《外刊经贸知识选读》课程学习过程评价要求
1.平时作业
平时作业由任课教室根据考试大纲中考核内容与要求布置。任课教师可结合本课程特点与学生的学习情况，要求学生用英文解释经贸知识或翻译经贸外文。
平时作业要求用16开纸手写，也可教师统一用A4纸打印题目，学生手写答题，每次作业主客观题搭配，不少于三页纸，统一上交三次作业。
2.测验
测验由任课教师统一组织期中、期末各一次，要求以正规试卷的格式（8开纸打印）进行。题型可有单项选择题、多项选择题、名词解释、计算题、简答题、论述题等，总小题数不少于40个，其中客观题30个左右，主观题10个左右，请根据具体情况合理搭配。
3.实验报告或调研报告（手写论文）
结合本课程特点，任课教师可就某一个话题要求学生进行调研形成调研报告，或联系国内外经济形势要求学生写论文，并严格要求调研报告和论文质量，杜绝学术不端行为，字数不少于3000。
4.考核意见和分数
根据实际情况酌情给分数，考核意见与分数对应分为优秀、良好、中、合格和不合格五级。
附：《外刊经贸知识选读》课程考试大纲
《外刊经贸知识选读》
考试大纲
山东经济学院
2011年1月
目录
第一部分考试大纲说明与基本要求 (1)
一、课程的性质、特点及课程设置的目的和要求 (1)
1.课程的性质与特点 (1)
2.课程设置的目的和要求 (1)
3．课程的教学方法 (1)
二、《外刊经贸知识选读考试大纲》说明 (2)
三、课程内容与考核要求 (2)
Lesson 1 China’s Foreign Trade (2)
Lesson 2 China’s Absorption of Fore ign Direct Investment (3)
Lesson 3 China’s Opened Economy (3)
Lesson 4 The World Economy (4)
Lesson 5 On the US Strategy & Policy in Trade (4)
Lesson 6 The Development of EU (4)
Lesson 7 On Japan’s Position on Trade (5)
Lesson 8 South Korea & Other Fast-developing Asian Countries---Their Progress and
Problems (5)
Lesson 9 Newly-Emerging Trading Stars (6)
Lesson 10 On GA TT-WTO (6)
Lesson 11 Barter Still in Use (7)
Lesson 12 Market Competition (7)
Lesson 13 Market Analysis (8)
Lesson 14 Commodities Market (8)
Lesson 15 Reports on Commodities Exchange in Telex (9)
第二部分章节学时分配 (9)
第三部分考试命题原则及相关要求 (10)
《外刊经贸知识选读》考试大纲
第一部分考试大纲说明与基本要求
一、课程的性质、特点及课程设置的目的和要求
1.课程的性质与特点
《外刊经贸知识选读》课程是高等教育自学考试国际贸易专业本科段必考课，也是高等教育自学考试英语专业本科段选考课。它是一门英语技能与经贸知识并重的课程，用英语比较系统地介绍对外经济贸易的基础知识，通过各种语言现象，进一步巩固并提高考生在基础英语阶段所学到的语言知识和技能，培养考生阅读理解有关经贸材料和用英语表达有关内容的能力。
这一课程是英语阅读和理解课的一个专业分支。其特点是：阅读材料以当代国际经贸活动为主要内容和背景；文章用英语表达；课程涉及和教材的编写着力于提示和总结上述相关材料的语言运用规律和启发相关经贸知识的应用。
2.课程设置的目的和要求
课程设置的目的是使自学者初步掌握使用英语从西方报刊或类似的材料中直接了解并获取经贸信息的基础知识和技巧。
通过教师的教和学生的学，要求学生：
（1）认知、记忆课文所含的新的词、句、句型并掌握其在文中所表现出的用法，特别注意在报刊经贸文章中经常出现的部分（参见课本附录I）。
（2）熟悉课文所用不同文体（如报导、评论、述评、官方报告、电传）及其特点。
（3）参照课文注解，了解与课文内容有关的经贸知识。
（4）正确、深入地理解每一篇课文，能将其译成通顺的汉语并做出简要的内容小结。
（5）参照“课文问题”及其答案，思考和研究课文中内容和语言的重点。
（6）在学通课文的基础上，认真按照要求完成课后练习和补充材料的阅读，检验和提高自己的实际应用能力。
（7）运用本课程学习所获取的知识和技能解决新的问题，处理新的材料，而不是简单地重复可能所学。
3．课程的教学方法
