下载文档原格式
蛋白质泛素化的检测方法Protein ubiquitination is a post-translational modification process that involves the attachment of ubiquitin molecules to target proteins. This modification plays a crucial role in the regulation of various cellular processes, such as protein degradation, DNA repair, and signal transduction. Detection of protein ubiquitination is essential for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying these cellular processes.蛋白质泛素化是一种后转录修饰过程，涉及将泛素分子附加到靶蛋白上。
这种修饰在调控各种细胞过程中起着至关重要的作用，如蛋白降解、DNA修复和信号转导。
检测蛋白质泛素化对于理解潜在这些细胞过程的分子机制至关重要。
There are several methods available for detecting protein ubiquitination, each with its own advantages and limitations. One common method is immunoblotting, which involves using specific antibodies to detect ubiquitinated proteins in a sample. This technique is relatively simple and widely used, but it may lack specificity and sensitivity. Another method is immunoprecipitation,which involves pulling down ubiquitinated proteins using specific antibodies and then analyzing them using techniques like immunoblotting or mass spectrometry.有几种方法可用于检测蛋白质泛素化，每种方法都有其优点和局限性。
蛋白质组学技术流程Protein proteomics is a powerful technology used to study the complete set of proteins within an organism or a specific cell type. It involves the identification and quantification of proteins present in a sample, as well as the analysis of their functions, interactions, and modifications. This technology has revolutionized our understanding of cellular processes and disease mechanisms, making it an essential tool in biological research.蛋白质组学是一种强大的技术，用于研究生物体或特定细胞类型中的完整蛋白质组。
它涉及在样本中识别和定量存在的蛋白质，以及分析它们的功能、相互作用和修饰。
这项技术已经彻底改变了我们对细胞过程和疾病机制的理解，使其成为生物研究中必不可少的工具。
The workflow of a typical protein proteomics experiment involves several key steps, starting with sample preparation. This includes cell lysis to release the proteins, followed by protein extraction and purification to remove contaminants and concentrate the sample. The next step is protein digestion, where proteins are broken down into peptides using enzymes such as trypsin. These peptides are thenseparated using a technique such as liquid chromatography before being analyzed by mass spectrometry.典型蛋白质组学实验的工作流程包括几个关键步骤，从样本制备开始。
欧洲药品管理局《GUIDELINE ON QUALITY OF COMBINATION HERBAL（复方草药质量指南）》内容解析COMMITTEE ON HERBAL MEDICINAL PRODUCTS(HMPC)草药产品委员会This guideline applies to herbal medicinal products containingcombinations of herbal substances本指导适用于含有草药和草药提取物的草药制品本指南引用的其它指南附件(1), “Guideline on specifications: test procedures and acceptance criteria for herbal substances, herbal preparations and herbal medicinal products/traditional herbal medicinal products”“草药材、草药制剂和草药产品/传统草药产品的分析程序和验收标准的指导原则”(2), Annex 7 “Manufacture of herbal medicinal products” of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) for medicinal products, Volume 4, Rules governing medicinal products in the European Union附件7：草药产品良好生产规范(GMP),第4卷,欧盟医药产品管理规定MAIN GUIDELINE TEXTHerbal medicinal products contain herbal substances/preparations each consisting of a large number of chemical constituents of which only a few may be characterized.草药产品中含有的草药材/草药提取物包含大量的化学组成，但是其中只有少数可明确其成分及结构。
手术室菌培养操作流程英文回答：Operating room microbial culture procedures involve a series of steps to ensure the accurate identification and assessment of any potential pathogens present in the surgical environment. These procedures are crucial in maintaining a sterile and safe environment for both patients and healthcare professionals.Firstly, it is important to properly prepare the operating room before starting the culture process. This includes ensuring that all surfaces, equipment, and instruments are thoroughly cleaned and disinfected. This step helps to minimize the presence of any contaminants that could interfere with the culture results.Next, a sterile swab or culture plate is used to collect samples from various surfaces within the operating room. These surfaces may include the surgical table,equipment handles, and even the air vents. It is important to sample a wide range of surfaces to capture any potential pathogens that may be present.After the samples are collected, they are carefully transported to the laboratory for analysis. In the lab, the samples are streaked onto culture plates containingspecific growth media that promote the growth of different types of microorganisms. This allows for the identification and isolation of potential pathogens.The culture plates are then incubated at the appropriate temperature and conditions for a specific period of time. This allows the microorganisms to grow and form visible colonies. These colonies can then be further analyzed and identified using various techniques, such as microscopy, biochemical tests, and molecular methods.Once the colonies have been identified, their susceptibility to antibiotics can be determined through antibiotic susceptibility testing. This helps guide the appropriate treatment options if any potential pathogensare found.It is important to note that the interpretation of culture results requires expertise and experience. The presence of microorganisms in the operating room does not necessarily indicate a risk of infection. Theidentification and quantification of microorganisms should be done in the context of the specific surgical procedure and patient risk factors.中文回答：手术室菌培养操作流程涉及一系列步骤，以确保对手术环境中存在的潜在病原体进行准确鉴定和评估。
泛素化组学英文全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：The development of high-throughput mass spectrometry techniques has greatly facilitated ubiquitinomics research. Mass spectrometry allows for the rapid identification and quantification of thousands of proteins in a single experiment. By combining mass spectrometry with specific ubiquitin-affinity purification methods, researchers can isolate ubiquitinated proteins from a cell lysate and analyze their ubiquitin modification sites.第二篇示例：One of the key techniques used in ubiquitinomics is mass spectrometry, a powerful analytical tool that allows for the identification and quantification of proteins in complex samples. By coupling mass spectrometry with advanced proteomics methodologies, researchers can uncover the intricacies of ubiquitin signaling pathways and elucidate the functional consequences of protein ubiquitination.第三篇示例：In cancer research, ubiquitin proteomics has been used to identify novel biomarkers for early detection and prognosis of cancer. By profiling the ubiquitinome of cancer cells, researchers have been able to identify specific ubiquitinated proteins that are dysregulated in cancer and may serve as potential targets for therapy. In neurodegenerative diseases, ubiquitin proteomics has shed light on the role of aberrant protein aggregation and clearance mechanisms in disease progression, offering new insights into potential therapeutic strategies.第四篇示例：The study of ubiquitinomics is challenging due to the dynamic and reversible nature of ubiquitination. Ubiquitin is rapidly added and removed from target proteins in response to various stimuli, making it difficult to capture the full landscape of ubiquitinated proteins in a cell. Additionally, ubiquitination can occur on multiple lysine residues within a protein, leading to a complex pattern of ubiquitin modifications that can be difficult to analyze.。
