语法回顾篇
专四语法考点虚拟语气、情态动词、非谓语动词、复合句、倒装、小语法（省略，时态，反义疑问句，代词，强调句，主谓一致，冠词，形容词及副词）、as 的特殊用法。
专四英语语法考点串讲之一虚拟语气
一般说来，有下列几种考点需要考生注意(十考点及两备考点）
考点1. 与现在事实相反
从句谓语动词用did(be用were)，
主句谓语动词would(should,could,might)+do；
考点2. 与过去事实相反
从句谓语动词用had done，
主句谓语动词用would(should,could,might)+ have done；
例如：
43.I _________the party much more if there hadn‟t been quite such a crowd of people there.
A. would enjoy
B. will have enjoyed
C. would have enjoyed
D. will be enjoying
49.All of us would have enjoyed the party much more if there _________ quite such a crowd of people there.
A. weren‟t
B. hasn‟t been
C. hadn‟t been
D. wouldn‟t
考点3.与将来事实相反，
从句谓语动词用：did(should+do或were + to do)，
主句谓语动词用：would(should,could,might)+do。
例如：
43. If your car ___ any attention during the first 12 months, take it to an authorized dealer.(08年）
• A. shall need C. would need
• B. should need D. will need
考点4. 时态的交叉现象，也就是主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间段
例如：
If you had gone to see the doctor，you would be all right now.你要是早去看病,你现在就没事了。考点5.虚拟条件句if可以省略，但从句的语序要用到装，即将were,had或 should移至主语的前面形成倒装，但否定词not不前移。
例如：
65.___, he would not have recovered so quickly.（05年）
• A. Hadn't he been taken good care of
• B. Had he not been taken good care of
• C. Had not he been taken good care of
• D. Had he been not taken good care of
考点6. insist(一个坚持）；order command(两道命令）；suggest， advise, propose（三条建议）；ask, require, request, demand(四点要求）及相应的名词的从句，谓语要使用：should+动词原形或动词原形
例如：
58. It was recommended that passengers ___ smoke during the flight.(04年)
• A. not B. need not C. could not D. would not
考点7.It is +advisable, essential important,, imperative, incredible,等等相关的从句，
谓语要使用：should+动词原形或动词原形
例如：
46.It is imperative that students ____ their term papers on time.（04年）
• A. hand in B. would hand in
• C. have to hand in D. handed in
考点8.it is high(about) time that的结构中，从句使用一般过去式
例如:
54 It‟s high time we __ cutting down the rainforests.（06年）
A stopped
B had to stop
C shall stop
D stop
考点9.much as尽管，虽然，引导让步状语从句，从句中用would have done表示假设，可以是说话人的语气变得十分委婉，真诚。
例如：
52. Much as ____, I couldn‟t lend him the money because I simply didn‟t have that much
spare cash.（99年）
A.I would have liked to
B.I would like to have
C.I should have to like
D.I should have liked to
考点10. if only表示要是…就好了相当与wish, as if/as though 的用法。
与现在事实相反：动词过去式
与过去事实相反: had + done
与将来事实相反： could/would + do
例如：
52. If only I __play the guitar as well as you! （06 年）
A would
B could
C should
D might
备考1. would rather或would sooner后跟宾语从句，从句中使用一般过去式或过去完成式分别表示对现在或过去的虚拟，表示“宁愿某人作某事”
例如：
The manager would rather his daughter ____ in the same office now.
A.had not worked
B.not to work
C.does not work
D.did not work
备考2.用于lest,for fear that引导的状语从句。在lest, for fear that等引导的状语从句中，通常用"(should +)原形动词"这一虚拟语气形式
例如：
The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he ________ himself.
A.injure
B.had injured
C.injured
D.would injure
专四语法考点串讲之二情态动词
考试中，情态动词部分重点测试以下内容：
（1）情态动词+行为动词完成式
（2）某些情态动词的特殊用法
1. must have v-ed
must have v-ed 表示推测过去某事“一定”发生了。其否定形式为：can‟t / couldn‟t have v-ed, 表示过去不可能发生某事。
例如：
Since the ditch is full of water, it must have rained last night.
2. could have v-ed 表示推测过去某动作‚很可能‛发生了
3. may / might have v-ed 表示推测过去某事‚也许‛发生了.may 比might 表示的可能性在说话人看来稍大些。
4.ought to / should have v-ed 和 ought not to / shouldn’t have v-ed用于对已发生的情况表示“责备”、“不满”，分别表示“本应该…”和“本不应该…”表示应完成而未完成的动作用于完成时中的否定句，表示不应完成但已做的动作
5.needn’t have v-ed 表示过去做了某事，但没有做的必要，意为‚本没必要…‛。
例如：You needn‟t have waken me up; I don‟t have to go to work today.
注意：did not need to do 动作并没发生
例：I didn‟t need to get up early,so I got up until 9 a.m.
*特殊用法
(1) can…t表示“不可能”，may not 表示“不可以”，mustn‟t(must not) 表示“不许可禁止”，needn't (need not) 表示“不必”，dare not ＋动词原形表示“不敢”
(2) must表推测的否定现在式用can‟t ,过去式用couldn‟t
(3)May I / we …？这一类疑问句的肯定回答为Yes, please.或Certainly；否定回答为Please don‟t.或No, you mustn‟t. 例如：
“May we leave now?” “No, you mustn‟t. You haven‟t finished your home work yet.”
(4) need I / we …？这一类疑问句的肯定回答为Yes, we must; 否定回答为needn‟t
(5)在回答must引起的问题时，如果是否定的答复，不能用mustn‟t，而要用needn‟t或don‟t
have to
(6)May/might as well may……but….(表转折)
(7) I wish to go home with you, may I?
(8) Do help yourself to have fruit, won‟t you/ will you? （表示一种委婉的请求）
*情态动词短语的使用
would like to do…
would rather do…
would rather + 从句
would prefer to do...
had better do...
*情态动词: will（愿意）, shall（将）, must（必须）, can, may, would, should(应该), might, could, ought to, used to（过去常常）, need（需要）, dare（竟敢），have to（不得不）
*dare, need 也可作一般（行为）动词
*情态动词一般用法的否定：
mustn‟t 不准, 禁止，不要can’t(couldn’t) 不会；不能；
may (might) not 不可以;
needn‟t 没必要( = don‟t have to )
used not／usedn‟t to或didn‟t use to…过去不…
dare not 不敢
*情态动词推测用法
Must 一定，肯定can’t (couldn’t) 不可能
Can/ could 可能Can’t (couldn’t) 不可能
may/ might “可能，也许”May (might) not 也许不，可能不
*推断用法
should／ought to“按理应当，应该是；shouldn‟t 不应该( = ought not to )
*情态动词＋have ＋done结构表示对过去动作的推测
1.must have done：对过去的肯定推测，译作“一定做了…”，只能用于肯定句中。
其否定形式为can’t／couldn’t have done
It must have rained last night, for the road was quite muddy
2.can/ could have done：对过去的可能性推测，译作“可能做了…”。只能用疑问句中
Can／Could he have said it? 他可能说过那种话吗？
3.may / might have v-ed：对过去的可能性推测，译作“也许能，有可能。
It’s too late. I think he may have gone to bed.
*情态动词＋have＋过去分词结构表示轻微的责备和后悔
肯定：过去应该做而没有做；
否定：过去不该（不必）做而做了。
⑴might／could＋have＋过去分词：“本来可以，早就应该”
（只用于肯定句，且不能用may, can）
You could have told me you were going to be late!.你应当早告诉我你会晚到的！
⑵should（ought to）＋have＋过去分词：“本应”（没做）
should not（ought not to）＋have＋过去分词：“本不该”（做了）
You should not have handed in your composition yesterday morning.你本不应把作文交了。
You should have been here earlier.你应该早点来才对。
3. needn't＋have＋过去分词：“本不必，本不须”（need只用于否定句）（做了）
You needn't have woken her up. It's only six．你其实不必叫醒她。现在才六点。
注意：did not need to do 动作并没发生（没做）
例：I didn‟t need to get up early, so I got up until 9 a.m.