本课程所用教材以课文为核心，选文题材包括与我国经贸研究与实际工作相关的几个方面，包括：我国对外贸易与吸收外资的概况及其改革开放的大背景，国际经贸宏观形势，世界经济和贸易大国的贸易政策和问题，亚洲新兴经济的状况和问题，日益激烈的市场竞争，从关贸总协定到世界贸易组织等等。在具体的教学过程中，教师要注意讲解、积极引导学生领会并把握上述材料经常涉及的词汇、句式语言特点和总体的文体风格。通过课程的学习，
帮助学生认识和掌握相关的语言工具，达到阅读和理解相应程度的经贸报刊文章或相似文字材料的能力水平。
二、《外刊经贸知识选读考试大纲》说明
《外刊经贸知识选读考试大纲》是为了帮助教师的教学和学生的学习、规范考试而编写的。大纲的体系以章为单位，与教材的编排紧密相扣，具体内容体例分为学习目的和要求、知识点、考核要求、重点和难点几个部分。考核部分又分为识记、领会理解、应用部分。识记部分的内容一般与本章的重点吻合，是学习和考试的重点部分。理解领会部分只要求学生对相关内容有基本了解，不是考试的重点部分。重点部分是考试的重点。难点部分不一定是考试的重点，但考学生自己不易学习掌握，所以难点部分是教师讲解的重点。本大纲呈现下述两个鲜明的特点：
1．学习重点突出
在教师辅导或者学生自学的过程中，首先阅读每章的学习目的和要求，对该章内容有大致的了解。识记内容要求学生基本掌握，重点部分是本章考试的重点，难点部分要求教师在教学过程中给学生讲清讲透。
2．考试内容规范
大纲的考核要求把每章内容分为识记、领会理解、重点和难点几个部分。识记部分的内容是学习和考试的重点，是学好一章内容的基本要求。领会理解部分作为一般性的了解，不是考试的重点。
三、课程内容与考核要求
Lesson 1 China’s Foreign Trade
一、学习目的与要求
本课是《外刊经贸知识选读》一书的开篇，要求学生在学习的过程中初步理解外刊相关经贸文献的写作风格，掌握涉及的相关词汇，领会与课文内容相关的经贸理论与实践知识。
二、本章知识点
1. China’s Trade Pattern
2. The Commodity Breakdown of China’s Foreign Trade
3. China’s Trade Balance
4. China’s Direction of Trade
5. China’s Balance Sheet
6. Foreign Direct Investment in China
三、考核要求
识记：本章涉及的与宏观经贸形势相关联的基本概念
理解领会：经贸文章文体写作风格与特点
四、重点、难点
重点：基本概念，如barter, counter trade, balance of payment等
难点：宏观经济学的基础理论知识
Lesson 2 China’s Absorption of Foreign Direct Investment
一、学习目的与要求
本课的主要内容是关于中国在改革开放的初期如何利用外商直接投资来促进本国的经济发展，要求学生在学习的过程中理解文章的文体风格，掌握与我国的改革开放与外资利用的相关词汇，领会外商直接投资理论及其应用。
二、本章知识点
1. The Background of China’s Open-door Policy
2. China’s Establishment of SEZs
3. China’s Institutional Preparation
4. China’s Application of Corresponding Policy Instruments
三、考核要求
识记：本章涉及的与我国改革开放有关的宏观经济词汇和微观经济概念
理解领会：与外商投资相关的经济评论的文体风格与写作特点
四、重点、难点
重点：基本概念，如foreign direct investment, foreign exchange reserves等
难点：我国改革开放的背景和外商直接投资基础理论知识
Lesson 3 China’s Opened Economy
一、学习目的与要求
本课介绍了我国改革开放初期经济的蓬勃发展以及背后的原因，要求学生在学习的过程中理解外刊相关文献的写作风格，掌握涉及的相关词汇，领会与课文内容相关的经贸理论与实践知识。
二、本章知识点
1. China’s Rise as an Economic Power
2. China’s Big Population and Its Low Wages
3. Foreign Investment in China
4. China’s Investment Abroad
5. The Obstacles in China’s Economic Development
三、考核要求
识记：本章涉及的与宏观经贸形势相关联的基本概念