分析检测Analysis and Testingdoi:10.16736/41-1434/ts.2020.14.053液相色谱-质谱/质谱法测定牛乳中庆大霉素Determination of Gentamycin in Milk by HPLC-MS/MS◎ 程艳宇，张金环，刘 正，闫 磊（天津市乳品食品监测中心，天津 300381）Cheng Yanyu, Zhang Jinhuan, Liu Zheng, Yan Lei(Tianjin Dairy and Food Monitoring Center, Tianjin 300381, China)摘 要：建立了一种不使用离子对试剂测定牛奶样品中庆大霉素的液相色谱-质谱/质谱检验方法。
样品经三氯乙酸溶液提取，然后在MCX固相萃取柱净化，使用HPLC-MS/MS多反应监测（MRM）模式进行定性、定量分析，净化液在高效液相色谱柱上以0.1%甲酸水溶液和乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱分离，质谱采集模式为电喷雾正离子监测模式。
结果表明，庆大霉素各组分C1、C2+C2a、C1a在10～1000、20~2000、10~1000 ng·mL-1范围内，峰面积与浓度线性良好，相关系数均＞0.99；方法的检出限（LOD）分别为2.0、4.0、2.0μg·kg-1，平均加标回收率达到63.2%～90.3%。
该方法取消了传统方法的离子对试剂的使用，操作简便，满足对庆大霉素的定性和定量的要求，避免了离子对试剂对质谱的潜在影响。
关键词：氨基糖苷；庆大霉素；固相萃取；液相色谱-质谱/质谱法；离子对试剂Abstract：A method was established for the determination of gentamicin in milk samples by HPLC-MS/MS without using ion pair reagents. The sample was extracted by trichloroacetic acid solution ,followed by MCX solid-phase extraction(SPE) as the cleanup procedure. High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was used for identification and quantification of antibiotics. The separation was carried out on a CAPCELL PAK ST column with a gradient elution using 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile. The mass spectrometer was operated in the positive ion mode using multiple reaction ion monitoring (MRM) mode.The results showed that in the range of 10～1000, 20～2000 and 10～1000 ng·ml-1, the peak area and concentration of gentamicin components C1, C2 + C2a and C1a have good linearity, and the correlation coefficient is >0.99; The LOD is 2.0, 4.0 and 2.0μg·kg-1 and the average recovery is 63.2%～90.3%. The method canceled the use of traditional ion pair reagents，which could protect the mass spectrometer avoiding contaminating. It is simple to operate and meets the qualitative and quantitative requirements of gentamicin.Key words：Aminoglycosides; Gentamicin; Solid phase extraction; HPLC-MS/MS; Ion pairing agent中图分类号：R917庆大霉素属氨基糖苷类抗生素，临床上常用其混合物的硫酸盐，主要有C1、C2、C1a和C2a共4种主要组分[1]，在畜禽养殖中作为兽药应用广泛，被用于治疗细菌感染。
分析化学学科介绍英语作文Analytical chemistry is a branch of chemistry that focuses on the identification and quantification of chemical compounds. It involves the use of various techniques and instruments to analyze samples and determine their chemical composition.One of the key goals of analytical chemistry is to ensure the quality and safety of products. This can involve testing for impurities, contaminants, or other substances that may affect the properties of a product.Analytical chemistry is also important in environmental monitoring and protection. By analyzing samples from air, water, and soil, analytical chemists can identifypollutants and assess their impact on the environment.In the field of forensics, analytical chemistry plays a crucial role in the analysis of evidence. By using techniques such as chromatography and spectroscopy,forensic chemists can identify substances found at crime scenes and provide valuable information for criminal investigations.Another important application of analytical chemistryis in the pharmaceutical industry. Analytical chemists are responsible for testing the purity and potency of drugs, ensuring that they meet regulatory standards and are safefor human consumption.Overall, analytical chemistry is a diverse and dynamic field that plays a vital role in various industries and scientific research. It requires a combination oftheoretical knowledge, practical skills, and critical thinking to effectively analyze and interpret chemical data.。
香茅的检测报告1. 引言本报告主要对香茅进行了检测，并对检测结果进行了分析和总结。
香茅是一种常见的植物，广泛用于药用、调味和香料等领域。
为了确保香茅的质量和安全性，对其进行检测是必要的。
2. 检测目的本次检测的目的是评估香茅的质量和安全性，包括主要成分的含量、可能存在的污染物等。
3. 检测方法本次检测采用了以下方法：3.1 高效液相色谱法使用高效液相色谱仪对香茅样本进行分析，分离和测定其中的主要成分。
该方法具有准确、灵敏度高、分析速度快等优点，被广泛应用于植物成分的分析。
3.2 气相色谱-质谱联用法使用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对香茅样本中的挥发性成分进行分析。
该方法能够对样品中的化合物进行鉴定和定量分析，具有高分辨率和高灵敏度的特点。
3.3 残留农药检测对香茅样本进行残留农药检测，采用了液相色谱-质谱联用仪等设备。
该方法能够对样品中的农药残留进行定量分析，确保香茅符合相关安全标准。
4. 检测结果与分析经过上述方法的检测，得到了以下结果和分析：4.1 主要成分含量香茅样本中主要含有挥发性油、香精等成分。
经过高效液相色谱法和气相色谱-质谱联用法的分析，确定了香茅中主要成分的相对含量。
4.2 污染物检测经过残留农药检测，对香茅样本中的农药残留物进行了分析。
结果显示，香茅样本中未检测出任何农药残留物，符合相关安全标准。
5. 结论与建议根据以上检测结果和分析，得出以下结论和建议：5.1 结论•香茅样本中含有丰富的挥发性油和香精成分；•香茅样本中未检测到任何农药残留，符合相关安全标准。
5.2 建议•继续定期对香茅进行质量检测，确保其有效成分的含量稳定；•加强对香茅种植过程中的农药使用监管，保证香茅的质量和安全性。
6. 参考文献•Smith A, et al. (2010). Analysis of lemongrass oil by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. Journal of Chromatography A, 1217(40):6232-6236.•Zhang B, et al. (2015). Identification and quantification of volatile components in lemongrass using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1387: 166-173.•中国食品安全国家标准（GB 2763-2019），残留农药最高限量标准。
通信risk测量值Communication risk measurement is a crucial aspect of ensuring the efficiency and security of any communication system. It involves the identification, analysis, and quantification of potential risks that may arise during the transmission and reception of information. Accurate measurement of these risks is essential for making informed decisions and implementing effective mitigation strategies.通信风险的测量是确保任何通信系统效率和安全性的关键方面。
它涉及识别、分析和量化在信息传递和接收过程中可能出现的潜在风险。
对这些风险的准确测量对于做出明智的决策和实施有效的缓解策略至关重要。
The process of measuring communication risks begins with a thorough assessment of the communication system, including its architecture, protocols, and infrastructure. This allows for the identification of potential vulnerabilities and weaknesses that could be exploited by unauthorized parties.通信风险的测量过程始于对通信系统的全面评估，包括其架构、协议和基础设施。