*八大注意点
1.在以could, might 表示征询对方意见或表示请求时，回答应相应使用can, may
— Might I watch TV after supper? — Yes, you ________.
A. may
B. must
C. might
D. can
2. May I / we …？这一类疑问句的肯定回答为Yes, please.或Certainly；否定回答为Please don‟t.或No, you mustn‟t. 例如：
“May we leave now?” “No, you mustn‟t. You haven‟t finished your home work yet.”
3. need I / we …？这一类疑问句的肯定回答为Yes, we must; 否定回答为needn‟t
4. 在回答must引起的问题时，肯定must; 如果是否定的答复，不能用mustn‟t，而要用needn‟t
或don‟t have to
5. I wish to go home with you, may I?
6. Do help yourself to have fruit, won‟t you/ will you? （表示一种委婉的请求）
7.Shall 用于第三人称，表示许可，允许
8. let‟s do this job, shall we? Let us do this job, will you?
9. should 也表示惊讶的语气，
例如：I was shocked that she should have said such a thing to you.(她竟然对你说那样的话,…) *四大特殊结构
1.may/ might as well + 动词原形”意为“最好，满可以，倒不如”，相当于had better
You may as well do it at once.
2.may well + 动词原形”是一种常见的结构，意为“（完全）能，很可能”
He may well be proud of his son.
他大可为儿子高兴。
3. cannot … too / enough 表示“无论怎么……也不算过分”、“越……越好”
You cannot be too careful.
4. had better 最好
You had better not wake me up when you come in.
*两大类区别：
一、表示能力: can, be able to
be able to 能用于各种时态。
can / could 只能表示现在或过去的能力
*was / were able to : “设法做成某事”
相当于managed to do sth succeeded in doing sth.
二、used to 和would 的区别
used to过去常常（但现在已无此习惯，would无此含义）
He used to drink beer, now he drinks wine.他过去喝啤酒，现在喝白酒。
would只能用来谈动作；used to用来谈动作或状态（可与be, live, like, stay等状态动词连用）：
He would get up early when he lived in the country.他住在乡下时总是早起。
We used to live in a small town.（不能用would）
Be used to doing sth: 习惯于做某事
should的用法
1. (shall的过去式,表示过去将来)将
We hoped that we should be able to do that.
我们希望我们能这样做。
*2. (表示语气较强的假设)万一,竟然
If the car should break down on the way, you would have to walk back.
万一汽车中途抛锚,你就得走回来。
*3. (表示可能性、推测、推论或期待)可能,该
She should be here any minute.
她该马上就到。
Dinner should be ready by now.
此刻晚饭应该做好了。
4. (表示义务、责任)应该,应当
You should do as she says.
你应当照她说的去做。
He should work harder.
他应该更加努力。
You should help your mother with the housework.
你应该帮你母亲做家务。
5. (表示委婉、谦逊)可,倒
*6. (表示感情、意志等)竟然会; 应该
I'm sorry it should be this way.
很遗憾,事情竟会是这个样子。
It's strange that he should be absent.
真奇怪，他竟会缺席。
You shouldn't have told him about it.
你不该把这件事告诉他的。
7. (表示建议、命令、决定等)应该,必须
Crime should be punished.
犯罪应受惩罚。
8. (表示目的)会,可以
He stood away so that we should enter the room first.
他让开一步,让我们先进屋。
9. (表示结果、意愿等)就,该
10. (表示征求同意等)可以,该
Who should I see about my schedule
专四语法考点串讲之三非谓语动词
◆非谓语动词是历年专四测试的重中之重，每年试题一般一到两道（1-2分）。
◆命题特点
1. 非谓语动词的时态与语态；
2. 非谓语动词的否定式；
3. 动词不定式的各种形式及应用；
4. -ing结构的各种形式及应用；
5. -ed结构在句中的不同用法；
6.非谓语动词作状语、宾语等的辨析；
7.非谓语动词的固定结构或习惯用法等。
【非谓语动词基础知识】一个句子当中，已经存在谓语动词,又没有连词的情况下，需要非谓语动词来修饰句子的其他成分。
动词不定式; 现在分词; 过去分词; 动名词
I．不定式的时态及语态
一般式 to do to be done 与谓语动作同时或
进行式 to be doing 表示谓语的动作发生时,不定式的动作正在进行完成式 to have done to have been done 先于谓语动作的发生
用途：表将来表某一次具体的动作表目的
I have a lot work to do; I do not like to dance; To learn English well, I practice
more.
2. 动名词
一般式 doing being done 与谓语动作同时发生
完成式 Having done having been done 在谓语动作之前
用途：抽象、习惯性（ his hobby is painting; I am proud of being a Chinese）
3.分词的时态和语态
现在分词一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
过去分词 done
用途：现在分词：主动、进行、令人……的
过去分词：被动、完成、感到……的
The swimming boy is Tom. (主动、进行）
the room facing south（主动）
The film is disappointing. Tom is disappointed（令人……的)/(感到)
Look at the broken glass.(被动、完成)
注意* 所有非谓语动词的否定形式都是把否定副词not放在非谓语动词的_前面_ *如果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生，有时需要用动词的完成时态。
●考点一
不定式做结果状语的固定搭配
too +adj/adv to do，so +adj/adv as to do ，
such +n as to do adj/ adv enough to do
only to do 常表示意想不到或不愉快的结果。
●考点二‚使……怎么样‛之类的动词
amuse, astonish, excite, frighten, interest, move, relax, satisfy, shock, surprise, encourage, disappoint, puzzle, tire, please, inspire, terrify, worry，它们的ing形式表示主动，而过去分词表示被动。一般情况下‚人‛用过去分词，‚物‛用ing形式。
*考点三除。.之外的介词but except,前面有行为动词do时，不定式不带to,否则带to.
*考点四 why not do sth (为何不做某事)
●固定搭配
cannot / hardly / never / scarcely too …to…
“越……越好；无论……也/都不过分”。
Y ou cannot be too careful to cross the street.
你过街时越小心越好。
can’t (help/choose) but 不得不,只能,不禁
I cannot help but tell her the truth. 我只能告诉她真相。
*解题思路：看似纷繁复杂的各种非谓语动词考题实际上是有解题规律可寻的,
非谓语动词解题四步曲：
一、首先抓住主谓结构，确定主句没有连接词只有一个主语
二、分析主动被动
分析语态就是在确定主语之后，分析非谓语动词和主语在搭配使用时是主动还是被动关系。
三、分析动作先后要考虑动作发生的时间先后，即时态。
独立主格
独立主格: 句中没有连接词，逗号分开两个句子，存在两个主语
形式：名词/代词＋分词
在用分词短语作状语时, 它逻辑上的主语一般必须与句子的主语一致, 但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语, 这种结构称为:
独立主格的分类：
(1) -ING分词(还有-ED分词)短语作状语时，有自己独立的逻辑上的“主语”。相当于各种形式的状语，表示一种伴随的动作或情况,或表原因
There being nothing more for discussion,the meeting was over half an hour earlier.
(2).介词（ with）+名词+形容词，副词+现在分词或过去分词，表示陪村行动做或补充说明
例如：He lay on his back, with his arm behind his head
（3）独立结构可以表示伴随动作或情况, 表示时间、原因、条件等, 例如：
He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat. (伴随情况)
The shower being over, we continued to march. (时间)
So many students being absent, we decided to put the meeting off. (原因) Weather permitting, we‟ll have an outing tomorrow. (条件)
All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours.
The job done, we went home.
The composition written, he handed it to the teacher.
