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The brief history of ancient Greece and ancient RomanAs one of the major contributors to Western civilization ,ancient Greek culture has provided the creative energy and prototypes for later forms of Western society.And so does ancient Roman.1.The early period of Greek civilization.Ancient Greece culture comes from Aegean civilization.And Aegean cilization consists of Minoan civilization and Mycenaean civilazation. The early period Greek civilization also has Cretan civilization.Located in a hilly and mountainnous part of Mediterranean Europe,Greece enjyos a fairly warm but rather dry climate and is covered with low trees,bushes,and herbs typical of the Mediterrancean.Greece also lacks of the resource of fuel.In a word,Greece lacks of the conditions that develop agricultural civilization.This lead to Greece has to develop its business.This kind of situation makes Greece’s chracter of open and free.Bad natural conditions bring pain to Greece,but as well as luck.Greece became the earliest area on democracy.2.The development and end of Greek civilization.A special chracter among Greek politics is the City-states.An important change in this period is the general coming into universal use of iron as a substitute for bronze.With further economic development,Greek society was restructured along class lines,based on property ownership.The City-states weere founded one after another,numbering more than a hundred altogether.Among them were Thebes,Miletus,Athens and Sparta.All were small in size with limited population, usually taking the form of a central city surrounded by countryside and smalltowns.They were ruled either by Inoians or Dorians,with Athens and Sparta as the most develped and powerful.The newly founded polis was ususally ruled by either the slave-owning aristocrat or the military leader turned king.But some tates could be ruled by the archons such as Draco and Solon,who would proceed with their reforms.With the City-statas developing,old law can’t meet majority any more.So Greek politicians,for example,Draco,cleisthenes and Peisisitratus,begain to improve Greek polis.Their politics develop Greek democracy and make Greek people have more power.Greek civilization came to its peak during Pericles’reign and then beganto decling.Under the leadership of Pericles during 499-449 BC,the coalition force of the Greek city-states defeated the Perisian troops in the two wars against Perisian invaders.Howeve,peace and stability did not last long after the victory because a split occurred between the two strongest city-states leading to the decline of Athens and most poleis involved in the war which spead all over the Peninsula of Peloponnesus.The wars not only brought great losses to Athens,but also dooomed all the Greek poleis to irretrievable setback and decline,and opened the way for the invasion of later aggresors like Macedonia, Gaul and Rome.The regions of Greek peninsula and Agean Sea islands were all seized and conquered by welltraned Roman troops before 146 BC and merged into the map of Roman Empire.3.The beginning of RomeThe Italian city of Rome is the birthplace of Roman Empire and,therefore,the origin of Roman culture.Geographically located in the south of the European continent and surrouned on three sides by the seas,Italy occupies the Apennines Peninsula,one of the three major land masses of the northern MediterraneanEarly Rome originated from some small villages in central Italy,not fr away from the seashore.It is said that early Rome was ruled by seven kings.Afterwards,the citywas ruled by two consus and a senate.The historical process began about 509 BC or so and lasted until over 500 years later when the Emperor Octavian founded his dictatorship in place of the republic.4.The devolopment of RomeDuring the 4th century BC, Rome unified Italy by military conquest. There are many wars in Roman history.A large number of slaves were brought to Rome because of victories duing the frequent wars.These slavesdo a lot for Roman development.In 83 BC,the Roman military commander L.Sulia Felix,led his troops in putting down his