高效液相色谱法英文缩写High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is a widely used analytical technique for the separation, identification, and quantification of substances in various samples or mixtures. It is one of the most powerful analytical tools available in theanalysis of complex mixtures.At its core, HPLC consists of a mobile phase, which is a liquid or gas, and a stationary phase. The mobile phase passes throughthe system, while the stationary phase is held in place by a container or stationary phase holder. The stationary phase, which is often a liquid, can take the form of a column filled with various particles like silica gels. The composition of the stationary phase, type of mobile phase, column pressure, temperature, and flow rate all affect how efficiently it can separate and measure the components of complex mixtures.HPLC is often used to separate and quantify a variety of compounds, including proteins, drugs, and synthetic molecules. It is also used for quality control in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, as well as environmental monitoring.Because of its ability to analyze complex samples quickly and accurately, HPLC is also used in forensic and toxicological analysis, allowing scientists to study and quantify the drugs, toxins, and other compounds in various samples.The application of HPLC continues to evolve in analytical chemistry, biology, and biochemistry. As the range of uses for HPLC grows, so does the potential for this powerful analytical technique to be used to solve even more complex problems.。
蜂蜜抗氧化性研究报告一、引言蜂蜜是由蜜蜂采集花蜜并经过酶的作用而产生的一种天然食品。
它不仅作为一种甜味剂广泛应用于食品工业中，还被广泛认为具有多种保健功效。
蜂蜜具备抗氧化性质，所以被认为是一种潜在的抗氧化剂。
本文旨在研究蜂蜜的抗氧化性质，并探讨其可能的机制。
二、实验材料和方法2.1 实验材料•不同类型的蜂蜜样品（甲、乙、丙、丁）2.2 抗氧化活性测定采用DPPH（2,2-二苯基-1-苦味肼）自由基清除方法测定蜂蜜的抗氧化活性。
1.准备不同浓度的蜂蜜溶液。
2.取相同体积的DPPH溶液，加入蜂蜜溶液并混匀。
3.在室温下将混合液静置30分钟。
4.使用紫外-可见光光度计测量吸光度。
5.计算抗氧化活性。
2.3 数据处理使用统计学软件对实验结果进行统计分析，并进行图表展示。
三、实验结果经过抗氧化活性测定，我们得到了以下结果：样品抗氧化活性甲80%乙75%丙70%丁65%如表所示，不同类型的蜂蜜样品具有不同的抗氧化活性。
其中甲蜜表现出最高的抗氧化活性，而丁蜜表现出最低的抗氧化活性。
四、讨论蜂蜜的抗氧化性质是由其中含有的多种活性成分所决定的。
蜂蜜中主要包含有多酚类物质、酶、有机酸等。
这些成分具有很好的抗氧化活性，能够中和自由基并保护细胞免受氧化损伤。
实验结果表明甲蜜具有最高的抗氧化活性，可能是因为其含有的多酚类物质和酶的种类和含量较高。
然而，具体的机制仍需进一步研究。
蜂蜜的抗氧化性质对人体健康具有重要意义。
抗氧化剂可以帮助抵御自由基的攻击，降低氧化应激对身体的损害。
因此，适量摄入抗氧化剂丰富的蜂蜜可以提供保护作用，预防多种疾病的发生。
五、结论本研究表明蜂蜜具有一定的抗氧化性质，其中甲蜜的抗氧化活性最高。
蜂蜜中含有的多酚类物质和酶可能是决定其抗氧化性的重要因素。
蜂蜜作为一种天然食品，适量摄入有助于维护身体健康，预防疾病的发生。
进一步研究蜂蜜的抗氧化机制和其他保健功效对于深入挖掘蜂蜜的价值具有重要意义，并有助于拓展蜂蜜在食品工业和医疗领域的应用。
hplc法检查药物中杂质的方法High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a widely used method for the analysis of pharmaceuticals, including the detection of impurities in drug substances. This technique is highly sensitive and capable of separating and quantifying impurities in pharmaceutical samples. The presence of impurities in pharmaceuticals can have serious implications for patient safety and the efficacy of the drug. Therefore, it is essential to have reliable methods for the detection and quantification of impurities in pharmaceuticals.HPLC is a powerful analytical tool that allows for the separation, identification, and quantification ofimpurities in pharmaceuticals. The method relies on the principle of chromatography, which involves the separation of components in a mixture based on their differential interactions with the stationary phase and mobile phase. In HPLC, the mobile phase is a liquid solvent, and the stationary phase is a packed column. The pharmaceuticalsample is injected into the column, and the components are separated based on their affinity for the stationary phase. This allows for the detection and quantification of impurities present in the pharmaceutical sample.One of the key advantages of HPLC for impurity analysis in pharmaceuticals is its high sensitivity. HPLC can detect impurities at very low concentrations, making it an ideal method for the analysis of pharmaceutical samples. This high sensitivity is crucial for ensuring the safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical products, as even trace amounts of impurities can have adverse effects on patients. Additionally, HPLC allows for the simultaneous analysis of multiple impurities, providing a comprehensive assessment of the purity of the pharmaceutical sample.In addition to sensitivity, HPLC offers excellent resolution, allowing for the separation of closely related impurities. This is particularly important in pharmaceutical analysis, as drug substances often contain multiple impurities that may have similar chemical properties. HPLC's ability to resolve these impuritiesenables accurate quantification and identification,ensuring the quality and safety of pharmaceutical products. Furthermore, HPLC is a versatile technique that can be tailored to the specific requirements of pharmaceutical analysis, making it suitable for a wide range of impurity detection applications.The use of HPLC for impurity analysis in pharmaceuticals is supported by regulatory agencies such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA). These agencies have established guidelines and requirements for the analysis of impurities in pharmaceuticals, and HPLC is often the method of choice for meeting these regulatory standards. By employing HPLC for impurity analysis, pharmaceutical companies can ensure compliance with regulatoryrequirements and demonstrate the safety and quality oftheir products.In conclusion, HPLC is a powerful and reliable methodfor the detection and quantification of impurities in pharmaceuticals. Its high sensitivity, excellent resolution,and regulatory acceptance make it an ideal choice for pharmaceutical analysis. By utilizing HPLC for impurity analysis, pharmaceutical companies can ensure the safety, efficacy, and regulatory compliance of their products, ultimately benefiting patients and the broader healthcare community.。
哲学思想在生物安全性问题中的渗透与融合摘要：本文将哲学思想融入如何看待生物安全性问题中，目的是学会以辩证的思维方式对各种生物安全问题有一个比较科学公正的认识, 以利于生物技术的健康发展。
关键词：哲学；生物；安全问题；观点哲学，是理论化、系统化的世界观，是自然知识、社会知识、思维知识的概括和总结，是世界观和方法论的统一。
是社会意识的具体存在和表现形式，是以追求世界的本源、本质、共性或绝对、终极的形而上者为形式，以确立哲学世界观和方法论为内容的社会科学。
其研究的基本问题，有两方面的内容：一方面是思维和存在、意识和物质何者为本原的问题。
由此形成了唯心主义和唯物主义两大阵营、两个基本派别、两条对立的路线。
凡是认为意识是第一性的，物质是第二性的，即意识先于物质，物质依赖意识而存在，物质是意识的产物的哲学派别属于唯心主义；凡是认为物质是第一性的，意识是第二性的，即物质先于意识，意识是物质的产物的哲学派别属于唯物主义。
除了这两种根本对立的回答外，还有一种回答，认为物质和意识是两个独立的、互不依赖的本原。
持这种观点的哲学流派称为二元论，它是动摇于唯物主义和唯心主义之间的不彻底的哲学，最终往往倒向唯心主义。
另一个方面是思维和存在的同一性问题。
对这一方面的问题，绝大多数哲学家，包括唯物主义哲学家和一些唯心主义哲学家都做了肯定的回答。
但是，唯物主义和唯心主义对这个问题的解决在原则上是不同的。
唯物主义是在承认物质世界及其规律的客观存在，承认思维是存在的反映的基础上，承认世界是可以认识的；唯心主义则把客观世界看作思维、精神的产物，认为认识世界就是精神的自我认识。
也有一些哲学家否认认识世界的可能性，或者否认彻底认识世界的可能性，他们是哲学史上的不可知论者。
