scientists in the developing countriescan be attributed to __________.C. their limited publications in globalindexing databases88. The survey conducted by Tijssenjustified the author's view that __________.D. most scientists in developing countriesremain marginalized in global science publishing89. To address the current situation, theauthor argues that it is imperative that__________.D. quality and quantity be desired in thelocal journals90. Which of the following can be the besttitle for the passage?C. Globalizing Science Publishing作文的标题：The Cultivation and Development of General Practitioner。

中国社会科学院研究生院2016年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷英语（A卷）2016年3月26日8:30–11:30答题说明1.请考生按照答题卡的要求填写相关内容。

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PART I:Cloze(20points)Directions:Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank.Production workers must be able to do statistical quality control.Production workers must be able to do just-in-time inventories.Managers are increasingly shifting from a"don't think,do what you are told"to a"think,I am not going to tell you what to do"style of management.This shift occurs not because today's managers are more___(1)___than yesterday's managers, but because the evidence is mounting that the second style of management is more___(2)___than the first style of management.But this means that problems of training and motivating the work force both become more central and require different models of behavior.To be on top of this situation,tomorrow's managers will have to have strong background in organizational psychology,human relations,and labor___(3)___.The MIT Sloan School of quickly management attempts to___(4)___our understanding in these areas through research and then quickly bring the___(5)___of this new research to our students so that they can be leading-edge managers when it comes to the human side of the equation.The first three decades after World War II were___(6)___in___(7)___the United States had a huge technological lead___(8)___all the rest in the world.In a very real sense,___(9)___ technological competitive.American firms did not have to worry about their technological competitiveness because they were___(10)___.But that world has disappeared.Today we live in a world where American firms___(11)___ have automatic technological___(12)___.In some areas they are still ahead,in some areas they are ___(13)___,and in some areas they are behind,but on average,they are average.___(14)___this means is that American managers have to understand the forces of technical change in ways___(15)___were not necessary in the past.Conversely,managers from the rest of the world know that it is now possible for them to dominate their American competitors if they understand the forces of technical change better than their American competitors do.In the world of tomorrow managers cannot be technologically___(16)______(17)___their functional tasks within the firm.They don't have to be scientists or engineers inventing new technologies,___(18)___they have to be managers who understand when to bet and when not bet on new technologies.If they___(19)___what is going on and technology effectively becomes a black box,they___(20)___to make the changes.They will be losers,not winners.1.a.enlightened b.enlightening c.enlightenment d.enlighten2.a.sterile b.producing c.productive d.extravagant3.a.economics b.economic c.economy d.economies4.a.take b.arouse c.rise d.advance5.a.results b.evidence c.content d.fruitsual b.flawed c.unusual d.unessential7.a.which b./ c.that d.those8.a.by b.over c.on d.upon9.a.was the world not b.the world was notc.did the world be notd.was not the world10.a.superior b.super c.inferior d.junior11.a.still b.even c.neither d.no longer12.a.superiority b.inferiority c.majority d.minoritymon b.average c.ignorant d.exceptional14.a.How b.That c.What d.Which15.a.that b.they c.those d.who16.a.illiterate b.sophisticated c.literate d.omniscient17.a.regardless b.in spite of c.despite d.regardless of18.a.and b.likewise c.furthermore d.but19.a.didn’t understand b.don't understandc.haven’t understoodd.hadn’t understood20.a.failed b.would have failedc.would faild.would be failedPART II:Reading Comprehension(30points)Directions:Choose the best answers based on the information in the passages below. Passage1The leaders of the mythopoetic men's movement believe that modernization has led to the feminization of men.Mythopoets believe that the rise of the urban industrial society"trapped men into straitjackets of rationality,thus blunting the powerful emotional communion and collective spiritual transcendence that they believe men in tribal societies typically enjoyed".Most importantly,the movement seeks to restore the"deep masculine"to men who have lost it in their more modern lifestyles.Other causes for the loss of the"deep masculine"include:Men no longer being comrades who celebrated their masculinity together.Rather,they had become competitors within their workplaces;Men spending more time in their houses with women than they did with men(in non-competitive terms outside of work).Excessive interaction with women generally kept men from realizing their internal masculinity;Feminism is bringing attention to the“feminine voice.”Through this,the mythopoetic men felt that their voices had been muted(though Bly and others are careful in not blaming feminism for this);The separation of men from their fathers kept them from being truly initiated into manhood,and was a source of emotional damage.Men were suffering further emotional damage due to feminist accusations about sexism.Men should celebrate their differences from women,rather than feeling guilty about them.Men is being discouraged from expressing their emotions.Male inexpressivity is an epidemic and does not correspond to their "deep masculine"natures.Groups of primarily white,middle-aged,heterosexual men from the professional class retreated from their female loved ones in order to join in spiritual rituals that emphasized homosociality,with the central goal of reclaiming the parts of their masculinity that they had lost called the"deep masculine."Because most men no longer perform masculine rituals, mythopoets assert that men have mutated into destructive,hypermasculine chauvinists,or,in the opposite direction,have become too feminized.The mythopoetic men performed rituals at these gatherings,which were meant to imitate those performed by tribal societies when men initiated boys into a deeply essential natural manhood.The movement emphasized the importance of including multiple generations of men in the rituals,so that the men could learn about masculinity from those who were older and wiser.Characteristic of the early mythopoetic movement was a tendency to retell myths,legends and folktales,and engage in their exegesis as a tool for personal ing frequent references to archetypes as drawn from Jungiananalytical psychology,themovement focused on issues of gender role,gender identity and wellness for the modern man(and woman).Advocates would often engage in storytelling with music,these acts being seen as a modern extension to a form of"new ageshamanism"popularized by Michael Harner at approximately the same time.The movement sought to empower men by means of equating archetypal characters with their own emotions and abilities.For instance,Michael Messner describes the concept of"Zeus energy"as emphasizing"male authority accepted for the good of the community".Beliefs about the emotional system based in archetypes of great men,mythopoets sought to channel these characters in themselves,so that they could unleash their"animal-males". This group primarily analyzed the archetypes of King,Warrior,Magician,Lover and Wildman.As a self-help movement the mythopoetic movement tends not to take explicit stances on political issues such as feminism,gay rights or family law(such as the issues of divorce,domestic violence or child custody),preferring instead to stay focused on emotional and psychological well-being.Because of this neutrality,the movement became a site of social criticism by feminists, and was often characterized as anti-intellectual as well as apolitical.Michael Messner once gave a speech at a gathering,in which he addressed the dangers of celebrating the warrior,as instances of rape are higher in countries that glorify war.The mythopoets responded that they were not interested in intellectual or political pursuits,but were primarily concerned with conducting spiritual and emotional work.Additional feminist critique revolved around the movement's absence of women's perspectives,as well as the essentialism in the movement's teachings. Comprehension Questions:21.The mythopoetic men's movement can best be understood as________________.a.a men’s literary movementb.a men's liberation movementc.a men's rights movementd.a second-wave feminist movement22.The mythopoetic men's movement consists of groups of men who retreated from their femaleloved ones in order to strive for________________.a.gay rightsb.same-sex marriagec.masculinityd.myths,legends and folktales23.The idea that modernization has led to the feminization of men means that_________________.a.men cannot be themselvesb.men can no longer make friendsc.men’s voices have changedd.men cannot express themselves24.The root issue is________________.a.feminismb.masculinityc.sexd.gender25.According to the text,the causes for rape must be sought in_________________.a.the celebration of the archetype of the warriorb.the unleashing of men’s"animal-males”c.domestic violenced.the loss of masculine ritualsPassage2Although in the novel the millennium has been and gone,there are no references at all to real contemporary American or global political events of the time of writing.Chapstick,Pledge,and Skevener in their study The Endless Loop of History:Space Time in the work of David Foster Wallace(London2001)have already noted the way Infinite Jest divorces itself from history by the use of sci fi elements.They note how compared with the American post moderns,whose works interact with real historical time,Infinite Jest takes place in an ahistorical,allegorical time.DFW’s invention of Subsidized Time,and the renaming of years after products and companies shows the way in which the soul-rotting effects of advertising infect time as well as internal and external space(cf:Phillip K Dick’s adverts projected onto the moon in The Man in the High Castle). Otherwise,the ubiquitous presence of advertising in contemporary daily life is absent from the novel.Actually,this is not correct.The theme of waste management(also the underlying structure of Don DeLillo’s novel Underworld)reflects some of the anxieties of the90s,the decade in which the novel was written:namely,global warming,environmental concerns,nuclear waste management,including its export to third world countries,the trading of carbon emission points, futures swaps in carbon footprints etc.DFW is here simply satirizing contemporary concerns;and a Freudian reading of this theme is both unnecessary and not really illuminating,Don Gately’s work as a shit hoser notwithstanding.DFW’s use of spurious knowledge and scholarship(including a spurious academic apparatus at the back of the book)has been amply commented on,especially the doubtful physics of J.O.Incandenza’s work with lenses and nuclear annulation,and the iffey math involved in the Eschaton game.By his use of the spurious DFW is not only satirizing the discourse of academic knowledge,but making a serious point about the extent and typology of knowledge itself.Once knowledge becomes so specialized as to become comprehensible to only a very few –those firmly inside the discourse-what status does that knowledge gain?To those outside the discourse,the knowledge can only be taken on trust,and therefore all manner of hoods may be winked.In this case the boundaries between the fictional and the real become blurred,a matter for argument.We are used to questioning the reliability of the narrative voice in fiction,but not so able to question in the same way the reliability of academic discourse or specialist knowledge.The presence of the spurious next to the real infects the real,inviting us to extend our distrust of fictional narrative to non-fictional exposition,the fiction(le mensonge)and the truth become mirrors of each other.The title of a work stands in metonymic relationship to the content of the work:War and Peace,for example,signifies the two main themes and structuring devices of that novel.For existing books,(real,read books),the title summons up everything we know or remember about the book.Where that work is non-existent(fictional,spurious,lost or simply unknown/unread)the title acts as an empty signifier,which we can fill with our imagination, effectively writing the work ourselves in a flash.Barthes calls these bookless titles prolepses; Nabokov creates summaries and detailed commentaries for them(in Pale Fire and The Real life of Sebastian Knight);Borges bases his whole stylistics on this process of metonymic expansion;and Eco fills entire imaginary libraries with these fantastical books.DFW for his imaginary works,like Hoffmann,has a penchant for excessively long and humorous titles,whose length guides us in this process of creation cf:Good Looking Men in Small Clever Rooms that Utilize Every Centimeter of Available Space With Mind-Boggling Efficiency(title of one of J.O.Incandenza’s entertainments), and Mousetraps and their Influence on the Character and Achievement of the Feline Race(title of one of Murr’s books from Hoffmann’s The Life and Opinions of the Tomcat Murr).Comprehension Questions:26.According to the author,the use of some of the anxieties of the90s does not contradict theproposition that the novel Infinite Jest takes place in an ahistorical time because _______________.a.the millennium has been and goneb.DFW is here simply satirizing contemporary concernsc.DFW’s invention of Subsidized Timed.he uses sci fi elements27.DFW’s invention of Subsidized Time exemplifies_______________.a.the ubiquitous presence of advertising in contemporary daily lifeb.the commercialization of American societyc.the endless loop of historyd.American post modernism28.Following Roland Barthes,which of the following titles would be an example of prolepsis?a.War and Peace.b.The Real life of Sebastian Knightc.Mousetraps and their Influence on the Character and Achievement of the Feline Race.d.The Life and Opinions of the Tomcat Murr29.An innovation by DFW to post modern fiction is exemplified by________________.a.the unreliable narratorb.the distrust of academic discoursec.the process of metonymic expansiond.fictional,spurious,lost or simply unknown/unread works30.The title of the novel suggests that it is________________.a.an allegoryb.a parodyc.an apophasisd.a procatalepsis Passage3According to the Koran,it was on a Tuesday that Allah created st September11, when suicide pilots were crashing commercial airliners into crowded American buildings,I did not have to look to the calendar to see what day it was:Dark Tuesday was casting its long shadow across Manhattan and along the Potomac River.I was also not surprised that despite the seven or so trillion dollars that we have spent since1950on what is euphemistically called“defense,”there would have been no advance warning from the FBI or CIA or Defense Intelligence Agency.While the Bushites have been eagerly preparing for the last war but two—missiles from North Korea,clearly marked with flags,would rain down on Portland,Oregon,only to be intercepted by our missile-shield balloons—the foxy Osama bin Laden knew that all he needed for his holy war on the infidel were fliers willing to kill themselves along with those random passengers who happened to be aboard hijacked airliners.For several decades there has been an unrelenting demonization of the Muslim world in theAmerican media.Since I am a loyal American,I am not supposed to tell you why this has taken place,but then it is not usual for us to examine why anything happens;we simply accuse others of motiveless malignity.“We are good,”G.W.proclaims,“They are evil,”which wraps that one up in a neat ter,Bush himself put,as it were,the bow on the package in an address to a joint session of Congress where he shared with them—as well as with the rest of us some-where over the Beltway—his profound knowledge of Islam’s wiles and ways:“They hate what they see right here in this Chamber.”I suspect a million Americans nodded sadly in front of their TV sets.“Their leaders are self-appointed.They hate our freedoms,our freedom of religion,our freedom of speech, our freedom to vote and assemble and disagree with each other.”At this plangent moment what American’s gorge did not rise like a Florida chad to the bait?A member of the Pentagon Junta,Rumsfeld,a skilled stand-up comic,daily made fun of a large group of“journalists”on prime-time TV.At great,and often amusing,length,Rummy tells us nothing about our losses and their losses.He did seem to believe that the sentimental Osama was holed up in a cave on the Pakistan border instead of settled in a palace in Indonesia or Malaysia, two densely populated countries where he is admired and we are not.In any case,never before in our long history of undeclared unconstitutional wars have we,the American people,been treated with such impish disdain—so many irrelevant spear carriers to be highly taxed(those of us who are not rich)and occasionally invited to participate in the odd rigged poll.The Bush administration,though eerily inept in all but its principal task,which is to exempt the rich from taxes,has casually torn up most of the treaties to which civilized nations subscribe—like the Kyoto Accords or the nuclear missile agreement with Russia.The Bushites go about their relentless plundering of the Treasury and now,thanks to Osama,Social Security(a supposedly untouchable trust fund),which,like Lucky Strike green,has gone to a war currently costing us$3 billion a month.They have also allowed the FBI and CIA either to run amok or not budge at all, leaving us,the very first“indispensable”and—at popular request—last global empire,rather like the Wizard of Oz doing his odd pretend-magic tricks while hoping not to be found out.Meanwhile, G.W.booms,“Either you are with us or you are with the Terrorists.”That’s known as asking for it. Comprehension Questions:31.The author believes that America’s defense spending______________.a.protects the national securityb.is good for humanityc.primarily fights terrord.is a misnomer32.The author uses the term“rigged pole”to______________.a.cast doubt upon the voting processb.refer to public opinion pollsc.remind the reader of political corruptiond.add humor to an otherwise serious article33.In the essay,President George W Bush’s use of dichotomy is portrayed as______________.a.jingoistic and rationalb.misleading and simplisticc.well-considered and politically expedientd.effective rhetoric that will stand the test of time34.The use of the term“Pentagon junta”indicates the author’s belief that______________.a.the Pentagon has transformed into a populist political machineb.the leaders of America’s military establishment were overrepresented in Bush’s White Housed.journalists have not been able to get solid information from the Bush administration35.When the author mentions the Tresury,Social Security,the FBI,and the CIA,he intends tohighlight the fact that______________.a.war-related expenses are like magic tricksb.America is spending harmful amounts of money on“security”c.it is difficult to fund the American empired.America’s empire is not popular,but it may be necessary to maintain“security”Passage4The ground broken by Freud and Breuer’s pronouncement,in the“Preliminary Communication”concerning the psychogenesis of hysteria,that“hysterics suffer mainly from reminiscences”brought to view the tangled roots linking the developing concept of a hidden and powerful unconscious with nineteenth century anxieties concerning memory’s absence and excess. Freud’s later emphasis upon fantasy,rather than memory,in his revised writings on hysteria’s aetiology can be regarded,in part,as the vanquishing of memory’s unbiddability by fantasy’s origins in unconscious wishes and anxieties.Two qualifying currents ran through this new emphasis upon fantasy and desire rather than upon involuntary memory.First,the issue of personal responsibility raised by this new emphasis on unconscious sexual and violent fantasies was mitigated by Freud’s consolation to his earliest hysterical patients that“we are not responsible for our feelings”.Second,the possible association only of fantasy with the determining force of unconscious inner processes.Hystories,which continues its author’s earlier study of hysteria associates this return with the development of a divisive“survivor”culture characterized by blame and vengeful litigation. Showalter’s fundamentally Enlightenment critique of this culture suggests that only a renewed emphasis upon fantasy can rescue contemporary western culture from the distortions that threaten its stability and limit its capacity for healthy and democratically organized public life.In short, Showalter calls for the nurturing of a psychically enlightened culture within which collective or individual responsibility can be acknowledged for violent,fearful,or sexual fantasies.The thesis propounded in this polemical and accessible work is that hysteria,despite the views of the psychological establishment,is“alive and well”in the late twentieth century western world, though in transformed guise.Hysteria’s domain has shifted,argues Showalter,from the clinic to the popular narrative,or“history”,in which various arguably“traumatic experiences”take centre-stage. TV,the popular press,and e-mail spread hystories with which growing numbers of troubled individuals are coming to identify.These hystories of ME,Gulf War Syndrome,recovered memory, multiple personality disorder,satanic abuse and alien abduction each provide explanatory narratives that allow somatic or psychical symptoms.The sub-title of the US version of Hystories and aspects of its argument foreground the part played by the speed and spread of contemporary electronic communications in the escalation of hystories.However,Hystories’argument,in keeping perhaps with the book’s critique of hystories themselves,eschews direct accusation.Nevertheless,the sharpest edge of Showalter’s cultural critique of hystories is directed against their crossing of the line from private narratives that enable therapeutic sense to be made of a life,to media-spurred,public,political and judicial“rituals of testimony”that involve accusation and persecution.In a final chapter that warns—a littlehysterically perhaps—of the coming hysterical plague,Showalter likens the emergence and proliferation of these public discourses to the witch-hunts of the seventeenth century.She concludes that this development,demonstrates the“human propensity to paranoia”.At base,Hystories calls for a return to those insights and values arguably delivered by Freud’s turn towards fantasy.For Showalter,hystories appear to represent a withdrawal from the hard task enjoined by those insights:that of grasping as our own unconscious fantasies the violent, destructive,or sexual forces that hystories locate and persecute elsewhere and in others. Showalter’s impassioned plea is to return to enlightenment values.“The hysterical epidemics of the 1990s continue to do damage”,she concludes“in distracting us from the real problems and crises of modern society,in undermining respect for evidence and truth,and in helping support an atmosphere of conspiracy and suspicion.They prevent us from claiming our full humanity as free and responsible beings”.It is the recognition of universal human propensities and,in particular,the grasping of responsibility for our own projections that promises to move us beyond a culture of blame inhabited by perpetrators and victims,and towards a freer and a more equal society. Comprehension Questions:36.Showalter’s interest in to be found mainly in the academic discipline of________________.a.historyb.sociologyc.psychologyd.the media37.According to Showalter,soldiers suffering from psychosomatic ailments known as the‘GulfWar Syndrome’are dealing with________________.a.repressed memories from the First Iraq War(1991)b.delusions created by chemical or biological weaponsc.unconscious fears about contact with toxinsd.somatic expression of exposure to depleted uranium38.The attitude of the reviewer of the book by Showalter may best be described as_________________.a.reservedb.ironicc.sympatheticd.convinced39.According to the researcher,mankind has always had the tendency of________________.a.externalization of the causes of unhappinessb.reduction of complexities to simplified storiesc.deification of supernatural phenomenad.schizophrenic paranoia40.The analysis and comparison with seventeenth-century witch-hunts by Showalter,successfullypredicts the hysteria and persecution in our day of_________________.a.paedophilesb.catholicsc.veganistsd.terrorists请将以下题目的答案填写在答题纸上。