理解领会：宏观经济评论的写作风格与特点
四、重点、难点
重点：基本概念，如securities, real estate, inflation等。
难点：宏观经济学的基础理论知识
Lesson 4 The World Economy
一、学习目的与要求
本课的主要内容是关于1980年代的世界经济形势，与前几篇文章相比，文章专业性增强，要求学生在学习的过程中初步理解专业宏观经济文献的写作风格，掌握涉及的相关词汇，领会与课文内容相关的宏观经济理论。
二、本章知识点
1. The Economic Situation of Major Developed Countries
2. The Economic Situation of Developing Countries
3. G-7’s Output, Inflation, Investment and Unemployment
4. G-7’s Current Account Balances
5. Low and Middle-income Economies’ Output and GDP Growth
三、考核要求
识记：本章涉及的与宏观经济形势相关的基本概念
理解领会：专业宏观经济文章的文体风格与写作特点
四、重点、难点
重点：基本概念，如per capita income, portfolio investment, deflation policy, hard currency, commodity market等。
难点：宏观经济结构的构成要素及相关知识
Lesson 5 On the US Strategy & Policy in Trade
一、学习目的与要求
本课是一篇关于美国对外贸易政策的评论，要求学生在学习的过程中掌握涉及的相关词汇，理解外刊贸易政策评论文章的写作风格，领会与课文内容相关的贸易政策工具的使用。
二、本章知识点
1. The US’ Demand for “Fair Trade”
2. The US’ Policy Tools
3. The US’ Threat of Trade Sanctions
三、考核要求
识记：本章涉及的相关概念，如NAFTA，government procurement等
理解领会：政策评论文章等文体特点与写作风格
四、重点、难点
重点：基本概念，如NAFTA，government procurement等
难点：宏观经济学的基础理论知识
Lesson 6 The Development of EU
一、学习目的与要求
本课主要描述了欧洲统一大市场建立初期所遭遇的困难，要求学生在学习的过程中掌握涉及的相关词汇，理解并把握经济评论文章的写作风格，领会经济一体化相关理论知识。
二、本章知识点
1. The Establishment of European Community
2. The Legal Framework for the Establishment of the Single Market
3. The Failure of the Market
4. The Comments of Relevant People
5. The Outlook of the European Single Market
三、考核要求
识记：本章涉及的与经济一体化相关的基本概念
理解领会：宏观经济展望文章的文体写作风格与特点
四、重点、难点
重点：基本概念，如economic integration, free trade zone, European Community, the Single Market等。
难点：经济一体化的基础理论知识
Lesson 7 On Japan’s Position on Trade
一、学习目的与要求
本课主要涉及美日经贸关系，尤其是贸易关系，评论和描述兼备，要求学生在学习的过程中理解此类文章的写作风格，掌握相关词汇，领会与课文内容相关的经贸理论与实践知识。
二、本章知识点
1. US-Japan’s Trade Relations
2. Japan’s Surplus in Trade with the US
3. Japan’s Attitude towards its Trade Surplus with US
4.Japan’s Analysis of its Trade Surplus’ Constitutes
三、考核要求
识记：本章涉及的与进出口贸易、贸易平衡相关联基本词汇
理解领会：经贸文章文体写作风格与特点
四、重点、难点
重点：基本概念，如trade sanctions, trade reprisal, trade balance等。
难点：贸易进出口与贸易平衡基础理论知识