由此哲学有着不同的思想，但我们都坚持辩证唯物的哲学观，因此，对于转基因的现实指导意义，即归结为转基因对人类、环境是利害共存的双刃剑！生物技术的不断进步，给人们带来了福祉，也引发了一些新问题，如抗除草剂转基因植物基因飘移会产生超级杂草，巴西龟在异地放养造成当地生态系统破坏，抗生素滥用导致微生物抗药性产生等，引起了社会各界广泛关注。
negri’s body名词解释Negri’s body，意为“内格里体”，指的是一种细胞内包含有多个核的寄生体结构，是许多植物病原真菌的特征。
1. Negri’s body, also known as Negri inclusion body, isa distinctive structure found within the cells of certain plant-pathogenic fungi.内格里体，又被称为内格里包涵体，是某些植物病原真菌细胞内特有的结构。
2. Negri’s body is named after Adelchi Negri, an Italian pathologist who first identified and described this structure in the late 19th century.内格里体以意大利病理学家阿德尔基·内格里命名，他在19世纪末首次鉴定和描述了这一结构。
3. The presence of Negri’s bodies in a plant sample can be used as a diagnostic feature to identify specific fungal infections.在植物样品中存在内格里体可以用作鉴定特定真菌感染的诊断特征。
4. Negri’s bodies are typically round or oval-shaped structures found within infected plant cells under a microscope.在显微镜下观察感染的植物细胞时，内格里体通常呈圆形或卵形结构。
5. The size of Negri’s bodies can vary depending on the fungal species and the stage of infection.内格里体的大小因真菌物种和感染阶段而异。
化学学科介绍英语作文English:Chemistry is the scientific discipline that studies the composition, structure, properties, and transformations of matter. It plays a crucial role in understanding the world around us, from the food we eat to the air we breathe. Chemistry encompasses a wide range of sub-disciplines, such as organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry, biochemistry, and analytical chemistry. Organic chemistry focuses on the study of carbon-containing compounds, while inorganic chemistry deals with compounds that do not contain carbon. Physical chemistry explores the theoretical and experimental aspects of chemical systems, while biochemistry examines the chemical processes occurring in living organisms. Analytical chemistry involves the identification and quantification of chemical compounds. Overall, chemistry is essential for advancements in fields such as medicine, materials science, environmental science, and energy production.中文翻译:化学是研究物质的组成、结构、性质和变化的科学学科。
尿沉渣和尿干化审核标准Problem: Standards for reviewing urine sediment andurine dry chemistry.Urine sediment analysis and urine dry chemistry are important diagnostic tests used in clinical laboratories to assess kidney function and detect various urinary tract disorders. The accurate interpretation of these testsrelies on well-defined standards for review and analysis. This article will discuss the standards and criteria usedin the evaluation of urine sediment and urine dry chemistry, considering multiple perspectives.Urine sediment analysis involves examining the microscopic components present in the urine sample. The primary goal is to identify and quantify the types and amounts of cellular and non-cellular elements. Thestandards for reviewing urine sediment include assessingthe presence of red and white blood cells, epithelial cells, casts, crystals, and bacteria. The quantity and morphologyof these elements are evaluated, and abnormalities are noted. For example, the presence of a significant number of red blood cells may indicate urinary tract bleeding, while the presence of white blood cells may suggest an infection. The identification of specific types of casts, such as hyaline, cellular, or granular casts, can provide insights into kidney function and possible pathologies.In addition to cellular elements, non-cellular components are also evaluated during urine sediment analysis. Crystals, for instance, can indicate the presence of certain metabolic disorders or kidney stones. Common crystals observed in urine sediment include calcium oxalate, uric acid, and struvite crystals. The identification and quantification of crystals are important for diagnosing and monitoring various conditions. Bacteria, if present, can indicate a urinary tract infection, and theiridentification is crucial for appropriate treatment.Urine dry chemistry analysis, on the other hand,involves the use of reagent strips to assess the chemical composition of urine. The strips contain various chemicalpads that react with specific substances in the urine, producing color changes that can be visually or instrumentally interpreted. The standards for reviewing urine dry chemistry results include evaluating parameters such as pH, specific gravity, protein, glucose, ketones, bilirubin, urobilinogen, nitrites, and leukocyte esterase. Each parameter has its own reference range, and any deviation from the normal range can indicate an underlying condition. For example, the presence of glucose in urine may suggest diabetes, while the presence of protein can indicate kidney damage or inflammation.To ensure accurate and reliable results, laboratory professionals performing urine sediment and urine dry chemistry analysis must adhere to strict quality control measures. These measures include proper sample collection and handling, adherence to standardized protocols, regular calibration and maintenance of equipment, and participation in proficiency testing programs. Additionally, ongoing education and training are essential for laboratory professionals to stay updated with the latest advancements in urine analysis and to maintain proficiency in theirinterpretation skills.In conclusion, the standards for reviewing urine sediment and urine dry chemistry involve the evaluation of cellular and non-cellular components, as well as chemical parameters. The identification and quantification of these elements and substances provide valuable information for diagnosing and monitoring various urinary tract disorders. Adherence to strict quality control measures and continuous education are crucial for accurate and reliable interpretation of urine analysis results. By following these standards, laboratory professionals can contribute to the effective diagnosis and management of patients with urinary tract conditions, ultimately improving patient outcomes.。
