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第一篇古代的城市第一章城市的起源一、从狩猎、自然采集到饲养家畜原始社会大约有几十万年的时间，原始人过着完全依附于自然的狩猎与采集经济生活，即猎人有时穴居、巢居，有时跟踪兽群游猎。
旧石器时代，人们为谋取生存，游猎范围较广。
而旧石器时代晚期，人类转入了相对定居的生活，开始出现了土窑。
有的居住地有好几个土窟（图1—1）。
考古学家发现，大约在一万五千年前的中石器时代，部落居民点出现了。
渔民与猎人不同，渔民往往需要一个基地，以便以捕捉鱼类、贝壳、收集海藻以及采集块茎植物为生。
那些滨水定居点有三个特征（1）茅屋或帐篷选址显示出某种相对的秩序或者受自然条件如气温、日照、潮汐和风的影响。
（2）建筑物布局显示出社会的等级关系。
（3）避邪符咒与占卜盛行。
中石器时代的主要特点：一是出现了细石器，二是发明了弓箭，三是绵羊与狗的驯养，这是驯养家畜的开始。
当人们学会了饲养家畜，社会发展进入了一个新的阶段，但为了寻找牧草和适宜气候，他们还不得不经常流动，并从事实物交换。
他们活动于过冬暂息点与夏季放牧地之间，具有良好水源地方成了定居点，主要以帐篷为家。
二、农业革命与农业居民点一万或一万二千年以前，即新石器时代中期，—个新时代开始了，即农业革命。
在与自然的长期斗争中，原始人学会了播种，以及有组织的采图1—1 旧石器时代晚期定居点集，使农收与畜牧分离开来。
产生了第一次社会（今乌克兰）大分工。
那时原始的农业和畜牧业为人们提供了经常的食物积存，因而人们进入了永久的定居生活，并使得经常性的交换成为可能。
土地耕作者的居民点产生于公元前7000~4000年（图1—2）。
人的定居同避寒暑风雨，同罗盘上的方位与基地自然条件密切结合起来。
陶器的出现是人们定居生活的证明。
新石器时代的住所有了很大的进步，并且具有明显的地方特色。
房屋设计的造型，吸取了容器塑造的构思(图1—3)。
图1-2 新石器时代居民点（今德国Hallstatt）今天已很难找到原始农村定居点的遗址。
Chapter IV The cities of ancient India and ancient cities in the AmericasSection1 India city1. The rise of cities and ancient Indian civilizationIndia is one of the birthplaces of the ancient culture in the world. Around about 3000 BC, primitive tribes already began to disintegrate in northern India; there is a number of slavery. Indus civilization (2600 BC to 1500) is famous for the ancient Indian and Harappa. The existence of Harappa culture was founded in 1922. Archaeologists had regarded Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa as the two capitals, assumed the common country controlled by the two countries. But recent survey shows that Bikarner under the desert where there is a class called the Cary city remains dry, it is possible there is still the center of several developed.Aryans made the India culture more diversity. Around 1000 BC, the settlements began to build the wall. Housing and Urban also started to develop planning guidelines including the architecture and sculpture. Residential and towns were required to construct by the direction because of “good omen”. City blocks were divided by the standard. Each town has something long street called the street. Another north-south street is called Broad Street. A street around the town is used for religious processions. The center of city is a high land which after became the Stupa tower. The Indraprastha and Hastinapura were constructed by the style of heaven.2 The profile of the ancient IndianMohenjo-DaroThe Circumference of this town is more than 5 km, the plane is