专四语法考点串讲之三—不定式、动名词作宾语（非谓语补充）*常跟不定式做宾语的词
三个w、h、c ，
二a领着四d 、p,
一r 、m，二l、b,
外加三个o, u, e。
3 w: want(想要), wish(希望), wait(等待)
3h: hope(希望), help(帮忙), hesitate(犹豫)
3c: care(愿意), choose(选择), claim(声称)
2a：agree(同意), afford(担负得起),
4d: dare(敢于), demand(要求), determine(决定), decide(决定)
4p: plan(计划), pretend(假装), promise(允诺), prepare(准备)
1r: refuse(拒绝)
1m: manage (设法)
2l: learn(学会), long(渴望)
2b: beg(乞求), bear(忍受)
1o: offer(提出)
1u: undertake(答应；同意)
1e：expect(希望)
*接不带to的不定式的特殊动词
一感：feel
二听：listen to; hear
三让：make, have, let
四看：watch, see, look at, observe
被动句里to还原。
*接不定式作宾语，动名词作宾语均可，且意思基本不变的词
双方一旦开始(begin, start),无论喜欢(love, like, prefer )与否(hate, dislike)，都得继续(continue)下去。都不能企图（attempt）忽视（neglect）开始的爱（love）。习惯也好，害怕也好，难以容忍( can‟t bear/ stand/ endure)也好。
*可以动名词作宾语，也可用不定式作宾语，意思却不同的词
四“记”力争不后悔
①四“记”
(记住)remember,(忘记)forget, (计划/打算)mean, (继续)go on,
②力争：try
③不后悔: stop regret
①remember to do sth. 记得要做某事
remember doing sth.记得曾做过某事
②forget to do sth 忘了要做某事
forget doing sth. 忘了做过某事；
③mean to do sth 打算做某事
mean doing sth. 意味着，就是
④go on to do 继续做另一件事
go on doing 继续做同一件事
⑤try to do sth 试图做某事，
try doing sth. 尝试做某事
⑥stop to do sth 停下来做某事
stop doing sth. 停止做某事。
⑦regret to do sth 对要发生的事表示“遗憾”，
regret doing sth.对发生过的事表示“后悔”。
*常接动名词做宾语的词
MP\2r\ café\ disk （military policeman）
宪兵带着2把手枪在咖啡馆里看光盘
M指mind(介意), miss(逃过), mention(提及)
P指prevent, postpone, practice
2r指risk(冒险), resist(抵制)
c指consider(考虑）
a指admit(承认), avoid(避免), appreciate(感激),
f指 fancy(幻想), finish(完成)，feel like(喜欢)
e指enjoy(享受), escape(逃脱), ensure(确保)
d指delay(延迟), deny(否认), detest(痛恨)
i指imagine(想象)
s指suggest(建议)
k指keep(保持)
*介词后的ing
have difficulty (in) doing sth 做某事有困难
be busy (in) doing sth 忙于做某事
succeed in doing sth…成功做某事
give up doing sth 放弃做某事
prevent/stop/keep sb /sth from doing 阻止…做…
spend/waste time /money in doing 在做…方面花钱、浪费时间或金钱how /what about doing sth 做…怎么样了？
Have some difficulty/trouble in doing 在…方面有些困难
There is no sense in doing (做…是没有理由的
Thank / admire /praise/blame /scold/ punish sb for doing sth 因做某事而感谢、羡慕、表扬、责备、惩罚某人
*to是介词，不是不定式标志，接动名词做介词to 的宾语•apply oneself to 致力于
•be accustomed to 习惯于
•confess to 供认
•come to 谈到
•devote oneself to 献身于
•get down to 着手做
•give way to 对…让步
•lead to 导致
•look forward to 期待
next to 几乎
12. object to 反对
13. pay attention to 注意
14. stick to 坚持
15. stand up to 勇敢面对
16. turn to 求助于
17. be used to 习惯于
*用于“be+过去分词+to”结构中的过去分词常见的有：accustomed/used（习惯）
addicted（沉溺于）
astonished（惊讶）
devoted（致力于）
determined（决定）
engaged（订婚）
exposed（遭受）
known（已知）
married（结婚）
opposed（反对）
prepared（准备）
related（相关）
*用于“be+过去分词+with”结构中的过去分词常见的有：
armed（配备）
connected（相关）
covered（覆盖）
crowded（挤满）
faced（面对）
fed up（厌烦）
filled（充满）
pleased（高兴）
satisfied（满意）
tired（劳累）
*用于“be+过去分词+in”结构中的过去分词常见的有：absorbed（全神贯注）
engaged（从事）
involved（参与）
lost（陷入）
seated（坐在）
situated/located（位于
*用于“be+过去分词+of”结构中的过去分词常见的有：convinced（相信）
informed（了解）
tired（厌烦）
*几组易错的现在分词、过去分词
lie vi. lay lain lying 躺
lie v. lied lied lying 撒谎
lay vi. laid laid laying 放；下蛋
found vt. founded founded 成立
find vt. found found 发现
Wind wound wound 盘旋蜿蜒
Wound wounded wounded 受伤
rise vi rose risen 上升
raise vt. raised raised 上升
fall vi. fell fallen 落下
fell vt. Felled felled 砍
feel vt. felt felt 摸；感觉
hang vi hung hung 悬挂
hang vt. hanged hanged 绞死
light vt. lit （一般作谓语）
light lighted （作定语）燃着的
burn vt. /vi burnt 烧焦的，
burning 正在燃烧的
专四语法考点串讲之四复合句
一、定语从句
五大概念：
概念一、什么是定语从句？
在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。
在定语从句中，被修饰的这一名词或代词叫做先行词。
在定语从句中的引导词叫做关系词。关系词又分关系代词和关系副词。
概念二、关系词有哪些？
1、关系代词：which（指sth 作主语或宾语），that（指sb或sth 作主语或宾语），who（指sb作主语或宾语），whom（指sb作宾语），whose（指sb或sth，作定语）,as（指sb,sth 作主语或宾语）;注意: 做宾语的时候，关系代词可以省略。
2、关系副词：when（指时间on which），where（指地点at which），why（指原因for which）概念三、关系词通常有下列三个作用？
1.引导定语从句；
2.代替先行词；
3.在定语从句中担当一个成分。
Eg. The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.
概念四、关系代词和关系副词有何区别及方法？
主要是它们在从句中所起的作用不同。关系代词在从句中一般作主语或宾语。而关系副词在定语从句中作状语。
Focus in：
方法一：句子成份法：关系代词在句中充当主语、宾语；关系副词在从句中作状语。
方法二：句子完整法：关系代词引导的定语从句不完整；关系副词引导的定语从句是完整的。
I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together.
I will never forget the days that / which we spent together.
概念五、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别
A.限制性定语从句形式上不用逗号“，”与主句隔开。意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。
B.非限制性定语从句只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。译法上译成先行词的定语‚．．．的‛通常译成主句的并列句。在非限制性定语从句中，通常用who, whom, whose 指人，用 which 指物。
Eg. Her brother who is now a soldier always encourages her to go to college.
她那当兵的哥哥总是鼓励她上大学.（意含：她还有其他哥哥。）
Her brother, who is now a soldier, always encourages her to go to college.
她哥哥是当兵的，他总是鼓励她上大学。（意含：她只有一个哥哥。）
五大考点：
考点一. 先行词为人时引导词who和that
a. 用who不用that的情况：
(1)当先行词为one, ones, anyone, those时。(2)当先行词为人称代词时。
He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.
Those who have any difficulty with pronunciation should practice more.
b. 用that不用who的情况：
1)当主句已经出现who时。2)关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。
Who is the man that spoke to you just now?
Mary is no longer the girl that she used to be.
考点二. 先行词为物时引导词that和which
a.只用that不用which 的情况：
(1)先行词为much, little, few, nothing, none, anything, no, all等不定代词
（2）先行词既有人又有物。
（3）先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词修饰。
（4）先行词被the very, the only, the last, just, all, any, every, no等修饰
（5）关系代词在从句中作表语．
(6) 在疑问词who、which、what开头的句子中
(7) 主句是there be句型：
This is one of the best films that I have ever seen.
