2006-Pfefferbaum-From Rats to Monkeys to Man

2006年Text 3①When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals: they suddenly became extinct. ②Smaller species survived. ③The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. ④Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.①当史前人类到达世界的新区域时，奇怪的事情发生在大型动物身上：它们突然灭绝了。

②较小的物种幸存下来。

③大型的、生长缓慢的动物很容易成为猎物，并被迅速猎杀直至灭绝。

④现在类似的情况可能正在海洋中发生。

①That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. ②What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. ③They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. ④Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. ⑤According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation.⑥In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then.①人们很多年前就已经知晓海洋被过度捕捞这个事实。

北京第二外国语学院2006年硕士研究生入学考试试卷英语专业文学专业综合考试1卷满分：150考试说明：请将答案写在试卷上Instructions: You are required to answer all the following questions in English.I. Explain the following (15)1. the Glorious Revolution2. the Ku Klux Klan3. Progressive MovementII. Choose the correct answer from teach of the following (15)1. Which of the following is the most famous of all British newspapers?A. The Times.B. The Guardian.C. Daily TelegraphD. Daily Mirror2. Which of the following is a tabloid?A. New Statesman.B. The Sun.C. Sunday Times.D. Morning Star3. How many terms was Franklin Roosevelt elected for?A. One.B. Two.C. Three.D. Four.4. The nuclear family consists of the following except .A. grandmother.B. mother.C. father.D. unmarried children.5. The first group of English Puritans to land in America called themselves "Pilgrims" becauseA. it was the name of their churchB. they had been persecuted .,.C. they had wandered for a great distance in search of freedomD. they came from HollandIII. Answer the following question (20)What, according to the author, is the fundamental cause of poverty in affluent America?IV. Complete each of the following statements. (8)1. A morpheme is one that cannot constitute a word by itself.2. By duality is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of thelevel are composed of elements of the level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.3. According to Chomsky, the object of investigation in linguistics is the ideal speaker’s rather than his performance.4. According to G Leech, meaning is the communicative value an expression has by virtue of what it refers to, over and above its purely conceptual content.5. "X buys something from Y" and "Y sells something to X" are in a relation of .6. In linguistics, languages are studied at a theoretical point in time: one describesa ’state’ of the language, disregarding whatever changes might be taking place.7. The features that define our human languages can be called features.V. Tell if each of the following statements is true or false. (8)l. The last sound of "sit" can be articulated as an unreleased or released plosive. These different realizations of the same phoneme are in complementary distribution.2. All words contain a root morpheme.3. After comparing "They stopped at the end of the corridor" with "At the end of the corridor, they stopped", you may find some difference in meaning, and the difference can be interpreted in terms of collocative meaning.4."Tulip", "rose" and "violet" are all included in the notion of "flower", therefore they are super ordinates of "flower".5. The words "water" and "teacher" have a common phoneme and a common morpheme as well.6. Paradigmatic relation in syntax is alternatively called horizontal relation.7. Root also falls into two categories: free and bound.8. The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is known as the referential theory.VI. Fulfill the following requirements.(22)1. Distinguish between the two possible meanings of more beautiful flowers by means of IC analysis.(4)2. Classify the following pairs of antonyms into the three types such as complementary, gradable, and converse.(4)Host----guest borrow ----lend innocent-----guilty strong ------weak3. Tell whether each of the underlined part is endocentric or exocentric.(4)a matter of degree the man who laughed It is going to take placeThe train arrived on time.4. Give the phonetic term for each of the following descriptions. (2)(1) the sound produced by the lower lip and the upper front teeth(2) the sound produced with a complete closure in the mouth so that the air stream cannot escape through the mouth5. Fill in the blank: (1)=CHILD (x, y) & MALE (x)6. Tell the sense relation between a and b in each pair: (3)(1) a. She got a tulip.b. She got a flower.(2) a. You haven t returned the book to me.b. You received a book from me.(3) a. The boy chased the dog.b. The dog was chased by the boy.7. Analyze the following dialogue with reference to Grice’s Cooperative Principle: (4) A: I know you are a famous sociologist. Could you define the term "culture", please1?B: Well, culture is culture. That’s it.VII. Answer the following questions briefly. (12)1. What is a root used in morphology? (3)2. Define "minimal pairs". (3)3. What is meant by "arbitrariness" according to Saussure? (6)VIII. Complete the following sentences by choosing and mark the best alternative (A, B, C or D) in each bracket (20)( ) 1. Geoffrey Chaucer, the "father of English poetry", is one of the greatest poets of England.A. LyricalB. narrativeC. sonnetD. dramatic( ) 2. "To be, or not to be: that is the question: / Whether ’tis nobler in the mind to suffer/The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, / Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, /And by opposing end them." This excerpt is taken from Shakespeare’s tragedy .A. Romeo and JulietB. King LearC. Othello, the Moore of VeniceD. Hamlet, Prince of Denmark( ) 3. The trumpet of a prophecy "0 Wind,/If winter comes, can Spring be far behind?" is from .A. Keat’s Ode to a NightingaleB. Byron’s The Isles of GreeceC. Shelly’s Ode to the West WindD. Frost’s Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening( ) 4. The following works are all of Charles Dickens except .A. Oliver TwistB. David CopperfieldC. Great ExpectationD. Martin Eden( ) 5. The form of John Bunyan’s masterpiece, The Pilgrim’s Progress, isA. allegoryB. epicC. fairytalesD. legend( ) 6. Jane Erye and the greater WutheringHeight by brought to the novel an introspection and an intense concentration on the inner life of emotion which before them had been the province of poetry alone.A. Virginia WoolfB. George EliotC. the Bronte sistersD. Emily Dickinson( ) 7. The Victorian poets include (① Lord Alfred Tennyson ② Robert Browning ③Matthew Arnold ④John Keats)A. ①②④B. ②③④C. ①②③D. ①③④( ) 8. The spokesman for the school of "Art for Art’s Sake" isA. Oscar WildeB. Bernard ShawC. William Yeats .D. Thomas Hardy ?( ) 9. "Diedrich Knickerbocker" is the pseudonym of for his works which combines European legends with New England reality.A. CooperB. Washington IrvingC. Nathaniel HawthorneD. Philip Frenau( ) 10. Ralph Waldo Emerson is one of the greatest American litterateurs whose call for an independent American culture played a crucial part in the American intellectual history.The following works are all his exceptA. NatureB. "The Poet"C. "The American Scholar"D. Walden( ) 11. The term of "the gilded age" comes from ’s work with the same name.A. F. S. FitzgeraldB. William FaulknerC. Mark TwainD. James Joyce( ) 12. The following authors are famous American realist novelists exceptA. Henry JamesB. Jack LondonC. Mark TwainD. Stephen Crane( ) 13. The novel describes the struggle of a young country girl, half aware of her powers, to protect herself against the cunning wiles of the capitalist society.A. Tess of the D’UrbervillesB. Pride and PrejudiceC. The Purple ColorD. Sister Carrie( ) 14. "The Lost generation" refers to the young who experienced the disillusion after WWI. One of its representative writers isA. William FaulknerB. F. S. FitzgeraldC. Langston HughesD. Vladimir Nabokov( ) 15. Mark Twain’s claim to greatness in American literature lies in the fact that his works reflect the keynote of localism atA. the Romantic AgeB. the Age of ModernismC. the Age of RealismD. the Jazz Age( ) 16. Although modernism is a vague term in definition, it might contain some characteristics such as __________ (①complexity ②the use of symbols ③allusion ④irony)A. ①②④B. ②③C.①②③D. ①②③④( ) 17. The title of the following poem "The apparition of these faces in the crowd/ Petals on a wet, black bough.” isA. "The Waste Land"B. "In a Station of the Metro"C. "The Road not Taken"D. "The Negro Speaks of Rivers( ) 18. is the only Afro-American woman writer who won the Nobel Prize in literature.A. Toni MorrisonB. Lalita TademyC. Catherine Ann PorterD. Alice Walker( ) 19. As the leader of the Harlem writers who created the Black Renaissance, was known as the "Poet Laureate of Harlem".A. Ralph EllisonB. Langston HughesC. Richard WrightD. Alice Walker( ) 20. As the first important American playwright with 49 published plays, did a great to establish the modes of the modern theatre in the country.A. BeckettB. Eugene O’NeilC. RichardsonD. Bernard ShawIX. Explain the following literary phrases and indicate at least one representative writer with one of his major works respectively. (15)1. Code hero2. Angry Young Man3. The Jazz AgeX. Read the following excerpt and answer the questions. (15)One night I accidentally bumped into a man, and perhaps because of the near darkness he saw me and called me an insulting name. I sprang at him, seized his coat lapels and demanded that he apologize. He was a tall blond man, and as my face close to his he looked insolently out of his blue eyes and cursed me, his breath hot in my face as he struggled. I pulled his chin down sharp upon the blood gush out, and I yelled, "Apologize! Apologize!" But he continued to curse and struggle, and I butted him again and again until he went down heavily, on his knees, profusely bleeding. I kicked him repeatedly, in a frenzy because he still uttered insults though his lips were frothy with blood. Oh yes, I kicked him! And in my outrage I got out my knife and prepared to slit his throat, right there beneath the lamplight in the deserted street, holding him by the collar with one hand, and opening the knife with my teeth - when it occurred to me that man had not see me, actually; that me, as far as he knew, was in the midst of a walking nightmare! And I stopped the blade, slicing the air as I pushed him away, letting him fall back to the street.I stared at him hard as the lights of a car stabbed through the darkness, he lay there, moaning on the asphalt; a man almost killed by a phantom. It unnerved me. I was both disgusted and ashamed.I was like a drunken man myself, wavering about on weakened legs. Then I was amused. Somethingin this man’s thick head has sprung out and beaten him within an inch of his life. I began to laugh at this crazy discovery. Would he have awakened at the point of death? Would Death himself have freed him for wakeful living? But I didn’t linger. I ran away into the dark, laughing so hard I feared I might rupture myself. The next day I saw his picture in the Daily News, because a captain stating that he has been "mugged". Poor fool, poor blind fool, I thought with sincere compassion, mugged by an invisible man!1. What novel is this excerpt chosen from? Who is the author?2. Summarize the narrator’s change of emotion in encountering the white man and analyze the causes for the change.3. What is the significance of this novel in literature history答案：英美概况部分I. Explain the following (15)1. the Glorious Revolutiona. It refers to the event of 1688 the English Revolution, when the Catholic king James II was forced to flee with his baby son to France.b. The throne was offered to his daughter and her husband Dutch king William.c. The Bill of Rights was passed by Parliament to restrict the power of the Monarchy.d. This was the beginning of the Constitutional Monarchy in Britain.2. the Ku Klux Klana. After the Civil War, some southern whites formed the Ku Klux Klan.b. It was a violent secret society that hoped to protect white interests and advantages by terrorizing blacks and preventing them from making social advances.c. By 1872, the federal government had suppressed the Klan, but it revived several times in later history.3. Progressivea. It was a movement in early 20th century to reform society and individuals through government action.b. It was primarily a movement of social engineer who believed that scientific and cost-efficient solutions could be found to all political problems.II. Choose the correct answer from teach of the following (15)1. A2. B3. D4. A5. CIII. Answer the following question (20)The fundamental cause of poverty in affluent America is the overall unequal distribution of wealth and income. The richest fifth of American family receives over 40 percent of the national income, whereas the poorest fifth receives only 5.21 percent.语言学部分IV. Complete each of the following statements. (8)1. bound2. primary, secondarypetence4. connotative5. synonymy6.synchronic7.designV. Tell if each of the following statements is true or false. (8)l. F 2.T 3. F 4. F 5. F 6. F 7. T 8.TVI. Fulfill the following requirements. (22)1. ((more beautiful) flowers) (more (beautiful flowers))2. complementary: innocent---guilty,gradable: strong---weak,converse: host---guest borrow---lend3. endocentric: a matter of degree the man who laughed It is going to take place exocentric: The train arrived on time.4. (l) labiodental (2) nasal5. son6. (1) entailment (2) presupposition (3)synonymy7. B fails to comply with Maxim of quantity and Maxim of manner.VII. Answer the following questions briefly. (12)See the text book英美文学部分VIII. Complete the following sentences by choosing and mark the best alternative (A, B, C or D) in each bracket. (20 )1. B2. D3.C4. D5. A6. C7. C8. A9. B 10. D11. C 12. D 13. D 14. B 15. C16. D 17. B 18. A 19. B 20. BIX. Explain the following literary phrases and indicate at least one representative writer with one of his major works respectively. (15)答案略X. Read the following excerpt and answer the questions. (15)答案略。