一．改写句子1. ①Faulty: It was raining hard, they could not work in the fields.It was raining so hard that they could not work in the fields.It was raining hard, so they could not work in the fields.②Faulty: Looking out of the window, the grassland stretches as far as the eye can reach.Looking out of the window, he (she, I ) can see the grassland stretching as far as the eye can reach ③Faulty: To get ready for the trip, all the things she needed were put into a suitcase.To get ready for the trip, she put all the things she needed into a suitcase.④Faulty: I am going to the lecture on modern Chinese drama, because he is a dramatist I like.I am going to the lecture on modern Chinese drama, because the speaker is a dramatist I like2. ①(F) The professor was absorbed in work who did not notice my presence.(T) Absorbed in work, the professor die not notice my presence.②(F) If you start early, you will get there at noon.(T) Starting early will get you there at noon.3. ①(clumsy sentence) The young man drove the old truck at top speed and the motor was damaged. (improved) The young man drove the old truck at top speed and damaged the motor.②(clumsy sentence) The professor left the classroom after the lecture was finished.(improved sentence) The professor left the classroom after he finished the lecture.4. ① He worked late into the night but gets up early the next morning.He worked late into the night but got up early the next morning.②Those who are imprisoned find it hard a job after they have been releasedThose who had been imprisoned find it hard to find a job after they have been released.补：He sat alone by himself.In the year 1840 the Opium War broke ou t.He returned back home after he graduated from college.The cause of the flood was due to the heavy rain in late spring.He was asked to repeat the sentence again.There are more books in their library than in our library.5. ①Crossing the bridge, our university campus came in sight.Crossing the bridge we came in sight of our university campus.After we crossed the bridge, we came in sight of our university campus.②Used properly, we can make our writing vivid, impressive, and interesting.Used properly, figures of speech can make our writing vivid, impressive, and interesting.If we use figures of speech properly we can make our writing vivid, impressive, and interesting.6. ①On seeing the old photo, my childhood came back to my memory.When I saw the old photo, I recalled my childhood.On seeing the old photo, I recalled my childhood.②After reading the letter my heart throbbed violently.After reading the letter I felt my heart throbbing violently.After I had read the letter, my heart throbbed violently.7. ①To be well-informed, reading widely is necessary.To be well-informed, we need to read widely.②To be admitted to college, the entrance examination must be passed.To be admitted to college, a candidate must pass the entrance examination.8. ① While absorbed in reading, an unexpected visitor called.While she was absorbed in reading, an unexpected visitor called.(2) When a child, his parents left him in the care of his grandmother.When he was a child, his parents left him in the care of his grandmother.二.合并句子1. ① (short sentence): I returned to my room. There was a note under my door. It was from Bill. He said he was in the town liking for a job. He hadn’t found anything yet. He was sorry to have missed me.(Modified) When I returned to my room, I found a note from Bill under the door. He said he was in the town looking for a job, but hadn’t found anything yet. He added that he was sorry to have missed me.②(short sentence) That day it was very cold. A fierce wind was blowing. It was snowing hard.(long sentence) With a heavy snow and a fierce wind, it was really a cold day.③(short sentence ) Wang stood there before us. He talked in a low voice. His voice was earnest. We felt in him sincerity and dedication. These qualities are not common to ordinary men.(long sentence) As Wang stood before us talking in his low but earnest voice, we felt in him sincerity and dedication not common to ordinary men2. ①The tourists were caught in the rain and soaked through. They hurried back to the Guest House.Caught in the rain and soaked through, the tourists hurried back to the Guest House.②The Wuyi Mountains are noted as the most picturesque area in southeast China. The mountains extend more than 500 kilometers along the border of Fujian and Jiangxi. Extending more than 500 kilometers along the border of Fujian and Jiangxi, the Wuyi Mountains are noted as the most picturesque area in southeast China.三.修辞1. ①He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.②Like water flowing on, grief will ever last.③Our village is no less beautiful than this picture.修辞：Simile（明喻）：The simile is one of the commonest figures of speech in all kinds of English writings. Its chief function is to draw sharp pictures in the mind through comparisons, to give deeper insight into things, persons and ideas through suggestive association, or to explain abstract, complicated ideas in simple, concrete imagery.2. ①He loves a rosy cheek.②My mother is a fish.③Irrigation is the lifeblood of agriculture.④Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.⑤The picture of those poor people’s lives was carved so sharply in his heart that he could never forget it.修辞：Metaphor（暗喻）：Metaphor is the most important and basic poetic figure of speech in which one thing is described in terms of another. Its chief function is quite similar to that of simile, to vivify an idea through comparison, to give deeper insight into things and persons, or to explain complicated ideas in simple imagery.3. ①Give every man thine ear and few thy voice. (the sense of hearing)②Would you care for a cup of Longjing? (the name of tea)③I’m fond of Maotai. (the name of wine)修辞：Metonymy（换喻）：Metonymy is the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another with which it is closely associated. Its function is to express an idea briefly and effectively by compressing much into a single word or a short noun phrase.4. ①He has many mouths to feed in his family. (= people )②The poor man is now left without a roof. ( = house )③He earned his bread as a dustman. ( = livelihood )④Italy beat Spain in the soccer match. ( = The Italian team beat the Spanish team. )修辞：Synecdoche（提喻法）：Synecdoche is the substitution of a part for the whole, as in “sails” for “ships” and “hands” for “men who do manual labor ”, or the whole for the part, as in “vehicle” for “engine” and “smiling year” for “spring”.5. ①The mother is undergoing the joyful pain, and the painful joy of childbirth.②Dudley Field Malone called my conviction a “victorious defeat”. (Although the writer was convicted guilty by the prosecutor, he had succeeded in winning the support of audience for his teaching of evolution)③She read the long-awaited letter with a tearful smile.修辞：Oxymoron（矛盾修饰法）：Oxymoron is a kind of compressed paradox or antithesis that links together two sharply contrasting terms, which, in spite of their incongruity, actually contain a certain truth or a significant point.6. ①He had some cheerful wine at the party. (person → thing)②She was so worried about her son that she spent several sleepless nights. (person → thing)③The assistant kept a respectful distance from his boss when they were walking in the corridor. (person → thing)④He said “yes” to the question in an unthinking moment. (person → thing)⑤The old man put a reassuring hand on my shoulder. (person → thing)修辞：Transferred epithet（移就）：Transferred epithet is the transference of an adjective to a noun to which it is not wholly appropriate. This figure of speech falls into two categories.Pets ServiceKeeping pets has become a common part of people’s life. And the pet market which is a newly emerging business in recent decade has always aroused the greatest concern. What impresses us most is the gradual emergence of pets’ barbershops, pets’ canteens and clinics following the pet markets. The reason for the phenomenon are varied.Among the various reasons profit-making plays an important part. That is to say, along with the improvement of people’s living standards, pets’ service has a big and potential market bound to boom. What is more, more and more people regard pets as their friends and want to treat them as family members. For example, they want their pets to be treated with special care when their pets are sick.When talking about my point of view, I’m in favor of keeping pets. On the one hand, it can offer more job opportunities and stimulate the development of economy. On the other hand, keeping pets will gradually make people kinder to animals. In brief, we should be friendly with animals which are vital important to human existence.UnemploymentWith the development of market economy, the problem of unemployment keeps on going up, our society cannot remain stable. On the other hand, the unemployment makes the laid-off feel miserable and panic.Therefore, how to relieve the pressure of unemployment is worth paying attention. Firstly, the government should issue more policies encouraging the laid-off to set up their own businesses. Secondly, the government may create more job opportunities to position the unemployed people. For example, community service which appeared recently has offered the laid-off a lot of jobs. Thirdly, from my point of view, the unemployed have to enrich their own knowledge and shills to meet the demands of the development of science and technology. In other words, the laid-off can find new jobs if they broaden their knowledge and improve their skills.In fact, the ways to solve the unemployment are countless. It is time that we did something for the laid-off.AdvertisementAdvertisement can be a service to people. First, it is informative and can help people buy and sell goods. Second, it can widen people’s knowledge and make people more experienced. Lastly, people can enjoy themselves through those programs which advertisements have been put into.Some advertisements, however, are very useful to people, sometimes even harmful. An advertisement like this, for example, may put thousands of women and girls into trouble. “Disillusioned with life, love, marriage? You need help. Phone me”. And the savoir gives his phone number to his sheep.In modern times. Many advertisements are subjective rather than objective, persuasive rather than informative. The only purpose of these advertisements is to persuade people to buy their poorly made products. Therefore, it is wise for people to make sure if the advertisements are telling the truth.。