China is no longer the country that it used to be.
All that can be done has been done.
He spoke of the things and persons that he had seen abroad.
This is the very book that I am looking for.
Who is the man that is talking to Jim?
There is a man that lives in that village.
b.只能用which不用that的情况: 1.介词后面 2.逗号后面
1. 定语从句中的介词前置时关系代词只能用which
2. 引导非限制性定语从句时只能用which,其先行词可是一个词,也可是整个主句或主句的某一部分.
(1) The machine, which I have looked after for many year, is still working perfectly.
(2)My glasses, without which I was like a blind man, fell to the ground and broke.
考点三：★★★★★介词+关系代词 (which/ whom)
**** 关系代词前介词的确定方法：
1. 定语从句的动词与先行词的逻辑关系，或者从句的动词、形容词的习惯性搭配。
Eg. The farm on which I once worked has taken on a new look
Who is the man with whom our teacher is shaking hands?
Ours is a beautiful country, of which we are greatly proud.
2.非限制性定语从句中，表示先行词的一部分时，可用“数词/代词+ of + 关系代词”的结构，
e.g. There are 50 students in our class, two- thirds of whom have been to Beijing.
3. Whose从句可转换为“ of +关系代词‛型，whose的先行词指物时, 可用of which代替, 但词序不同，即whose+n=the +n + of which =of which + the + n.
e.g. They live in a house, whose door opens to the south.
They lived in a house, the door of which open to the south.
Of which the door open to the south.
考点四:关系副词的运用
⑴先行词为“时间的名词”用when：time（day, night, morning, week, month, year等）＋when…Eg. I don‟t remember the day when he left.(on which)
⑵先行词为“表示地点的名词”★★★★★where：place（case, point, situation, condition, scene, stage, country, room, house, hotel, museum, school, street等）＋where…
Eg. That is the house where he lived two years ago. (In which)
⑶先行词为“表示原因的名词”why：reason＋why…（表示原因的名词只有一个）
That's the reason why I helped him.（why =for which）
考点五：★★★★★ as与which引导的定语从句
两者均可引导非限制性定语从句，as 放在句首句中都可以，which 必需放在句中，但下列情况多用as。
1. 关系代词引导的定语从句居句首时。e.g. As we all know, the earth is round.
2. 当与such , as或the same连用时，一般用as。
e.g. That‟s the same tool as I used last week.
I am not so strong a man as I was.我已经没有从前那么强壮了。
3. 当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用which。
Eg.Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry.
三大区别：
1.the same... as 和the same ...that的用法辨异.
That‟s the same tool as I used last week.（同类事物）
That‟s the same tool that I used last week. 那就是我上周用过的工具。（指原物）
2. 定语从句与强调句型的区别判断是否是强调结构的方法是采用删除法
分析：强调句句型：It is/was +被强调的成份+that/who +其它部分．去掉It is/was….that/who… ,句子照样成立。
①It is on the morning of May 1st _____ I met Liang Wei at the airport．
②It is the factory _____ Mr Wang works．
3、定语从句与习惯句型的区别
①It is the first time _____ she has been in Shanghai．
（It is／was the first／second ．time ＋that从句）
②It was the time _____ Chinese people had a hard life．
三大注意：
1. the way 做先行词时，定语从句可由that, in which 引导或不用引导词。
2. 定语从句中主谓一致问题：从句中的动词在人称和数方面应该与它的先行词保持一致。He is one of the teachers who know English well.
He is the only one of the teachers who knows English well.(特殊)
3.疑问句的解题思路：先把疑问句还原成陈述句，然后判断谁是先行词，再看关系词在定语从句中所充当的成分，最后确定正确答案。
1. Is this factory ____ we visited last week?
2. Is this the factory ____ we visited last Week?
A、where
B、that
C、to which
D、the one
★★小试牛刀
That is the factory where produces 100,000TV sets a year.
That is the factory that his father once worked.
I‟ll never forget the days when we spent on that lonely island.
I‟ll never forget the day when/on which I joined the Party.
二、状语从句
一：时间状语从句
１，连词：when, while, as, till/until, before, after, since, once, as soon as ，every time, the moment, the minute，no sooner ..than hardly…when等
２．五大考点：
考点⑴ when VS while VS as
★当….的时候★当…的时候★当….的时候
when while as ★一边….一边….
★趁着…时候★随着…
考点⑵ till / until ‚直到….为止‛
Eg. Mother waited for Tom till/ until it was far into the night. ( 持续性动词)
Eg. Tom didn’t get bac k till / until everything was all right.(短暂性动词)
考点⑶ when 的两个句型
Sb is about to do sth when / Sb is doing sth when
考点⑷ since“自从”
句型：it is/ has been +一段时间＋since +从句
Eg. it is three days since I left Beijing.
It has been 10 years since I smoked.
考点⑸ No sooner than/ hardly ..when/ scarcely..when 一 .就..用于句首要求倒装Eg. No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.
★几种特殊句型结构的区别：
（1）It is/was + 时刻 + when从句“某事发生时是什么时候。”
（2）It is/has been + 时间段 + since从句“自从……以来有多长时间了。”
（3）It will/would be + 时间段 + before 从句“还要过多长时间……才……”
（4）It will/would not be + 时间段 + before 从句“过不了多长时间……就会……”（5）It was + 时间段 + before从句“过了多长时间才……”
（6）It was not + 时间段 + before从句“没过多长时间就……”
二、条件状语从句
1,连接词：if , unless( 如果..不，除非), so/as long as（只要）, on condition that（条件是），as (so) far as ( 据..所知), provided that（要是，如果），in case(假使，如果)，等
２．两大考点：
考点⑴Once --- 一但……就……
Eg. Once you see him, you will never forget him.
考点⑵ In case --- 假使, 如果
The plane cannot take off in case it rains.
三，原因状语从句
1，连接词：
Because, since, as(放句首) ,for, now that(既然，由于）, when(既然), considering that（顾及到---）, seeing that（由于）。（都表示原因，语气依次减弱）
2，考试聚焦
考点一、Because VS since VS for
Because: 表示“因为”，表示直接的或明确的原因;
Since: 表示“既然”，表示已知或显然的原因;
for : 不是从属连词，而是并列连词。它不是用来说明原因，而是用来表示一种附带或补充解释、说明，不放在句首。
Eg: It was because his mother was badly ill that he was unhappy.
Since everyone makes mistakes in life, you needn’t scold him for it.
The day breaks, for the birds are singing.
考点二、 when 既然
Eg. How can you expect to learn anything when you never listen?
四，让步状语：
1.连接词:though/although（虽然）, as /though(虽然), even if/though(即使)whatever（无论什么）, wherever（无论哪里）, while (尽管)等引导。
2，考试聚焦：
考点一：though/although 不与but 连用, 但是他们都可以同yet (still) 连用. 所以though (although)…yet(still)的格式是正确的
考点二：while 尽管 eg. While I have sympathy for you, I can‟t help you.
考点三：Whether ---不管，常与or not 连用
Eg. Whether he is good or not, the company decided to send him abroad.
考点四：no matter +疑问词相当于疑问词+ever: 不管…都…
五、地点状语从句: where/ wherever（wherever --- 无论哪里）
考点聚焦：地点状语从句和where定语从句的区别：
Tips: 判断是定语从句还是地点状语从句，要看从句前是否有先行词，有先行词的是定语从句，否则是状语从句。
Eg. Where there is a will, there is a way. This is the factory where my father works.