opponents and established his dictatorship.By conquering Gaul,Caesar’s military power,financial income and his own prestige were all greatly enhanced,thus achieving outstanding merit in both civil and mili tary affairs.After Caesar died,it led to the birth of the second Triumvirate.IN the two centuries after Augustus took power,the Roman Empire reached its culmination.Beginning from the 5th century or so,the Roman Empire embarked on a path of decline.Civil wars repeatedly broke out and brought instability and disasters to the ordinary people.Economic development and social prosperity were checked.Long before that,the Roman Empire had actually broken up into two parts.。
古希腊罗马英文名词解释The Ancient Greek and Roman Civilizations: A Linguistic ExplorationThe ancient civilizations of Greece and Rome have left an indelible mark on the world not only through their remarkable achievements in art, architecture, philosophy, and politics but also through the enduring influence of their languages on the modern lexicon. The words and terms that originated in these ancient cultures have become integral parts of the English language, reflecting the profound impact these societies have had on Western thought and culture.One of the most significant contributions of the ancient Greeks and Romans to the English language is the vast number of words and terms that have been directly borrowed or adapted from their respective languages. From the realm of philosophy, we have words like "democracy," "aristocracy," and "oligarchy," all of which originated in ancient Greek political discourse. Similarly, the term "philosophy" itself, meaning "love of wisdom," is a direct translation from the Greek "philosophia."In the field of science and mathematics, the influence of ancientGreek and Roman terminology is equally pervasive. Words like "atom," "molecule," and "biology" are all derived from Greek roots, reflecting the profound contributions of Greek thinkers to the advancement of scientific knowledge. Likewise, the Roman system of numerals, with its familiar symbols like "I," "V," and "X," continues to be used in various contexts, from clock faces to chapter headings.The realm of medicine has also been profoundly shaped by the linguistic legacy of ancient Greece and Rome. Terms like "anatomy," "physiology," and "psychiatry" all have their origins in the Greek language, while words like "virus," "vaccine," and "epidemic" are derived from Latin roots.The influence of ancient Greek and Roman culture is not limited to the realms of science and philosophy, however. The English language is also replete with words and phrases that reflect the artistic and literary achievements of these civilizations. From the term "tragedy," which originated in the dramatic performances of ancient Greece, to the concept of "heroic" deeds, which is rooted in the epic tales of Homer and Virgil, the linguistic legacy of these ancient cultures continues to resonate in the modern world.Furthermore, the legal and political systems of the modern world owe a significant debt to the ancient Romans, whose language and concepts have been woven into the fabric of many contemporarylegal and governmental structures. Words like "constitution," "senate," and "civil" all have their origins in the Latin language, reflecting the enduring influence of Roman law and governance.In addition to the direct borrowing of words and terms, the ancient Greeks and Romans have also left a lasting imprint on the English language through the use of prefixes, suffixes, and root words. Many of the building blocks of the English language can be traced back to these ancient languages, allowing for the creation of new words and concepts that continue to evolve and expand the linguistic landscape.The impact of ancient Greek and Roman civilizations on the English language is not limited to the specific words and terms that have been adopted or adapted. These ancient cultures have also profoundly shaped the way we think about and use language itself. The emphasis on rhetoric, logic, and the power of persuasive speech in ancient Greece, for example, has had a lasting influence on the