2006 年GRE北美模拟试题⑵2006年GRE北美模拟试题(2)2006年GRE北美模拟试题(2)1. although there are weeks of n egotiati ons ahead, and perhaps setbacks and new surprises, leaders of both parties are ---that their differe nces can be resolved. (a) optimistic(b) perplexed(c) apprehe nsive(d) in credulous(e) un certa in2. the losing animal in a struggle saves itself from destruction by an act of ----, an act usually recognized and ---by the winner.(a) submissi on.. accepted(b) hostility.. avoided(c) bluffi ng .. reaffirmed(d) an ger.. condoned(e) hatred.. duplicated3. he n ever ---the wisdom i had claimed for him, and my friends quickly dismissed my estimate of his ability as ----.(a) repudiated.. ir ony(b) in hibited .. propaga nda(c) dem on strated.. hyperbole(d) masked.. exaggerati on(e) vin dicated.. un derstateme nt4. it would seem that absolute qualities in art---us, that we cannot escape viewi ng worksof art in ---of time and circumsta nee.(a) en lighte n.. a patter n(b) frighte n.. an abse nee(c) con fuse.. a welter(d) elude .. a con text(e) deceive.. a milieu5. this new gover nment is faced not on ly with---its economy but also with impleme ntingnew rural developme nt programs to ---the flow of farm workers to the city.(a) man agi ng.. stem(b) offsett in g.. harn ess(c) bolsteri ng.. tran smit(d) challe ngin g.. measure(e) moder nizin g.. subsidize6. an analysis of the ideas in the novel compels an alysis of anthe form of the work, particularly whe n form and content are as ---as they are in the house of the seve n gables.(a) symptomatic(b) deli neated(c) in tegrated(d) con spicuous(e) dist in ctive7. the bluepri nts for the new automobile were---at first gla nee, but the desig ner had bee nbasically too conservative to ---previous standards of beauty.(a) strik in g.. flout(b) impractical.. ig nore(c) impeccable.. dispel(d) in flue ntial ..assess(e) confusin g.. i ncorporate8. sn ake: legs::(a) fish: scales(b) gorilla: cage(c) lio ness: cub(d) horse: wings(e) uni cor n: hor n9. box: fight::(a) compla in: annoy(b) debate: argue(c) compete: vie(d) laugh: please(e) muster: march10. it in erary: trip::(a) portfolio: docume nt(b) resume: job(c) lege nd: map(d) pledge: con tributi on(e) syllabus: course11. freque ncy: pitch::(a) wavele ngth: color(b) radius: diameter(c) perpe ndicular: an gle(d) gen erator: en ergy(e) vibrati on: chord12. ratioc in atio n: thi nkin g::(a) suppositi on: theoriz ing(b) emulatio n: idoliz ing(c) jubilatio n: pleas ing(d) articulatio n: talki ng(e) prepositi on: writi ng13. n arcissism: love::(a) hostility: criticism(b) empathy: pity(c) meditati on: thought(d) guilt: blame(e) cupidity: desire14. placebo: pai nkiller::(a) prescripti on: pill(b) skelet on: body(c) costume: pers on(d) backdrop: vista(e) mannequin: dummy15. camouflage: decepti on::(a) moder ni zati on: restorati on(b) an alysis: experime nt(c) cajolery: amuseme nt(d) penan ce: tran sgressi on(e) flattery: in gratiati on16. adulterate: purity::(a) modify: esse nee(b) exon erate: crime(e) aseerta in: validity(d) en ervate: vigor(e) tolerate: diversityfour legal approaches may be followed in attempti ng tocha nnel tech no logical developme nt in socially useful directi ons: specific directives, market incen tive modificati ons, criminal prohi(5) bitions, and changes in decision-making structures. specific directives invo Ive the gover nmen t'side ntifyi ng one or more factors con troll ing research, developme nt, or impleme ntati on of a give n tech no logy, directives affect ing such (10) factors may vary from administrative regulation of private activity to governmentown ership of a tech no logical operati on. market incen tive modifications are deliberate alterations of the market withinwhich private decisions regarding the (15)development and impleme ntati on of tech no logy are made. such modificati ons may con sist of imposi ng taxes to cover the costs to society of a give n tech no logy, gran ti ng subsidies to pay for social ben efitsof a tech no logy, creati ng the right (20) to sue to preve nt certa in tech no logical developme nt, or eas ing procedural rulesto enable the recovery of damages to compensate for harmactivity. crim inal caused by destructive tech nologicalprohibiti ons may modify tech no logical (25) activity in areasimpi ngion fun dame nt social values, or they may modifynghuma n behavior likely to result from tech no logical applicati ons for example, the deactivation of automotive pollutio n con trol devices in order to improve (30) vehicle performa nee. alterati on of decisi on mak ing structures in eludesall possible modifications in the authority, constitution, or resp on sibility of private and public en tities decidi ng questi ons of tech no logical developme nt and (35) impleme ntatio n. such alteratio ns in clude the additi on of public-i nterest members to corporate boards, the imposition by statute of duties on gover nmen tal decisi on-makers, and the exte nsion of warra nties in resp onse to con sumer (40) acti on.effective use of these methods to con trol tech no logy depends on whether or not the goal of regulation is the optimal allocation of resources. when the object is optimal resource (45) allocati on, that comb in ati on of legal methods should be used that most nearly yields the allocation that would exist if there were no external costs resulting from allocat ing resources through market activity. there are exter nal costs, whe n (50) the price set by buyers and sellers of goods fails to in elude some costs to anyone, that result from the producti on and use of the goods. such costs are intern alized whe n buyers pay them.air pollution from motor vehicles imposes (55) externalcosts on all those exposes to it, i n the form of soili ng, materials damage, and disease, these exter nalities result from failure to place aprice on air, thus maki ng it a free good, com mon to all.such exter nalities lead to non opti(60) mal resource allocati on, because the private net product and the social net product of market activity are not ofte n ide ntical. if all exter nalities were internalized, transactions would occur until bargaining couldno Ion ger improve the (65) situati on, thus giving an optimal allocati on of resources at a give n time.17. the passage is primarily concerned with describ ing(a) objectives and legal methods for direct ing tech no logical developme nt(b) technical approaches to the problem of controlling market activity(c) economic procedures for facilitating transactions betwee n buyers and sellers(d) reas ons for slow ing tech no logical developme nt inlight of en viro nmen talist objecti ons(e) tech no logical inno vatio ns maki ng it possible to achieve optimum allocati on of resources18. the author cites air polluti on from motor vehicles inlines 54-56 in order to(a) revise cost estimates calculated by in cludi ng the costsof resources(b) evaluate legal methods used to preve nt tech no logical developme nts(c) give examples of costs not included in buyer-seller barga ins(d) refute hypotheses not made on the basis of mon etary excha nge values(e) comme nd tech no logical research un dertake n for the com mon welfare19. according to the passage, transactions between private buyers and sellers have effects on society that gen erally(a) are harmful whe n all factors are con sidered(b) give rise to ever- in creas ing resource costs(c) reflect an optimal allocati on of n atural resources(d) en compass more tha n the effects on the buyers and sellers alone(e) are guided by legal con trols on the developme nt oftech no logy20. it can be inferred from the passage that the author does not favor which of the follow ing?(a) protect ing the en vir onment for future use(b) changing the balanee of power between opposing in terests in bus in ess(c) in terve ning in the activity of the free market(d) mak ing prices reflect costs to every one in society(e) caus ing tech no logical developme nt to cease21. a gasoli ne-c on servati on tax on the purchase of large automobiles, with the proceeds of the tax rebated to purchasers of small automobiles, is an example of(a) a specific directive(b) a market incen tive modificati on(c) an optimal resource allocatio n(d) an alterati on of a decisi on-mak ing structure(e) an exter nal cost22. if there were no exter nal costs, as they are describedin the passage, which of the follow ing would be true?(a) all tech no logy-c on trol methods would be effective.(b) some resource allocati ons would be illegal.(c) prices would in elude all costs to members of society.(d) some decisi on-mak ing structures would be altered.(e) the availability of com mon goods would in crease.23. the author assumes that, in determ ining what wouldbe an optimal allocati on of resources, it would be possible to(a) assign monetary value to all damage resulting fromthe use of tech no logy(b) combi ne legal methods to yield theoretical optimum(c) convince buyers to bear the burde n of damage from tech no logical developme nts(d) predict the costs of new tech no logical developme nts(e) derive an equati on making costs depe nd on prices24. on the basis of the passage, it can be in ferred that the author would agree with which of the following statements con cer ning tech no logical developme nt?(a) the gover nment should own tech no logical operati ons.(b) the effects of tech no logical developme nt cannot be con trolled.(c) some tech no logical developme nts are ben eficial.(d) the curre nt states of tech no logical developme nt results in a good allocati on of resources.(e) applicati ons of tech no logical developme nt are crimi nally destructive.the whole biosphere, like the in dividual orga ni sms that live in side it, exists in a chemically dyn amic states. in this homeostatic system, a great number of organic compounds are syn thesized, tran sformed, and decomposed continu ously; together, these processes constitute the major parts of thecarb on cycle. for the smooth operati on of this cycle, degradati on is just as importa nt as syn thesis, the gree n pla nts produce greatquantities of polymers, such as cellulose, and innumerable other compounds like alkaloids, terpenes, andfiav ono ids, that gree n pla nts cannot use as sources of en ergy duri ng respirati on. the release of the carb on in these compounds for recycling depends almost entirely on the acti on of both aerobic and an aerobic bacteria and certa in types of fungi. some bacteria and fungi possess the unique and extremely important biochemical asset of being able to catalyze the oxidation of numerous inert products, thereby in itiat ing reacti on seque nces that produce carb on dioxide and so return much carb on to a form that actively en ters into life cycles once aga in.25. the passage contains in formatio n that would an swer which of the followi ng questi ons about the carb on cycle?i what are some of the compounds that are broken dow n in the carb on cycle?ii why are some compounds that are invoIved in thecarb on cycle less reactive tha n others?iii what role do bacteria and fungi play in the carb on cycle?i only(b) ii only(c) iii only(d) i and ii only(e) i and i only26. the author implies that which of the followi ng is the primary reas on that degradatio n is as importa nt as syn thesis to the smooth operati on of the carb on cycle?(a) most of the polymers and orga nic compo unds foundin the pla nt kin gdom are chemically un stable.(b) the synthesis of some organic material deprives life processes of an en ergy source.(c) decompositi on permits the recycli ng of carb on that would otherwise be fixed in certa in substa nces.(d) many organisms cannot use plants as a source of food, but can feed on bacteria and fun gi.(e) bacteria and fungi could not survive if some carb on compo unds were not degraded.27. the author's contention about the importanee of bacteria and fungi in the production of energy for life processes would be most clearly stre ngthe ned if which of thefollow ing were found to be true?(a) both aerobes and an aerobes provide sources of en ergy through the decompositi on of orga nic material.(b) most compo unds containing carb on are un availableas en ergy sources except to some bacteria and fun gi.(c) bacteria and fungi break dow n inert material in waysthat do not invo Ive oxidati on.(d) many compo unds rema in in ert, eve n in the prese nee of bacteria and fun gi.(e) bacteria and fungi assist in the synthesis of many orga nic compo un ds.28. slur:(a) avoid completely(b) pronounce clearly(c) oppose vigorously(d) in sist emphatically(e) state repeatedly29. mute:(a) perform(b) quicke n(c) amplify(d) harm onize(e) diversify30. stigma:(a) reflecti on of glory(b) symbol of con sta ncy(c) no tice of rejecti on(d) mark of esteem(e) sig n of decli ne31. an hydrous:(a) filled to capacity(b) without offspri ng(c) dark(d) cold(e) wet32. vacillaet:(a) offer resista nee(b) resolve firmly(c) employ force(d) share property(e) operate privately33. eva nesce nt:(a) valuable(b) practical(c) fun dame ntal(d) predictable(e) lasti ng34. ebullie nee:(a) blata ncy(b) orn ame ntati on(c) solitude(d) impassivity(e) ambiti on35. rarefactio n:(a) elevati on(b) applicati on(c) in terjecti on(d) elim in ati on(e) conden sati on36. recalcitra nt:(a) permissive(b) submissive(c) excitable(d) depe ndable(e) ambivale nt37. imbroglio:(a) flippa ncy(b) containment(c) colorless ness(d) harm ony(e) announ ceme nt38. fome nt:(a) in hibit(b) subside(c) mi ni mize(d) withdraw(e) prete nd2006年GRE北美模拟试题⑵相关内容:。

SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections：Read the following text.Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.（10 points）In the past few decades，remarkable findings have been made in ethology，the study of animal social behavior. Earlier scientists had 1 that nonhuman social life was almost totally instinctive or fixed by genetics. Much more careful observation has shown that 2 variation occurs among the social ties of most species，showing that learning is a part of social life. That is，the 3 are not solely fixed by the genes.4，the learning that occurs is often at an early age in a process that is called imprinting. Imprinting is clearly 5 instinctive，but it is not quite like the learning of humans；it is something in between the two. An illustration best 6 the nature of imprinting. Once，biologists thought that ducklings followed the mother duck because of instincts. Now we know that，shortly 7 they hatch，ducklings fix 8 any object about the size of a duck and will hen ceforth follow it. So ducklings may follow a basketball or a briefcase if these are 9 for the mother duck at the time when imprinting occurs. Thus，social ties can be considerably 10，even ones that have a considerable base 11 by genetics.Even among the social insects something like imprinting 12 influence social behavior. For example，biologists once thought bees communicated with others purely 13 instinct. But，in examining a“dance”that bees do to indicate the distance and direction of a pollen source，observers found that bees raised in isolation could not communicate effectively. At a higher level，the genetic base seems to be much more for an all purpose learning rather than the more specific responses of imprinting. Chimpanzees，for instance，generally 14 very good mother but Jane Goodall reports that some chimps carry the infant upside down or 15 fail to nurture the young. She believes that these females were the youngest or the 16 child of a mother. In such circumstances，they did not have the opportunity to observe how their own mother 17 for her young. Certainly adolescent chimps who are still with their mothers when other young are born take much interest in the rearing of their young brother or sister. They have an excellent opportunity to learn，and the social ties that are created between mother and young 18 Goodall to describe the social unit as a family. The mother offspring tie is beyond 19；there is some evidence to 20 that ties also continue between siblings of the same sex，that is“brother brother”and“sister sister”。

Henri Begleiter–In MemoriamBernice PorjeszThe field of alcoholism has suffered a major loss with the recent death of our luminary friend and colleague,Dr.Henri Begleiter.He was one of the truly great,wise,and charismatic leaders in the field of alcoholism,who possessed a unique combination of professional and personal gifts.With his rare encyclopedic knowledge in multiple fields,and his remarkable intellectual acumen,he almost single-handedly created a field of investigation that brought together the disciplines of neurophysiology,alcoholism,and ultimately genetics.Henri possessed a forceful,char-ismatic,and extraordinary personality;his warmth,charm,vitality,gregariousness,and infectious enthusiasm transcended everything that he did.He lived each day fully and did not pursue any undertaking that he was not fully committed to.Although he was extremely intense in pursuing his goals,he was equally passionate about enjoying life.Henri’s unique perspective on life was colored by his early childhood in France,having survived the war as a ‘‘hidden child’’in a monastery in the mountains of the Massif Central.Although this traumatic experience at an early age could have adversely distorted his perspective on life,on the contrary,it only served to strengthen his char-acter,and his will power,and above all,his joie de vivre .With his enormous drive to succeed even in the face of adversity,Henri immigrated to the United States as an exchange student and stayed on to live out the American dream.Henri Begleiter founded and headed the world-renowned Neurodynamics Laboratory at Downstate Medical Center,dedicated to cutting-edge research in brain dynamics,which has attracted residents,doctors,scientists,and postdoctoral fellows from all over the world,each of whom have been inspired by his contagious enthusiasm for research,to make his or her own contribu-tions to the field.I am honored to have had Henri as a mentor and to have collaborated with him since the beginning of my career,when there was no unified field of neuroscience.I have watched with awe over the years,as he passionatelyand single-mindedly held to his scientific vision,always a step ahead of everyone else.Working with Henri was always exciting,fast-paced,provocative,and chal-lenging.The energy and exuberance that Henri brought to any discussion is as irreplaceable as his witty set of jokes that he would use as a parting shot.He made it all such fun!A devoted and inspirational mentor to so many of us,Henri challenged each of us to do better to reach his high standards of excellence.He led by example and wanted all those who crossed his path to grow,not by imitation,but by innovation.Henri was an original thinker who was always excited by big new ideas.He would come up with novel ways to look at any problem—something we were not even considering at all,that would send our discussions in entirely new directions altogether!All of us who attended his weekly lab meetings were always astonished by his scientific instincts and personally experienced ‘‘Eureka moments’’on many occasions when we discussed any topic with Henri.Henri’s style of leadership was not to micromanage,but to inspire us and leave us to work out the details.His pro-vocative approach is summed up by this quote from Albert Einstein,a quote that he sent some of us after his last lab meeting,about a week before he died:‘‘If at first the idea is not absurd,then there is no hope for it.’’Henri’s research path has manifested an incredible vision—progressing from early animal and human work studying underlying brain hyperexcitability related to alcoholism,to subsequent findings demonstrating that this brain excitability is critically involved in the genetic predisposition toward the development of alcoholism,substance abuse,conduct disorder,and antisocial person-ality disorder—an amalgam of disorders now known as externalizing disorders.The highlights of Henri’s career include the ground-breaking finding published in Science that some neuro-physiological anomalies in alcoholics were already present in their young offspring before any exposure to alcohol and drugs.These seminal findings led Henri to propose a model that changed the thinking in the field:namely,that rather than being a consequence of alcoholism,this under-lying neural hyperexcitability was a predisposing factor leading to the development of alcoholism and related dis-orders.This innovative study was replicated throughout the world and launched him on a systematic search to elu-cidate the genetic vulnerability underlying a predisposition toward alcoholism and related disorders.From the Henri Begleiter Neurodynamics Laboratory,Department of Psychiatry,Downstate Medical Center,Brooklyn,New York.Received for publication July 14,2006;accepted August 7,2006.Copyright r 2006by the Research Society on Alcoholism.No claim to original US government works.DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00229.xAlcohol Clin Exp Res,Vol 30,No 10,2006:pp 1636–16371636A LCOHOLISM :C LINICAL AND E XPERIMENTAL R ESEARCHVol.30,No.10October 2006Over17years ago,with his foresight and charismatic leadership,Henri was instrumental in assembling scientists in various domains to organize the large collaborative study focused on the genetics of alcoholism—COGA, which he has led since its inception.Under his leadership, with a strong emphasis on novel approaches such as using brain oscillations as endophenotypes,COGA has success-fully identified several genes involved in the predisposition to develop alcoholism and related disorders,and this approach is still state-of-the-art today.I am very pleased that Henri was able to culminate his distinguished career by being awarded a distinguished pro-fessorship just weeks before he died,a title he so genuinely deserved as an academician and scientific researcher. Owing to his inspirational leadership,we have renamed the laboratory that he founded and headed the Henri Begleiter Neurodynamics Laboratory in his honor.Inspired by his passion,and guided by his vision,we will continue on the path that Henri envisioned,continuing to make the Henri Begleiter Neurodynamics Laboratory a leading center of innovative research excellence that Henri would be proud of,so that his contributions will be fully realized.On a more personal note,we will all deeply miss Henri’s sense of humor,his warmth,vitality,exuberance,and charismatic presence that touched us all.We will all miss him increasingly in the days,months,and years to come ...in ways we may not be able to anticipate or understand today.We were all so fortunate and privileged to have known and been inspired by him,and we will cherish our memories of him dearly.Henri will always be among us—his original ideas,unforgettable magnetic personality,and dominating presence will continue to influence our think-ing each and every day.1637HENRI BEGLEITER–IN MEMORIAM。