square, about 1 km square. the population was about at 30,000 ~ 40,000. There are 3 South A venue and 2 East Boulevard like the partition board.. The city's main roads and buildings are constructed by the local wind direction.The high land is “castle”, and the low is original street.The middle of the lot 1/3 is high mound. It was built above the water level 13.1-meter-high. The more prominent is the large bath and a large barn which had corridors and rooms. The drainage is quite complete there. East streets are divided into the larger neighborhood; numerous trails Square are divided into smaller workshops. The square is different.. Some houses are two floors, which had relatively complete drainage system.HarappaIt is also a West Highland castle where had the administrative center. Road system, drainage systems, and residential arrangements have proved that that time had reached quite a high level of technology, planning very well.City FIt was built BC 5、6 centry, which was famous for the capital of the slavery in India. The location is quite ideal that leaded to the important in the business. It had been the most big city in India. At that time, it attracted many Buddhist students from all over India to study.Section 2 The ancient city of the Americas1 the profile of the culture of the ancient the AmericasBefore the invasion of European settlers, the American people have created a wealth of material wealth and spiritual culture which made outstanding contributions to humanity. Most of them were still primitive stage. But in some areas of Central and South America have begun to enter the stage of social. Mexico, Maya and Inca formed three huge culture cities.MexicoAbout a million years to five thousand years ago, there had been relatively high Stone Ageculture in Mexico. About mid-10th century BC, the Olmec culture emerged. The late 10th century BC, they established the slavery country in the center of Tenochtitlan. AD 1325 Aztec region from the north to Mexico built the Tenochtitlan which is now Mexico.MayaGu Maya region, including Mexico's Y ucatan Peninsula today and Guatemala, Honduras and other countries. Mayan culture is one of the world-famous ancient civilizations.Mayan monuments began in the early AD. They established some city-state of slavery countries in the southern Y ucatan Peninsula, northeast of Lake Charles Beideng Yi. Tikal is the most biggest among them. Between 5 to 6 century AD, Chichen Itza was built.IncaIn