way we approach communication and the construction of arguments.Moreover, the rich literary traditions of ancient Greece and Rome, from the epic poetry of Homer and Virgil to the philosophical dialogues of Plato and Cicero, have provided a wellspring of inspiration and influence for countless writers and thinkers throughout history. The enduring legacy of these ancient masterpieces can be seen in the way they have shaped thedevelopment of literary genres, narrative structures, and stylistic conventions that continue to be employed in contemporary literature and creative expression.In conclusion, the linguistic legacy of ancient Greece and Rome is a testament to the enduring power and influence of these remarkable civilizations. The words, terms, and concepts that have been woven into the fabric of the English language reflect the profound impact these ancient cultures have had on the development of Western thought, culture, and society. As we continue to grapple with the complexities of the modern world, the linguistic inheritance of ancient Greece and Rome remains a vital and indispensable part of our cultural and intellectual heritage.。
Without the Greeks, who would have given us science, technology, democracy, politics, drama, and history? All of these words, as well as the ideas they represent, originated in ancient Greece.WHERE WAS ANCIENT GREECE?Greece is a mountainous peninsula that juts into the Mediterranean Sea. It includes hundreds of rocky islands off the coast. But the people of ancient Greece settled over a much wider area, from southern France to Asia Minor (now Turkey). Everywhere they went, they brought their language and traditions with them.WHEN DID GREEK CIVILIZATION BEGIN?The first Greek civilization developed on the Mediterranean island of Crete around 2200 BC. This civilization was called Minoan after a legendary ruler of Crete named Minos. The Minoans lived by farming, fishing, and seafaring. Their rulers built huge, brightly painted palaces. A magnificent palace at Knossos may have belonged to King Minos. The Minoans invented a way of writing, but no one today can read it.Soon after 1500 BC, Minoan civilization collapsed. Mycenae, a city on mainland Greece, rose to power. The Mycenaeans built palaces fortified with massive walls, and they rode in chariots. They must have been rich because beautiful objects of gold were found in their graves. The Mycenaeans were warriors. They fought each other, and they went to war in distant places, such as Troy in Asia Minor.These wars were disastrous for Greece. From 1000 to 750 BC, farming, craftwork, and trade suffered. People even forgot how to write!HOW DID GREECE REBUILD?Slowly, Greece recovered. The Greek people organized themselves into self-governing communities called city-states. Each city had homes, workshops, temples devoted to the Greek gods, markets, schools, sports arenas, and meeting places.A city-state also controlled the surrounding countryside. In villages and on farms, Greek families grew olives, grapes, and grain for food. They raised sheep and goats for hides and wool.Along the coast, people lived by fishing or by trading with other Mediterranean lands. They sold olive oil, wine, timber, and craft products.The Greeks were especially known for their excellent metalwork and painted pottery.The Greeks liked debating, questioning, and exploring new ideas. They admired logical arguments and scientific proof. They believed in justice and human dignity. But they were not all equal. Some Greeks were born free. Others were slaves with no rights. Greek men had freedom to work, study, and travel. Women spent their lives at home. They wove cloth, bore children, and cared for their families.The Greeks also believed in gods who controlled human lives. They honored the gods and made offerings to them. In return, they hoped for blessings. To please the gods, city-states held religious festivals, with competitions in music, dance, drama, poetry, and sports. The Olympic Games began as a religious festival of this kind, probably in 776 BC.WHICH WAS THE STRONGEST CITY-STATE?By around 500 BC, two city-states were