南京师范大学研究生《研究生英语读与译》期末试卷（2016.1）专硕试卷没有的题目是红色字体标注部分！Part I Translate the following sentences into Chinese with the designated translating methods.1. This essay is a proof of his capability of using the "right" word at the right place. （词性转换法）这篇文章说明他能够把词用得很得体。

2.It is fitting that we are meeting in Thailand, which has had such remarkable success in curbing the spread of HIV/AIDS. （增词法）我们把这次会议安排在泰国举行是适当的，这个国家在遏制艾滋病病毒和艾滋病的传播方面取得了显著成就。

3.This is the rule of sports ----- thousands of losers to set off one victor who in turn will eventually be replaced by someoneon the honour list. （句序重组法）成千上万个失败者才涌现一个胜利者，这个胜利者最终仍将被取代，挤出光荣榜——这就是竞技运动的规律。

4. By the end of the war 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of over 200 Belgian and French lives. （主/被动语态转换法）大战终了时，这个组织拯救了八百人，但那是以二百多比利时人和法国人的生命为代价的。

南京农业大学2016年博士研究生入学考试英语试题考生答题须知：1．所有题目（包括填空、选择、图表等类型题目）答题答案必须做在考点发给的答题纸上，做在本试题册上无效。

请考生务必在答题纸上写清题号。

2．评卷时不评阅本试题册，答题如有做在本试题册上而影响成绩的，后果由考生自己负责。

3．答题时一律使用蓝、黑色墨水笔或圆珠笔作答（画图可用铅笔），用其它笔答题不给分。

4．答题时不准使用涂改液等具有明显标记的涂改用品。

PART I Vocabulary (15points)Section ADirections: Choose the word that is the closest synonym to the underlined word.1. The government slated new elections in the spring, largely as a result of the public clamor.A. demandB. viewC. requestD. opinion2. The most prolific writer is not necessarily the best.A. written-aboutB. productiveC. artfulD. religious3. Imagine my vexation when they said they would come to dinner and then didn't show.A. enlightenmentB. astonishmentC. annoyanceD. contrariness4. Any troop of wild animals should be approached warily.A. fearlesslyB. confidentlyC. silentlyD. prudently5. There is little learning involved when one is reprimanded two or three months after the deed.A. recommendedB. reproachedC. recompensedD. reversed6. Archaeologists are interested in pottery, figurines and other vestiges of ancient civilizations.A. tracesB. shardsC. productsD. artifacts7. Packaging is designed so as to encourage impetuous shopping.A. extravagantB. carefulC. impotentD. impulsive8. Pan of his general thrift is to be meticulous in verifying monthly expenses.A. painstakingB. dilatoryC. meretriciousD. gaudy9. The jurors came to a deadlock in the defendant's trial for murder.A. a decision of guiltyB. a decision to punish by electrocutionC. an impasseD. an unusual verdict10. Among the lowest of the judicial ranks, justices of the peace nevertheless frequently exercise jurisdictionover a variety of misdemeanors.A. guidanceB. sovereigntyC. authorityD. suzerainty11. A mistake is rarely atoned for by a single apology, however profuse.A. extravagantB. producedC. divergentD. repetitious12. Her office in the First National Bank building is provisional.A. permanentB. temporaryC. corruptD. craven13. The burglars ransacked the room taking anything of value they found.A. demolishedB. took overC. inhabitedD. thoroughly searched14. The whole of the endowment was used to refurbish the school gymnasium.A. millionairesB. endorsementsC. governmentsD. donations15. The massacre of innocent people cannot ever be condoned.A. overlookedB. praiseC. condemnedD. satisfiedSection BDirections: Choose the answer that best completes the sentence.16. When he realized the true nature of the proposal, he ________ all communication with the group.A. convertB. avertedC. severedD. make17. The worsening financial situation made it obvious that an economic depression was _____.A. attainableB. remoteC. imminentD. eminent18. All of the dental instruments need to be _______ before the next patient is seen.A. heatedB. scaldedC. sterilizedD. burned19. Rock climbing is so popular now that many people are able to ________ the steepest face with greatagility.A. scaleB. surpassC. overcomeD. mount20. If you call the 911 emergency number, they will ________ firemen, policemen, and paramedicsimmediately.A. assignB. detachC. attachD. dispatch21. His evident _______ to his wife despite her indiscretion proved him to be a man of integrity.A. personalityB. characterC. fidelityD. morality22. I don't know why he has been given ________. It wasn't his accomplishment but his wife's.A. acclaimB. confidenceC. reimbursementD. robustness23. After a concert tour in Asia, Canada and the U. S., he will _______ work on a five-language opera.A. confineB. indulgeC. resumeD. undergo24. When Ph. D candidates ________ their impending professorships, they consider housing benefits offeredby the prospective universities.A. anticipateB. assumeC. applyD. demand25. My supply of confidence slowly ________ as the deadline approached.A. withdrewB. eliminatedC. exterminatedD. diminished26. The battle is of great significance when viewed in the ________ of the progress of the war.A. prospectiveB. respectiveC. perspectiveD. prescriptive27. It has long been known that total sleep ________ is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, upon examination of thedead bodies, the animals look completely normal.A. depositionB. destructionC. deprivationD. reduction28. In that country, hospital doctors don't go sightseeing very often because their work ________ almost alltheir time.A. takes upB. takes offC. takes apartD. takes over29. According to the law of that country, the Parliament will have to be ________ before the General Election.A. decomposedB. dispersedC. dissolvedD. disintegrated30. He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract, and now he has to ________ theconsequences.A. answer forB. run intoC. abide byD. step intoPART Ⅱ Grammar (15 points)Section ADirections: Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence.31. Switzerland is best known for its majesty mountain range and thousands flock to the AlpsA B Ceach year to take advantage of their ideal skiing conditions.D32. Police were sent to disperse the crowds but ended up by shooting down protesters and itA Bwas in this chaos that the seeds of political liberation were sown.C D33. Even today, through the hustle and bustle of Nevsky Prospect, St Petersburg's main street,A Bthe classical beauty of the city mesmerizes the eye.C D34. She is furious of her son's grades in school, which explains why Mark is jealous of Julia's high AB Cmarks on the exam.D35. Smog-choked Southern California demands them. It's a car for people who never want to goAto a gas station again. But the fact is, for all the talk, selling gas-less machines has been aB Chard-sell.D36. People thought: Hey, eat a carp and you will be taking in what it is that gives you these fishA Btheir long life-span. Of course, it hasn't done a lot of good for these carp.C D37. In deciding to undertake dangerous pursuits, people usually strive for their maximumApersonal ability rating, when they are challenged but can he victorious, rather than merelyB Csurmounting the mediocre.D38. In proposing such philanthropic donations, the director of the company certainly spoke fromA Ba genuine concern for the needy and not any desire for personal accolades.C D39. The armor, infantry and other military forces were held up by the enemy counter attack,A B Cthus caused the delay in the advance.D40. Just as children the world over like Christmas rooming, adults so like Christmas eveningA B Cwhen peace and calm return to the household.D41. Each employee with a modicum of intelligence would be able to undertake such a basic process.A B C D42. The economic situation will improve given that there is forecast to be less unemploymentA Band closures than in previous years.C D43. The three most important issues of concern to citizens today are prison reform,A Babusing children and toxic waste.C D44. I was on the verge of incurring Mr. Rochester's wrath by not listening to his prohibitions,A Bwhile a ray once more shone almost imperceptibly on the hallway wall and I heard his muffledC Dstep on the carpet.45. The above is the most important aspect which apes can be told from more primitive socialA B C Dgroupings.Section BDirections: Choose the answer that best fills in the blank.46. ________ that the earth was flat?A. Used it to be thoughtB. Did it used to be thoughtC. Was it need to being thoughtD. Does it used to be thought47. It is most inappropriate ________ in the college VIP lounge.A. for any students to be thereB. for there to be any studentsC. to be any students thereD. to have there any students48. She ________ much more accurate responses now, had she taken more pains in devising the questions.A. gotB. would have gotC. had gotD. would be getting49. An extensive foundation in the basic sciences should be required of all science students, ________.A. whether they are future physicists or chemists.B. be they future physicists or chemists.C. they are future physicists or chemists.D. they should be future physicists or chemists.50. The general opinion is that he is ________ to complain.A. so much a milquetoastB. too a milquetoastC. too much of a milquetoastD. so much of a milquetoast51. Although of course there are exceptions, it seems reasonably dear that in certain countries - Rwanda,Somalia and parts of the former Yugoslavia come to mind-hunger is less a result of an absolute foodshortage, ________ a policy decision or the political situation.A. than ofB. rather thanC. but the result ofD. than is52. The ozone layer plays as great a role in the suability of spaceship Earth as ________ the waters of its lakes,ponds, oceans, rivers, and streams.A. doB. doesC. playD. are53. Perhaps I should not have done so, but I changed my mind about the new job even though I was ________last week.A. to be startedB. to have startedC. to have been startingD. start54. Despite an overlay of quasi-literary French vocabulary stemming from the Norman Invasion of 1066, thedaily vocabulary of English remained Germanic, _______ its grammatical structure.A. the same areB. and so areC. as didD. and so were55. Although money is always useful, it isn't all ________.A. what there is to lifeB. to which there is in lifeC. there is to lifeD. that is in life56. ________ ever so humble, there's no plane like home.A. It beB. Be itC. It wasD. Was it57. ________ all customs, no matter how sacrosanct, are essentially learned reactions appropriate, perhapsonly to the holders thereof is a basic assumption of anthropologists.A. NearlyB. It is nearlyC. That nearlyD. When nearly58. Although women cluster to him like moths around a flame, he is none ______ happier for it.A. butB. theC. matchD. any59. The major reason why Americans enjoy an abundant food supply is that the arable land at their disposalfor food production is ________.A. three times more the world averageB. three times as much the world averageC. three times the world averageD. the world average is three times60. The sound of the roaring of a tiger is ________ heard by jungle dwellers ________ feelings of unease, for ayear does not elapse without victims falling to the tiger's ferocity.A. always...withB. ever...withoutC. ever...withD. never...withoutPART ⅢClone test (10 points)Directions: Choose the word that best completes the meaning.One of the basic characteristics of capitalism is the private ownership of the major means of production-capital. The ownership of large amounts of capital can bring __61__ profits, as well as economic and political power. Some recent theorists, 62 have argued that our society has moved to a new stage of 63 _that they call "postindustrial" society. One important change in such society is that the ownership of 64 amounts of capital is no longer the only or even the most important 65 of profits and influence; knowledge as well as 66 capital brings profits and influence.There are many 67 with the thesis above, not the least of 68 is that wealthy capitalists can buy the experts and knowledge they need to keep their profits and influence. But this does not 69 the importance of knowledge in an advanced industrial society, as the 70 of some new industries indicates.71 , genetic engineering and the new computer technology have 72 many new fines and made some scientists quite rich. In 73 with criticism of the postindustrial society thesis, however, it must also be 74 that those already in control of huge amounts of capital (i.e., major corporations) soon 75 to take most profits in these industries based on new knowledge.Moving down from the level of wealth and power, we still find knowledge increasingly 76 . Many newhigh-tech jobs are being created at the upper-skill, low-paying service 77 . Something like a caste line is emerging centered around knowledge. Individuals who fall too far behind in the 78 of knowledge at a young age will find it almost impossible to catch up later, no matter how hard they try. Illiteracy in English language has been a severe 79 for marry years in the United States, but we are also moving to the point when computer illiteracy will hinder many more people and 80 them to a life of low-skill and low-paid labor.61. A. quantitative B. extensive C. comprehensive D. sophisticated62. A. moreover B. however C. therefore D. nevertheless63. A. aggression B. proficiency C. productivity D. evolution64. A. dominant B. impressive C. magnificent D. significant65. A. source B. factor C. component D. element66. A. adequate B. profitable C. material D. spiritual67. A. advantages B. consequences C. problems D. potentials68. A. them B. those C. which D. that69. A. deny B. refuse C. admit D. acknowledge70. A. emergence B. innovation C. extinction D. discovery71. A. In addition B. For example C. Above all D. In short72. A. produced B. created C. improved D. facilitated73. A. line B. need C. doubt D. match74. A. idealized B. recognized C. supervised D. summarized75. A. stepped in B. settled down C. leaned over D. mined out76. A. accessible B. important C. popular D. abundant77. A. enterprises B. employment C. professions D. industries78. A. control B. mastery C. search D. pursuit79. A. handicap B. penalty C. inconvenience D. shortcoming80. A. enforce B. punish C. confine D. condemnPART ⅣREADING OOMPREHENSION (30 points)Directions: Answer all questions based on the information in the passages below.Passage 1Let us assume, for the moment, that labor is not prepared to work for a lower money-wage and that a reduction in the existing level of money-wages would lead, through strikes or otherwise, to