AD 1438, the Incas conquered a number of tribes and established the country that rule many regions now.Inca culture reaches a higher level. Inca masonry is also a great architect. They built grand pyramid temples and castles. Many buildings are kept in Machu Picchu. Two huge streets were built by them that is incredible.2 The ancient city of the AmericasThe religious or political center is one of the few sites that can be saved. Residential area is difficult to be founded nearby the city. Sometimes, the temple or religious ceremony at the site of the line could not be found in residential area , there is no market sites.The sites were considered from the distance from the fertile land, water source and materials. Furthermore, the defense of the city was also important.Teotihuacan.Teotihuacán. is the one of the birthplace of the India culture and capital. It is also the center of the religions.Teotihuacan located the center of plateau which is 48 km from Mexico City now. It was built in the BC 1 century. The most prosperous period is about in 3 to 9 century. The area is 18 square kilometers. There are many of people in there because of the cool climate, fertile land and lush forests. It is a leader on religious, political and religious in Central America.Buildings in city centre are consisted of a series of religious ritual, which located in a 2 km-long road on both side. The building includes Sun temple, moon temple, the Plumed Serpent and so on . The arrangement is quite strict. Temple of the Sun and the Moon probably built in the first century AD. The sun temple is the highest in many buildings in Central America which up to 64.5 meters and 210 meters on each side of the bottom. The Plumed Serpent is one of the most attractive buildings in ancient Mexico, which built in 2 century AD.TenochtitlanAztec's main achievement in construction is mainly Tenochtitlan. Tenochtitlan had developed into a city of more than 10 million people before invasion. City in the center of Salt Lake, there are three dikes linking the city and the shore. Water from the land with water pipes sent. City was divided by the cannel. Cross city streets and canals, with locks on the river to regulate the amount of water. There are many trees and gardens in the city. Aztec created a floating garden with the raft.TicalMayan city is famous for temple, square, pyramid courtyards and corridors. The special example is the Tical, which is the most ancient