2006考研英语（一）真题及答案解析Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1(10 points)The homeless make up a growing percentage of America’s population. 1 , homelessness has reached such proportions that local government can’t possibly 2 . To help homeless people 3 independence, the federal government must support job training programs, 4 the minimum wage, and fund more low-cost housing.5 everyone agrees on the numbers of Americans who are homeless. Estimates6 anywhere from 600,000 to 3 million. __7__ the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is__8__. One of the federal government’s studies __9__ that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade.Finding ways to __10__ this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult. __11__when homeless individuals manage to find a __12__ that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day__13__ the street. Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs. And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders. Many others, __14__not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday __15__ skills needed to turn their lives __16__. Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are _17__ programs that address the many needs of the homeless. __18__ Edward Zlotkowski, director of community service at Bentley College in Massachusetts, _19__it, “There has to be _20 _of programs. What we need is a package deal.”1.[A]Indeed [B]Likewise [C]Therefore [D]Furthermore2.[A]stand [B]cope [C]approve [D]retain3.[A]in [B]for [C]with [D]toward4.[A]raise [B]add [C]take [D]keep5.[A]generally [B]almost [C]hardly [D]not6.[A]cover [B]change [C]range [D]differ7.[A]Now that [B]Although [C]Provided [D]Except that8.[A]inflating [B]expanding [C]increasing [D]extending9.[A]predicts [B]displays [C]proves [D]discovers10.[A]assist [B]track [C]sustain [D]dismiss11.[A]Hence [B]But [C]Even [D]Only12.[A]lodging [B]shelter [C]dwelling [D]house13.[A]searching [B]strolling [C]crowding [D]wandering14.[A]when [B]once [C]while [D]whereas15.[A]life [B]existence [C]survival [D]maintenance16.[A]around [B]over [C]on [D]up17.[A]complex [B]comprehensive [C]complementary [D]compensating18.[A]So [B]Since [C]As [D]Thus19.[A]puts [B]interprets [C]assumes [D]makes20.[A]supervision [B]manipulation [C]regulation [D]coordinationDirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1In spite of “endless talk of difference,”American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. This is “the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of deference”characteristic of popular culture. People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption”launched by the 19th-century department stores that offered ‘vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite.”these were stores “anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shopping into a public and democratic act.”The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization.Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today’s immigration is neither at unprecedented level nor resistant to assimilation. In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of population; in 1900, 13.6 percent. In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1,000 residents; in the 10 years prior to 1890, 9.2 for every 1,000. Now, consider three indices of assimilation------language, home ownership and intermarriage.The 1990 Census revealed that “a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English “well”or “very well”after ten years of residence.”The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English. “By the third generation, the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families.”Hence the description of America as a graveyard”for language. By 1996 foreign-born immigrants who had arrive before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans.Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics “have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S-born whites and blacks.”By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics, and 41 percent of Asian-American women are married to non-Asians.Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around world are fans of superstars like Amold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet “some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power.”Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America? Indeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against America’s turbulent past, today’s social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.21.The word “homogenizing”(Line 2, Paragraph 1) most probably means_____.A. identifyingB. associatingC. assimilatingD. monopolizing22. According to the author, the department stores of the 19th century_____.A. played a role in the spread of popular culture.B. became intimate shops for common consumers.C. satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite.D. owed its emergence to the culture of consumption.23. The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S. _____.A. are resistant to homogenization.B. exert a great influence on American culture.C. are hardly a threat to the common culture.D. constitute the majority of the population.24. Why are Amold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5?A. To prove their popularity around the world.B. To reveal the public’s fear of immigrants.C. To give examples of successful immigrants.D. To show the powerful influence of American culture.25. In the author’s opinion, the absorption of immigrants into American society is_____.A. rewardingB. successfulC. fruitlessD. harmfulText 2Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry---William Shakespeare---but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches. There is the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC), which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon. And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway’s Cottage, Shakespeare’s birthplace and the other sights.The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny to their revenue. They frankly dislike the RSC’s actors, them with their long hair and beards and sandals and noisiness. It’s all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share of noise-making.The tourist streams are not entirely separate. The sightseers who come by bus---and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side---don’t usually see the plays, and some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford. However, the playgoers do manage a little sight-seeing along with their playgoing. It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in much of the town’s revenue because they spend the night (some of them four or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants. The sightseers can take in everything and get out of town by nightfall.The townsfolk don’t see it this way and local council does not contribute directly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company. Stratford cries poor traditionally. Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge. Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive.Anyway, the townsfolk can’t understand why the Royal Shakespeare Company needs a subsidy. (The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a row. Last year its 1,431 seats were 94 percent occupied all year long and this year they’ll do better.) The reason, of course, is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low.It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford’s most attractive clientele. They come entirely for the plays, not the sights. They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over)-lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside thetheatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10:30 a.m.26. From the first two paragraphs, we learn that_____.A. the townsfolk deny the RSC ’s contribution to the town’s revenue.B. the actors of the RSC imitate Shakespeare on and off stage.C. the two branches of the RSC are not on good terms.D. the townsfolk earn little from tourism.27. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that_____.A. the sightseers cannot visit the Castle and the Palace separately.B. the playgoers spend more money than the sightseers.C. the sightseers do more shopping than the playgoers.D. the playgoers go to no other places in town than the theater.28. By saying “Stratford cries poor traditionally”(Lines 2-3, Paragraph 4), the author implies that_____.A. Stratford cannot afford the expansion projects.B. Stratford has long been in financial difficulties.C. the town is not really short of money.D. the townsfolk used to be poorly paid.29. According to the townsfolk, the RSC deserves no subsidy because_____.A. ticket prices can be raised to cover the spending.B. the company is financially ill-managed.C. the behavior of the actors is not socially acceptable.D. the theatre attendance is on the rise.30. From the text we can conclude that the author_____.A. is supportive of both sides.B. favors the townsfolk’s view.C. takes a detached attitude.D. is sympathetic to the RSC.Text 3When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals. They suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived. The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then.Dr Worm acknowledges that the figures are conservative. One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Today's vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, whichwere not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around now.Dr Myers and Dr Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the "shifting baseline". The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business.31. The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that_____.A. large animals were vulnerable to the changing environment.B. small species survived as large animals disappeared.C. large sea animals may face the same threat today.D. Slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones32. We can infer from Dr Myers and Dr. Worm’s paper that_____.A. the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%.B. there are only half as many fisheries as there were 15 years ago.C. the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amount.D. the number of larger predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the old.33.By saying “these figures are conservative”(Line 1, paragraph 3), Dr Worm means that_____.A. fishing technology has improved rapidly.B. the catch-sizes are actually smaller then recorded.C. the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss.D. the data collected so far are out of date.34. Dr Myers and other researchers hold that_____.A. people should look for a baseline that can work for a longer time.B. fisheries should keep the yield below 50% of the biomassC. the ocean biomass should restored its original level.D. people should adjust the fishing baseline to changing situations35. The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries’_____.A. management efficiencyB. biomass levelC. catch-size limitsD. technological application.Text 4Many things make people think artists are weird. But the weirdest may be this: artists' onlyjob is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.This wasn't always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere in the 19th century, more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless, phony or, worst of all, boring as we went from Wordsworth's daffodils to Baudelaire's flowers of evil.You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen so much misery. But it's not as if earlier times didn't know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents. The reason, in fact, may be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today.After all, what is the one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness? Advertising. The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young. In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too.Today the messages your average Westerner is surrounded with are not religious but commercial, and forever happy. Fast-food eaters, news anchors, text messengers, all smiling, smiling, smiling. Our magazines feature beaming celebrities and happy families in perfect homes. And since these messages have an agenda---to lure us to open our wallets---they make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable. "Celebrate!" commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attacks.What we forget---what our economy depends on us forgetting---is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need someone to tell us, as religion once did, Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It's a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air.36.By citing the example of poets Wordsworth and Baudelaire, the author intends to show that_____.A. poetry is not as expressive of joy as painting or music.B. art grows out of both positive and negative feeling.C. poets today are less skeptical of happiness.D. artists have changed their focus of interest.37. The word “bummer”(Line 5. paragraph 5) most probably means something_____.A. religiousB. unpleasantC. entertainingD. commercial38. In the author’s opinion, advertising_____.A. emerges in the wake of the anti-happy art.B. is a cause of disappointment for the general public.C. replaces the church as a major source of information.D. creates an illusion of happiness rather than happiness itself.39. We can learn from the last paragraph that the author believes_____.A. happiness more often than not ends in sadness.B. the anti-happy art is distasteful but refreshing.C. misery should be enjoyed rather than denied.D. the anti-happy art flourishes when economy booms.40. Which of the following is true of the text?A. Religion once functioned as a reminder of misery.B. Art provides a balance between expectation and reality.C. People feel disappointed at the realities of morality.D. Mass media are inclined to cover disasters and deaths.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A- G to fit into each of numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)On the north bank of the Ohio River sits Evansville, Ind., home of David Williams, 52, and of a riverboat casino where gambling games are played. During several years of gambling in that casino, Williams, a state auditor earning $35,000 a year, lost approximately $175,000. He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $20 worth of gambling.He visited the casino, lost the $20 and left. On his second visit he lost $800. The casino issued to him, as a good customer, a Fun Card, which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the user's gambling activities. For Williams, these activities become what he calls “electronic heroin”.(41)______________. In 1997 he lost $21,000 to one slot machine in two days. In March 1997 he lost $72,186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boat docked at 5 a.m., then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m. Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It did know he had a problem.In March 1998, a friend of Williams's got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams's gambling problem. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a “cease admissions”letter. Noting the medical/psychological nature of problem gambling behaviors, the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being.(42) ______________.The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 20 signs warning: “Enjoy the fun ... and always bet with your head, not over it”. Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williams's suit charges that the casino, knowing he was “helplessly addicted to gambling”, intentionally worked to ”lure”him to “engage in conduct against his will”. Well.(43) ______________.The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says “pathological gambling”involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of moneythan of the thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.(44) ______________. Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.(45) ______________.Forty-four states have lotteries, 29 have casinos, and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on---you might say addicted to---revenues from wagering. And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competition for gamblers' dollars has become intense. The Oct. 28 issue of Newsweek reported that 2 million gamblers patronize 1,800 virtual casinos every week. With $3.5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year, gambling has passed pornography as the Web's most profitable business.(A). Although no such evidence was presented, the casino's marketing department continued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected.(B). It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was his will operative?(C). By the time he had lost $5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even, he would quit. One night he won $5,500, but he did not quit.(D). Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a social policy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is government.(E). David Williams’s suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don’t bet on it.(F). It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will.(G). The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especially conductive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so?Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET2. (10points) Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society?I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckbergen told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected Americans. But they have done more than that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of intellectual. It is they, not Americans, who have become anti-intellectual.First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual? (46) I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems. He explores such problem consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained. (47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals --- the average scientist for one (48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in everyday performance of his routine duties---he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports. (49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. During most of his walking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics.The definition also excludes the majority of factors, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living. (50) They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. This description even fits the majority eminent scholars. Being learned in some branch of human knowledge in one thing, living in “public and industrious thoughts,”as Emerson would say, “is something else.”51.DIRECTIONS:You want to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area. Write a letter to the department concerned, asking them to help find a candidate. You should specify what kind of child you want to help and how you will carry out your plan.Write your letter no less than 100 words. Write it on the ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your name at the end of the letter; use Li Ming instead. You do not need to write the address.To those that is concerned,I write this letter to request your help to recommend a proper candidate to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial assistance to a child in a remote area.I wonder if it is convenient for you if three things concerning the child are taken into consideration. First, the child should come from Gansu Province, for I intend to help a child from my hometown. Second, it will be better if the child is a primary school student. I hope I will help him/her from the very beginning. In addition, he/she must be willing to return to his hometown to help built it after graduation from university.My plan will be carried out as follows. On one hand, I will remit at least 2,000 yuan in cash every year until he/she finishes his/her education before entering college. On the other hand, I decide to teach the child math and English in person during my summer vacation, which will surely be more beneficial to the child.Your prompt help would be highly appreciated. And I am expecting your reply at your earliest convenience.Sincerely yours,Li Ming52.DIRECTIONS:Study the following photos carefully and write an essay of 160~200 words in which you should1. describe the photos briefly,2. interpret the social phenomenon reflected by them, and3. give your point of view.1. 逻辑关系题本题目选择逻辑关系词，前后两句的逻辑关系决定答案。

考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析--2006年Part OneIn spite of “endless talk of difference,” American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. This is “the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of consumption “launched by the 19th –century department stores that offered ‘vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite.” these were stores “anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shoppin g into a public and democratic act.” The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization.Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for the Natio nal Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today’s immigration is neither at unprecedented level nor resistant to assimilation. In 1998 immigrants were percent of population; in 1900, percent. In the 10 years prior to 1990, immigrants arrived for every 1,000 residents; in the 10 years prior to 1890, for every 1,000. Now, consider three indices of assimilation------language, home ownership and intermarriage.The 1990 Census revealed that “a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen mos t common countries of origin spoke English “well” or “very well” after ten years of residence.” The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English. “By the third generation, the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families.” Hence the description of America as a graveyard” for language. By 1996 foreign-born immigrants who had arrive before 1970 had a home ownership rate of percent, higher than the percent rate among native-born Americans.Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics “have higher rates of intermarriage than do whites and blacks.” By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics, and 41 percent of Asian-American women are married to non-Asians.Rodriguez not that children in remote villages around world are fans of superstars like Amold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet “some Americans fear that immigrant living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power.”Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething in America? Indeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against America’s turbulent past, today’s social induces suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.1. The word “homogenizing”（Line 2, Paragraph 1）most probably means___A. identifyingB. associatingC. assimilatingD. monopolizing2. According to the author, the department stores of the 19th century___A. played a role in the spread of popular culture.B. became intimate shops for common consumers.C. satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite.D. owed its emergence to the culture of consumption.3. The text suggests that immigrants now in the A. are resistant to homogenization.B. exert a great influence on American culture.C. are hardly a threat to the common culture.the majority of the population.4. Why are Amold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5?A. To prove their popularity around the world.B. To reveal the public’s fear of immigrants.C. To give examples of successful immigrants.D. To show the powerful influence of American culture.5. In the author’s opinion, the absorption of immigrants into American society isA. rewardingB. SuccessfulC. fruitlessD. harmfulUnit 13（2006）Part 1重点词汇：1. uniformity n. 一样，一致；统一性；（相关词）uniform a.相同的，统一标准的；be uniform with与……同一形式或外貌2. casualness n. 偶然，意外；草率行事；漫不经心；平心静气3. array ① n. 排列；一批，大量；显眼的一系列② vt. 排列，制定（计划等）：array oneself 装扮，打扮自己、搭配vast arrays of 大批的，大量的4. knowledgeable a. 有知识的，学识渊博的，有见识的5. amaze v. 使（某人）惊异或惊奇6. intimate a. 密切的，亲密的7. cater v. = provide food and service 提供饮食及服务; 搭配cater for（或to）提供饮食及服务，迎合（某人）8. elite n. 精英，尖子9. elevate vt. 提升，抬起，振作精神；使（人）欢欣鼓舞；提高（思想、道德品质、文化素质等）。