a withdrawal from the labor market of labor which is now employed. Does it follow from this that the existing level of real wages accurately measures the marginal disutility of labor? Not necessarily. For, although a reduction in the existing money-wage would lead to a withdrawal of labor, it does not follow that a fall in the value of the existing money-wage in terms of wage-goods would do so, if it were due to a rise in the price of the latter. In other words, it may be the case that within a certain range the demand of labor is for a minimum money-wage and not for a minimum real wage. The classical school has tacitly assumed that this would involve no significant change in their theory. But this is not so. For if the supply of labor is not a function of real wages as its sole variable, their argument breaks down entirely and leaves the question of what the actual employment will be quite indeterminate. They do not seem to have realized that, unless the supply of labor is a function of real wages alone, their supply curve for labor will shift bodily with every movement of prices. Thus their method is tied up with their very special assumptions, and cannot be adapted to deal with the more general case.Now ordinary experience tells us, beyond doubt, that a situation where labor stipulates (within limits) for a money-wage rather than a real wage, so far from being a mere possibility, is the normal case. Whilst workers will usually resist a reduction of money-wages, it is not their practice to withdraw their labor whenever there is a rise in the price of wage-goods. It is sometimes said that it would be illogical for labor to resist a reduction of money-wages but not to resist a reduction of real wages. For reasons given below, this might not be so illogical as it appears at first; and, as we shall see later, fortunately so. But, whether logical or illogical, experience shows that this is how labor in fact behaves.Moreover, the contention that the unemployment which characterizes a depression is due to a refusal by labor to accept a reduction of money-wages is not clearly supported by the facts. It is not very plausible to assert that unemployment in the United States in 1932 was due either to labor obstinately refusing to accept a reduction of money-wages or to its obstinately demanding a real wage beyond what the productivity of the economic machine was capable of furnishing. Wide variations are experienced in the volume of employment without any apparent change either in the minimum real demands of labor or in its productivity. Labor is not more truculent in the depression than in the boom-fax from it. Nor is its physical productivity less. These facts from experience are a prima facie ground for questioning the adequacy of the classical analysis.81. "Labor is not prepared to work for a lower money-wage". The sentence means ________.A. a fall in the value of the existing money-wage would lead to a withdrawal of laborB. a rise in the price of wage-goods would lead to a withdrawal of laborC. the demand of labor is for a rise of existing money-wageD. the demand of labor is for reduction in the value of real wages82. The classical school refers to ________.A. those scholars with traditional ideaB. the traditional schoolC. the experts who hold to the standard theoryD. all of the above83. According to the author, the supply curve for labor depends on the ________.A. red money wagesB. movement of priceC. function of money-wagesD. both A & B84. “Their" method cannot be adapted to deal with the more general case because they have not realized that________.A. a fall in the value of real wages would lead to a withdrawal of the labor from market of laborB. a reduction in the existing level of money-wages would lead to a withdrawal from the labor market oflaborC. the supply of labor is not a function of real wagesD. the demand of labor is only for a minimum money-wages85. How dose labor usually behave?A. Labor would stipulate for money-wage.B. Labor would violently resist a reduction of real wages.C. Labor would strenuously resist a reduction of both money-wages and real wages.D. Labor would stipulate for real wages.86. The last paragraph of thus passage indicates that ________.A. labor resisted a reduction of money-wages, which characterized the depression of the 1930s in the U.S.B. labor demanded a real wage, which characterized the depression of 1930s in the U. S.C. neither labor refusing to work for a lower money-wage nor demanding a real wage could characterize thedepression of 1930s in the U. S.D. both A & BPassage 2The law of private international tribunals with respect to conflicts of interest of arbitrators is quite extensive, albeit by no means uniform. It relates both to what will disqualify an arbitrator and to what the arbitrator must disclose during the selection process. Most national legal systems have statutory rules as to the type of interests, relationships, and experiences that disqualify an arbitrator. Not infrequently, the disqualifying factors are identical for arbitrators and judges, although they may treat domestic and international arbitration somewhat differently, and may indeed supplement the international roles with additional features. A closer look reveals that courts and arbitration agencies tend to apply the regulations relatively lightly, recognizing that arbitrators move in the highly interconnected world of affairs, and do not stand aloof from commerce as judges do. Accordingly, acquaintanceship with the parties and their counsel does not suffice to disqualify, whereas actual business or legal connections will. Inasmuch as judges do not seek more work, although arbitrators generally do, suspicions arise that an arbitrator's favor may incline to the party or counsel who has in the past and may again in the future provide employment.The uncertainty in the held is at its most troubling when arbitrators are party-appointed. Some argue that such arbitrators should fulfill he same functions and satisfy the same qualifications as third-party arbitrators, others dispute any real claim to objectivity. The latter view has had considerable currency, particularly in the United States, where courts and drafters of state laws regard such advocates as pawns of the appointers. Imposing standard of neutrality and disinterestedness on them would he futile.It follows from this dichotomy between party-appointed and non-party-appointed arbitrators that opinion on the question of their nationality is also split. A party needs to be expected to choose a fellow national. This question of nationality is acute when one party to the arbitration is a governmental agency and one or more of the arbitrators are likewise nationals; a foreign enterprise contract calling for such arbitration may be foolhardy.The slate is largely blank with respect to roles for the conduct of arbitrators outside the field of conflict of interests. Considering only the matter of ex-parte communications, American case law is astonishing lax, refusing to set aside awards where such communication obtained between an arbitrator and a party without the presence of the other party, thereby violating evidentiary rules requiring the attendance of both patties. The differences in views on this topic indicate how useful a set of guidelines might be.87. The best title for this passage is __________.A. International Arbitrators: Causes and SolutionsB. Arbitrators: Causes and SolutionsC. Arbitrators: Problems in PracticeD. International Arbitrators and Conflicts of Interests88. The expression "They may treat" refers to __________.A. arbitrators and judgesB. national legal systemsC. experiencesD. disqualifying factors89. Courts and agencies __________.A. do not apply their regulations strictlyB. often consider arbitrators as judgesC. understand the general relationship between business and arbitratorsD. may be described by all of the above90. A third-party arbitrator is one who is chosen __________.A. to supplement the two arbitrators chosen by the contending sidesB. to reach a final decision after the two arbitrators have submitted their decisionC. by someone not involved in the matter in disputeD. as a pawn of the appointers91. A foreign enterprises contract is a bad idea __________.A. in all casesB. when each partner picks an arbitratorC. when third party arbitrators are involvedD. when a government agency is one side of the contract92. "Ex-parte communications" refer to __________.A. something that cannot be determined by the textB. all parties being present when matters involving them are discussedC. the requirement to set aside a decisionD. impartialityPassage 3Ask an American schoolchild what he or she is learning in school these days and you might even get a reply, provided you ask it in Spanish. But don't bother, here’s the answer: Americans nowadays are not learning any of the things that we learned in our day, like reading and writing. Apparently these are considered fusty old subjects, invented by white males to oppress women and minorities.What are they learning? In a Vermont college town I found the answer sitting in a toy stone book rack, next to typical kids' books like "Heather Has Two Mommies and Daddy is 'Dysfunctional"'. It's a teacher's guide called "Happy to Be Me", subtitled "Building Self-Esteem”. Self-esteem as it turns out, is a big subject in American classrooms. Many American schools see building it as important as teaching reading and writing. They call it "whole language" teaching, borrowing terminology from the granola people to compete in the education marketplace.No one ever spent a moment building my self-esteem when I was in school. In fact, from the day I first stepped inside a classroom my self-esteem was one big demolition site. All that mattered was "the subject", be it geography, history, or mathematics. I was praised when I remembered that "near", "fit", "friendly", "pleasing", "like" and their opposites took the dative case in Latin. I was reviled when I forgot what a cosine was good for. Generally, I lived my school years beneath a torrent of castigation as consistent I eventually ceased to hear it, as people who live near the sea eventually stop hearing the waves.Schools have changed. Reviling is out, for one thing. More important, subjects have changed.Whereas I learned English, modern kids learn something called "language skills". Whereas I learned writing, modern kids learn something called "communication". Communication, the book tells us, is seven per cent words, twenty three per cent facial expression, twenty per cent tone of voice, and fifty percent body language. So this column, with its carefully chosen words, would earn at most a grade of seven per cent. That is, if the school even gave out something as oppressive and demanding as grades.The result is that, in place of English classes, American children are getting a course in "How to Win Friends and Influence People". Consider the new attitude toward journal writing: I remember one high school English class when we were required to keep a journal. The idea was to emulate those great writers who confided indimes, searching their soul and honing their critical thinking on paper."Happy to Be Me" states that journals are a great way for students to get in touch with their feelings. Tell students they can write one sentence or a whole page. Reassure them that no one, not even you, will read what they write. After the unit, hopefully all students will be feeling good about themselves and will want to share some of their entries with the class.There was a time when no self-respecting book for English teachers would use "great” or "hopefully" that way. Moreover, back then the purpose of English courses (an antique term for "Unit") was not to help students "feel good about themselves". Which is goo d, because all that reviling didn’t make me feel p articularly good about anything.93. In paragraph 2, "whole language" teaching is in inverted commas because __________.A. the writer is using direct speechB. the writer is questioning the education conceptC. the words quoted have been extracted from a translationD. the writer is quoting from another source94. In paragraph 3, the author is clearly expressing his idea about self-esteem. He believes that it is__________.A. essential that self-esteem should be promoted in American schools because the author used to suffer froma lack of self-esteem as a childB. equally important to equip children with the necessary skills and knowledge they will require in the futureC. important to remember how mush school children used to suffer from a lack of self-esteemD. reassuring to observe that children benefit from the promotion of a positive image96. Which of the following is the writer implying in paragraph 4?A. Self-criticism has gone too far.B. Evaluating criteria are inappropriate nowadays.C. Communication is a more comprehensive category than language skills.D. This column does not meet the demanding evaluating criteria of today.96. We may infer from paragraph 4 that the writer generally disagrees with one of the following ideas__________.A. the whole concept of communication is being perceived differentlyB. the way American children communicate among themselves is more important than anything elseC. academic skills should be encouraged and promoted in the American education systemD. the progress that American children could be monitor with more traditional methods97. In this passage, the writer is clearly stating the intention which is to get the reader to _____.A. confirm current education trends and teaching methodsB. rethink and reorganize educational strategiesC. think about the various elements which constitute what we call "communication" nowadaysD. reassure the parents about the methodology currently being used in American schools98. What's the best summary for this passage?A. New educational theories will revolutionize the way our children learn.B. The influence of new methodology will spread worldwide.C. Personal values like self-esteem will become predominant for school children in the future.D. Current education trends may jeopardize the prospects of future generations.。