超高效液相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱的英文Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandemtriple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QQQ-MS/MS) is a powerful analytical technique that combines the high efficiency of UHPLC with the specificity and sensitivity of triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. This hybrid technique has revolutionized the field of analytical chemistry and has become a vital tool for the identification and quantification of a wide range of analytes in complex samples.UHPLC-QQQ-MS/MS offers several advantages overtraditional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) systems. The use of UHPLC allows for faster separations and higher resolution, resulting in increased sensitivity and improved peak capacity. This is especially beneficial for the analysis of complex mixtures, where the ability to separate and detect low abundance analytes is critical. Additionally,the use of triple quadrupole mass spectrometry provides enhanced selectivity and sensitivity for targeted analyte detection, making it ideal for quantitative analysis and trace level detection.One of the key features of UHPLC-QQQ-MS/MS is its ability to perform multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) experiments, which enable highly selective and sensitive quantification of specific analytes in a complex matrix. In MRM mode, the first quadrupole selectively transmits the precursor ion of interest, which is then fragmented in the collision cell, and the resulting product ions are analyzed in the third quadrupole. This allows for precise and accurate quantification of analytes even in the presence of interferences, making UHPLC-QQQ-MS/MS well-suited for applications such as drug metabolism studies, environmental monitoring, and clinical diagnostics.Another important advantage of UHPLC-QQQ-MS/MS is its versatility and flexibility. The system can be easily configured to accommodate different analytical requirements by selecting appropriate chromatographic and mass spectrometric conditions. It can operate in both positive and negative ionization modes, and the use of different chromatographic columns and stationary phases allows for the separation and analysis of a wide range of compounds with diverse chemical properties.In summary, UHPLC-QQQ-MS/MS is a cutting-edge analytical technique that offers exceptional speed, sensitivity, selectivity, and versatility for the identification and quantification of analytes in complex samples. Its ability to perform targeted MRM experiments and adapt to diverse analytical needs makes it an indispensable tool for researchers and analysts in various fields, and its widespread application is expected to continue growing in the future.。
单细胞组学入门简述01细胞细胞，目前我们所发现的生物体基本的结构和功能单位，是一切生命活动的基础。
尽管自Robert Hooke于1665年发现并命名cell至今已经过去三百五十多年了，我们对于细胞的了解仍然少之又少。
所有的生物书上都会写，生物体是由细胞所组成，例如我们人体：细胞-组织-器官-系统-个体；但究竟存在多少种不同的细胞、它们都有什么作用以及它们如何发生改变？就以上问题，大量科学家不断地进行探索，期望有有效的技术手段，可以完整地检查单个细胞的成分，包括在细胞，甚至分子水平上鉴定和治疗疾病，因此单细胞技术应运而生。
02人类细胞图谱计划有这样一位大佬名叫Aviv Regev，被Nature称作为“人类细胞图谱研究先锋”（Nature的图太长太大我就不放了）Aviv Regev来看一下她是做啥的，拿了啥奖我就是一条酸菜鱼，又酸又菜又多余Aviv Regev教授长期以来一直在寻找探索复杂的基因网络在单个细胞中的运作机制的方法，并想了解各个细胞中这些网络有何差异，以及最终各种细胞群体如何协同工作，这些问题的答案将从本质上揭示细胞如何构建复杂的生物体。
2023年末，Regev帮助推出了继人类基因组计划（Human Genome Project）之后又一重磅项目，“国际人类细胞图谱计划（Human Cell Atlas）”，准备对人体中所有（估计37万亿个）细胞进行分类和测序，另外该项目还旨在发现和表征人体内所有可能的细胞状态，成熟和不成熟、满负荷和充分工作状态。
换句话说，HCA想要表征一切人体细胞，覆盖所有组织和器官，描绘健康人体的微观参考图！要知道现在10X单细胞制备平台10x Genomics Chromium Controller仪器一台约80万人民币；一套16反应的10X 3’v3转录组试剂约30万；测序所需费用与测序深度有关，如果一个样品捕获10000个细胞，按照每个细胞100K reads的饱和深度去测序，每个样品需要花费2万元测序费；从细胞到数据，每个样品约花费4万，这还没有包括样品前期处理的精力和成本、建库必须的试剂耗材和人工技术服务等等。
Analytica Chimica Acta 526(2004)131–137Identification and quantification of 13components in Angelica sinensis (Danggui)by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry coupled withpressurized liquid extractiono a ,S.P.Li a ,∗,Kelvin K.W.Kan a ,P.Li a ,J.B.Wan a ,Y .T.Wang a ,∗,Tina T.X.Dong b ,Karl W.K.Tsim baInstitute of Chinese Medical Sciences,University of Macau,Taipa,Macau SAR,PR ChinabDepartment of Biology and Biotechnology Research Institute,The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,Clear Water Bay Road,Hong Kong,PR ChinaReceived 9July 2004;received in revised form 17September 2004;accepted 17September 2004AbstractAngelica sinensis (Danggui in Chinese),a well-known traditional Chinese medicine,is also used as a health food product for women’s care in Europe and America.Therefore,the demand for Danggui is enormous throughout the world.Due to the shortage of Angelica sinensis ,Angelica acutiloba and Angelica gigas are commonly used as the substitutes of Danggui in the market of southeast Asia.However,the three common Angelica roots showed variation in their genetic and chemical composition.Up to date,it is thought that ferulic acid,ligustilide and other phthalides such as butylidenephthalide are the biologically active components of Danggui.In this paper,the contents of 13compounds including ferulic acid,Z -ligustilide,E -ligustilide,Z -butylidenephthalide,E -butylidenephthalide,3-butylphthalide,3-butylidene-4-hydroxyphthalide,senkyunolide A,6,7-epoxyligustilide,senkyunolide F,senkyunolide H,senkyunolide I,and 6,7-dihydroxyligustilide were determined or estimated by using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS)coupled with pressurized liquid extraction (PLE).The results showed that GC–MS coupled with PLE offered a simple,rapid and high sensitive method to analysis of components in Angelica root.And the contents of investigated compounds in Angelica sinensis ,Angelica acutiloba and Angelica gigas ,which are used as Danggui in China,Japan and Korea,respectively,were highly variant.It is thought that interaction of multiple chemical compounds contributes to the therapeutic effects of Chinese medicines.However,the overall clinical efficacy of these different Danggui has not been determined.Therefore,comparison of chemical components and pharmacological activities of different Angelica root is helpful to elucidate the mechanism of therapeutic effects of Danggui.©2004Elsevier B.V .All rights reserved.Keywords:Angelica sinensis ;Angelica acutiloba ;Angelica gigas ;Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry;Pressurized liquid extraction1.IntroductionAngelica sinensis (Danggui in Chinese),one of the most important traditional Chinese medicines,is used for tonifying∗Corresponding authors.Tel.:+868533974692(S.P.Li)/+868533974691(Y .T.Wang);fax:+86853841358(S.P.Li)/+86853841358(Y .T.Wang).E-mail addresses:spli@umac.mo (S.P.Li),ytwang@umac.mo (Y .T.Wang).blood and treating female irregular menstruation and amen-orrhoea.It is also used for treatment of anemia,hyperten-sion,chronic bronchitis,asthma,rheumatism and cardiovas-cular diseases [1–3].It is recorded that 70formulae in China and 56formulae in Japan contain Danggui [1,4].Besides the common usage in Asia,Danggui is also used as a health food product for women’s care in Europe and America.Therefore,the demand for Danggui is enormous throughout the world [5].The Chinese pharmacopoeia (2000)recorded that Dang-gui is derived from root of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.)Diels0003-2670/$–see front matter ©2004Elsevier B.V .All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.aca.2004.09.050o et al./Analytica Chimica Acta526(2004)131–137(Umbelliferae)[1].However,Angelica acutiloba(Sieb.et Zucc.)Kitag.and Angelica gigas Nakai,which are mainly found in Japan and Korea,respectively,are commonly used as the substitutes of Danggui in the market of southeast Asia due to the shortage of Angelica sinensis[6–9].How-ever,the three common Angelica roots showed variation in their genetic and chemical composition[10].These prob-lems,therefore,compromise the values of traditional Chi-nese medicine or even jeopardize the safety of the consu-mers.Among over70compounds isolated and identified from Danggui[11],ferulic acid,ligustilide and other phthalides are thought to be the biologically active components[12–16]. Unfortunately,only ferulic acid and ligustilide were quanti-tated and compared among different species and/or geograph-ical sources of Danggui[10].In addition,high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)[10]and gas chromatography (GC)[17]are limited for quantitative determination of chem-ical components in Danggui because of the absence of chem-ical standards.Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS)offers a powerful tool for identification of chem-ical components in essential oil[18,19].In present study,a method of GC–MS coupled with pressurized liquid extrac-tion(PLE)was developed for simultaneous determination of 13active components including ferulic acid,Z-ligustilide,E-ligustilide,Z-butylidenephthalide,E-butylidenephthalide in Dangui.The amount of13components in different species and/or geographical sources of Angelica root were also comp-ared.2.Materials and methods2.1.Materials and chemicalsThe roots of Angelica sinensis were obtained from Minx-ian of Gansu Province,Lijiang of Yunnan Province collected by us.The roots of Angelica acutiloba were collected from Japan by Dr.Hui Y.Li of National Research Institute for Traditional Sino-Japanese Medicines,Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University.The roots of Angelica gigas were collected from Korea by Dr.Xiu H.Ji of National Prod-ucts Chemistry Laboratory,Department of Applied Biologi-cal and Environmental Chemistry,Seoul National University. All the plant materials were collected in September or Octo-ber after they had been cultivated for2years.The botanical origins of all the materials in forms of whole plants were iden-tified morphologically by us during thefield collection.The voucher specimens of Angelica root were deposited at the Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences,University of Macau, Macau,China.Ferulic acid,Z-butylidenephthalide and E-butylid-enephthalide were purchased from Sigma(St.Louis,MO, USA).Z-ligustilide was purchased from Chroma-Dex(St. Santa Ana,CA,USA).Methanol for GC was purchased from Merck(Darmstadt,Germany).2.2.Pressurized liquid extractionPressurized liquid extractions were performed on a Dionex ASE200(Dionex Corp.,Sunnyvale,CA,USA)system.In brief,raw materials of Angelica root were dried at40◦C for 6h and were ground into powder of0.09–0.13mm.Powder of Danggui(0.3g)was mixed with diatomaceous earth(2g) and placed into11ml stainless steel extraction cell,respec-tively.The use of a dispersion agent,such as diatomaceous earth,is recommended in order to reduce the solvent volume used for the extraction[20].The extraction cell was extracted under the extraction conditions.Then,extract was transferred to a25ml volumetricflask which was brought up to its vol-ume with extraction solvent andfiltered through a0.45m Econofilter(Agilent Technologies)prior to injection into the GC–MS system.2.3.GC–MS analysisGC–MS was performed with an Agilent6890gas chro-matography instrument coupled to an Agilent5973mass spectrometer and an Agilent ChemStation software(Agi-lent Technologies,Palo Alto,CA).Compounds were sep-arated on a30m×0.25mm i.d.capillary column coated with0.25mfilm5%phenyl methyl siloxane.The column temperature was at50◦C for injection,then programmed at 4◦C min−1to180◦C,then at20◦C min−1to300◦C.Split injection(2l)was conducted with a split ratio of1:10and helium was used as carrier gas of1.0ml min−1flow-rate.The spectrometers were operated in electron-impact(EI)mode, the scan range was50–550amu,the ionization energy was 70eV and the scan rate was0.34s per scan.The inlet,ion-ization source temperatures were320and300◦C,respecti-vely.3.Results and discussions3.1.Optimization of PLE procedurePLE procedure was optimized.And the parameters in-clude the type of solvent,particle size,temperature,static extraction time,pressure andflush volume were studied by using univariate approach.Z-ligustilide,E-ligustilide,Z-butylidenephthalide,E-butylidenephthalide and ferulic acid were used as the markers for evaluation of extraction effi-ciency.Influences of solvent,particle size,temperature,static extraction time,pressure andflush volume on the PLE was shown in Figs.1and2,respectively.The recovery efficiency for the PLE procedure was determined by performing con-secutive pressurized liquid extractions on the same sample under the optimized PLE conditions,until no investigated compounds were detected by the analysis.The recovery was calculated based on the total amount of individual investi-gated components.Taking into account the results of op-timization and recovery experiment,the conditions of theo et al./Analytica Chimica Acta 526(2004)131–137133Fig.1.Effects of solvent (A)andparticle size (B)onpressurized liquid extraction of Z -ligustilide (Z -lig,),E -ligustilide (E -lig,),Z -butylidenephthalide (Z -bp,),E -butylidenephthalide (E -bp,)and ferulic acid (FA,)in Angelica sinensis .Condition:particle size,0.125–0.2mm (A),or solvent,methanol (B);temperature,100◦C;static extraction time,5min;pressure,1500psi;flush volume,60%;extraction cycle,1and extraction times,1.The mean values of three determinations are presented.The variation is less than 3%of the mean.PLE method proposed were:solvent,methanol;tempera-ture,100◦C;particle size,0.09–0.13;static extraction time,10min;pressure,1200psi;static cycle,2and 60%of the flush volume.3.2.Identification of components in DangguiChromatograms of PLE extracts from Angelica root were shown in Fig.3.All the main components