supreme. Sparta was famous for its fearsome fighting men. It had a powerful ruling council, secret police, and spies. All its citizens—including women and children—were trained to be tough and brave. Slaves grew food.Athens was a democracy. All adult male citizens had the right to elect leaders, serve on juries, and debate government plans. Athenians prized learning and the arts. They asked the best artists, architects, philosophers, and writers to live and work in their city. From 480 to 359 BC, Athens collected tribute(payments) from smaller, weaker Greek cities. It used this money, and wealth from its silver mines, to buy warships. It also rebuilt the center of the city in magnificent style, with temples, statues, law courts, theaters, and strong walls.From 490 to 479 BC, Athens and Sparta fought together against invaders from Persia. But then they became rivals. From 431 to 404 BC, they fought each other in a bitter war. The war severely weakened both powers.HOW DID GREEK POWER END?In 338 BC, Greece was conquered by Macedonia, a kingdom to the north. City-states lost their political power, but Greek civilization continued and spread to many distant lands. Under Macedonian rule, Greek philosophers, mathematicians, and scientists made discoveries that are still useful today.In 146 BC, Roman armies invaded Greece. Roman leaders admired Greek achievements, and so Greek ideas and artistic styles spread still further, through the lands of the Roman Empire. In AD 395, Greece became part of the Byzantine Empire. It was ruled from the city of Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey). Greek language, knowledge, and technology remained important until the Byzantine Empire fell to Ottoman Turks in 1453.THE INFLUENCE OF ANCIENT GREECEToday, Greek civilization still shapes the way people think, speak, study, govern, design buildings, and spend their leisure time. Many words in the English language come from Greek roots. Questions raised by Greek philosophers are still debated. Greek plays are read and performed. The Olympic Games are held every four years, just as in ancient Greece. Many of our buildings—especially those with tall, round columns—are modeled after Greek buildings. The influence of ancient Greece is felt throughout Europe and in all the lands that European nations once ruled.。
Ancient Greek and Roman CultureAbstract：Ancient Greek and Roman civilization,which is the origin of western culture, and the profoundly significant monument in the long history. Any kind of culture is inseparable from the survival of the soil. Besides, cultural interaction is also involved in various areas such as politics,economy, and national characters, it's areproduction of folk customs. Ancient Greek culture is the source of Roman culture, Roman culture is on the basis of constantly development innovation, which has created the unique culture, artistic vision and masterpiece.Key Words: Ancient Greece, Rome culture, western culture, humanismPartⅠIntroductionAncient Greek and Roman culture,which developed with extraordinary penetration and infinite vitality. From time to time , it went bythe budding civilization absorption, transformation, and thus became the widely circulated western cultures and the origin of mankind and eternal treasures. Ancient Greek and Roman nation not only created the colorful civilization in the field of literature, science, philosophy, artistic aspects are clueless, but also gave birth to the modern western civilization of all embryos. Ancient Greek and Roman cultural achievements in the history world occupied a very important position, and cultural development also had a far-reaching influence.PartⅡAchievements of ancient Greece and Rome2.1 The myth of ancient Greece and Rome is a brilliant starting point of Western civilization.The ancient Greeks had great faith in polytheism, and these myths became the genre of literature and art inexhaustibly. Initial era of Greek mythology to mankind, which was in the process of fighting against nature, developing their imagination and creativity, and accumulating to form his or her own view of the world. The ancient Greeks believed