2016年全国医学博士英语统考答案Listening Comprehension (30%)Section A1. B. At three next Wednesday.2. B. A piercing pain.3. A. He is going to get married.4. D. She couldn't agree with the man more.5. A. Jack's girlfriend is mad at him.6. B. It's wise to be prepared.7. B. He is a trouble-maker.8. D. $309. C. Work out in the gym.10. B. 23211. A. Mary isn't his type.12. A. Play tennis.13. C. In the hospital.14. A. She is seriously ill.15. B. She makes a living now as a landlady.Section BDialogue16. A. A duodenal ulcer.17. B. Try medical means.18. A. Overweight.19. C. He is a heavy smoker.20. D. Make an appointment with Dr. Oaks.Passage One21. D. He is the creator of a website on longevity.22. C. Women develop cardiovascular disease much later than men.23. B. In their 60s and 70s.24. D. Iron.25. C. Another possibility for women's longevity.Passage Two26. C. He struggled under the strain of poverty.27. B. He is an investment advisor.28. D. Fear.29. B. He began reading investment books and then began practicing.30. C. Where there is a will, there is a way.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A, B, C and D, are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then, mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31. Employers have a legal obligation to pay _______ to their workers for injuries.A. compensationB. compromiseC. commodityD. consumptionKey: A32. The argument between the two patients became so fierce that the doctor had to _________.A. alleviateB. aggravateC. extinguishD. interveneKey: D33. But despite all th e legal hustle and bustle, they don’t actually expect to _______ death sentences to life terms without parole.A. induceB. convertC. reviveD. swerveKey: B34. To maintain physical well-being, a person should eat _______ food and get sufficient exercise.A. integralB. grossC. wholesomeD. intactKey: C35. The Central Government’s pledge to maintain the ______ and stability of Hong Kong at all costs is a great encouragement to the local finance.A. provisionB. prosperityC. privilegeD. preferenceKey: B36. It is pointed out that patients must be reassured that “their lives will not be ______ as a result of bed shortages.”A. facilitatedB. forfeitedC. fulfilledD. furnishedKey: B37. The cause of his death has been a mystery and _______ unknown so far.A. exclusivelyB. superficiallyC. utterlyD. doubtfullyKey: C38. It is known that some ways of using resources _______ can destroy the environment as well as the people living in it.A. recklesslyB. sparinglyC. sensiblyD. incrediblyKey: A39. Cholera is a preventable waterborne bacterial infection that is spread through ______ water.A. filteredB. distilledC. contaminatedD. purifiedKey: C40. We welcome him not ____________ as a new broom but rather as a very old friend.A. by the wayB. at all eventsC. by no meansD. in any senseKey: CSection B41. scrutinyA. sanctionB. restrictionC. censusD. examinationKey: D42. potentA. inexpensiveB. powerfulC. conventionalD. lethal Key: BA. in tune withB. in favor ofC. for the sake ofD. in disagreement withKey: D44. eminentA. renownedB. notoriousC. popularD. mysteriousKey: A45. diversityA. sevrityB. reliablilityC.variety D. specificityKey: C46. lapseA. errorB. sinC. guiltD. offense Key: A47. jaundiceA. grievanceB. sympathyC.jealousy D. indignationKey: C48. to little availA. by no meansB. in vainC. of no accountD. at stakeKey: B49. lavishlyA. fearlesslyB. conspicuouslyC. wastefullyD. ferociouslyKey: C50. progressionA. deteriorationB. accumulationC. expansionD. promotionKey: APart III Cloze (10%)51. A. careful about B. capable of C. accessibleto D. susceptible toKey: B52. A. in the event B. in an attempt C. at the moment D. along the wayKey: D53. A. exclusive B. very C. just D. exactKey: A54. A. indeed B. however C. moreover D. thereforeKey: B55. A. demonstration B. dimension C. destiny D. determinationKey: C56. A. has been said B. being said C. was said D. is said Key: B57. A. more or less B. pretty much C. as ever D. if any Key: B58. A. while B. despite C. nevertheless D. sinceKey: C59. A. case B. mold C. sense D. conditionKey: C60. A. different B. similar C.insufficient D. significantKey: DPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Passage One61. To have a journey of discovery witheach child, according to the passage, is_____________.A. to discover their unique sleep-wakecycles62. In the first paragraph, the authorsuggests that parents ____________.D. keep a diary on sleep pattern for theirchil63. When there exists a “marker” in the child according to the passage, __________.A. it might lead to his or her earlysubstance use64. What is the author trying to tell us inthethird paragraph?B. Sometimes parents need to seek professionalassistance.65. What is the main idea of the passage?C. Parents’ role in building their child’shealthy sleeping habit.Passage Two66. The study's results indicated_____________.A. health disparities between English andAmerican senior citizens67. Which of the following is uniquehealth-care challenge for English senior citizens when compared with theirAmerican counterparts?A. higher death rate.68. What does James Smith imply by anAmerican plate?C. large portion of food consumed byAmericans.69. The Americans' unique health-carechallenge, according to James Smith, is derived form ______________.D. their unhealthy lifestyle factors70. Even though it is much more aggressive,the American medicine __________.B. benefits more seniors who needmedicalcare.Passage Three71. The current PIK study ___________.B. was based on the global land-use models72. As the PIK results imply, it ispossible ____________.”D. to return to the emission levels around199573. Simply put, to produce and consume lessmeat and dairy is to __________.A. to reduce more methane and nitrous oxideemissions74. The greenhouse gas pie tellsus__________.C. the priorities in the environmentalprotection75. What can be the best title forthepassage?D. Diet for a Healthier PlanetPassage Four76. What can be said of Henry?C. His life was improved with telehealth.77. Henry activates his daily healthmanagement __________.B. By getting hooked up to themonitoringdevices78. As one of the pioneering patients,Henry __________.A. receives the most benefits fromtelehealth79. What is the most important about thetelehealth technology in the case of Henry?D. His condition can be kept undercontinuous surveillance at home.80. Thanks to the telehealth technologyHenry knows for sure his blood oxygen level, thus __________.C. getting hospitalized in no timePassage Five81. Rappaport argues that a major threat toour human health __________.A. lies in our exposome82. What can be said of the exposomeaccording to Rappaport?D. Changeable.83. Speaking of genes, Rappaport wouldsaythat __________.B. there is no such a thing aspredictivemedicine.84. Even though we cannot pinpoint theexact impact of environmental influences. Wild contends that __________.C. each of us leaves a unique exposurehistory in the environment85. Particularly important, according toNicholson, is the time when __________.C. the exposome comes inPassage Six86. The author cries for a changein____________.D. global science publishing87. According to the author, the lowinternational recognition and impact of scientists in the developing countriescan be attributed to __________.C. their limited publications in globalindexing databases88. The survey conducted by Tijssenjustified the author's view that __________.D. most scientists in developing countriesremain marginalized in global science publishing89. To address the current situation, theauthor argues that it is imperative that __________.D. quality and quantity be desired in thelocal journals90. Which of the following can be the besttitle for the passage?C. Globalizing Science Publishing作文的标题：The Cultivation and Development of General Practitioner（注：文档可能无法思考全面，请浏览后下载，供参考。