六、结果状语从句
1. 连接词：so that（=in order to 因而）, so…that.（太..以至于），such…that（太…以至于）
2.考试聚焦：考点句型
(1) so + 形容词/副词+ that从句；
(2) such a/an + 形容词+可数名词单数+that从句;
(3) so + 形容词+ a/an + 可数名词单数+that从句；
（4）such + 形容词+ 可数名词复数/不可数名词+that从句
七、目的状语从句
1. 连接词：so that（以便）, in order that（为了）, for fear that（为了防止）, lest（以防）
Eg. He took the name down for fear that he should forget it.
八、比较状语从句 (倍数+the depth/height/width/weight of )
1. 连接词：A. ….as…as… B. ….adj. + -er than… C. the more…the more…
Eg. This work is not as easy as you think
The more you work, the more you earn. He runs faster than i.
The room is twice as big as that one. The room is twice bigger than that one.
The room is twice the size of that one. The well is three times the depth of that one.
★While 的总结用法：1.当…的时候；2. 而，却；3. 趁着；4. 只要；5.虽然，尽管。
专四语法考点串讲之五倒装句
★倒装考点口诀
倒装两大类，全倒部分倒；
主倒从不倒;
全倒分两种：副词、地点介短在句首;
部分倒装分六种:
否定副词在句首，only加状在句首，
so ... that结构so提前，承前否定/肯定neither nor/so, 状语从句as/ though，省去if虚拟句
一、全部倒装
1. 在以here、there、now、then、off、away等副词开头的句子里。
(1) The birds flew away.→Away flew the birds.
(2) The rain came down. →Down came the rain.
2. 表示地点的介词短语位于句首时。
（1）山脚下有一个美丽的湖。At the foot of the hill lies a beautiful lake. （2）教室外面站着一个男孩。Outside the classroom stood a boy.
二、部分倒装
1. Only+状语位于句首时
(1)He only found it important to get along with others then.
→Only then did he find it important to get along with others.
We can only make great progress in this way.
→Only in this way can we make great progress.
2. 否定副词及短语位于句首时。
常考的这类词或词语有：not, seldom, hardly, little, nowhere, by no means, in no time等。
I have never seen such a beautiful place.
→Never have I seen such a beautiful place.
3. 在省略if的虚拟条件从句中。
（1）如果我是你，我会努力学习。
Were I you, I would work hard.
（2）如果明天下雨的话，我们就延迟会议。
Should it rain tomorrow, we would put off our meeting.
（3）假如他听从了我的建议，他早就成功了。
Had he followed my advice, he would have succeeded.
4、so\ neither\ nor 位于句首的情况。
1.So + 助动词 +主语…也一样。So + 主语 + 助动词…确实如此。
2.Neither 和 Nor 用于否定句，表示“也不，也没有”。
Neither\ Nor +助动词+主语
5、as/though引导的让步状语从句
名词\形容词\副词\动词+as\though+主语+其他
6、在“so + adj./adv. + that…”句式中，将“so + adj./adv. ”放在句首时的倒装。
So hard does he work that he has made great progress in English.
★特殊倒装句型：
not only … but also…句式的倒装
Not only is he interested in football but also he plays it well.
(前倒后不倒)
考点倒装四注意：
1、as/ though从句的表语是名词，倒装后其名词前不加任何冠词 ;
As he is a child---child as he is
2、if 虚拟句 Were it not...或者Had it not been..., 但不可以说Weren‟t it... 或者hadn‟t it been...（not 不提前）
3、承前肯定so, 只能指定一件事情，两件事情用 so it is(the same) with sb
4、So + 助动词 +主语：也一样
So + 主语 + 助动词：的确如此
专四语法考点串讲之六小语法点
一、反义疑问句的考点聚焦：
1)陈述部分的主语是I，疑问部分要用 aren't I. I am a student, aren‟t I
2)陈述部分的谓语是wish，疑问部分要用may +主语I wish to have a word with you, may I?
3)陈述部分用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否定含义的词时，疑问部分用肯定含义。Some plants never blown (开花), do they ?
4) 否定前缀不能视为否定词，其反意疑问句仍用否定形式It is impossible, isn't it?
5)must在表示"推测"时，根据其推测的情况来确定反意疑问句。
He must be a doctor, isn't he?
You must have studied English for three years, haven't you?
He must have finished it yesterday, didn't he? It must be going to rain tomorrow, won't it?
6)省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问部分用will you。
Don't do that again, will you? Go with me, will you / won't you ?
7) 复合句的反疑疑问句
A .带有定语从句，宾语从句的主从复合句，疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定：
He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he?
B上述部分主句谓语是I /we think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine 等引导的宾语从句，疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。I don't think he is bright, is he?
二、主谓一致的考点聚焦
1）‚就远原则‛‚主语＋介词短语等‛作主语
在“A +(with, together with, along with, as well as, but, except, besides, like, including, rather than, more than, no less than)+B”结构中，谓语动词的单复数与之B一致。
2）就近原则neither…nor…, (either)…or…, not only…but also…, not…but…等并列结构作主语时采取就近原则：谓语动词的数由与其最接近的那个主语的数决定。
3）“a / the number of＋复数名词”作主语
表示“…的数量”的“the number of +复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数；表示“一些/ 许多…”的“a number of +复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
4). more than one + __/ Many a + ___ / Every A and every B / No A and no B/ one and a half + 谓语动词用单数。
注意：more 复数名词+than one 用复数，More members than one are against your plan. 5）.并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时, 谓语动词用单数形式。
注意：整体看待:bread and butter bread and cheese a knife and fork a cart and horse needle and thread law and order fish and chips meat and potatoes
例如: Truth and honesty is the best policy．
注意：adj. + and + adj. + 不可数名词／复数名词＋谓语（复数）
Eg. Chinese (beer) and French beer are served here.
6）.表达时间、金钱、距离、重量、长度、价值,算式的短语通常接动词的单数形式。
eg. Five minutes is enough to do this exercise．
7）.如果主语由‚the＋形容词(或过去分词)‛结构担任时, 谓语通常用复数,
8).由what引导的主语从句，谓语动词通常用单数；但所指的内容是复数意义时，谓语动词通常用复数. Eg. What we need are good textbooks.