that God is the perfect embodiment of the people,it not only has the image of the people, but also people's feelings and experiences. It is human who approached to myth, the most perfect self of an expectation. The Romans produced a number of gods and the equivalence of Greek gods and goddesses in Greek religion, namely the absorption of Greek mythology, the gods of transformation believed in the Roman gods. The Greece and Rome myth's attitude, on the one hand , riching the artistic appearance, on the other hand,reflecting the western liberal optimistic character. With the story of Zhang Yangqi, which was pointed out modern western literature, religion, art and other aspects of a determinative influence.2.2 The ancient Greek philosophy is the origin of the western philosophy.The philosophy of ancient Greek in the long history of human beings occupies an important position in the modern western countries "philosophy" is a word that came from the ancient Greek. Ancient Greek philosophy and science mix together, so that it was full of materialism and idealism. The ancient history didn't stop it's step to pushaward. Ancient Greek philosophers and scientists are the center of the modern science and culture . At different fields of Greek philosophy, such as astronomy, mathematics, geometry, physics, geography, biology and other aspects have made great achievements.PartⅢReasons for the prosperity of ancient Greece and RomeSlavery is a political guarantee and a material prosperity of ancient Greek culture. Cultural and artistic prosperity need some certain social conditions, as we can see the large-scale labor slaves make Greek slavery flourished. Agriculture and handicraft industry development and prosperity of business provides a solid material foundation for the development of the culture. No slavery, no slave whose work hardly will not have a high development of culture in the ancient Greece. Democracy is the fundamental guarantee of academic freedom that is an important premise of the cultural prosperity. Greek religion plays a very important role in the Greek culture.Ancient Greek culture has not for the priests and monks who can control constraints.,As a result, they didn't become an obstacle to the development of culture. Greek religin freedom became even more open. Artists can give a full play to their imaginations and satisfy the desire of self-expression in the creation, and they will never to interfere with their affairs and persecute of priests or temples.Part ⅣConclusionThe essence of Western classical culture -- Humanism is a core factor in ancient Greek culture. Ancient Greek culture and humanistic spirit consist of the essence of Western classical culture. Ancient Greek humanism is based on individualism, and the people are rational, emotional, most of them are owning the will of the individualism. To pay attention to realize the individual value and focus on the frontage of the nature, and subjective initiative in front of society. Advocating people's wisdom is the essence of ancient Greek culture. The culture of ancient Greece and Rome is not only the cradle of Western civilization, but also for the western literature. It provides inspiration and vitality of development of art. We should learn step by step in the penetration of the bone marrow, thus, we can reflect and comprehend their own culture and find the essence of them. And we can have a good command to promote our national cultural awareness to enrich our own minds.Bibliography1．程仁桃，论中西文明源头的人文主义思想，河北大学，哲学社会科学版,2004。
古罗马文化英语作文Ancient Roman Culture。
Ancient Roman culture is one of the most influential and fascinating cultures in history. The Romans were renowned for their impressive architecture, engineering, literature, art, and military prowess. This essay will explore some of the most significant aspects of ancient Roman culture.Architecture。
Roman architecture was characterized by its grandeur and innovation. The Romans were famous for their engineering feats, such as the construction of aqueducts, roads, and bridges. They also built impressive public buildings, such as temples, amphitheaters, and baths. The Colosseum, which is one of the most iconic examples of Roman architecture, was used for gladiatorial contests and other public spectacles.Literature。