2016年中国科学院大学英语博士研究生考试试题（样题）SAMPLE TESTUNIVERSITY OF CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCESENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONFORDOCTORAL CANDIDATESPAPER ONEPART I VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. Ten years ago, a house with a decent bathroom was a __________ symbol among university professors.A. postB. statusC. positionD. place2. It would be far better if collectors could be persuaded to spend their time and money in support of ___________ archaeological research.A. legibleB. legitimateC. legislativeD. illicit3. We seek a society that has at its __________ a respect for the dignity and worth of the individual.A. endB. handC. coreD. best4. A variety of problems have greatly _________the country’s normal educational development.A. impededB. impartedC. imploredD. implemented5. A good education is an asset you can ________for the rest of your life.A. spell outB. call uponC. fall overD. resort to6. Oil can change a society more ____________ than anyone could ever have imagined.A. grosslyB. severelyC. rapidlyD. drastically7. Beneath its myriad rules, the fundamental purpose of ___________ is to make the world a pleasanter place to live in, and you a more pleasant person to live with.A. elitismB. eloquenceC. eminenceD. etiquette8. The New Testament was not only written in the Greek language, but ideas derived from Greek philosophy were _____________ in many parts of it.A. alteredB. criticizedC. incorporatedD. translated9. Nobody will ever know the agony I go __________ waiting for him to come home.A. overB. withC. downD. through10. While a country’s economy is becoming the most promising in the world, its people should be more ____________ about their quality of life.A. discriminatingB. distributingC. disagreeingD. disclosing11. Cheated by two boys whom he had trust on, Joseph promised to ____________ them.A. find fault withB. make the most ofC. look down uponD. get even with12. The Minister’s _________ answer let to an outcry from the Opposition.A. impressiveB. evasiveC. intensiveD. exhaustive13. In proportion as the ____________ between classes within the nation disappears the hostility of one nation to another will come to an end.A. intoleranceB. pessimismC. injusticeD. antagonism14. Everyone does their own thing, to the point where a fifth-grade teacher can’t __________ on a fourth-grade teacher having taught certain things.A. countB. insistC. fallD. dwell15. When the fire broke out in the building, the people lost their __________ and ran into the elevator.A. heartsB. tempersC. headsD. senses16. Consumers deprived of the information and advice they needed were quite simply ___________ every cheat in the marketplace.A. at the mercy ofB. in lieu ofC. by courtesy ofD. for the price of17. In fact the purchasing power of a single person’s pension in Hong Kong was only 70 per cent of the value of the _________ Singapore pension.A. equivalentB. similarC. consistentD. identical18. He became aware that he had lost his audience since he had not been able to talk ____________.A. honestlyB. graciouslyC. coherentlyD. flexibly19. The novel, which is a work of art, exists not by its _____________ life, but by its immeasurable difference from life.A. significance inB. imagination atC. resemblance toD. predominance over20. She was artful and could always ____________ her parents in the end.A. shout downB. get roundC. comply withD. pass overPART II CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given in the opposite column. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.We are entering a period in which rapid population growth, the presence of deadly weapons, and dwindling resources will bring international tensions to dangerous levels for an extended period. Indeed, 21 seems no reason for these levels of danger to subside unless population equilibrium is 22 and some rough measure of fairness reached in the distribution of wealth among nations.23 of adequate magnitude imply a willingness to redistribute income internationally on a more generous 24 than the advanced nations have evidenced within their own domains. The required increases in 25 in the backward regions would necessitate gigantic applications of energy merely to extract the 26 resources.It is uncertain whether the requisite energy-producing technology exists, and more serious, 27 that its application would bring us to the threshold of an irreversible change in climate 28 a consequence of the enormous addition of manmade heat to the atmosphere. It is this 29 problem that poses the most demanding and difficult of the challenges. The existing 30 of industrial growth, with no allowance for increased industrialization to repair global poverty, hold 31 the risk of entering the danger zone of climatic change in as 32 as three or four generations. If the trajectory is in fact pursued, industrial growth will 33 have to come to an immediate halt, for another generation or two along that 34 would literally consume human, perhaps all life. The terrifying outcome can be postponed only to the extent that the wastage of heat can be reduced, 35 that technologies that do not add to the atmospheric heat burden—for example, the use of solar energy—can be utilized. (1996)21. A. one B. it C. this D. there22. A. achieved B. succeeded C. produced D. executed23. A. Transfers B. Transactions C. Transports D. Transcripts24. A. extent B. scale C. measure D. range25. A. outgrowth B. outcrop C. output D. outcome26. A. needed B. needy C. needless D. needing27. A. possible B. possibly C. probable D. probably28. A. in B. with C. as D. to29. A. least B. late C. latest D. last30. A. race B. pace C. face D. lace31. A. on B. up C. down D. out32. A. less B. fewer C. many D. little33. A. rather B. hardly C. then D. yet34. A. line B. move C. drive D. track35. A. if B. or C. while D. asPART III READING COMPREHENSIONSection A (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incompletestatements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage 1The writing of a historical synthesis involves integrating the materials available to the historian into a comprehensible whole. The problem in writing a historical synthesis is how to find a pattern in, or impose a pattern upon, the detailed information that has already been used to explain the causes for a historical event.A synthesis seeks common elements in which to interpret the contingent parts of a historical event. The initial step, therefore, in writing a historical synthesis, is to put the event to be synthesized in a proper historical perspective, so that the common elements or strands making up the event can be determined. This can be accomplished by analyzing the historical event as part of a general trend or continuum in history. The common elements that are familiar to the event will become the ideological framework in which the historian seeks to synthesize. This is not to say that any factor will not have a greater relative value in the historian’s handling of the interrelated when viewed in a broad historical perspective.The historian, in synthesizing, must determine the extent to which the existing hypotheses have similar trends. A general trend line, once established, will enable these similar trends to be correlated and paralleled within the conceptual framework of a common base. A synthesis further seeks to determine, from existing hypotheses, why an outcome took the direction it did; thus, it necessitates reconstructing the spirit of the times in order to assimilate the political, social, psychological, etc., factors within a common base.As such, the synthesis becomes the logical construct in interpreting the common ground between an original explanation of an outcome (thesis) and the reinterpretation of the outcome along different lines (antithesis). Therefore, the synthesis necessitates the integration of the materials available into a comprehensible whole which will in turn provide a new historical perspective for the event being synthesized.36. The author would mostly be concerned with _____________.A. finding the most important cause for a particular historical eventB. determining when hypotheses need to be reinterpretedC. imposing a pattern upon varying interpretations for the causes of a particular historical eventD. attributing many conditions that together lead to a particular historical event or to single motive37. The most important preliminary step in writing a historical synthesis would be ____________.A. to accumulate sufficient reference material to explain an eventB. analyzing the historical event to determine if a “single theme theory”apples to the eventC. determining the common strands that make up a historical eventD. interpreting historical factors to determine if one factor will have relatively greater value38. The best definition for the term “historical synthesis”would be ______________.A. combining elements of different material into a unified wholeB. a tentative theory set forth as an explanation for an eventC. the direct opposite of the original interpretation of an eventD. interpreting historical material to prove that history repeats itself39. A historian seeks to reconstruct the “spirit”of a time period because ____________.A. the events in history are more important than the people who make historyB. existing hypotheses are adequate in explaining historical eventsC. this is the best method to determine the single most important cause for a particular actionD. varying factors can be assimilated within a common base40. Which of the following statements would the author consider false?A. One factor in a historical synthesis will not have a greater value than other factors.B. It is possible to analyze common unifying points in hypotheses.C. Historical events should be studied as part of a continuum in history.D. A synthesis seeks to determine why an outcome took the direction it did.Passage 2When you call the police, the police dispatcher has to locate the car nearest you that is free to respond. This means the dispatcher has to keep track of the status and location of every police car —not an easy task for a large department.Another problem, which arises when cars are assigned to regular patrols, is that the patrols may be too regular. If criminals find out that police cars will pass a particular location at regular intervals, they simply plan their crimes for times when no patrol is expected. Therefore, patrol cars should pass by any particular location at random times; the fact that a car just passed should be no guarantee that another one is not just around the corner. Yet simply ordering the officers to patrol at random would lead to chaos.A computer dispatching system can solve both these problems. The computer has no trouble keeping track of the status and location of each car. With this information, it can determine instantly which car should respond to an incoming call. And with the aid of a pseudorandom number generator, the computer can assign routine patrols so that criminals can’t predict just when a police car will pass through a particular area.(Before computers, police sometimes used roulette wheels and similar devices to make random assignments.)Computers also can relieve police officers from constantly having to report their status. The police car would contain a special automatic radio transmitter and receiver. The officer would set a dial on this unit indicating the current status of the car—patrolling, directing traffic, chasing a speeder, answering a call, out to lunch, and so on. When necessary, the computer at headquarters could poll the car for its status. The voice radio channels would not be clogged with cars constantly reporting what they were doing. A computer in the car automatically could determine the location of the car, perhaps using the LORAN method. The location of the car also would be sent automatically to the headquarters computer.41. The best title for this passage should be ___________.A. Computers and CrimesB. Patrol Car DispatchingC. The Powerful ComputersD. The Police with Modern Equipment42. A police dispatcher is NOT supposed to _____________.A. locate every patrol carB. guarantee cars on regular patrolsC. keep in touch with each police carD. find out which car should respond to the incoming call43. If the patrols are too regular, _____________.A. the dispatchers will be bored with itB. the officers may become carelessC. the criminals may take advantage of itD. the streets will be in a state of chaos44. The computer dispatching system is particularly good at ______________.A. assigning cars to regular patrolsB. responding to the incoming callsC. ordering officers to report their locationD. making routine patrols unpredictable45. According to the account in the last paragraph, how can a patrol car be located without computers?A. Police officers report their status constantly.B. The headquarters poll the car for its status.C. A radio transmitter and receiver is installed in a car.D. A dial in the car indicates its current status.Passage 3A child who has once been pleased with a tale likes, as a rule, to have it retold in identically the same words, but this should not lead parents to treat printed fairy stories as sacred texts. It is always much better to tell a story than read it out of a book, and, if a parent can produce what, in the actual circumstances of the time and the individual child, is an improvement on the printed text, so much the better.A charge made against fairy tales is that they harm the child by frightening him or arousing his sadistic impulse. To prove the latter, one would have to show in a controlled experiment that children who have read fairy stories were more often guilty of cruelty than those who had not. Aggressive, destructive, sadistic impulses every child has and, on the whole, their symbolic verbal discharge seem to be rather a safety valve than an incitement to overt action. As to fears, there are, I think, well-authenticated cases of children being dangerously terrified by some fairy story. Often, however, this arises from the child having heard the story once. Familiarity with the story by repetition turns the pain of fear into the pleasure of a fear faced and mastered.There are also people who object to fairy stories on the grounds that they are not objectively true, that giants, witches, two-headed dragons, magic carpets, etc., do not exist; and that, instead of indulging his fantasies in fairy tales, the child should be taught how to adapt to reality by studying history and mechanics. I find such people, I must confess, so unsympathetic and peculiar that I do not know how to argue with them. If their case were sound, the world should be full of madmen attempting to fly from New York to Philadelphia on a broomstick or covering a telephone with kisses in the belief that it was their enchanted girl-friend.No fairy story ever claimed to be a description of the external world and no sane child has everbelieved that it was.46. According to the author, the best way to retell a story to a child is to ______________.A. tell it in a creative wayB. take from it what the child likesC. add to it whatever at handD. read it out of the story book.47. In the second paragraph, which statement best expresses the author’s attitude towards fairy stories?A. He sees in them the worst of human nature.B. He dislikes everything about them.C. He regards them as more of a benefit than harms.D. He is expectant of the experimental results.48. According to the author, fairy stories are most likely to ____________.A. make children aggressive the whole lifeB. incite destructiveness in childrenC. function as a safety valve for childrenD. add children’s enjoyment of cruelty to others49. If the child has heard some horror story for more than once, according to the author, he would probably be ______________.A. scared to deathB. taking it and even enjoying itC. suffering more the pain of fearD. dangerously terrified50. The author’s mention of broomsticks and telephones is meant to emphasize that ___________.A. old fairy stories keep updating themselves to cater for modern needsB. fairy stories have claimed many lives of victimsC. fairy stories have thrown our world into chaosD. fairy stories are after all fairy storiesPassage 4There has been a lot of hand-wringing over the death of Elizabeth Steinberg. Without blaming anyone in particular, neighbors, friends, social workers, the police and newspaper editors have struggled to define the community’s responsibility to Elizabeth and to other battered children. As the collective soul-searching continues, there is a pervading sense that the system failed her.The fact is, in New York State the system couldn’t have saved her. It is almost impossible to protect a child from violent parents, especially if they are white, middle-class, well-educated and represented by counsel.Why does the state permit violence against children? There are a number of reasons. First, parentalprivilege is a rationalization. In the past, the law was giving its approval to the biblical injunction against sparing the rod.Second, while everyone agrees that the state must act to remove children from their homes when there is danger of serious physical or emotional harm, many child advocates believe that state intervention in the absence of serious injury is more harmful than helpful.Third, courts and legislatures tread carefully when their actions intrude or threaten to intrude on a relationship protected by the Constitution. In 1923, the Supreme Court recognized the “liberty of parent and guardian to direct the upbringing and education of children under their control.”More recently, in 1977, it upheld the teacher’s privilege to use corporal punishment against schoolchildren. Read together, these decisions give the constitutional imprimatur to parental use of physical force.Under the best conditions, small children depend utterly on their parents for survival. Under the worst, their dependency dooms them. While it is questionable whether anyone or anything could have saved Elizabeth Steinberg, it is plain that the law provided no protection.To the contrary, by justifying the use of physical force against children as an acceptable method of education and control, the law lent a measure of plausibility and legitimacy to her parents’conduct.More than 80 years ago, in the teeth of parental resistance and Supreme Court doctrine, the New York State Legislature acted to eliminate child labor law. Now, the state must act to eliminate child abuse by banning corporal punishment. To break the cycle of violence, nothing less will answer. If there is a lesson to be drawn from the death of Elizabeth Steinberg, it is this: spare the rod and spare the child.51. The New York State law seems to provide least protection of a child from violent parents of ____________.A. a family on welfareB. a poor uneducated familyC. an educated black familyD. a middle-class white family52. “Sparing the rod”(in boldface) means ____________.A. spoiling childrenB. punishing childrenC. not caring about childrenD. not beating children53. Corporal punishment against schoolchildren is _____________.A. taken as illegal in the New York StateB. considered being in the teacher’s provinceC. officially approved by lawD. disapproved by school teachers54. From the article we can infer that Elizabeth Steinberg is probably the victim of ____________.A. teachers’corporal punishmentB. misjudgment of the courtC. parents’ill-treatmentD. street violence55. The writer of this article thinks that banning corporal punishment will in the long run _____________.A. prevent violence of adultsB. save more childrenC. protect children from ill-treatmentD. better the systemPassage 5With its common interest in lawbreaking but its immense range of subject-matter and widely-varying methods of treatment, the crime novel could make a legitimate claim to be regarded as a separate branch of literature, or, at least, as a distinct, even though a slightly disreputable, offshoot of the traditional novel.The detective story is probably the most respectable (at any rate in the narrow sense of the word) of the crime species. Its creation is often the relaxation of university scholars, literary economists, scientists or even poets. Disastrous deaths may occur more frequently and mysteriously than might be expected in polite society, but the world in which they happen, the village, seaside resort, college or studio, is familiar to us, if not from our own experience, at least in the newspaper or the lives of friends. The characters, though normally realized superficially, are as recognizably human and consistent as our less intimate acquaintances. A story set in a more remote African jungle or Australian bush, ancient China or gas-lit London, appeals to our interest in geography or history, and most detective story writers are conscientious in providing a reasonably true background. The elaborate, carefully-assembled plot, despised by the modern intellectual critics and creators of “significant”novels, has found refuge in the murder mystery, with its sprinkling of clues, its spicing with apparent impossibilities, all with appropriate solutions and explanations at the end. With the guilt of escapism from real life nagging gently, we secretly take delight in the unmasking of evil by a vaguely super-human detective, who sees through and dispels the cloud of suspicion which has hovered so unjustly over the innocent.Though its villain also receives his rightful deserts, the thriller presents a less comfortable and credible world. The sequence of fist fights, revolver duels, car crashes and escapes from gas-filled cellars exhausts the reader far more than the hero, who, suffering from at least two broken ribs, one black eye, uncountable bruises and a hangover, can still chase and overpower an armed villain with the physique of a wrestler, He moves dangerously through a world of ruthless gangs, brutality, a vicious lust for power and money and, in contrast to the detective tale, with a near-omniscient arch-criminal whose defeat seems almost accidental. Perhaps we miss in the thriller the security of being safely led by our imperturbable investigator past a score of red herrings and blind avenues to a final gathering of suspects when an unchallengeable elucidation of all that has bewildered us is given and justice and goodness prevail. All that we vainly hope for from life is granted vicariously.56. The crime novel is regarded by the author as _________________.A. a not respectable form of the traditional novelB. not a true novel at allC. related in some ways to the historical novelD. a distinct branch of the traditional novel57. The creation of detective stories has its origin in _______________.A. seeking rest from work or worriesB. solving mysterious deaths in this societyC. restoring expectations in polite societyD. preventing crimes58. The characters of the detective stories are, generally speaking, _____________.A. more profound than those of the traditional novelsB. as real as life itselfC. not like human beings at allD. not very profound but not unlikely59. The setting of the detective stories is sometimes in a more remote place because ___________.A. it is more realB. our friends are familiar with itC. it pleases the readers in a wayD. it needs the readers’support60. The writer of this passage thinks _____________.A. what people hope for from life can finally be granted if they have confidenceB. people like to feel that justice and goodness will always triumphC. they know in the real world good does not prevail over evilD. their hopes in life can only be fulfilled through fiction readingPassage 6Whenever we are involved in a creative type of activity that is self-rewarding, a feeling overcomes us—a feeling that we can call “flow.”When we are flowing we lose all sense of time and awareness of what is happening around us; instead, we feel that everything is going just right.A rock dancer describes his feeling of flow like this: “If I have enough space, I feel I can radiate an energy into the atmosphere. I can dance for walls, I dance for floors. I become one with the atmosphere.”“You are in an ecstatic state to such a point that you don’t exist,”says a composer, describing how he feels when he “flows.”Players of any sport throughout the world are familiar with the feeling of flow; they enjoy their activity very much, even though they can expect little extrinsic reward. The same holds true for surgeons, cave explorers, and mountain climbers.Flow provides a sort of physical sensation along with an altered state of being. One man put it this way: “Your body feels good and awake all over. Your energy is flowing.”People who flow feel part of this energy; that is, they are so involved in what they are doing that they do not think of themselves as being separate from their activity. They are flowing along with their enjoyment. Moreover, they concentrate intensely on their activity. They do not try to concentrate harder, however; the concentration comes automatically. A chess player compares this concentration to breathing. As they concentrate, these people feel immersed in the action, lost in the action. Their sense of time is altered and they skip meals and sleep without noticing their loss. Sizes and spaces also seem altered: successful baseball players see and hit the ball so much better because it seems larger to them. They can even distinguish the seams on a ball approaching them at 165 kilometers per hour.It seems then that flow is a “floating action”in which the individual is aware of his actions but notaware of his awareness. A good reader is so absorbed in his book that he knows he is turning the pages to go on reading, but he does not notice he is turning these pages. The moment people think about it, flow is destroyed, so they never ask themselves questions such as “Am I doing well?”or “Did everyone see my jump?”Finally, to flow successfully depends a great deal on the activity itself; not too difficult to produce anxiety, not too easy to bring about boredom; challenging, interesting, fun. Some good examples of flow activities are games and sports, reading, learning, working on what you enjoy, and even day-dreaming.61. What is the main purpose of the article?A. to illustrate the feeling of “flow”B. to analyze the causes of a special feelingC. to define the new psychological term “flow”D. to lead people to acquire the feeling of “flow”62. In this article, “flow”refers to a feeling which probably results from _____________.A. awarenessB. ecstasyC. unconsciousnessD. self-rewarding63. The word “immersed”(in boldface) is closest in meaning to _____________.A. occupiedB. engrossedC. soakedD. committed64. What does one usually act while “flowing”in reading?A. thinks what he is doingB. wonders how fast he can readC. turns the pagesD. minds the page number65. The activity which can successfully bring about “flow”is most probably ____________.A. grippingB. difficultC. boringD. easySection B ( 20 minutes, 10 points)Direction: In each of the following passages, five sentences have been removed from the original text. They are listed from A to F and put below the passage. Choose the most suitable sentence from the list to fill in each of the blanks (numbered 66 to 75). For each passage, there is one sentence that does not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on your machine scoring Answer Sheet.Passage 1A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of。