Abstract Soil microorganisms mediate many processes such as nitrification,denitrification,and methanogenesis that regulate ecosystem func-tioning and also feed back to influence atmo-spheric chemistry.These processes are of particular interest in freshwater wetland ecosys-tems where nutrient cycling is highly responsive to fluctuating hydrology and nutrients and soil gas releases may be sensitive to climate warming.In this review we briefly summarize research from process and taxonomic approaches to the study of wetland biogeochemistry and microbial ecology,and highlight areas where further research is needed to increase our mechanistic understanding of wetland system functioning.Research in wetland biogeochemistry has most often been focused on processes (e.g.,methanogenesis),and less often on microbial communities or on popu-lations of specific microorganisms of interest.Research on process has focused on controls over,and rates of,denitrification,methanogenesis,and methanotrophy.There has been some work on sulfate and iron transformations and wetland en-zyme activities.Work to date indicates an important process level role for hydrology and soil nutrient status.The impact of plant species composition on processes is potentially critical,but is as yet poorly understood.Research on microbial communities in wetland soils has pri-marily focused on bacteria responsible for meth-anogenesis,denitrification,and sulfate reduction.There has been less work on taxonomic groups such as those responsible for nitrogen fixation,or aerobic processes such as nitrification.Work on general community composition and on wetland mycorrhizal fungi is particularly sparse.The general goal of microbial research has been to understand how microbial groups respond to the environment.There has been relatively little work done on the interactions among environ-mental controls over process rates,environmental constraints on microbial activities and community composition,and changes in processes at theJ.L.M.Gutknecht ÆT.C.Balser (&)Department of Soil Science,University of Wisconsin-Madison,1525Observatory Dr.,Madison,WI 53706,USAe-mail:tcbalser@R.M.Goodman ÆT.C.BalserGaylord Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies,University of Wisconsin-Madison,550N.Park St.,Madison,WI 53706,USA R.M.GoodmanDepartment of Plant Pathology,University of Wisconsin-Madison,1630Linden Dr.,Madison,WI 53706,USA Present Address:R.M.GoodmanRutgers Cook College,88Lipman Dr.,Suite 104,New Brunswick,NJ 08901,USAPlant Soil (2006)289:17–34DOI 10.1007/s11104-006-9105-4Linking soil process and microbial ecology in freshwater wetland ecosystemsJessica L.M.Gutknecht ÆRobert M.Goodman ÆTeri C.BalserReceived:1February 2006/Accepted:21August 2006/Published online:10October 2006ÓSpringer Science+Business Media B.V.2006ecosystem level.Finding ways to link process-based and biochemical or gene-based assays is becoming increasingly important as we seek a mechanistic understanding of the response of wetland ecosystems to current and future anthropogenic perturbations.We discuss the potential of new approaches,and highlight areas for further research.Keywords Microbial ecologyÆWetlandsÆMicrobial functionÆWetland ecologyÆNitrificationÆDenitrificationÆMethanogenesisÆMicrobial communitiesÆMycorrhizal fungi IntroductionDuring the past two decades there has been increasing interest in understanding factors con-trolling ecosystem processes such as decomposi-tion of organic matter,nitrification,nitrogen fixation,denitrification,methanotrophy,and methanogenesis.Research to date has been pri-marily focused in two areas:biogeochemical studies of process,and microbial ecological stud-ies of populations and community structure. While significant progress has been made in each area,such as description of processes like meth-anogenesis(Le Mer and Roger2001),or the occurrence and population dynamics of the organisms responsible for a given process like methanogenic bacteria(Utsumi et al.2003),we still lack a mechanistic understanding of the connection between measured processes and the biology of the organisms responsible for those processes.Such a connection is now not only possible,but is also critical in increasing our ability to protect,restore and manage ecosystems.This linkage is particularly important in fresh-water wetland ecosystems.These wetlands, because of their complex hydrology and nutrient cycling and presence in both urban and unman-aged areas,are uniquely positioned to influence biogeochemical cycling in many regions and at many scales.Wetland ecosystems are character-ized by hydric soils and hydrophilic plant com-munities(Mausbach and Parker2001)and have fluctuating hydrology that gives rise to interplay between aerobic and anaerobic processes (Davidsson et al.1997;Stepanauskas et al.1996) (Fig.1).Human activities such as alteration of water,sediment,and nutrient loads to wetlands may significantly alter wetland plant communities (Kercher and Zedler2004),and wetland microbial communities(Mentzer et al.2006).In high lati-tude ecosystems,hydric soils currently under per-mafrost may be critical as sources of radiatively active gases(Freeman et al.2001).A mechanistic understanding of carbon and nutrient cycling in wetlands is thus important for global scale climate modeling efforts,as well as for regional scale res-toration and protection of wetland systems.In general,wetland studies have tended to focus either on measurement of microbial-mediated process(e.g.,measurements of nitrate or methane evolved from a system)or they focus on characterization of microbial(usually bacte-rial)populations or communities(ing ge-netic probes to research a specific microorganism or characterizing community lipid or DNA com-position).The type of work conducted in man-aged versus unmanaged wetlands also seems to be split;process-based studies of nutrient and carbon fluxes have more often been focused on unman-aged systems,while wastewater treatment facili-ties,polluted areas,and constructed wetlands have been the focus of the majority of microbi-ally-based research(Gilliam1994).These differences in methodological approach, often dictated by epistemological differences be-tween microbiologists and ecosystem ecologists, have resulted in a limit to our conceptual under-standing of the link between wetland microbial community composition,biogeochemical pro-cesses rates,and points of control.The lack of interdisciplinary combination may thus be a bar-rier to a more synthetic understanding of fresh-water wetland ecosystem function and instead results in a more qualitative,compartmentalized understanding.Work to date has laid the foundation for future guiding questions:How do we scale up from microorganisms to regional or global ecosystem function?How can we tie microbial physiology/ metabolism to larger scale nutrient cycling and ecosystem function?Is it important to tie the biology of the organisms to their functional pro-cesses?The answers to these questions will almostcertainly require overcoming methodological barriers between microbial taxonomic or phono-logic assays (genomics,microscopy,molecular techniques)and process measurements,as well as epistemological barriers (i.e.,differences in ‘ways of knowing’science)between researchers trying to link these fields (Balser et al.this issue).In this review we summarize current research from both process and structural/taxonomicviewpoints,discuss work to date on combining structural and functional techniques,and finally suggest research areas that will benefit most from the combined approaches.The overall goal is to explore ways to we can increase our mechanistic understanding of wetland system functioning in the context of current anthropogenic changes.Microbially mediated processes and controls The dominant processes,studied in a variety of ways (Table 1),that have been the focus of wetland microbial research include denitrification and nitrification,methanogenesis and methano-trophy,sulfate and iron oxidation/reduction,and enzyme activities (Tables 2and 3).While there are certainly other microbially mediated processes important to wetlands (e.g.,nitrogen fixation and the mobilization of secondary nutri-ents such as copper,manganese and magnesium),these have been less studied and fall outside the scope of this review.Table 1Methods used to study wetland microbial processes MethodExample references in situ measurements Chang and Yang (2003)Isotopic labelingStepanauskas et al.(1996)Laboratory incubation Lowrance et al.(1995)Potential assay (lab incubationoptimizing conditionsfor the process of interest)Groffman and Crawford (2003)Enzyme activity assaysGroffman et al.(1996)(denitrifying enzymeactivity)Fig.1Wetland structure.Water table height,depth from surface,and distance from plant roots create oxic to anoxic gradients.The result is a complex interplay between anaerobic and aerobic conditions that allows for a wide range in processes to occur in wetland soilsDenitrification,the anaerobic transformation of nitrate to nitrous oxide and dinitrogen gas (Myrold2005)has been studied widely due to its potential importance in removal of nitrate (Gilliam1994)(Table2).Concern over methane as a greenhouse gas has prompted much of the current research on methanogenesis(the anaer-obic production of methane from organic matter breakdown performed by methanogenic archaea), another widely studied wetland process(Table3; Wolf and Wagner2005).Aerobic processes such as nitrification and methanotrophy have been studied less in freshwater wetlands and may occur only in surface waters or other aerobic niches in wetland soils(such as near roots,Colmer2003; Fig.1).Rates are lower than those for anaerobic processes in wetlands(Tables2and3),but may still be significant for wetland nutrient cycling (Duncan and Groffman1994;Le Mer and Roger 2001).Iron and sulfate reduction have been studied primarily because of their importance in acid mine drainage(Sparks2003),but other than at acid mine sites,these processes have been studied less and are less well understood.Sulfate reduction appears to have similar variability and rates as methanogenesis(Table3).Finally,enzy-matic degradation of large polymers such as cellulose or chitin is particularly of interest in wetland and riparian soils as an indicator of biogeochemical cycling,and as a potential source of soil feedback to climate change(Dick and Tabatabai1992;Freeman et al.1997,2001). Measurements of enzyme activity in wet soils are relatively few,and they vary widely acrossTable2Wetland denitrification ratesEcosystem type Denitrification rate(a kgN ha–1yr–1orb mgN g soil–1d–1)Method used ReferenceMaple swamp(SPD)1 5.7a Laboratory incubation Hanson et al.(1994)Maple swamp(PD)1 6.3a Laboratory incubation Hanson et al.(1994)Maple swamp(VPD)116.3a Laboratory incubation Hanson et al.(1994)Riparian forest68a Laboratory incubation Lowrence et al.(1995)Riparian forest(SPD)1,2 4.9a Laboratory incubation Groffman and Hanson(1997) Riparian forest(PD)1,28.3a Laboratory incubation Groffman and Hanson(1997) Riparian forest(VPD)1,239.3a Laboratory incubation Groffman and Hanson(1997) Wet meadow 2.68a in situ Goodroad and Keeney(1984) Wet meadow735a Incubation/isotopic labeling Stepanauskas et al.(1996)Wet meadow546a in situ Stepanauskas et al.(1996)Wet meadow sand430a Laboratory incubation Davidsson and Leonardson(1997) Wet meadow peat220a Laboratory incubation Davidsson and Leonardson(1997) Wet meadow peat562a in situ Davidsson and Stahl(2000)Wet meadow sandy loam102a in situ Davidsson and Stahl(2000)Wet meadow silt loam255a in situ Davidsson and Stahl(2000) Coastal wetland3205a Laboratory incubation Tomaszek et al.(1997)Riparian forest 5.6b Potential assay Pavel et al.(1996)Riparian forest86b Denitrifing enzyme activity Groffman and Crawford(2003) Riverine wetlands-silty 1.6b Laboratory incubation Johnston et al.(2001)Riverine wetlands-clayey 2.7b Laboratory incubation Johnston et al.(2001)12wetlands0.6–108b Denitrifing enzyme activity Groffman et al.(1996)10US wetlands8.2–130b Laboratory incubation D’Angelo and Reddy(1999) Maple swamp(PD)1 4.2b Denitrifing enzyme activity Duncan and Groffman(1994) Maple swamp(VPD)110.2b Denitrifing enzyme activity Duncan and Groffman(1994) Riparian forest4 1.9b in situ Clement et al.(2002)Denitrification rates from a variety of wetlands have been assessed.Rates have been converted to a common unit(1)PD=poorly drained soil,VPD=very poorly drained soil,SPD=somewhat poorly drained soil(2)Values are averages over two sample years from soils over a toposequence of parent materials(3)Values are an average of laboratory incubation rates(4)Rates from Clement et al.(2002)are an average over toposequence zonesTable3Wetland process ratesMethod used ReferenceProcess Ecosystem type Process rate(a kg ha–1yr–1orb mg g soil–1d–1)Nitrification Swamp forest15a Potential assay Zak and Grigal(1991)Nitrification Maple swamp PD10.3b Potential assay Duncan and Groffman(1994) Nitrification Maple swamp VPD1b Potential assay Duncan and Groffman(1994) Nitrification Riparian forest–0.07b Potential assay Groffman and Crawford(2003) Nitrification Riparian forest0.12b Potential assay Groffman and Crawford(2003) Nitrification Riparian forest0.1b in situ Clement et al.(2002)Nitrification Riparian wet meadow0.1b in situ Clement et al.(2002)Nitrification12wetlands–0.25–1.0b Potential assay Groffman et al.(1996) Methanogenesis N.Taiwan wetland159a in situ Chang and Yang(2003) Methanogenesis N.Taiwan wetland12.3a in situ Chang and Yang(2003) Methanogenesis N.Taiwan wetland20.2a in situ Chang and Yang(2003) Methanogenesis Boreal peatlands–10.58–2,883a Laboratory incubation Huttunen et al.