英语专业四级语法重点汇总(word版可编辑修改) 编辑整理： 尊敬的读者朋友们： 这里是精品文档编辑中心，本文档内容是由我和我的同事精心编辑整理后发布的，发布之前我们对文中内容进行仔细校对，但是难免会有疏漏的地方，但是任然希望（英语专业四级语法重点汇总(word版可编辑修改)）的内容能够给您的工作和学习带来便利。同时也真诚的希望收到您的建议和反馈，这将是我们进步的源泉，前进的动力。 本文可编辑可修改，如果觉得对您有帮助请收藏以便随时查阅，最后祝您生活愉快业绩进步，以下为英语专业四级语法重点汇总(word版可编辑修改)的全部内容。
English英语专八专四学习复习资料 英语专四语法重点汇总 版权所有，违者必究，未经协议授权，禁止下载使用。 注：如恶意泄漏该资料，或通过该资料作为任何盈利的手段，作者有权追究其法律责任. 本资料为过来人的考试经验所整理，也需结合其他复习书籍一起备考哦 这份资料集结历年专四的考试重点，按考试经验已经过筛选 一、非谓语动词的主要考点 1。有些典型动词后面可以接上不定式或动名词来做宾语的，但是在 意思上是有区别的,主要常考到的动词罗列如下： mean to do想要（做某事）VS mean doing意味（做某事) propose to do 打算（做某事）VS propose doing建议（做某事） forget to do忘记（要做的事)VS forget doing忘记（已做的事）remember to do记得（要做某事）VS remember doing记得(做过) go on to do继而(做另一件事）VS go on doing继续（做原来的事） stop to do停下来去做另一件事VS stop doing停止正在做的事 regret to do(对将要做的事）遗憾VS regret doing（对已做过的事）后悔 2。不定式的习惯用法 典型句型整理如下: 如:“cannot help but do”—-“不得不做某事" 如：“cannot but do”-—“不禁做某事” 如：“cannot choose but do”——“不由自主地做某事"
[英语考试]专业四级语法考点归纳英语专业4级语法考点归纳 第一章:虚拟语气 大纲要求:由于新大纲只是在“动词的时和体”部分中题及虚拟式，没有具体规定考点，以下考点是从历年考题中 归纳。同时，为求完整，将一些目前专业四级没有直接考过，但有较高考察可能性的考点列出，作为参考。 A. 相反情况 考点一:三种基本形式 虚拟情况从句谓语动词形式主句谓语动词形式 与现在相反过去式 (did),be动词用were Would (could, might, should)+动词原形 与过去相反过去完成式 (had done) Would (could, might, should)+have+done Be to have done (原计划应当实现却未能实现) 与将来相反 1. should do Would (could, might, should)+动词原形 2. were to do (注:一般情况用would为多，强调能力用 3. 过去式 (did) could, 强调可能性用might, 第一人称可用 should) 历年试题分析 从过去的考题来看，主要考察的是与过去和将来事实相反的情况。 If I knew more Japanese, I ____ for the position. (1991-6)
A) would apply B) will apply C) may have applied D) will have applied If you ____ in such a hurry you ___ sugar into the sauce instead of salt. (1992-50) A) were not, would not put B) were, would put C) had been, would have put D) had not been, would not have put I ___ writing the paper as scheduled, but my mother’s illness interfered. I hope you will excuse me. (1993-54) A) am to have finished B) was to have finished C) was to finish D) ought to finish If your car ____ any attention during the first 12 months, take it to an authorized dealer. (1998-43) A) shall need B) should need C) would need D) will need I ____ the party much more if there hadn’t been quite such a crowd of people ther e. (1996-43) A) would enjoy B) will have enjoyed C) would have enjoyed D) will be enjoying I was to have made a speech if ____. (1997-51) A) I was not called away. B) nobody would have called me away. C) I had not been called away D) nobody called me away All of us would have enjoyed the party much more if there ____ quite such a crowd of people there. (20000-49) A) weren’t B) hasn’t been C) hadn’t been D) wouldn’t been ____ if I had arrived yesterday without letting you know beforehand? (2004-44) A) Would you be surprised B) Were you surprised C) Had you been surprised D) Would you have been surprised 预测试题
1.nothing but意为“仅仅，只不过”；anything but意为“除…以外的任何事”；none other than 意为“不是别人，正是…”；no more than意为“不过，仅仅”。 2.A. taxes B. payment付款 C. fees 手续费、入场费、会费 D. premium津贴酬金 3. A. display展示型表演 B. performance文艺表演 C. show展览会 D. exhibition销售性质的展览会 4. No one would have time to read or listen to an account of everything ____going on in the world. A. it is B. as is C. there is 在以there be为谓语动词的定语从句中，如关系代词作主语，则关系代词便可省略 D. what is 5. A. set out 开始 as/in/on B. set off使做某事 C. set up 开业,开始经商D. set about开始、 着手 6. proliferation 扩散fair庙会、交易会 7. tumble to 突然察觉come to意为“降临，发生 8. understand better than...意为“对…非常理解” 9. go with意为“与…相配”；go by意为“根据…作出判断”；go through意为“通过；经历”；go out意为“过时” go into意为“叙述；讨论 10. on principle意为“根据行为准则；按照原则”；in principle意为“原则上；基本上；大体上”。for与by不与principle搭配。 11. take over意为“接收，接管”；take up意为“开始采用；采取，承担”；take off意为“脱去；拿掉”；take to意为“开始从事；开始沉湎于”。 12. know better than to do sth应该知道不该做某事 13. in one’s honor为…的荣誉on one’s honor以名誉担保a point of honor涉及荣誉的事 14. might as well后接动词原形，意为“不妨，何不” 15. call for意为“要求，需要”；call on意为“号召，请求”;call up意为“使人想起” ；call off
1.主谓一致 就近原则 1.由并列结构或连词（either…or，neither…nor，not…but，not only…but also，or 等）连接的并列主语，谓语动词与靠近的那个名词或代词保持一致。 2. 在倒装句和there be句型中，谓语动词与后面的第一个主语保持一致。 例句：There is a book and some pens on the desk.桌子上有一本书和几支钢笔。3. 在强调句中，连接代词又在句中作主语，这时它应与被强调的主语保持一致。 例句：It is Ma ry’s brother who was injured in the car accident. 是Mary的哥哥在车祸中受伤了。 意义一致原则 1. 当主语与谓语动词之间插入along with，with，as well as，together with，no less than，besides，except，but，including等短语时，谓语动词不受这些插入语的干扰，依然和主语保持一致。 例句：I, along with my sister, am going to Shanghai next month. 我，还有我姐姐，打算下个月去上海。 2. 英语中有一类单、复数同型的词（people，means，sheep，deer，fish等），其单、复数取决于它在句中的含义。 例句：All of the people in the country have been prepared for the great reformation.这个国家的人都已经为大变革做好了准备。 3. 多数情况下，由“what”引导的名词性从句作主语时，其后的谓语动词通常用单数形式。 例句：What I want to say is just “ T ake care!”.我只想说：“多保重！” 4. 当主语与all，none，any，some等不定代词、形容词连用时，应根据具体句意，来决定其后的谓语动词的单复数。 例句：All I know about this company is what he told me yesterday.我对这家公司的了解都是昨天完他告诉我的。 5. “…+ (of) +名词”结构描述数量时，如果“of”后的名词为单数（不可数名词），则谓语动词用单数，如果名词为复数，则谓语动词用复数。 例句：Most of the water here is clean.大部分的水是干净的。 80% cotton has been sent to America.80%的棉花已经被送往美国。 Half of the apples are red.有一半儿的苹果是红的。 6. 词组“a number of，a great/good many，a group of +可数名词复数”的结构作主语时，谓语动词应用复数；如果冠词a变为the，则谓语动词用单数。 例句：A number of ancient buildings are destroyed in the war.许多的古代建筑在战争中被毁。 The number of the visitors has decreased this year. 游客的数量今年减少了。 7. 英语的集体名词（committee, crowd, family, public, group, party, team, class, club, company, union ,clergy, mankind,militia,police,people,poultry等词），指代“整体”时为单数；指代“其中的各成员”则为复数。 例句：My family was very poor when I was a little girl.当我还是一个小女孩儿的时候，我家很穷。 My family are all looking forward for your coming. 我的家人都在期待着你的到来。 整体原则 1. 从句、不定式、动名词等作主语时谓语动词一律视作一个整体，谓语动词用单数。例
英语专业四级语法重点汇总
English英语专八专四学习复习资料 英语专四语法重点汇总 一、非谓语动词的主要考点 1. 有些典型动词后面可以接上不定式或动名词来做宾语的，但是在意思上是有区别的，主要常考到的动词罗列如下： mean to do想要（做某事）VS mean doing意味（做某事）propose to do 打算（做某事）VS propose doing建议（做某事）forget to do忘记（要做的事）VS forget doing忘记（已做的事）remember to do记得（要做某事）VS remember doing记得（做过） go on to do继而（做另一件事）VS go on doing继续（做原来的事）stop to do停下来去做另一件事VS stop doing停止正在做的事regret to do（对将要做的事）遗憾VS regret doing（对已做过的事）后悔 2. 不定式的习惯用法 典型句型整理如下： 如：“cannot help but do”——“不得不做某事” 如：“cannot but do”——“不禁做某事” 如：“cannot choose but do”——“不由自主地做某事” 如：“can do nothing but do”——“不能不做某事” 如：“have no choice but to do”——“只能做某事”
如：“have no alternative but to do”——“只能做某事” 例句：The boy cannot help but be greatly influenced by the useful instruction given by his family tutor. When I start my job career, I cannot choose but look back upon the beautiful days I spent on campus. 3. 动名词的习惯用法 典型动名词的习惯句型整理罗列如下： 如：be busy/active doing sth. 如：It’s no good/use doing sth. 如：spend/waste time doing sth. 如：have difficulty/trouble/problem doing sth. 如：have a good/great/wonderful time doing sth. 如：There is no point/sense/harm/ use doing sth. 例句： There is no use crying over spilt milk.（典型例句） 牛奶洒了，哭也没用；后悔是没有用的；覆水难受 I really have problem solving these mathematic questions since I am not major in science after all.