2016年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题2016年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题试卷一(Paper One)Part I Listening Comprehension(30%)Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation,you will hear a question about what is said.The question will be read only once,after you hear the question,read the four possible answers marked A,B,C and D. Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman:I feel faint.Man:No wonder.You haven’t had a bite all day.Question:What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A.She is sick.B.She is bitten by an ant.C.She is hungry.D.She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B●D Now let’s begin with question Number1.1. A.At ten next Wednesday. B.At three next Wednesday.C.At ten next Monday.D.At three next Monday.2. A.A dull pain. B.A piercing pain.C.A burning pain.D.A numb pain.3. A.He is going to get married. B.He is going to get his bachelor’s degree.C.He will count on the woman for help.D.He will bring his own booze to the party.4. A.Pizza is her favorite food. B.Pizza is her second choice.C.She dislikes the man’s idea.D.She couldn’t agree with the man more.5. A.Jack’s girlfriend is mad at him. B.Jack has fallen in love with Debra.C.Debra is prettier than Jack’s girl friend.D.Jack wants to break up with his girlfriend.6. A.It will rain soon. B.It’s right to be proposed.C.She is worried about the weather.D.To be safe,they’d better stay at home.7. A.He is a great big-wave surfer. B.He is a trouble-maker.C.He is a nice guy.D.He is very weird.8. A.$60 B.$40 C.$360 D.$309. A.Quit smoking. B.Go jogging every morning.C.Work out in the gym.D.Go on a diet.10. A.100. B.232. C.132. D.332.11. A.Mary isn’t his type. B.He fell in love with Mary at first sight.C.Mary was not pretty enough.D.He won’t teach Mary chemistry.12. A.Play tennis. B.Take out the trash.C.Play computer games.D.Go to court for a lawsuit.13. A.In the school. B.At school.C.In the hospital.D.To the dorm.14. A.She is seriously ill.B.She has to look after her husband at home.C.She will persuade her husband to go to hospital.D.She will be taken good care of by her sister and daughter.15. A.She makes a living now as a dressmaker. B.She makes a living now as a landlady.C.She worries a lot about her health.D.She now lives on her pension.Section BDirections:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages,after each of which,you will hear five questions.After each question,read the four possible answers marked A, B,C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Dialogue16. A.A duodenal ulcer. B.Stomach ulcer.C.A mouth ulcer.D.A skin ulcer.17. A.Have an operation. B.Try medical means.C.See a psychiatrist.D.Be off work for a while.18. A.Overweight. B.Smoking. C.Heredity. D.Stress.19. A.He is a light smoker. B.He is a casual smoker.C.He is a heavy smoker.D.He is a moderate smoker.20. A.Stop smoking. B.Have a surgery.C.Eat regularly and exercise more.D.Make an appointment with Dr.Oakes. Passage One21. A.He is a man who has a gene of longevity.B.He is a professor at Boston University.C.He is the owner of the website .D.He is the creator of a website on longevity.22. A.Women don’t like red meat as much as men.B.The high estrogen level in women makes the differences.C.Women develop cardiovascular disease much later than men.D.The incidence of cardiovascular disease is much lower in women.23. A.In their50s and60s. B.In their60s and70s.C.In their70s and80s.D.In their80s and90s.24. A.Calcium. B.Iodine. C.Zinc. D.Iron.25. A.The reason why red meat is harmful to health.B.The reason why vegetarian food is so popular.C.Another possibility for women’s longevity.D.The important role iron plays in cellular reactions.Passage Two26. A.He was the owner of a grocery store.B.He was a convict laboring at a junkyard.C.He struggled under the strain of poverty.D.He lived happily with his wife and three kids.27. A.He is a stockbroker.B.He is an investment advisor.C.He is the manager of a mutual fund.D.He is a teacher at local community college.28. A.Indecision. B.Arrogance.C.Ignorance.D.Fear.29. A.He began teaching on investment at college.B.He began reading investment books and then began practicing.C.He began learning how to become a successful stockbroker.D.He began investing big money in a mutual fund each month.30. A.Man errs as long as he strives.B.Failure is the mother of success.C.Where there is a will,there is a way.D.The good seaman is known in bad weather.PartⅡVocabulary(10%)Section ADirections:In this section,all the sentences are incomplete.Four words or phrases marked A, B,C and D are given beneath each of them.You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence,then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.Employers have a legal obligation to pay_____to their workers for injuries.pensationpromisemodityD.consumption32.The argument between the two patients became so fierce that the doctor had to____.A.alleviateB.aggravateC.extinguishD.intervene33.But despite all the legal hustle and bustle,they don’t actually expect to____death sentences tolife terms without parole.A.induceB.convertC.reviveD.swerve34.To maintain physical well-being,a person should eat____food and get sufficient exercise.A.integralB.grossC.wholesomeD.intact35.The Central Government’s pledge to maintain the____and stability of Hong Kong at all costs isa great encouragement to the local finance.A.provisionB.prosperityC.privilegeD.preference36.It is pointed out that patients must be reassured that“their lives will not be____as a result ofbed shortages”.A.facilitatedB.forfeitedC.fulfilledD.furnished37.The cause of his death has been a mystery and_____unknown so far.A.exclusivelyB.superficiallyC.utterlyD.doubtfully38.It is known that some ways of using resources____can destroy the environment as well as thepeople living in it.A.recklesslyB.sparinglyC.sensiblyD.incredibly39.Cholera is a preventable waterborne bacterial infection that is spread through____water.A.filteredB.distilledC.contaminatedD.purified40.We welcome him not_____as a new broom but rather as a very old friend.A.by the wayB.at all eventsC.by no meansD.in any sense Section BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence.Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part.Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41.In any event,lethal injections are under federal scrutiny.A.sanctionB.restrictionC.censusD.examination42.The humble tomato could become a(n)potent weapon in the fight against prostate cancer.A.inexpensiveB.powerfulC.conventionalD.lethal43.Men’s perception of the amount of caregiving they do is completely at odds.A.in tune withB.in favor ofC.for the sake ofD.in disagreement with44.Huangshan Mountain is eminent for its natural scenery and deserves a visit.A.renownedB.notoriousC.popularD.mysterious45.Obesity is a condition perpetuated by a diversity of factors.A.severityB.reliabilityC.varietyD.specificity46.He is usually well-behaved,this rudeness is only a(n)lapse.A.errorB.sinC.guiltD.offense47.Did you detect a touch of jaundice in her remark?A.grievanceB.sympathyC.jealousyD.indignation48.In1912,German doctors attempted to treat children who had underactive thyroids with normalthyroid cells,but to little avail.A.by no meansB.in vainC.of no accountD.at stake49.To many observers,he spent his wealth lavishly.A.fearlesslyB.conspicuouslyC.wastefullyD.ferociously50.At present,no medical therapy is known to affect progressions of rheumatic mitral stenosis.A.deteriorationB.accumulationC.expansionD.promotionPartⅢCloze(10%)Directions:In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks.For each blank,there are four choices marked A,B,C and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEIET.Humans are the only species known to have consciousness,awareness that we have brains and bodies51adaptability that we can affect the course our lives take,that we can make choices52that vastly affect the quality of our lives—biologically,intellectually,environmentally,and spiritually. As humans,we have the ability to mold our53beings to become what or who we wish to become. While some of us may,54,have genetic and biological imperatives that may require medication or training to overcome,or at least to modulate,the vast majority of us do,in fact,hold our emotional 55in our hands.All that56,until the last decade,scientists believed that the human brain and its connections were formed during gestation and infancy and remained57unchanged through childhood.They believed that humans had a given number of neurons in a specific brain structure,and58the number might vary among people,once you were done with childhood development,you were set in this59.Your connections were already made,and the learning and growing period of your brain was over.In the last decade,however,researchers have found60evidence that this is not so,and that something called neuroplasticity continues throughout our lives.51. A.careful about B.capable of C.accessible to D.susceptible to52. A.in the event B.in an attempt C.at the moment D.along the way53. A.exclusive B.very C.just D.exact54. A.indeed B.however C.moreover D.therefore55. A.demonstration B.dimension C.destiny D.determination56. A.has been said B.being said C.was said D.is said57. A.more or less B.pretty much C.as ever D.if any58. A.while B.despite C.nevertheless D.since59. A.case B.mold C.sense D.condition60. A.different B.similar C.insufficient D.significantPartⅣReading Comprehension(30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages,each of which is followed by five questions.For each question there are four possible answers marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answer andmark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneParents are on a journey of discovery with each child whose temperament,biology,and sleep habits result in a unique sleep-wake pattern.It can be frustrating when children’s sleep habits do not conform to the household schedule.Helping the child develop good sleep habits in childhood takes time and parental attention,but it will have beneficial results throughout life.An understanding of the changing patterns of the typical sleep-wake cycle in children will help alleviate any unfounded concerns.Maintaining a sleep diary for each child will provide the parents with baseline information in assessing the nature and severity of childhood sleep problems.Observant parents will come to recognize unusual sleep disruptions or those that persist or intensify.Developmental changes throughout childhood bring differences in the sleep-wake cycle and in the type and frequency of parasomnias that may interrupt sleep.Medical consultation to rule out illness,infection of injury is prudent if the child’s sleep problems prevent adequate sleep and result in an ongoing sleep deficit.As reported by News-Medical in Child Health News,children’s sleep problems should be taken seriously as they may be a“marker”for predicting later risk of early adolescent substance use.In the same article.University of Michigan psychiatry professor Kirk Brower,who has studied“the interplay of alcohol and sleep in adults”stressed that“The finding does not mean there’s a cause-and-effect relation-ship.”Consultation with a child psychologist may be helpful if frightening dreams intensify and become more frequent as this may indicate a particular problem or life circumstance that needs to be changed or one that the child may need extra help working through.Most childhood sleep disturbance will diminish over time as the brain matures and a regular sleep-wake cycle is established.Parental guidance is crucial to development of healthy sleep habits in children.6l.To have a journey of discovery with each child,according to the passage,is_____.A.to discover their unique sleep-wake cyclesB.to follow their behavioral preferencesC.to alleviate their sleeping problemsD.to explore their asset62.In the first paragraph,the author suggests that parents____.A.seek professional consultation for their child’s sleep problemB.adjust their household schedule to the child’s sleeping habitC.take their child’s unfounded concerns into considerationD.keep a diary on sleep pattern for their child63.Where there exists a“marker”in the child,according to the passage____.A.it might lead to his or her early substance useB.he or she will carry it all his or her lifeC.it might interrupt his or her sleep patternD.he or she is destined to be an alcoholic64.What is the author trying to tell us in the third paragraph?A.It takes time to combat sleeping problem in children.B.Sometimes parents need to seek professional assistance.C.Parents cannot afford to neglect their child’s sleeping problem.D.Much importance should be attached to the child’s life circumstance.65.What is the main idea of the passage?A.Child sleep disturbance and its future impact.B.Child sleep disturbance and its family history.C.Parent’s role in building their child’s healthy sleeping habit.D.A psychological perspective on sleep disturbance in children.Passage TwoThe United States and England each has a major—and unique—health-care challenge, according to a study comparing the health of senior citizens in the two countries.The study, conducted by researchers from RAND Corporation in the United States and Institute for Fiscal Studies in the United Kingdom,found that disease and health disorder incidence was higher among U.S.senior citizens,but mortality rates were higher among English senior citizens.Americans aged65and older have almost twice the rate of diabetes found among their English counterparts and more than double the rate of cancer.Nevertheless,death rate among Americans65 and older is lower.