city of America. It is the site of 10.5 squarekilometers. Buildings located in the north and south of the courtyard and around the square. There was a temple in city, which built in the 45 meters high’s three-tier pyramid. The height of the temple and pyramid is 45 meters. Courtyard-style building is usually in the foot pyramid. Chichen ItzaTaiwan g Dole came from Mexico and original indigenous Mayans built the city. One of the most important is a 24-meter-high pyramid temple. The temple is divided into 9 floors. The base is 75*75 meter. A large of buildings is in the front of the temple. Besides, the city also has a circular temple.。
外国城市建设史古印度与古代美洲的城市第一节古印度城市一、古印度文明与城市的兴起1、地理位置——印度河印度河发源于西藏，流经克什米尔，巴基斯坦。
恒河流域，印度半岛2、古代印度城市建筑史（1）在印度河流域考古发现古印度城市遗址（公元前3000~~2000年）（2）公元前2000~~500年吠陀文化时期（3）公元前324~~187年孔雀帝国文化时期（4）公元前187~~公元320贵霜帝国（4）公元320~~467年岌多帝国文化时期二、古印度城市概况1、莫享约一达罗城此城为现今已知最早的城市建设（公元前3000-前2000年），在今巴基斯坦信德省内。
面积7。
77平方公里，内有民居、宫殿、庙宇、主次分明的方格形道路网和完整的上下水道。
主要街道的走向同主要风向一致，南北走向，宽约10米，由东西向的次要街道连接起来，每个街区336×275米。
街区以道路划分较大的街坊，坊内又以小路划分更小的街坊，排水系统比较完善。
2、哈拉帕城寨哈拉帕文化属奴隶社会初期，居住地一般都有高高的厚实城墙环绕，面积可达几百公顷，市内的大街宽而直，并附有布置均匀的房屋，街道一般为直角。
哈拉帕城寨雄居于高地之上，有着厚厚的城墙，并在其中集中了规模庞大的行政建筑物。
第二节古代美洲的城市一、古代美洲历史文化概况1、地理位置（1）墨西哥地区（2）古马雅地区：墨西哥尤卡半岛，危地马拉，洪都拉斯（3）古印加地区：厄瓜多尔，哥伦比亚，智利，阿根廷2、历史文化（1）奥尔梅克文化（2）玛雅文化（3）印加文化二、古代美洲城市1、特奥蒂瓦坎城（墨西哥）特奥蒂瓦坎原义是天神降生之所，为印地安文化发祥地之一。
它位于墨西哥中部高原，离现在的墨西哥城48公里。
城市中心是一组举行宗教礼仪的记念建筑物，分布在一条长达2公里的大道两侧，包括好几座雄伟的庙宇，庙宇以月神庙为主，在主轴线的一端，其他建筑物形成若干个横轴，布局相当严谨。
2、诺奇迪特兰城、（1）阿兹台克人建造了诺奇迪特兰城，城建在盐湖的中央，用三道堤把城市和湖岸连接起来。
外国城建史第一章古代城市城市起源第一次社会大分工——农业从畜牧业中分离出来（p.s.新石器时代中期：农业革命）固定居民点第二次社会大分工——手工业从农业中剥离出来第三次社会大分工——商品、货币交易、商人、私有制、阶级（BC4000-3000城市产生、城市革命）古埃及4个时期：古王国时期、中王国时期、新王国时期、晚期1.城市概况孟菲斯古城：（第一王朝/古王国首都）白城、持续千年卡洪城：（见下文）中王国底比斯城：（中王朝首都）分置尼罗河两岸、神庙位于城中、南北中轴、精美柱雕、凿岩为陵崖墓崇拜（巉岩）“百门之城”阿玛纳城：（新王朝都城）崇拜太阳、无城墙带形城市、顺尼罗河布置、灵活的棋盘道路格局、北（下层）中（皇帝）南（官吏）三区、出现城市中心区、毁于风沙2.卡洪城布局特点1）布局特点：①绿洲小城、长方形（380×260）、砖砌城墙、东西分区（死墙）、南北分阶层（奴隶、贵族、中产者）。
②明显反映阶级对立：贫民住宅7～10 ㎡，贵族宅院有的占地60m*45m，70 多个房间，几层院落。
③城东有集市、城市中心有神庙，城东南角有一大型坟墓。
2）意义：①现存人类按网格体系规划居住地最早的证据②城外建有巨大金字塔、墓葬和神庙，暗示城内住民除了从事农业，更多的人是从事修建金字塔的工作③早期阶级分化的产物，有严格的阶级分区、功能分区；尤其是贵族住宅朝向北面凉风的位置（地中海），西部劳动人民住宅却迎着沙漠吹来的热风的方向，反映了明显的阶级差别3.古埃及城市建设成就1）用地因地制宜，城镇庙宇建于尼罗河畔的天然和人工高地上，有利于解决水源与交通运输；金字塔建于尼罗河两岸，远离河道的高地沙漠上，使法老尸体不受河流泛滥之患2）最早运用功能分区的原则，如卡洪城分两区，阿玛纳分三区3）最早应用棋盘式路网，希波丹姆斯形式雏形4）早期规划的”死者之城”及新王国时期规划的阿玛纳城均出色的进行了建筑群与城市景观设计（中轴线布局、序列、对比、主题、尺度）两河流域和波斯（幼发拉底和底格里斯的两河流域及伊朗高原）古巴比伦王国-埃及帝国&亚述帝国-新巴比伦王国-波斯帝国&马其顿帝国美索不达米亚文明（两河文明）发源于底格里斯河和幼发拉底河之间的苏美尔地区1.乌尔城（BC2000—2100）有城墙城壕的卵形城市、内城为宫殿和僧侣府第、分区明显、以山岳台为核心的公共中心（税收、署衙、作坊、商店、仓库等）、四合院宫殿、小街避日晒2.