一、语法部分考查重点 1、虚拟语气的考点为： would rather＋that从句＋一般过去时； It is vital／ necessary／ important／ urgent／ imperative／ desirable／advisable／ natural／ essential＋that＋（should）动词原形； proposal／suggestion＋that＋动词原形； It is time／about time／high time＋that＋一般过去时； lest＋that＋should＋动词原形； if only＋that＋would＋动词原形。 2、状语从句的考点为： 非if引导的条件状语从句，此类句子多用at times，provided，so long as，in case，once等来替代if； 由even if／so，now that，for all等引导的让步状语从句； just／hardly...when引导的时间状语从句；more than，as...as，not so much as，the same as，as much as等引导的比较状语从句。 3、独立主格结构多以逻辑主语＋分词的形式出现。 4、情态动词多与完成时形式连用。 5、定语从句重点考查介词＋关系代词（which）和as作为关系代词。 二、词汇部分考查重点 1、动词、名词与介词的搭配如：popular／patient＋with；yield／solution／adapt／transfer／access＋to；accuse／require＋of；charge＋for；under＋discussion等等。 2、习惯用法如：confess to／set about／be used to＋doing；be supposed to／have／make sb．＋do等。 3、由同一动词构成的短语如：come，go，set，break等构成的短语。 4、单个的动词，抽象名词，形容词和副词多以近义词、同义词的形式出现。 5、介词短语在句中作状语如：in terms of；with the exception of；in vain等，另外还应注意rather than，other than，such as，none／nothing＋but等词在考题中的出现。
虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood) Section One: (General Information) 第一部分：概述 虚拟语气 条件句的类型 虚拟语气的类型 例题 其他条件句 虚拟语气类型 宾语从句 状语从句 名词性从句（主语从句，同位语从句，表语从句） 定语从句 特殊类型（感叹句） 省略if 的虚拟法（倒装） Examples The rapid change of society requires that college students adapt to the world outside campus by getting to know the society. I would rather that you did nothing for the time being. I wish that I were a student again. I wished that I had followed his suggestion. 名词性从句中的虚拟 主语从句(it is +adj./p.p that) 同位语从句(The +n. that ) 表语从句(n. +be that) 省略if 的虚拟法（倒装）(1) 虚拟语气中如果从句引导词if / whether 省略，从句中需要倒装，提前助动词(系动词）或情态动词。
Eg. If it should rain tomorrow, we would not be able to have the sports meeting. =Should it rain tomorrow, we should not be able to have the sports meeting. 省略if 的虚拟法（倒装）(2) Eg. Whether it (may) be fine or rainy, we would have the sports meeting. =Be it fine or rainy, we would have the sports meeting. If she had been given more information, she could have answered the questions. =Had she been given more information, she could have answered the questions. 虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood) Section Two: 第二部分详解(Detailed Points) & 总结(Summary) 虚拟语气的动词标志 "insist, suggest, require, request, demand, propose, prefer, maintain, move, urge, recommend, command, order"等动词表"建议、愿望"时，其后宾语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气。Should +V wish其后宾语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气。{ 虚拟语气的名词标志 1 ?necessity?或?suggestion?等名词后面的表语从句或同位语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气。 2 名词word 表?命令?时，其后主语从句、表语从句或同位语从句中，谓语动词需用虚拟语气(should)+V。 3 wish 作名词时其后主语从句，表语从句或同位语从句中，谓语动词需用虚拟语气(should)+V。 虚拟语气的形容词标志 It is + adj. that 句型中出现形容词如necessary, important, vital, decisive, critical, crucial, urgent, strange, desirable, advisable, disappointing, 或过去分词充当的形容词如suggested, proposed, advised, demanded, requested, required等时，that 句中用 s h o u l d+V表示虚拟。 虚拟的介词标志 But for相当于if it had not been for。But for her help, I would have lost my way. Without, in the absence of 等组成的短语可相当于一个虚拟的条件从句。Without the light and heat of the sun, what would become of all the animals on earth? In the absence of water, plants would not grow well. Under…condition,也可相当于一个虚拟条件从句。
英语四级语法总结（全） 一：时态：所谓的"时态"，就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表： 1．主动形式 2．被动形式
?CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。 ?时间状语从句当中的时态： 一般过去时所有的过去 用一般现在时表示现在和将来 现在完成时现在完成和将来完成 一．非谓语动词 一．不定式： 一）不定式的常考形式： 1)一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. 被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. 语法功能：表示与谓语动词同步发生 2)完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me. 被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages. 语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前 二）不定式常考的考点： 1）不定式做定语----将要发生 2）不定式做状语----目的 3）不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe. 三)不定式的省略 1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do 表示动作的完整性，真实性； + doing表示动作的连续性，进行性 I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实) I saw him working in the garden yesterday. 昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作） ?感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable. 2) 使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to I ‘d like to have John do it. I have my package weighed. Paul doesn’t have to be made to learn. 3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do 四)有些动词后只跟不定式如：
形容词副词 1前置修饰语的排列顺序 可以置于冠词前的形容词(all both such -----冠词 ,指示形容词 ,所有格形容词 ,不定形容词 (a an the this your his any some-----------基数词 (one 序数词 (first------------表示性质 ,状态 ,质量的形容词 (good useful-------------- 表示大小 ,长短 ,形状的形容词 ---------------- 表示年龄 ,新旧 ,温度的形容词 ------------ 表示颜色的形容词 --------------------- 表示国籍 ,产地 ,区域的形容词 ----------- 表示材料 ,用做形容词的名词 ---------- 动名词 ,分词 2.后置修饰语由前缀a-构成的形容词 3.形容词修饰由 some-,any-,every-,no-,-body,-one,-thing等组成的复合不定代词时 ,必须后置 4.enough作形容词修饰名词时既可放前又可放后,但当它作副词修饰形容词或 副词时 ,必须后置 5.有些形容词本身就有?比??年长 ?, ?比??优等的意思这些形容词后面用介词 to 而不用 than 6.much too 作为副词短语修饰形容词或副词,不修饰名词 7.more 不能用来修饰比较级 8.与名词连用的 more of a .. ./ as much of a... / more of a....意为更像?? 9.as much of a??意为称得上,less of a意为算不上 10.none other than(不是别人 ,正是 =no other than 11.any/sone/every与 other 连用时 ,其后若用可数名词 ,一般为单数 情态动词