Ancient Roman literature was diverse and influential. The most famous Roman writers were Virgil, Ovid, and Cicero. Virgil's epic poem, the Aeneid, tells the story of the Trojan hero Aeneas and his journey to Italy, where he becomes the ancestor of the Roman people. Ovid's Metamorphoses is a collection of myths and legends that explores themes such as love, transformation, and the power of the gods. Cicero was a statesman and orator who wrote influential speeches and philosophical treatises.Art。
古希腊,古罗马神话演化来的英语单词和词组1.水仙花Narcissus纳西索斯(Narcissus)是希腊最俊美的男子,无数的少女对他一见倾心,可他却自负地拒绝了所有的人。
这当中包括美丽的山中仙女伊可(Echo)。
伊可十分伤心,很快地消瘦下去。
最后,她的身体终于完全消失,只剩下忧郁的声音在山谷中回荡。
此后,希腊人便用伊可的名字(Echo)来表示“回声”。
众神愤怒了,决定让纳西索斯去承受痛苦:爱上别人,却不能以被爱作为回报。
有一天纳西索斯在水中发现了自己的影子,然而却不知那就是他本人,爱慕不己、难以自拔,终于有一天他赴水求欢溺水死亡。
众神出于同情,将他死后化为水仙花。
2.皮格马利翁Pygmalion1.Thanks to her agent,a veritable Pygmalion,she was transfomed from an ugly duckling into a Hollywood beauty.皮格马利翁(Pygmalion)是塞浦路斯国(Cyprus)国王,也是一位雕刻家。
他爱上了自己所雕塑的少女像(Galatea),爱与美的女神阿佛洛狄特(Aphrodite)见其感情真挚,赋予雕像以生命,使两人结为夫妻。
Pygmalion现在喻指“对他人或物抱有积极主动、热切期盼态度的人”。
例句中Pygmalion正是取了该意。
1968年罗森塔尔(R.Rosenthal)与雅各布森(K.Jacobson)发表了一份名为《教室中的皮格马利翁》(Pygmalion in the Classroom)的研究报告。
这项研究的目的在于纠正教师的偏见。
实验开始时,研究者对l~6年级的学生实施智力测验。
然后他们在每个班级挑选出一些儿童,挑选标准不是根据智力测验的成绩,而是把出身贫穷家庭的学生挑选出来,因为研究者知道他们平常在班上遭受教师的歧视。
研究者把挑选出来的学生名单交给教师,告诉他们这些是特殊儿童,智商高,而且还有提高的可能性。
The ancient Greek civilization(古希腊文明)古希腊位于地中海东北部。
历史表明，克里特的征服者、特洛伊城的毁灭者——迈锡尼人，是希腊最早的居民之一。
但是古希腊文明的源头是爱琴文明,多年后爱琴人有了辉煌的米诺斯与迈锡尼文化。
随后便产生了璀璨的希腊文明。
Ancient Greece is located in the northeastern Mediterranean. History shows that, the conqueror of Crete, the destruction of Troy - the Mycenaeans, is the earliest inhabitants of greece. But,the source of the ancient Greek civilization is the Aegean civilization,many years later, Aegean has brilliant Minoan and Mycenaean culture.Then created bright Greek civilization.古希腊文化作为古典文化代表，在西方乃至世界都占有极其重要地位，主要包括了古希腊战争，古希腊艺术和古希腊神话。
Ancient Greek culture as the representative of classical culture, in the western world has occupied a very important position, including the ancient Greek War, the ancient Greek art and ancient Greek mythology.说真的，希腊卓有成就的文化领域与神话传说密切相关。
希腊神话传说不但是希腊人最早的文学，而且是希腊人最早的意识形态。
四大文明古国英语名称
四大文明古国的英文名是：
1、中国：
中国，英文名China。
以华夏文明为源泉、中华文化为基础，是世界上历史最悠久的国家之一。
中国各族人民共同创造了光辉灿烂的文化，具有光荣的革命传统。
中国是以汉族为主体民族的多民族国家，通用汉语、汉字，汉族与少数民族统称为“中华民族”，又自称“炎黄子孙”、“龙的传人”。
2、古希腊：
古希腊，英文名Ancient Greece。
是西方文明的源头之一，古希腊文明持续了约650年，是西方文明最重要和直接的渊源。
西方有记载的文学、科技、艺术都是从古代希腊开始的。
古希腊不是一个国家的概念，而是一个地区的称谓。
古希腊位于欧洲的东南部、地中海的东北部，包括希腊半岛、爱琴海和爱奥尼亚海上的群岛和岛屿、土耳其西南沿岸、意大利东部和西西里岛东部沿岸地区。
3、古印度：
古印度，英文名Ancient India。
地域范围包括今印度、巴基斯坦等国。
印度是一个文化的大熔炉，这个国家独特的历史背景使得它包含了从远古到现代、从西方到东方、从亚洲到欧洲等多种文化潮流。
再加上它是一个由五大民族构成的国家，本身就像一个大大的文化博物馆。
4、古埃及：
古埃及，英文名Ancient Egypt。
是四大文明古国之一。
位于非洲东北部尼罗河中下游，距今约740多年前，阿拉伯帝国将其伊斯兰化。
古埃及王国先后历经了：前王朝、早王朝、古王国、第一中间期、中王国、第二中间期、新王国、第三中间期、晚王国、托勒密王朝，共10个时期，33个王朝的统治。
古希腊文明the Ancient Greek Civilization古希腊（Greece）是西方文明的源头之一，古希腊文明持续了约650年（公元前800年-公元前146年），是西方文明最重要和直接的渊源。
Ancient Greece is one of the sources of Western civilization. Ancient Greek civilization lasted about 650 years (800-146 BC), which is the most important and direct source of Western civilization.西方有记载的文学、科技、艺术都是从古代希腊开始的。
The recorded literature, technology and art in the West all started from ancient Greece.古希腊不是一个国家的概念，而是一个地区的称谓。
古希腊位于欧洲的东南部、地中海的东北部，包括希腊半岛、爱琴海和爱奥尼亚海上的群岛和岛屿、土耳其西南沿岸、意大利东部和西西里岛东部沿岸地区。
古希腊是指古代巴尔干半岛南部、爱琴海诸岛和小亚细亚沿岸的总称。
Ancient Greece does not only refer to the country, but the whole region, which was located in the southeast of Europe and the northeast of Mediterranean Sea, including Greek peninsula, and islands in Aegean Sea and Ionian Sea, the southwest coast of Turkey, the east coast of Italy and the east coast of Sicily. Ancient Greece refers to the southern Balkans, Aegean islands and the coast of Asia Minor. The Aegean culture from 3000 BC to 2000 BC is the forerunner of its history.peninsula 英[pəˈnɪnsjələ] 美[pəˈnɪnsələ]noun 半岛an area of land that is almost surrounded by water but is joined to a larger piece of landthe Iberian peninsula (= Spain and Portugal) 伊比利亚半岛archipelago[ˌɑːkɪˈpeləɡəʊ]noun 【不规则形式】pl. -os or -oes群岛；列岛；群岛周围的海a group of islands and the sea surrounding themBalkans [ˈbɔːlkənz]noun [pl.] 巴尔干（位于欧洲东南部，包括萨瓦河和多瑙河以南诸国）a region of SE Europe, including the countries to the south of the rivers Sava and Danube【派生词】Balkan adj. the Balkan Peninsula 巴尔干半岛公元前5~6世纪，特别是希波战争以后，古希腊地区的经济生活高度繁荣、科技高度发达，产生了光辉灿烂的希腊文化，对后世产生深远影响。