(2003) Methanogenesis Review of many0–28,470a Laboratory and in situ Le Mer and Roger(2001) Methanotrophy Review of many0–620a Laboratory and in situ Le Mer and Roger(2001) Sulfate reduction10US wetlands10–110b Laboratory incubation D’Angelo and Reddy(1999) Iron reduction Riparian Forest6379a Laboratory incubation Roden and Wetzel(1996) Several process rates from a variety of wetlands have been assessed.Rates have been converted to a common unit (1)PD=poorly drained soil,VPD=very poorly drained soil.Values are an average of3sitesFig.2Relationshipsamong controls overwetland ecosystemmicrobial communitiesand element cycling.Arrows indicaterelationships,and widthof arrows indicatesrelative importance ofrelationship for ecosystemfunctioning.Dashedarrows representinteractions that arepoorly understood,eventhough they may beimportantdifferent wetland ecosystems(Kang and Freeman 1999;Burns and Ryder2001;Mentzer et al.2006). All of these processes vary greatly between wet-land types(Tables2and3),and the explanation likely lies in greater understanding of process controls.Factors such as temperature,moisture,and seasonality of temperature and moisture act to control wetland microbial activities,resulting in changes in key biogeochemical cycles(Fig.2).A review of the factors controlling wetland pro-cesses may offer insight into the large variation in processes and rates among wetland types(such as riparian forests,wet meadows,and fens)and provide an overall framework for understanding potentially important factors in wetland ecosys-tem function.Hydrology has consistently proved an impor-tant controlling variable.Studies with experi-mentally varied water level have yielded relatively straightforward and predictable results. In general,increased water level increases the rate of anaerobic processes(denitrification, methanogenesis,and sulfate reduction),and decreases rates of aerobic processes(nitrification) presumably by decreasing available oxygen and thereby increasing anaerobic soil microsites (Table4).Drying/wetting cycles may also be important in increasing enzyme activities(Burns and Ryder2001;Corstanje and Reddy2004) and stimulating denitrification in wet cycles and increasing nitrification in dry cycles(Qiu and McComb1996;Tanner et al.1999;Eaton2001; Venterink et al.2002).Wet-up cycles after sea-sonal wetland dry-down may be important for nitrogen cycling and loss from the system(Smith and Tiedje1979).The study not only of water quantity,but also of dynamic processes such as drying/wetting cycles is important in understand-ing wetland functioning,asfluctuating hydrology is a dominant feature of wetland nutrient cycling. Indeed,researchers are realizing more and more that temporalfluctuations in soil environments are critical in understanding ecosystem processes (Bardgett and Shine1999;Mentzer et al.2006).Soil fertility and/or substrate availability also influences wetland process rates.For the most part, microbial processes in wetlands have higher rates under conditions of higher soil fertility,or when the substrate of the process in question is added or is abundant(Table4).Exceptions have been re-ported by King(1996)for methanotrophy,and by Feng and Hsieh(1998)for sulfate reduction (Table4).However,the King(1996)study was performed in a peat marsh(distinct from other wetland types),and controls on methanotrophy there may be distinct from non-peat accumulating wetlands.Alternatively,factors other than meth-ane availability control methanotrophy in peat wetlands.The exception in sulfate reduction may simply be the low number of studies on sulfate cycling compared with other freshwater wetland processes(Tables3and4).Feng and Hsieh found that sulfate loading increased sulfate reduction in only one of two swamp soils.They attributed the difference to soil properties.pH is another important but poorly studied control over wetland process soil pH may regulate methanogenesis(Yavitt et al.2005), methanotrophy(Dedysh and Panikov1997b) oxidative enzyme activities(Williams et al.2000), and nitrogen transformations(Davidsson and Stahl2000).The role of pH in affecting process rates and in structuring microbial communities has received increased attention,and is an area where there is need for more future research.Perhaps the least resolved level of control over wetland functioning is the effect of plant species presence and relative abundance(Table4).While it is relatively well established that the presence of plants usually increases microbial process rates in wetlands(Table4),the importance of plant species composition or plant community structure remains unclear(Kao et al.2003;Kao-Kniffin and Balser in press).There is wide variation in results to date,likely due to the extremely limited number of studies in this area.The few that have been done have yielded inconsistent results. While plants can influence microbial activities directly through provision of carbon,and indi-rectly through rhizosphere ventilation,the mechanistic link between above and below ground community structure has yet to be estab-lished(Bardgett and Shine1999;Wolters et al. 2000).However,examination of plant species effects based on their nutrient content might prove helpful as a framework for this under-standing.Work by Hume et al.(2002)indicatesthat denitrification rates can be related to plant carbon quality.Another useful direction for future research might be to focus not only on empirical measurements of the end-result(pro-cess rates),but also on the plant/microbe inter-actions associated with a given process.Plant species-specific interactions with bacterial or fungal populations can influence process rate and occurrence.For example,nitrogen-fixing bacteria require close association with plant roots and depend on very specific host–microorganism interactions(Graham2005;Wolf and Wagner 2005).A small body of research has demonstrated that rhizoplane(root surface)dwelling nitrogen-fixing bacteria have been shown to vary between plant species(Chelius and Lepo1999;Bergholz et al.2001;Prieme et al.2002).In direct contrast, rhizoplane dwelling methanotrophs do not appear to vary between plant species(Calhoun and King 1998).Therefore plant species and plantTable4Controls over wetland process Process Control factorsWater Temperature Seasonality Soilfertility Substrate PlantpresencePlant speciesDenitrification+1+2/–3Spring and,orFall4/no effect5+6+7+8+9/–10Nitrification–11nd Summer12/no effect5+13+14+15–16 Methanogenesis+17+18/–19Summer20+21+22+23+24 Methanotrophy nd nd Summer25nd+26/–27+28ndIron reduction nd nd nd+29+29+30,31ndSulfate reduction+32nd nd+33/–33+33/–33,34nd nd Hydrolytic enzymeactivity–35+36/–36Summer36/no effect36nd+37/–38nd nd Oxidative enzymeactivityno effect39nd nd nd nd nd ndResearch is summarized to determine whether a process increases(+)or decreases(–)in response to each control factor. Superscript numbers indicate number(below)for references.‘Water’and‘temperature’indicates a process rate changes when water level or temperature are increased.‘Seasonality’is the most active season for each process.‘Soil fertility’indicates a process rate change in sites of differing fertility or added fertility(including available organic carbon).‘‘Sub-strate’’indicates response of the given process to substrate additions;for instance,the response of denitrification to nitrate.‘‘Plant presence’’indicates process rate change when plants/roots are present.‘‘Plant Species’’indicates whether process rates change under different plant species.References:(1)Smith and Tiedje(1979);Ambus and Christensen(1993);Hanson et al.(1994);Groffman and Hanson(1997);Davidsson and Leonardson(1997);Jordan et al.(1998);Flite et al.(2001); Hunter and Faulkner(2001);Groffman and Crawford(2003)(2)Willems et al.(1997)(3)Kuschk et al.(2003)(4)Zak and Grigal(1991);Ambus and Christensen(1993);Hanson et al.(1994);Lowrance et al.(1995);Davidsson and Leonardson (1997);Tobias et al.(2001)(5)Clement et al.(2002)(6)Ambus and Christensen(1993);Verhoeven et al.(1996);Groffman and Hanson(1997);Jordan et al.(1998);Bachand and Horne(2000);Davidsson and Stahl(2000);Van Hoewyk et al.(2000); Casey and Klaine(2001);Brusse and Gunkel(2002);Groffman and Crawford(2003)(7)Ambus and Christensen(1993); Kirkham and Wilkins(1993);Schipper et al.(1993);Hanson et al.(1994);Seitzinger(1994);Davidsson and Leonardson (1997);Delaune et al.(1998);Jordan et al.(1998);White and Reddy(1999);Casey and Klaine(2001);Davidsson et al. (2002)(8)Smith and Delaune(1984);Kristensen et al.(1998);Tanner et al.(1999)(9)Lowrence et al.(1995);Eriksson and Andersson(1999);Bachand and Horne(2000)(10)Otto et al.1999;Johnston et al.(2001);Clement et al.(2002)(11)Qiu and McComb(1996)(12)Zak and Grigal(1991)(13)Zhu and Ehrenfeld(1999)(14)Matheson et al.(2003)(15)Engelaar et al.(1995)(16)Otto et al.(1999)(17)Coles and Yavitt(2002);Freeman et al.(2002);Rask et al.(2002);Bellisario et al. (1999);Wickland et al.(1999);Van den Pol-Van Dasselaar et al.(1999);Macdonald et al.(1998);Hargreaves and Fowler (1998)(18)Westermann(1993);Granberg et al.(2001);Updegraff et al.(1998);Yavitt et al.(2000)(19)Updegraff et al. (1998);Yavitt et al.(2000)(20)Wieder and Yavitt(1991);Huang et al.(2005)(21)Basiliko and Yavitt(2001);Yavitt and Lang(1990);Weider and Yavitt(1991)(22)Segers(1998);Brauer et al.(2004)(23)Segers(1998);Kim et al.(1998);Coles and Yavitt(2004)(24)Strom et al.(2003);Rask et al.(2002)(25)Segers(1998)(26)Vandernat et al.(1997);Dedysh and Panikov(1997a);Megonigal and Schlesinger(2002)(27)King(1996)(28)Vandernat et al.(1997)(29)Roden and Wetzel (2002)(30)Weiss et al.(2004)(31)Roden and Wetzel(1996)(32)Devito and Hill(1999)(33)Feng and Hsieh(1998)(34) Vile et al.(2003a)(35)Freeman et al.(1996,1998);Kang et al.(1998);Kang and Freeman(1999);Yavitt et al.(2004)(36) Kang and Freeman(1999)(37)Shackle et al.(2000);Gusewell and Freeman(2003)(38)Wright and Reddy(2001)(39) Freeman et al.(1996);Williams et al.(2000)community composition may influence nitrogen fixation rates but not methane consumption rates; thus showing the importance of understanding interactions between specific microorganisms, plant species,and the related process rates.Interactions among biogeochemical cycles have not been well studied,but may be another important control over wetland processes.For example,methane production may be limited by microbial iron oxide reduction(based on a decrease in methanogenesis in rhizosphere sam-ples with high rates of iron reduction)(Roden and Wetzel1996,2003).Electronflow can also be diverted from methanogenesis toward iron oxide reduction when microorganisms are in the pres-ence of crystalline iron oxide(Roden2003).Sul-fate reduction may be more important to total anaerobic carbon mineralization than methane production(Vile et al.2003a,b);and sulfate deposition may even decrease methane produc-tion(Blodau et al.2002;Gauci et al.2004). Methane production and sulfate reduction may decrease with increased nitrate/denitrification rates(Westermann and Ahring1987).Studies of multiple processes indicate there may be impor-tant interactions that add to the complexity of wetland biogeochemistry.It is difficult,however, to synthesize the contribution of these studies from the small research base currently available.In conclusion,hydrology and substrate availability are the primary keys to understanding variability in process rate and occurrence.Areas that may be particularly important for future research are the importance of pH and plant community structure in process control.In addi-tion,while functional studies have provided a de-tailed empirical understanding of many wetland soil process rates and their controls,there are conceptual limitations to studying function alone that become apparent when results among studies are inconsistent or when more complex aspects of wetland ecosystem function are examined.In these cases,the research could provide more insight if it was approached not only from a process stand-point,but from a microbial standpoint as e of methods that combine these two aspects is unfortunately rare.Below,we briefly review microbiological(community and taxonomic) research to date in wetland ecosystems.Microbial communities and populationsin wetland soilsMicroorganisms have been characterized in freshwater wetland ecosystems using a variety of approaches and methods(Table5).General community structure(fingerprints)has been described using biochemical techniques such as phospholipids fatty acid analysis(PLFA)and less often with gene-basedfingerprinting techniques (such as terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms,TRFLP).The majority of microbial studies in wetlands have been focused on bacterial groups that carryout processes of interest.In general,studies of wetland soil microbiology are few,and thus more difficult to synthesize.PLFA analysis has been used to report differ-ences in community composition in different wetlands wetlands(Borga et al.1994;Sundh et al. 1997;Boon et al.1996)as well as across gradients of nutrient stress in peatlands(Borga et al.1994). Lipids have also been used to assess rhizosphere effects on community composition(Halbritter and Mogyorossy2002).In general these studies suggest that microbial community composition varies between wetland sites and that differences may be due to differences in water level(Sundh et al.1997;Mentzer et al.2006).Wetland microbial research has focused far more on specific microorganisms responsible for key processes than on general microbial commu-nityfingerprints.Studies of methanotrophic bac-terial communities in wetlands indicate that acidic peatlands have unique genetic composition (Dedysh et al.1998a,b,2000,2003;Dedysh2002; Wartiainen et al.2003;Sizova et al.2003; Kemnitz et al.2004).Methanogenic communities may also be unique in peatlands(Utsumi et al. 2003).The importance of unique communities responsible for key processes has been demon-strated in upland areas(Schimel and Gulledge 1998;Cavigelli and Robertson2000).In these studies,rather than processes being controlled by environmental factors such as soil water content or methane availability,the physiology of the microorganisms themselves was uniquely adapted to extant conditions and could influence process rates independent of changes in the environment.。