专四必备语法一、时态、语态 时态、语态需要掌握的要点： 1.表达将来时的形式： (1)在时间、条件、让步从句中，一般现在时代替将来时，但要注意区别从句的类型，如：I’ll tell him when you will ring again. 我告诉他你什么时候再来电话。(宾语从句) 比较：I’ll tell him when you ring again.你再打电话时我告诉他。(状语从句) (2)在make sure, make certain, see (to it) 后的that从句中，谓语动词用一般现在时代替将来时，如： See to it that you include in the paper whatever questions they didn’t know the answer to last time. (include 不能用will include或其他形式) 2.完成时是时态测试的重点，注意与完成时连用的句型和时间状语： (1)by/between/up to/till +过去时间、since、by the time/when +表示过去发生情况的从句，主句用过去完成时。 如：We had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door. Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed had been produced. (表示1919年时已发生的情况) (2)by +将来时间、by the time/ when +谓语动词是一般现在时的从句，主句用将来完成时。如：By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks. I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year. (3)by now、since +过去时间、in/during/for/over/the past/last few(或具体数字)years/days/months，主句用现在完成时,如： The changes that had taken place in air travel during the last sixty years would have seemed completely impossible to even the most brilliant scientists at the turn of the 19th century. 但在it is +具体时间since/before这一句型中，主句更多的时候不用完成时。 It is four years since John left school. (4)在It is the +序数词/形容词最高级+that的定语从句中，谓语动词常用现在完成时。如： It isn’t the first time that I have found myself in an embarrassing situation. (5)在no sooner…than…, hardly/scarcely…when…句型中，主句常用过去完成时。 3.完成进行时指动作在完成时的基础上还要继续下去。如： The company has been promising a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened. 时态、语态答题思路： (1)先根据选项的区别点确定考题要点为时态，然后回到题句中寻找给出的或暗示的时间状语，缩小选择范围，进而选出正确答案； (2)根据谓语动词与句子主语或非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系，确定句子是主动语态还是被动语态。
English英语专八专四学习复习资料 英语专四语法重点汇总 版权所有，违者必究，未经协议授权,禁止下载使用。 注：如恶意泄漏该资料，或通过该资料作为任何盈利的手段，作者有权追究其法律责任。 本资料为过来人的考试经验所整理，也需结合其他复习书籍一起备考哦 这份资料集结历年专四的考试重点，按考试经验已经过筛选 一、非谓语动词的主要考点 1. 有些典型动词后面可以接上不定式或动名词来做宾语的，但是在意思上是有区别的，主要常考到的动词罗列如下： mean to do想要（做某事）VS mean doing意味（做某事）propose to do 打算（做某事）VS propose doing建议（做某事）forget to do忘记（要做的事）VS forget doing忘记（已做的事）remember to do记得（要做某事）VS remember doing记得（做过）go on to do继而（做另一件事）VS go on doing继续（做原来的事）stop to do停下来去做另一件事VS stop doing停止正在做的事regret to do（对将要做的事）遗憾VS regret doing（对已做过的事）后悔 2. 不定式的习惯用法 典型句型整理如下： 如：“cannot help but do”——“不得不做某事” 如：“cannot but do”——“不禁做某事” 如：“cannot choose but do”——“不由自主地做某事” 如：“can do nothing but do”——“不能不做某事”
如：“have no choice but to do”——“只能做某事” 如：“have no alternative but to do”——“只能做某事” 例句：The boy cannot help but be greatly influenced by the useful instruction given by his family tutor. When I start my job career, I cannot choose but look back upon the beautiful days I spent on campus. 3. 动名词的习惯用法 典型动名词的习惯句型整理罗列如下： 如：be busy/active doing sth. 如：It’s no good/use doing sth. 如：spend/waste time doing sth. 如：have difficulty/trouble/problem doing sth. 如：have a good/great/wonderful time doing sth. 如：There is no point/sense/harm/ use doing sth. 例句： There is no use crying over spilt milk.（典型例句） 牛奶洒了，哭也没用；后悔是没有用的；覆水难受 I really have problem solving these mathematic questions since I am not major in science after all.
语法回顾篇 专四语法考点虚拟语气、情态动词、非谓语动词、复合句、倒装、小语法（省略，时态，反义疑问句，代词，强调句，主谓一致，冠词，形容词及副词）、as 的特殊用法。 专四英语语法考点串讲之一虚拟语气 一般说来，有下列几种考点需要考生注意(十考点及两备考点） 考点1. 与现在事实相反 从句谓语动词用did(be用were)， 主句谓语动词would(should,could,might)+do； 考点2. 与过去事实相反 从句谓语动词用had done， 主句谓语动词用would(should,could,might)+ have done； 例如： 43.I _________the party much more if there hadn‟t been quite such a crowd of people there. A. would enjoy B. will have enjoyed C. would have enjoyed D. will be enjoying 49.All of us would have enjoyed the party much more if there _________ quite such a crowd of people there. A. weren‟t B. hasn‟t been C. hadn‟t been D. wouldn‟t 考点3.与将来事实相反， 从句谓语动词用：did(should+do或were + to do)， 主句谓语动词用：would(should,could,might)+do。 例如： 43. If your car ___ any attention during the first 12 months, take it to an authorized dealer.(08年） • A. shall need C. would need • B. should need D. will need 考点4. 时态的交叉现象，也就是主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间段 例如： If you had gone to see the doctor，you would be all right now.你要是早去看病,你现在就没事了。考点5.虚拟条件句if可以省略，但从句的语序要用到装，即将were,had或 should移至主语的前面形成倒装，但否定词not不前移。 例如： 65.___, he would not have recovered so quickly.（05年） • A. Hadn't he been taken good care of • B. Had he not been taken good care of • C. Had not he been taken good care of • D. Had he been not taken good care of 考点6. insist(一个坚持）；order command(两道命令）；suggest， advise, propose（三条建议）；ask, require, request, demand(四点要求）及相应的名词的从句，谓语要使用：should+动词原形或动词原形 例如： 58. It was recommended that passengers ___ smoke during the flight.(04年)
英语专业四级语法考点回顾 一、名词 名词是英语语法中最基本的词类之一，它可以用来表示人、事物、地方等等。名词的用法包括可数名词和不可数名词。 1. 可数名词（countable nouns）：可以用数目进行计量的名词。 可数名词有单数形式和复数形式，单数形式用于表示一个人或物，复数形式用于表示多个人或物。 例如：apple（一个苹果） - apples（多个苹果） 2. 不可数名词（uncountable nouns）：在一般情况下不能用数目进行计量的名词。 不可数名词通常表示抽象的概念、物质、液体等等。它们没有复数形式。 例如：water（水）, information（信息）, advice（建议） 二、冠词 冠词（article）分为定冠词（definite article）和不定冠词（indefinite article）。 1. 定冠词：the 定冠词用于特指某一人或物，表示特定或已提及过的人或事物。 例如：The boy is playing basketball.（这个男孩正在打篮球）
2. 不定冠词：a, an 不定冠词用于泛指一类人或物，表示不特定的人或事物。 例如：A dog is barking outside.（有只狗在外面叫） 三、代词 代词（pronoun）是用来替代名词的词语，可以用来指代人、物、地方等等。 1. 主格代词（subject pronoun）：用于作主语的代词。 主格代词有I, you, he, she, it, we, they等。 例如：He is a student.（他是学生） 2. 宾格代词（object pronoun）：用于作宾语的代词。 宾格代词有me, you, him, her, it, us, them等。 例如：She gave him a gift.（她给了他一份礼物） 3. 物主代词（possessive pronoun）：表示所有关系的代词。 物主代词有mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs等。 例如：This book is mine.（这本书是我的） 四、动词 动词（verb）是表示动作、状态或存在的词语，是句子的核心成分。 1. 动词时态（verb tenses）
英语专四语法复习内容 想要通过英语专四考试，就必须掌握英语专四的语法。那么英语专四的语法有哪些呢?下面由店铺为大家整理的英语专四语法内容，希望大家喜欢! 英语专四语法内容 一 There be 结构 1. There be结构 There were very few people left when we got there. There have been many such incidents. Nearby there had been a fight in full progress. 也可以是情态动词 +be There can be very little doubt about his guilt. There may always be instances about which we are uncertain. There ought to / should be some instructions on the lid. 还可以是There +情态动词+ be 的完成时 There may have been an accident. If the criminal had come this way, there would be / would have been footprints. There should / ought to have been someone on duty all the time. 2. There + 半动词+ be，这里很少用完成体形式. There is certain to be trouble at the factory. There is sure / likely to be some rain tonight. There seems / appears to be no doubt about it. 3. There be结构也可有被动式，这类there be结构有些可以与there be结构的一般形式相互转换。 On the following day there was held a splendid banquet. = There was a splendid banquet held on the following day. There is / are believed to be number of wounded soldiers on both sides.