巴比伦城与新巴比伦城3000BC巴比伦城 650BC新巴比伦城（跨河两岸）矩形平面、双重城墙、设九门、高大的山岳台和神庙、狭窄的小巷、新巴比伦的空中花园、东方贸易中心P.s.爱克巴塔纳（伊朗首府）：中国的向天法地思想古印度死者之丘莫亨约达罗城（卫城、下城）；周密计划的哈拉巴城；孔雀王朝时期的华氏城古代美洲地区1.三个文化中心：古墨西哥、古玛雅、古印加2.古墨西哥：特奥蒂瓦坎城、丹诺奇迪特兰城3.古玛雅：提卡尔城、奇琴伊察城（羽蛇城）4.古印加：马丘比丘遗址古希腊1.4个时期：荷马时期、古风时期、古典时期、希腊化时期四大发展动因：朴素唯物论、奴隶制民主政治、科技发展、没有宗教特权阶层的阻挠2.卫城（图）1）目的①赞美雅典，纪念反侵略战争的伟大胜利和炫耀它的霸主地位②把卫城建设成为全希腊的最重要的圣地，宗教和文化中心，吸引各地的人前来，繁荣雅典③给自由民工匠以就业机会，建设中限定使用奴隶的数量不得超过工人总数的25%④感谢守护神雅典娜保佑雅典在坚苦卓绝的反波斯入侵战争中赢得的辉煌的胜利2）布局特点：雅典作为最民主的城邦国家，卫城发展了民间自然神圣地自由活泼的布局方式；建筑物的安排顺应地势；为了同时照顾山上山下的观赏，主要建筑物贴近西、北、南三个边沿。
第四章外国古代城市建设史城市的发源地：尼罗河流域的埃及，两河流域的美索不达米亚，黄河中下游的中国，印度河流域的印度一、古代埃及城市（一）古代埃及城市发展背景（二）古埃及城市特点1．城市一般沿尼罗河布置，注意因地制宜2．有统一规划，形制较规整3．有简单的功能分区4．进行了建筑群与城市景观设计（三）古埃及典型城市举例古埃及典型的城市有：●孟菲斯城----古埃及第一王朝的都城,反映人与神、死的对立；神与死者的结合●底比斯城----十一王朝首都，反映神与人相结合，与死者的对立，生死观念转变●卡洪城----古埃及城市典型布局●阿玛纳城----新王国时期建造，城市有良好的功能分区，棋盘式道路，把神权向人权转化● 1.卡洪城●特点：a.有简单的功能分区：按阶级分区● b.规划比较方整，有统一的规划● 2.阿玛纳城●特点：a.有一定的分区● b.道路基本为棋盘式● c.中央区的建设● d.城市没有神秘、巫术、昏暗和阴沉的感觉二、美索不达米亚的城市（一）社会背景1.社会进程:在此比较有名的几个朝代有：a.苏美尔人的城市国家公元前3500年b.古巴比伦王国c.亚述帝国d.新巴比伦王国2.宗教文化：对神权的崇拜很淡，并没有政教合一，文化是交汇融合的，信仰多神教。
3.社会特征、科技：利用夯土和砖进行城市建设，出现陶钉硫璃（二）美索不达米亚的城市特点1．多建于河边的高地上2．城市大多不太规则3．城市内的主要建筑是宗教和宫殿4．城市有明显的防御作用5．城市中有铺砌的街道和下水道如：•乌尔城—奠定了沙漠地区干旱地区的城市形态，街道窄，墙体厚重，平面为卵形，城市出现以山岳为主的城市公共中心，宫殿为四合院，山岳台中有庙宇，商业等，城市保留大量耕地，零星居民点。
•新巴比伦城—一个方正的平面，厚重的二重城墙，幼发拉底河穿城而过，宫中花园位于北部，最宽道路7.5米，王和民的对比，大量应用土和砖石造拱，彩色硫璃装饰。
•尼尼微城—古亚述首都，城址选于高差25米坡上，城分内外两圈，向北倾向底格里斯河•爱克巴纳城—用人工反映宇宙的观念，类似中国的象天法地（三）典型城市举例1.乌尔城特点：a.城市平面呈不规则的卵形b.城市由中间城寨和外城构成c.中间城寨宗教、宫殿、星象台占有大面积2.新巴比伦城a.城市布局不规整b.防御作用非常明显c.市中心布置在主干道和河流之间d.所有住宅都向院内开门e.世界七大奇迹之一的“空中花园”（四）城市建设成就1．地方特色建筑形式和城市布局形式（乌尔城）2．建筑的全方位防御。
.外国城市建设史古印度与古代美洲的城市第一节古印度城市一、古印度文明与城市的兴起1、地理位置——印度河印度河发源于，流经克什米尔，巴基斯坦。
恒河流域，印度半岛2、古代印度城市建筑史（1）在印度河流域考古发现古印度城市遗址（公元前3000~~2000年）（2）公元前2000~~500年吠陀文化时期（3）公元前324~~187年孔雀帝国文化时期（4）公元前187~~公元320贵霜帝国（4）公元320~~467年岌多帝国文化时期二、古印度城市概况1、莫享约一达罗城此城为现今已知最早的城市建设（公元前3000-前2000年），在今巴基斯坦信德省。
面积7。
77平方公里，有民居、宫殿、庙宇、主次分明的方格形道路网和完整的上下水道。
主要街道的走向同主要风向一致，南北走向，宽约10米，由东西向的次要街道连接起来，每个街区336×275米。
街区以道路划分较大的街坊，坊又以小路划分更小的街坊，排水系统比较完善。
2、哈拉帕城寨哈拉帕文化属奴隶社会初期，居住地一般都有高高的厚实城墙环绕，面积可达几百公顷，市的大街宽而直，并附有布置均匀的房屋，街道一般为直角。
哈拉帕城寨雄居于高地之上，有着厚厚的城墙，并在其中集中了规模庞大的行政建筑物。
第二节古代美洲的城市一、古代美洲历史文化概况1、地理位置（1）墨西哥地区（2）古马雅地区：墨西哥尤卡半岛，危地马拉，洪都拉斯（3）古印加地区：厄瓜多尔，哥伦比亚，智利，阿根廷2、历史文化（1）奥尔梅克文化（2）玛雅文化（3）印加文化二、古代美洲城市1、特奥蒂瓦坎城（墨西哥）特奥蒂瓦坎原义是天神降生之所，为印地安文化发祥地之一。
它位于墨西哥中部高原，离现在的墨西哥城48公里。
城市中心是一组举行礼仪的记念建筑物，分布在一条长达2公里的大道两侧，包括好几座雄伟的庙宇，庙宇以月神庙为主，在主轴线的一端，其他建筑物形成若干个横轴，布局相当严谨。
2、诺奇迪特兰城、（1）阿兹台克人建造了诺奇迪特兰城，城建在盐湖的中央，用三道堤把城市和湖岸连接起来。