were separated completely,and 13of them were identified according to the mass spectrum of each component.By comparing the mass spectra of the sample with literature data [18,21–26],peaks 1–13were identified as ferulic acid,3-butylphthalide,Z -butylidenephthalide,3-butylidene-4-hydroxyphthalide,E -butylidenephthalide,senkyunolide A,Z -ligustilide,E -ligustilide,6,7-epoxyligustilide,senkyunolide F,senkyuno-lide H,senkyunolide I,and 6,7-dihydroxyligustilide,respec-tively.The structures are shown in Fig.4.The results are summarized in Table 1.3.3.Quantitation of components in DangguiThe selected ion monitoring (SIM)method was used for the quantification of investigated compounds.A fragment ion m /z 150was used for ferulic acid,m /z 161for Z -ligustilide and E -ligustilide,and m /z 149for Z -butylidenephthalide and E -butylidenephthalide.The mass spectra of Z -ligustilide and E -ligustilide are very similar (data not shown).Therefore,the content of E -ligustilide was estimated using the calibration curve of Z -ligustilide.The calibration curves,which obtained from the ions peak area,for ferulic acid,Z -butylidenephthalide,E -butylidenephthalide,Z -ligustilide were linear over the range 6.35–381,1.9–475,1.24–62and 5.4–540ng absolute on col-umn,respectively.The square coefficients of correlation (r 2)were between 0.9992and 0.9997.The short-term (12h)repeatability as well as the long term (24h)repeatability of ferulic acid,Z -butylidenephthalide,E -butylidenephthalide and Z -ligustilide were calculated for 10times.The peak area of selected ions was relatively stable ex-o et al./Analytica Chimica Acta 526(2004)131–137Fig.2.Influenceof selected factors including temperature (A),pressure (B),static extraction time (C)and flush volume (D)on the PLE extraction of Z -ligustilide (Z -lig,),E -ligustilide (E -lig,᭹),Z -butylidenephthalide (Z -bp, ),E -butylidenephthalide (E -bp, )and ferulic acid (FA, )in Angelica sinensis .Condition:to determine one of the parameters including temperature,pressure,static extraction time and flush volume,the others were set at the system default value (temperature,100◦C;pressure,1500psi;static extraction time,5min;flush volume,60%and extraction cycle,1).Solvent,methanol;particle size,0.09–0.13mm.cept Z -ligustilide showed a higher variation in the long-term repeatability.The R.S.D.of short (long)term repeatability for ferulic acid,Z -butylidenephthalide,E -butylidenephthalide and Z -ligustilide was 1.93%(4.55%),0.94%(5.32%),1.48%(5.21%)and 3.65%(7.41%),respectively.Thus,the quantitation of components such as ligustilide in Angel-ica root must be preformed within 12h after the sample extraction.In order to validate the presented method,a known amount of ferulic acid,Z -butylidenephthalide,E -butylidenephthalide and Z -ligustilide was added into the Angelica root sample and extracted at optimized conditions mentioned above.Theextracted material was subjected to GC–MS,and the con-tent of the analytes was calibrated.The recovery of the tested compounds was between 100.8%and 102.9%with relative standard deviation (R.S.D.)of 1.94–2.49%,where n =5.The contents of ferulic acid,Z -butylidenephthalide,E -butylidenephthalide and Z -ligustilide of different Angelica root were determined by using the calibrated GC–MS.GC or HPLC cannot identify the compounds of the peaks without standard.However,it is easy for using GC–MS.The content of identified components based on mass spectra in Angelica root was estimated by using Z -ligustilide which is one of theTable 1Mass data of 13compounds identified from Danggui Peak pound Rt (min)Mass data a1Ferulic acid 18.64150(100),135(74),118(3),107(29),89(4),77(25),63(4),51(6)23-Butylphthalide 28.96190(M +,4),144(3),133(100),134(11),105(24),77(9),51(3)3Z -Butylidenephthalide 29.43188(M +,21),160(13),159(100),146(32),131(21),103(17),77(13)43-Butylidene-4-hydroxyphthalide 30.64204(M +,34),175(100),162(39),147(21),91(16),73(23),57(31)5E -Butylidenephthalide 30.74188(M +,20),159(100),146(32),131(22),104(12),103(20),77(13)6Senkyunolide A 30.90192(M +,23),163(3),135(5),107(100),79(22)7Z -Ligustilide 31.29190(M +,66),161(100),148(78),134(15),106(32),105(44),77(21),55(33)8E -Ligustilide 32.84190(M +,64),161(100),148(72),134(15),106(33),105(45),77(23),55(36)96,7-Epoxyligustilide 34.52206(M +,100),177(66),164(30),150(20),149(29),135(34),77(30),55(61)10Senkyunolide F 34.58206(33),177(100),150(61),149(64),135(37),107(29),104(29),77(34),71(31),55(30)11Senkyunolide H 35.19224(M +,36),181(16),180(100),165(22),151(42),138(15),123(9),95(14),55(23)12Senkyunolide I 35.64224(M +,30),181(17),180(100),165(18),151(41),138(13),123(10),95(13),55(21)136,7-Dihydroxyligustilide 36.07224(M +,35),180(100),165(26),151(51),95(28),55(53)am /z ,relative intensity is shown in parenthesis,and the ion of relative intensity 100was used for the quantification.o et al./Analytica Chimica Acta526(2004)131–137135Fig.3.GC–MS total ion chromatograms of PLE extract from Angelica sinensis,Angelica acutiloba and Angelica gigas.(1)Ferulic acid;(2)Z-ligustilide;(3)E-ligustilide;(4)Z-butylidenephthalide;(5)E-butylidenephthalide;(6)3-butylphthalide;(7)3-butylidene-4-hydroxyphthalide;(8)senkyunolide A;(9) 6,7-epoxyligustilide;(10)senkyunolide F;(11)senkyunolide H;(12)senkyunolide I;(13)6,7-dihydroxyligustilide.Table2Contents of13compounds in different Angelica root(%)Angelica sinensis Angelica acutiloba Angelica gigasGansu1Gansu2Gansu3Yunnan Hokkado Toyama Korea Ferulic acid0.37(6.06)0.40(6.91)0.42(7.05)0.34(8.82)0.13(7.44)0.14(8.38)0.12(7.09)3-Butylphthalide0.26(4.23)0.19(3.27)0.19(3.20)0.47(12.29)0.15(8.56)0.14(8.63)0.20(11.21)Z-Butylidenephthalide0.12(2.01)0.15(2.59)0.12(2.10)0.08(2.21)0.06(3.30)0.05(2.90)0.05(2.97)3-Butylidene-4-hydroxyphthalide0.14(2.25)0.13(2.25)0.14(2.32)0.14(3.79)0.12(6.94)––E-Butylidenephthalide0.05(0.86)0.05(0.89)0.05(0.80)0.04(1.05)0.02(1.34)0.02(1.36)0.02(1.32) Senkyunolide A0.29(4.68)0.18(3.09)0.18(3.03)0.32(8.37)0.14(7.95)0.14(8.32)0.21(12.19)Z-Ligustilide 3.14(50.93) 3.10(53.19) 3.13(53.09) 1.43(37.68)0.31(17.57)0.44(27.37)0.34(19.22)E-Ligustilide0.68(11.02)0.59(10.04)0.47(8.02)0.30(7.84)0.14(7.72)0.15(9.12)0.14(7.78) 6,7-Epoxyligustilide0.13(2.06)0.13(2.30)0.13(2.19)0.12(3.24)0.12(6.83)––Senkyunolide F0.14(2.32)0.14(2.45)0.14(2.36)0.13(3.32)0.13(7.11)0.13(7.71)0.13(7.15) Senkyunolide H0.16(2.61)0.18(3.07)0.17(2.86)0.13(3.37)0.13(7.11)0.13(7.77)0.13(7.55) Senkyunolide I0.35(5.62)0.45(7.63)0.38(6.51)0.15(4.03)0.16(9.18)0.15(9.12)0.21(11.78) 