“Americans are a sicker group of people who tend to live longer,”says James Smith,a study co-author,He attributes the U.S.health problems to lifestyle factors,including poor eating habits and inadequate exercise.Americans tend to eat much larger servings of food,for example,“There is what I call an American plate.When we go to a restaurant,it’s plate I can’t even eat any more.It’s a plate with so much food on if it’s not even appealing to me.”Smith also says that English adults are generally much more physically active than Americans. Biking and walking are much common in everyday life in England.He observes that“there is a lot of walking in London,and there is a lot of bicycle riding.I don’t see people in downtown Los Angeles on their bicycles.”On the other hand,England’s problem is that doctors fail to diagnose serious conditions early enough.American doctors tend to screen patients for cancer,diabetes,and other illnesses more frequently.Smith notes“American medicine is much more aggressive.It leads to high costs,but it has benefits,too”.66.The study’s results indicated______.A.an urgent call for health promotion among English and American senior citizensB.health disparities between English and American senior citizensC.a close relation between disease incidence and mortality rateD.a significant rise in mortality rates among senior citizens67.Which of the following is a unique health care challenge for English senior citizens whencompared with their American counterparts?A.A higher death rate.B.A higher rate of cancer.C.A higher incidence of disease.D.A lower tendency to have diabetes.68.What does James Smith imply by an American plate?A.A sedentary American lifestyles.B.American junk foods on the table.C.A large portion of food consumed by Americans.D.Severe malnutrition among American senior citizens.69.The Americans’unique health-care challenge according to James Smith,is derived from____.A.their unusual forms of physical activitiesB.their different geographic locationC.their genetic likelihood of obesityD.their unhealthy lifestyle factors70.Even though it is much more aggressive,the American medicine___.A.better improves the quality of life among its senior citizensB.benefits more seniors who need medical careC.facilitates its senior citizens to live longerD.helps its senior citizens live healthierPassage ThreeLess meat and dairy in our diets could help reduce agricultural greenhouse gases by as much as 80%by2055,according to a recent study by the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK).The researchers created global land-use model to project likely outcomes given different scenarios involving consumer dietary trends and changes in agriculture production methods.The models take into consideration population growth,the world economy,and other factors.The researchers found that,if meat and dairy consumption patterns remain constant of increase, the associated global agricultural omissions will increase significantly.On the other hand,a25% reduction over the next40years would help bring levels to where they were around1995.Methane and nitrous oxide in particular could be reduced if less meat and dairy is produced and consumed.These gases are caused largely by livestock waste and synthetic fertilizers.Around two-thirds of nitrous-oxide emissions come from agriculture—and most of that as a result of either raising animals or producing the feed used to raise them.Consumers’food choices,combined with what one PIK researcher terms“technical mitigation options on the producers side”could make an enormous impact on these emissions.While not nearly as much methane or nitrous oxide is released into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide,both are significantly more potent and they form substantial pieces of the greenhouse gas pie.Both of these gases trap heat and radiation in the atmosphere much more effectively than does carbon dioxide.The U.S.Environmental Protection Agency cites methane as being“21times more effective at trapping heat in the atmosphere than carbon dioxide over a100-year time period.”Nitrous oxide is more than300times more effective than CO2.While the PIK study doesn’t detail exactly which consumer choices and eating habits can help reverse the trend,it seems clear that less is more when it comes to consuming meat and dairy products.71.The current PIK study____.A.was nothing but a what-ifB.was based on the global land-use modelsC.managed to reduce agricultural greenhouse gasesD.changed the patterns of meat and dairy consumption72.As the PIK results imply,it is possible____.A.to keep the consumption patterns unchanged over the next40yearsB.to reduce the emissions by25%over the next40yearsC.to maintain a constant drop in the consumptionD.to return to the emission levels around199573.Simply put,to produce and consume less meat and dairy is to____.A.reduce more methane and nitrous oxide emissionsB.produce more economic benefits for agricultureC.cut two-thirds more of nitrous-oxide emissionsD.have more technical mitigation options74.The greenhouse gas pie tells us_____.A.the importance of being a vegetationB.no need to worry about carbon dioxideC.the priorities in the environmental protectionD.the best consumer choice for meat and dairy products75.What can be the best title for the passage?A.Eating HealthyB.From Farm to PlateC.Green House EffectD.Diet for a Healthier PlanetPassage FourToday this dangerous situation has been largely alleviated.Henry,a77-year-old pensioner from East London,still lies alone and happily practices golf swings in his back garden safe in the knowledge that his body is able to cope with the extra exertion.What has altered Henry’s life is not some wonder drug but a simple change in the way his illness is managed.Every day Henry hooks himself up to monitoring devices whose results have helped him to understand it and overcome its more debilitating effects.”Telehealth has given me confidence in myself because I know my own body now,”he says.He adjusts what he does according to what his daily readings tell him about his condition.Henry is just one of a growing number of pioneering patients who are trusting their futures to rge trials are under way around the world to evaluate the idea.With elderly populations and the incidence of age-related illnesses growing telehealth promises to give peoplethe independence they need to remain in their own homes.It could also reduce the burden of healthcare costs.The disorder that makes Henry’s life so difficult is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (DOPD),a condition that affects some800,000people in England.The airways in his lungs have narrowed,leaving him with severe shortness of breath and blood oxygen levels that can fall dangerously low.With his new equipment,Henry can keep a close eye on how his body is doing.He received for measuring his blood oxygen level and pulse rate,a blood pressure monitor and a set of speaking scales.Each connects wirelessly to a unit collates the readings and sends them to a team of medical specialists,who watch for suspicious changes.If the readings look bad,they call him to discuss appropriate action.Henry too can see the readings on his television,where they are displayed with the help of a special set-top box.Whether a day is good or bad depends largely on Henry’s blood oxygen level.Before joining the telehealth program,he could only guess at that.Now he knows if the reading is low,he can take action.When the reading is high,he can go about his business confident that his oxygen level will see him through.“Telehealth is a good thing for me,”says Henry.“I know that on the other end of the telephone there’s a little angel and if anything goes wrong it shows up on the television and she’s on the phone within five minutes.”76.What can be said of Henry?A.His illness was wrongly diagnosed.B.He lived alone without medical care.C.His life was improved with telehealth.D.He used to be a professional golf player.77.Henry activates his daily health management_____.A.with a receipt of the doctor’s order on his conditionB.by getting hooked up to the monitoring devicesC.by giving a ring to the community doctorD.with the practice of golf swings78.As one of the pioneering patients,Henry____.A.receives the most benefits from telehealthB.puts his life in the hands of a medical teamC.seems to carry out well the intents of telehealthD.is actively involved in evaluating telehealth globally79.What is the most important about the telehealth technology in the case of Henry?A.His illness can be brought back to normal as expected.B.It can rid him of the debilitating effects due to his illness.C.It helps him better understand the readings on the television.D.His condition can be kept under continuous surveillance at home.80.Thanks to the telehealth technology,Henry knows for sure his blood oxygen level,thus____.A.having a good dayB.building up his confidenceC.getting hospitalized in no timeD.having no trouble doing physical labor Passage FiveWhen it comes to health,which is more important,nature or nurture?You may well think your genes are a more important predictor of health and ill health.Not so fast.In fact,it transpires that our everyday environment outweighs our genetics,big time,when it comes to measuring our risk of disease.The genome is out—welcome the exposure.“The exposure represents everything a person is exposed to in the environment,that’s not in the genes,”says Stephen Rappaport,environmental health scientist at the University of California, Berkeley.That includes stress,diet,lifestyle choices,recreational and medicinal drug use and infections,to name a few.“The big difference is that the exposure changes throughout life as our bodies,diets and lifestyles change,”he says.While our understanding of the human genome has been growing at an exponential rate over the last decade,it is not as helpful as we hoped in predicting diseases.“Genes only contribute10 percent to the overall disease burden,”says Rappaport.“Knowing genetic risk factors can prove absolutely futile,”says Jeremy Nicholson at Imperial College London.He points to work by Nina Paynter at the Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston,who investigated the effect of10l genetic markers implicated in heart disease.After following over19,000women for12years,she found these markers were not able to predict anything about the incidence of heart disease in this group.On the other hand,the impact of environmental influences is still largely a mystery.“There’s an imbalance between our ability to investigate the genome and the environment,”says Chris Wild, director of the International Agency for Research on Cancer,who came up with the idea of the exposure.In reality,most diseases are probably caused by a combination of the two,which is where the exposure comes in.“The idea is to have a comprehensive analysis of a person’s full exposure history,”says Wild.He hopes a better understanding of exposures will shed a brighter light on disease risk factors.There are likely to be critical periods of exposure in development.For example,the time from birth to3years of age is thought to be particularly important.“We know that this is the time when brain connections are made,and that if you are obese by this age,you’ll have problems as an adult,”says Nicholson.81.Rappaport argues that a major threat to our human health_____.A.lies in our exposureB.is growing to take shapeC.decides our social environmentD.is changing with the human genetic evolution82.What can be said of the exposure according to Rappaport?A.Static.B.Reliable.C.Predictable.D.Changeable.83.Speaking of genes,Rappaport would say that_____.A.the human genome project is a mere waste of timeB.there is no such a thing as predictive medicineC.genetic evolution is almost staticD.we do not live only by our genes84.Even though we cannot pinpoint the exact impact of environmental influence,Wild contendsthat______.A.we have the exposure contributing significantly to our health or ill healthB.we can strike a balance between the human body and its exposuresC.each of us leaves a unique exposure history in the environmentD.we can manage the exposure as expected85.Particularly important,according to Nicholson,is the time when_____.A.obesity occursB.the brain is injuredC.the exposure comes inD.the exposures are not blockedPassage SixPublishing in scientific journals is the most common and powerful means to disseminate new research findings.Visibility and credibility in the scientific world require publishing in journals that are included in global indexing databases such as those of the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI).Most scientists in developing countries remain at the periphery of this critical communication process,exacerbating the low international recognition and impact of their accomplishments.For science to become maximally influential and productive across the globe,this needs to change.The economy of electronic publication,open access,and property rights fuel current academic and policy debates about scientific publishing in the industrialized world.The concerns in the developing world(with few ISI-indexed journals)focus on more fundamental questions,such as sustaining local research activity and achieving the appropriate global reach of its science activities.The essence of the African situation is captured by R.J.W.Tijssen’s analysis of publications by African authors,which was based not only on data from ISI indexing databases,but also on publications not indexed in this system.Surprisingly,half of the South African citations in the indexed ISI literature are to articles in nonindexed,locally published journals.Also,several nonindexed local journals are cited in the ISI system at about the same rate as are indexed journals. The share of indexed articles with at least one author with an African address remains steady at about1%.About half of the ISI-indexed papers with at least one author with an African address have non-African partners outside of the continent.These figures vary,country by country, sometimes in surprising ways.For example,85%of the papers published from Mali or Gabon involve collaborations on other continents,versus39%and29%,respectively,for South African and Egypt,the continent’s leading research producers.Thus,much of the Africa research system is now highly dependent on collaborations.How can the global reach and potential impact of scientific research in Africa and other developing countries be optimized?Of primary importance is boosting the quality and quantity of。