复旦大学2006年Paper OnePort ⅠVocabulary and StructureDirections: There are 30 incompete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter or Answer Sheet I with a single line through center.1. Official figures show that unemployment ______ in November and then fell slowly over the next two months.A. ploddedB. peepedC. plungedD. peaked2. The old lady was immediately sent to a nearby hospital when she ______ from heat stroke.A. passed awayB. passed offC. passed outD. passed by3. Her spirits ______ at the thought of all the work she had to do that morning.A. saggedB. passed offC. saddledD. scored4. Jack would rather his younger sister ______ in the same hospital as he does.A. workedB. worksC. to workD. work5. Jane was badly taken in when she paid $300 for that second-hand bicycle; it was not worthA. that all muchB. all that muchC. much all thatD. that much all6. A patient crowd had ______ around the entrance to the theatre, hoping to catch a glimpse of the stars of the show.A. contractedB. consultedC. contemplatedD. congregated7. UN diplomats are suspicious that the country's ______ weapons programme may be broader than reported.A. frailB. clandestineC. temperateD. fake8. Fortunately the acting and photography are so good that they somehow manage to ______ the limitations of the film plot.A. traceB. transcendC. tranquilizeD. trail9. When the report was published, various environmental groups criticized it for being too ______.A. alertB. zealousC. meekD. gregarious10. Her friends helped her ______ after her sister was killed in a car crash.A. pull offB. pull outC. pull throughD. pull on11. Nell's father said to him that he was ______ dog to learn new tricks.A. so old aB. a too oldC. too old aD. a so old12. The skipper was not willing to risk ______ his ship through the straits until he could see where he was going.A. takingB. to takeC. having takenD. being taken13. We were running out of money and things were looking ______.A. grimB. glossyC. gorgeousD. gracious14. If law and outer ______ not maintained, neither the citizens nor their properties are safe.A. wereB. areC. isD. was15. He saw writers and artists as being important to the state for they could ______ credibility on the regime.A. bestowB. embraceC. disperseD. undertake16. When import taxes on goods arc high, there is a greater chance that they will be ______.A. barteredB. counterfeitedC. manufacturedD. smuggled17. There's been so little rain, the forest is ______ to go up in flames at any moment.A. precariousB. feebleC. convenientD. liable18. The school's development committee has deliberated the question ______ great length.A. onB. alongC. atD. for19. On a Summer evening it is ______ to hear the joyful sound of the shepherd's flute floating across the valley.A. treacherousB. enchantingC. rashD. furtive20. Let's ______ the arrangements with the others before we make a decision.A. talk overB. talk intoC. talk downD. talk round21. He'll have to ______ the music when his parents find out he's been missing school.A. listen toB. composeC. faceD. play22. Her eyes were shining brightly and her face was suffuse ______ color.A. withB. inC. byD. of23. In my opinion Elizabeth and Henry are not ______ friends as lovers.A. too muchB. as muchC. very muchD. so much24. Yesterday my brother ______ with his girlfriend over where to go on holiday.A. fell offB. fell outC. fell awayD. fell apart25. The writer ______ the newspaper readers against buying shares without getting good advice first.A. spurredB. menacedC. cautionedD. induced26. Some of his colleagues say he's loud and ______ and that everyone hates him.A. obnoxiousB. straightforwardC. considerateD. genial27. She claims that the pressure on public hospitals could be ______ by combining medical resources in the public and private sectors.A. relievedB. replacedC. retrievedD. resurrected28. Please ______ it that the door is locked before you leave.A. see throughB. see toC. see intoD. see after29. I will ______ you personally responsible if anything goes wrong in this project.A. getB. holdC. letD. have30. The burglars ______ the house but found nothing valuable.A. ransackedB. besiegedC. mortgagedD. renovatedPort ⅡReading ComprehensionDirections: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four chokes marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center.(1)Nowadays, with plentiful ice and electric churning, few people recall the shared excitement of the era when making ice cream was a rarely scheduled event. Then the iceman brought to the back door, on special order, a handsome 2-foot-square cube of cold crystal and everyone in the family took a turn at the crank. The critical question among us children was, of course, who might lick the dasher. A century or so ago the novelist Stendhal knew only hand-churned ice cream and, when be first tasted it, ex-claimed, "What a pity this isn't a sin!"Hand-churning is still tops for perfectionists for no power-driven machine has yet been invented that can achieve a comparable texture. Even French Pot, the very best commercial method for making ice cream, calls for finishing by hand.Ice creams are based on carefully cooked well-chilled syrups and heavy custards, added to unwhipped cream. No form of vanilla flavoring can surpass that of vanilla suger or of the bean itself, steeped in a hot syrup. If sweetened frozen fruits are incorporated into the cream mixture instead of fresh fruits, be sure to adjust sugar content accordingly.Make up mixtures for chum-frozen ice creams the day before you freeze, to increasingly fill the container only 3/4 full to permit expansion. To pack the freezer, allow 3 to 6 quarts of chipped or cracked ice to I cup of coarse rock sail. Pack about 1/3 of the freezer with ice and add layers of salt and ice around the container until the freezer is full. Allow the pack to stand about 3 minutes before you start turning. Turn slowly at first, about 40 revolutions a minute, until a slight pull is felt. Them triple speed for 5 to 6 minutes. If any additions, such as finely cut candied or fresh fruits or nuts are to be made, do so at this point. Then repack and taper off the churning to a-bout 80 revolutions a minute for a few minutes more. The cream should be ready in 10 to 20 minutes, depending on the quality.If the ice cream or ice is to be used at once, it should be frozen harder then if you plan to serve it later. Should the interval be 2 hours or more, packing will firm it. To pack, pour off the salt water in the freezer and wipe off the lid. Remove the dasher carefully, making sure that no salt or water gets into the cream container Scrape the cream down from the sides of the container. Place a cork in the lid and replace the lid. Repack the container in the freezer with additional ice and salt, using the same proporions as before. Cover the freezer with newspapers, a piece of carpet or other heavy material.The cream should be smooth when served, If it proves granular, you used too much salt in the packing mixture, overfilled the inner, container with the ice cream mixture or turned too rapidly. If you are making a large quantity with the idea of storing some in the deep-freeze, package in sizes you plan on serving: Should ice cream be allowed to melt even slightly and is then refrozen, it loses in volume and even more in good texture.31. In the first paragraph, "took a turn at the crank" could be paraphrased ______.A. "helped to mix the ice cream"B. "ate some ice cream"C. "helped break up the ice with a hammer"D. "protected the ice cream from children"32. According to the writer truly perfect ice cream ______.A. is now common and inexpensive at most storesB. is only possible with hand laborC. should be melted and then refrozenD. needs to be a sin33. When ice cream is being hand-churned it is surrounded by a mixture of ______.A. syrup and creamB. syrup and iceC. salt and iceD. fresh fruit and ice34. In Paragraph Four, "taper off" means ______.A. cut upB. stopC. speed upD. slow down35. This passage reflects an era when ______.A. people liked a little salt in their ice creamB. making ice cream was an occasional form of family entertainmentC. ice cream was not popularD. people did not know now to make cheese with their cream(2)Food and drink play a major role in Christmas celebrations in most countries, but in few more so than in Mexico. Many families over the festive season will do little more than cook and ingest a seemingly constant cycle of tortillas, fried beans, meat both roasted and stewed, and sticky desserts for days on end. Thus does the extended family keep on extending--further and further over their collective waistlines.Lucky them, .you might think. Except that Mexico's bad eating habits are leading to a health crisis that most Mexicans seem blissfully unaware of. Obesity and its related disorder, diabetes, are now major health concerns in a country where large rural regions are still concerned more with under nourishment than with over-nourishment. In its perennial rivalry with the United States, Mexico has at last found an area in which it can match its northern neighbor--mouthful for mouthful.The statistics are impressive, and alarming. According to the OECD, Mexico is now the second fattest nation in that group of 30 countries. A health poll in 1999 found that 35% of women were overweight, and another 24% technically obese, Juan Rivera, an official at the National Institute of Public Health, says that the combined figure for men would be about 55%, and that a similar poll to be carried out next year will show the fat quotient rising.Only the United States, with combined figures of over 60%, is head.That situation also varies geographically. Although Mexicans populate the north of their country more sparsely that the south, they make up for it weight-wise. A Study published by the Pan-American Health Organization a month ago showed that in the mostly Hispanic population that lives on either side of the American-Mexican border, fully 74% of men and 70% of women are either overweight or obese.Moreover, even experts have been surprised by how rapidly the nation has swollen. Whereas the 1999 poll showed 59% of women overweight or obese, only 11 years previously that figure was just 33%. Nowhere is the transformation more noticeable then in the prevalence of diabetes, closely linked to over-eating and obesity. In 1968, says Joel, Rodriguez of the Mexican Diabetes Federation, the disease was in 35th place as a direct cause of mortality in Mexico, but now it occupies first place, above both cancer and heart disease. With about 6. 5m diabetics out of a population of 10Om, Mexico now has a higher rate than any other large country in the world. Not surprisingly. Mr. Rodriguez argues that Mexico is in the grip of an "epidemic".Nor does it tax the brain much to work out that the causes of these explosions in obesity and diabetes are the Mexican diet and a lack of exercise. For most Mexicans, food consumption, not just at Christmas but all year round, is an unvarying combination of refried beans tortillas, meat and refrescos, or fizzy drinks; they consume 101 litres of cola drinks per person per year, just a little less than Americans and three times as much as Brazilians.Meanwhile, the lack of exercise, Mr. Rivera argues, is a symptom of rapid urbanization over the past 30 years. Obesity and diabetes rates remain slightly lower in rural areas, indicating that manual labor endures as an effective way to stave off weight gain. In Mexico City, though, pollution and crime have progressively driven people out of the parks and the streets, so most now walk as little as possible--preferably no further than from the valet-parking service to the restaurant. To combat the fat, health professionals say that the country must first realize that it is indeed in the grip of an epidemic. Other diseases, such as AIDS and cancer, have captured most of the publicity in recent years; obesity and diabetes have been comparatively neglected.But these arc also, as in other developing countries, mainly problems of the urban poor. It is a symptom of their growing prosperity that these parts of the population have, probably for the first time, almost unlimited access to the greatest amount of calories for the smallest amount of money, But with little knowledge of nutritional values, their diets are now unbalanced and unhealthy.Low-carb products and other dietary imports from the United States have already made an appearance on the posher Mexican supermarket shelves. They may go into be shopping baskets of the rake-thin and utterly unrepresentative models who dominate the country's advertising hoardings. But they are still comparatively expensive. For the heaving mass of the population, things may have to get worse before the government, doctors and consumers realize that things have got to start getting better.36. The phrase "on end" in the first paragraph can be replaced by ______.A. until all been consumedB. uprightC. continuouslyD. until the