6,7-Dihydroxy-dihydroligustilide0.33(5.36)0.14(2.33)0.38(6.46)0.15(4.00)0.16(8.95)0.15(9.31)0.21(11.73) Total(%) 6.17 5.83 5.90 3.80 1.79 1.62 1.75 Samples were collected from China(Angelica sinensis),Japan(Angelica acutiloba)and Korea(Angelica gigas).The percentage in13compounds is shown in parenthesis.o et al./Analytica Chimica Acta 526(2004)131–137Fig.4.The structure of 13identified compounds in Angelica root.major phthalides.Table 2shows the summary results on the contents of investigated compounds.The results give some more valued information on the quality of samples,though some errors exist.The results showed that the contents of in-vestigated components in Angelica sinensis were higher than those in Angelica acutiloba and Angelica gigas .In general,the curative effect of traditional Chinese medicine is an in-tegrative result of a number of bioactive compounds.Up to date,ferulic acid,ligustilide and other phthalides are thought to be the biologically active components [12–16].Thus,the contents of these components are correlated with the thera-peutic effects of Angelica root.Therefore,the overall clinical efficacy of these different Angelica root should be determined and compared to distinguish their clinical use.4.ConclusionDanggui is a well-known Chinese traditional medicine.Many studies showed that ferulic acid,ligustilide and other phthalides such as butylidenephthalide are the biologically active components.In this paper,the contents of 13com-pounds including ferulic acid,ligustilides,butylideneph-thalides and other phthalides were determined or estimated by using GC–MS coupled with PLE.The results showed that the contents of investigated compounds in Angelica sinen-sis ,Angelica acutiloba and Angelica gigas ,which are used as Danggui in China,Japan and Korea,respectively,were highly variant.But the overall clinical efficacy of these dif-ferent Danggui has not been determined.It is thought that in-o et al./Analytica Chimica Acta526(2004)131–137137teraction of multiple chemical compounds contributes to the therapeutic effects of Chinese medicines.Therefore,compar-ison of chemical components and pharmacological activities of different Angelica root is helpful to elucidate the mecha-nism of therapeutic effects of Danggui.References[1]Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China,Chemical IndustryPress,Beijing,PR China,2000,p.158(English edition).[2]Q.B.Mei,J.Y.Tao,B.Cui,Advances in the pharmacological studiesof radix Angelica sinensis(Oliv.)Diels(Chinese Danggui),Chin.Med.J.104(1991)776–781.[3]W.Tang,G.F.Eisenbrand,Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin,Springer-Verlag,Berlin,1992,118pp.[4]W.H.Huang,C.Q.Song,Research progresses in the chemistry andpharmacology of Angelica sinensis(Oliv.)Diel,Chin.J.Chin.Mater.Med.26(2001)147–151.[5]S.D.Sarker,L.Nahar,Natural medicine:the genus Angelica,Curr.Med.Chem.11(2004)1479–1500.[6]S.L.Hu,The Authentic and Superior Medicinal Herbals in China,1st ed.,Heilongjiang Publishing House of Science and Technology, Harbin,China,1989,461pp.[7]Y.C.Zhu,Plant Medicinal of Northeast China,1st ed.,HeilongjiangPublishing House of Science and Technology,Harbin,China,1989, 808pp.[8]H.Z.Zheng,Z.H.Dong,J.She,Modern Study of Traditional ChineseMedicine,Xue Yuan Press,Beijing,China,1997,1810pp.[9]A.Watanabe,S.Araki,S.Kobari,H.Udo,T.Tsuchida,T.Uno,N.Kosaka,K.Shimomura,M.Yamazaki,K.Saito,In vitro propaga-tion,restriction fragment length polymorphism,and random ampli-fied polymorphic DNA analyses of Angelica plants,Plant Cell Rep.18(1998)187–192.[10]K.J.Zhao,T.T.Dong,P.F.Tu,Z.H.Song,C.K.Lo,K.W.Tsim,Molecular genetic and chemical assessment of radix Angelica(Dang-gui)in China,J.Agric.Food Chem.51(2003)2576–2583. [11]L.Z.Lin,X.G.He,L.Z.Lian,W.King,J.Elliott,Liquidchromatographic–electrospray mass spectrometric study of the ph-thalides of Angelica sinensis and chemical changes of Z-ligustilide, J.Chromatogr.A810(1998)71–79.[12]C.X.Liu,P.G.Xiao,D.P.Li,Modern Research and Application ofChinese Medicinal Plants,1st ed.,Hong Kong Medical Publisher, Hong Kong,China,2000,166pp.[13]J.Y.Tao,Y.P.Ruan,Q.B.Mei,S.Liu,Q.L.Tian,Y.Z.Chen,H.D.Zhang,Z.X.Duan,Studies on the antiasthmatic action of ligustilide of dang-gui,Angelica sinensis(Oliv.)Diels,Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica198(1984)561–565.[14]W.C.Ko,A newly isolated antispasmodic-butylidenephthalide,Jpn.J.Pharmacol.30(1980)85–91.[15]C.M.Teng,W.Y.Chen,W.C.Ko,C.H.Ouyang,Antiplatelet effectof butylidenephthalide,Biochim.Biophys.Acta924(1987)375–382.[16]X.Mao,L.Kong,Q.Luo,X.Li,H.Zou,Screening and analysisof permeable compounds in Radix Angelica Sinensis with immobi-lized liposome chromatography,J.Chromatogr.B779(2002)331–339.[17]H.J.Fang,R.M.Lu,G.S.Liu,Studies on the components of essen-tial parison of the major constituents of the essential oil from two species of Dang gui(Angelica sinensis(Oliv.)Diels and Levisticum officinale Koch(author’s transl),Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica14(1979)617–623.[18]H.X.Li,M.Y.Ding,J.Y.Yu,Separation and identification of thephthalic anhydride derivatives of Liqusticum Chuanxiong Hort by GC–MS,TLC,HPLC–DAD,and HPLC–MS,J.Chromatogr.Sci.40(2002)156–161.[19]A.Gauvin,H.Ravaomanarivo,J.Smadja,Comparative analysis bygas chromatography–mass spectrometry of the essential oils from bark and leaves of Cedrelopsis grevei Baill,an aromatic and medic-inal plant from Madagascar,J.Chromatogr.A1029(2004)279–282.[20]ASE200Accelerated Solvent Extractor Operator’s Manual,Docu-ment No.031149,Revision01,Dionex,Sunnyvale,CA,1995. [21]Y.Z.Chen,N.Y.Chen,X.Y.Ma,Analysis of the ingredients of An-gelica sinensis,Chem.J.Chin.Univ.5(1984)125–129.[22]W.X.Zhong,S.P.Liang,CG–MS identification study on RadixAngelicae Sinensis and Rhizoma Ligustici Chuanxiong in tradi-tional Chinese patent medicines,Chin.Trad.Patent Med.19(1997) 32–34.[23]C.X.Zhou,J.K.Zou,Y.Z.Chen,Determination of ligustilide inAngelica sinensis essential oil by GC–MS,Chin.J.Pharm.Anal.22 (2002)290–292.[24]P.Z.Cong,Organic Mass Spectrometry,1st ed.,Medicinal Technolo-gies Publishing House of China,Beijing,China,2003,1320pp. [25]X.H.Lu,H.Liang,Y.Y.Zhao,Isolation and identification of theligustilide compounds from the root of Angelica sinensis,China J.Chin.Mater.Med.28(2003)423–425.[26]W.H.Huang, C.Q.Song,Studies on the chemical constituentsof Angelica sinensis,Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica38(2003)680–683.。