Ancient Greece and RomeRefer to: /wiki/Classical_antiquityClassical Antiquity (or Ancient Greece and Rome) is a period of about 900 years, when ancient Greece and then ancient Rome (first as a Republic and then as an Empire) dominated the Mediterranean [meditə'reinjən] area, from about 500 B.C.E. - 400 C.E. We tend to lump ancient Greece and Rome together because the Romans adopted many aspects of Greek culture when they conquered the areas of Europe under Greek control (circa 145 - 30 B.C.E.).For example, the Romans adopted the Greek pantheon of Gods and Godesses but changed their names—the Greek god of war was Ares, whereas the Roman god of war was Mars. The ancient Romans also copied ancient Greek art. However, the Romans often used marble to create copies of sculptures that the Greeks had originally made in bronze. The ancient Greeks were the first Western culture that believed in finding rational answers to the great questions of earthly life. They assumed that there were consistent laws which governed the universe—how the stars move; the materials that compose the universe; mathematical laws thatgovern harmony and beauty, geometry and physics.Both the Ancient Greeks and the Ancient Romans had enormous respect for human beings, and what they could accomplish with their minds and bodies. They were Humanists (a frame of mind which was re-born in the Renaissance). This was very different from the period following Classical Antiquity—the Middle Ages,when Christianity (with its sense of the body as sinful) came to dominate Western Europe.When you imagine Ancient Greek or Roman sculpture, you might think of a figure that is nude, athletic, young, idealized, and with perfect proportions—and this would be true of Ancient Greek art of the Classical period (5th century B.C.E.) as well as much of Ancient Roman art. Ancient Rome was a thriving civilization that began growing on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 8th century BC. Located along the Mediterranean Sea and centered on the city of Rome, it expanded to become one of the largest empires in the ancient world.[1]In its approximately twelve centuries of existence, Roman civilization shifted from a monarchy to an aristocratic republic to an increasingly autocratic empire. Through conquest and assimilation, it came to dominate Southern Europe, Western Europe, Asia Minor, North Africa and parts of Eastern Europe. Rome was preponderant throughout theMediterranean region and was one of the most powerful entities of the ancient world. It is often grouped into "Classical Antiquity" together with ancient Greece, and their similar cultures and societies are known as the Greco-Roman world.The Romans are still remembered today, including names such as Julius Caesar, Cicero, and Augustus. Ancient Roman society contributed greatly to government, politics, warfare, art, literature, architecture, technology, religion, and language in the Western world. A civilization highly developed for its time, Rome professionalized and greatly expanded its military and created a system of government called res publica, the inspiration for some modern republics[2][3][4] such as the United States and France. It achieved impressive technological and architectural feats, such as the construction of an extensive system of aqueducts and roads, as well as large monuments, palaces, and public facilities.The extent of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire in 218 BC (dark red), 133 BC (light red), 44 BC (orange), AD 14 (yellow), after AD 14 (green), and maximum extension under Trajan 117 (light green)雅典娜女神The Parthenon is one of the most iconic symbols of the classical era, exemplifying ancient Greek culture. Parthenon. (希腊雅典祭祀雅典娜女神的)巴台农神殿(相传建于公元前438年)。