last day37. Which of the following sentences is TRUE according to the passage?A. Mexicans are eating a lot because of the country's affluence.B. Mexicans can match Americans in the nourishment of their diet.C. Mexicans only overeat during festive seasons.D. Mexico is now the second fattest nation in this world.38. Judging by the context, the word "perennial" in the second paragraph most probably meansA. perpetualB. recurringC. transientD. perilous39. Which is the most significant cause of mortality in Mexico?A. Cancer.B. Heart disease.C. Diabetes.D. Epidemic.40. It is known from the passage that from 1988 to 1999 the figure of women overweight of obese in Mexico roseby ______.A. 30%B. 26%C. 35%D. 55%(3)When you are small, all ambitions fall into one grand category: when I'm grown up. When I'm grown up, you say, I'll go up in space. I'm going to be an author. I'll kill them all and then they'll be sorry. I'll be married in a cathedral with sixteen brides- maids in pink lace. I'll have a puppy of my own and no one will be able to take him away.None of it ever happens, of course, of dam little but the fantasies give you the idea that there is something to grow up for. Indeed one of the saddest things about gild-ed adolescence is the feeling that from eighteen on, it's all downhill; I read with horror of an American hippie wedding where someone said to the groom (age twenty) 'you seem so kinda grown up somehow', and the lad had to go around seeking reassurance that he wasn't, no, early he wasn't. A determination to be better adults than the present incumbents is fine, but to refuse to grow up at all is just plain unrealism.Right, so then you get some of what you want, or something like it or something that will do all right; and for years you are too busy to do more than live in the present and put one foot in front of the other; your goals stretching little beyond the day when the boss has a stroke or the moment when the children can bring you tea in bed and the later moment when they actually bring you hot tea, not mostly clopped in the saucer. However, I have now discovered an even sweeter category of ambition. When my children are grown up I'll learn to fly an aero plane. I will career round the sky, knowing that if I do go pop there will be no little ones to suffer shock and maladjustment; that even if the worst does come to the worst I will at least dodge the geriatric ward and all that looking for your glasses in order to see where you've left your teeth. When my children are grown up I'll have fragile, lovely things on low tables; I'll have a white carpet; I'll go to the pictures in the 'afternoon. When the children are grown up I'll actually be able to do a day's work in day, instead of spread over three, and go away for a weekend without planning as if for a trip to the Moon. When I'm grown up--I mean when they're grown up--I'll be free.Of course, I know it's got to get worse before it gets better. Twelve-year-olds, I'm told, don't go to bed at seven, so you don't even get your evenings; once they're past ten you have to start worrying about their friends instead of simply shooting the intruders off the doorstep, and to settle down to a steady ten years of criticism of every- thing you've ever thought or done or won. Boys, it seems, may be less of a trial than girls since they can't get pregnant and they don't borrow your clothes--it they do borrow your clothes, of course, you've got even more to worry about.The young don't respect their parents any more, that's what. Goodness, how sad. Still, like eating snails, it might be all right once you've got over the idea: it might let us off having to bother quite so much with them when the time comes. But one is simply not going to be able to drone away one's days, toothless by the fire, brooding on the past.41. What interests the writer about young children is that they ______.A. have so many unselfish ambitionsB. have such long term ambitionsC. don't all want to be spacemenD. all long for adult pleasures42. The writer maintains that fantasies ______.A. satisfy ambitionB. lessen ambitionC. stimulate ambitionD. frustrate ambition43. What does the writer feel is wrong with the modern generation?A. Their wanting to grow up.B. Their not wanting to grow up.C. Their wanting to improve adults.D. Their not wanting to improve adults.44. The writer feels that as an adult one must ______.A. achieve one's ambitions at all costsB. continue to be ambitiousC. find a compromise between ambition and realityD. give up all one's earlier ambitions45. When the children leave home, the writer thinks that ______.A. there will be compensationsB. she will be delightedC. she will be desolatedD. there will be nothing to do(4)For years pediatricians didn't worry much about treating hypertension in their patients. After all, kids grow so fast, it's hard keeping up with their shoe size, let alone their blood pressure. Sure, hypertension in adults places them at greater risk of heart, attack and stroke. But nobody likes the idea of starting youngsters on blood-pressure medicine they could wind up taking the rest of their lives. Who knows what previously unheard-of side effects could crop up after five or six decades of daily use?The rationale has been: kids grow out of so many things, maybe they'll grow out of this too.Now, though, comes word that high blood pressure can be destructive even in childhood. According to a recent report in the journal Circulation, 19of 130children with high blood pressure developed a dangerous thickening of the heart muscle that, in adults at least, has been linked to heart failure. "No one knows if this pattern holds true for younger patients as well," says Dr. Stephen Daniels, a pediatric cardiologist who led the study at Children's Hospital Medical Center in Cincinnati, Ohio. "But it's worrisome."Who's most at risk? Boys more man girls, expecially boys who are overweight. Their heart works so hard to force blood through extra layers of fat that its walls grow more dense. Then, after decades of straining, it grows too big to pump blood very well. Fortunately the abnormal, thickering can be spotted by ultrasound. And in most case, getting that blood pressure under control--through weight loss and exercise or, as a last resort, drug treatment--allows the overworked muscle to shrink to normal size.How can you tell if yours are like the 670, 000 American children ages 10 to 18 with high blood pressure?I t's not the sort of thing you can catch by putting your child's arm in a cuff at the free monitoring station in your local grocery.You should have a test done by a doctor, who will consult special tables that indicate me normal range of blood pressure for a particular child's age, height and sex. If the doctor finds an abnormal result he will repeat the test over a period of months to make sure the reading isn't a fake. He'll also check, whether other conditions, like kidney disease, could be the source of the trouble. Because hypertension can be hard to detect the National Heart. Lung and Blood Institute recommends annual blood-pressure checks for every child over age 3.About half the eases of hypertension stem directly from kids being overweight. And the problem is likely to grow. Over the past 30 years the proportion of children in the U. S. who are overweight has doubled, from 5% to 11% or4.7 million kids.You can keep your children from joining their ranks by clearing the junk food from your pantry and honking your kids--the earlier the better--on healthy, attractive snacks like fruits (try freezing some grapes/or carrot sticks with salsa. Not only will they lower your children's blood pressure: these foods will also boost their immune system and unclog their plumbing. Meanwhile, make sure your kids spend more time on the playground than with their PlayStation. Even if they don't shed a pound, vigorous exercise will help keep their blood vessels nice and wide, lowering their blood pressure. And of course, they'll be more likely to eat light and exercise if you set a good example.46. This piece of writing is mainly addressed to ______.A. parentsB. boysC. girlsD. pediatrician47. The word unclog in paragraph 7 can be replaced by ______.A. fixB. clearC. hinderD. dismantle48. By saying "It's not the sort of thing you can catch by putting your child's arm in a cuff at the free monitoring station in your local grocery ", the writer impliesA. hypertension is hard to detectB. children often refuse to have their blood pressure testedC. you'll have to pay a lot of money if you want to have your child's blood pressure checked in a groceryD. in a local grocery, you are free to determine how to have your child's blood pressure examined49. Which of the following is not suggested by the writer to control hypertension?A. Ding treatments.B. Weight loss.C. Exercise.D. Overwork.50. We can conclude from the passage that ______.A. children with hypertension are unlikely to suffer from heart attack and strokeB. parent's blood pressure decides their children's blood pressureC. besides overweight, there are other factors resulting in hypertensionD. vigorous exercise sometimes will lead to heart troublePaper TwoPart ⅢClozeDirections: Fill in each of the following blanks with ONE word to complete the meaning of the passage Write your answer on Answer Sheet Ⅱ.Every geologist is familiar with the erosion cycle. No sooner has an area of land been raised alive sea-level than it becomes subject to the erosive forces of nature. The rain beats down on the ground and washed (51) the finer particles, sweeping them into rivulets and then into rivers and out to sea. The frost freezes the rain water in cracks of the rocks and breaks (52) even the hardest of the constituents of the earth's crust. Blocks of rock dislodged at high levels are brought down by the force of gravity. Alternate heating and (53) of bare rock surfaces causes their disintegration. In the dry regions of the world the wind is a powerful force in removing material from one area to another. All this is natural. But nature has also provided certain defensive forces. Bare rock surfaces are in (54) course protected by soil itself dependent initially on the weathering of the rocks. Slowly (55) surely, different types of soil with differing "profiles" evolve the main types depending primarily on the climate. The protective soil covering, once it is formed, is held together by the growth of vegetation. Grass and herbaceous plants, (56) long, branching tenuous roots, hold firmly together the surface particles. The (57) is true with the forest cover. The heaviest tropical down- pours beating on the leave of the giant trees reach the ground only (58) spray, gently watering the surface layers and penetrating along the long passages provided by the roots to the lower levels of the soil. The soil, thus protected by grass, herb, or trees, furnishes a quiet habitat for a myriad varied organisms-earth-worms that importantly modify the soil, bacteria, active in their work of converting (59) leaves and decaying vegetation into humus and food for the growing plants. Chemical action is constantly taking (60) . Soil acids attack mineral particles and salts in solution move from one layer in the soil to another.Part ⅣTranslationSection ADirections: Put the following passage into Chinese.Dun took a deep breath, thinking over what had been said and searching in his mind for a possible course of action. Not for the first time in his flying career, he felt himself in the grip of an acute sense of apprehension, only this time his awareness of his responsibilty for the safety of a huge, complex aircraft and nearly sixty lives was tinged with a sudden icy premonition of disaster. Was this, then what it felt like? Older pilots, those who had been in combat in the war, always maintained that if you kept at the game long, enough you'd buy it in the end. How was it that in the space of half an hour a normal, every day, routing flight, carrying a crowd of happy football fans, could change into a nightmare nearly four miles above the earth, something that would shriek across the front pages of a hundred newspapers?Section BDirections: Put the following passage into English.在美国历史上人们最津津乐道的政治问题恐怕就是法律与秩序。

2006 Text 4（英语⼀）不快乐的艺术Text 4Many things make people think artists are weird.许多事情让⼈们觉得艺术家很古怪。

But the weirdest may be this: artists'only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.最古怪可能是：艺术家的唯⼈⼈作就是寻找情感，然⼈他们所关注的对象⼈多是那些不幸的⼈。

This wasn't always so.当然不总是那样。

The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy. 艺术的最早形式，像绘画和⼈乐，都是最适合表达快乐的。

But somewhere from the 19th century onward, more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless, phony or, worst of all, boring,但在19世纪的某个时期，更多的艺术家开始把快乐看成⼈意义的，假冒的，甚⼈是最糟的。

as we went from Wordsworth's daffodils to Baudelaire's flowers of evil.我们可以从Wordsworth 的《⼈⼈仙》到Baudelaire 的《罪恶之花》看出这种变化。

You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen so much misery.你可能会争论艺术变得对幸福如此怀疑是因为在现代看到了这样的苦难。