Lesson 8 South Korea & Other Fast-developing Asian Countries---Their
Progress and Problems
一、学习目的与要求
本课对韩国经济发展成绩、策略和问题的述评，要求学生在学习的过程中理解文献的写作风格，掌握涉及的相关词汇，领会与课文内容相关的理论与实践知识。
二、本章知识点
1. The Economic Strength of South Korea
2. The Strategy Adopted in Its Economic Development
3. The Problems faced by South Korea, such as Income Gap and Defense Issues
4. The Restructure and Reform of South Korea’s Economy
三、考核要求
识记：本章涉及的基本概念
理解领会：经济述评文章的文体风格与写作特点
四、重点、难点
重点：基本概念，如dumping, tax breaks, bankruptcy 等
难点：宏观经济学的基础理论知识
Lesson 9 Newly-Emerging Trading Stars
一、学习目的与要求
本课描述了海湾地区阿联酋和平后的经济发展，包括与中国的经贸关系，要求学生在学习的过程中初步理解外刊相关经贸文献的写作风格，掌握涉及的相关词汇，领会与课文内容相关的经贸理论与实践知识。
二、本章知识点
1. How Peace Contributes to the Gulf Region’s Economic Development
2. The Trade Surplus of UAE
3. China’s Trade Relationship with UAE
4. The Infrastructure Construction in the Region
三、考核要求
识记：本章涉及的基本概念
理解领会：经贸文章文体写作风格与特点
四、重点、难点
重点：基本概念，如carbon tax, tenders, current account, visible trade等。
难点：宏观经济学的基础理论知识
Lesson 10 On GATT-WTO
一、学习目的与要求
本课是关于关贸总协定和世贸组织的介绍文章，要求学生在学习的过程中了解两个组织的建立、运行和组织结构等情况，掌握文献的写作风格，掌握涉及的相关词汇，领会与课文内容相关的国际经济组织方面的知识。
二、本章知识点
1. The Prospect to Conclude the Uruguay Round
2. The Use of Trade-distortion Tools by Governments
3. The Settlement of Disputes
三、考核要求
识记：本章涉及的与国际经济组织相关的基本概念
理解领会：经贸文章文体写作风格与特点
四、重点、难点
重点：基本概念，如countervailing duty, intellectual property right, trade in service, market force等。
难点：国际经济组织的基础知识
Lesson 11 Barter Still in Use
一、学习目的与要求
本课介绍了易货贸易这一古老的贸易方式在现代社会的应用及其优缺点，要求学生在学习的过程中初步理解相关语言的运用，易货贸易的表现形式及其语言表现，文献的写作风格，掌握相关词汇，领会与课文内容相关的经贸理论与实践知识。
二、本章知识点
1. The Definition and Interpretation of Barter Trade
2. The Exemplified Procedure of Barter Trade
3. The Causes of Barter Trade in the Countries with Debt Problems
4. The Advantages of Barter Trade in the Modern Era
5. The Disadvantages of Barter Trade in the Modern Era
三、考核要求
识记：本章涉及的与易货贸易相关联的基本概念
理解领会：经贸文章文体写作风格与特点
四、重点、难点
重点：基本概念，如barter, counter trade, balance of payment等
难点：国际贸易学的基础知识
Lesson 12 Market Competition
一、学习目的与要求
本课是一篇关于企业市场竞争的文献，要求学生在学习的过程中了解并把握外刊相关经贸文献的写作风格，掌握相关词汇，领会与课文内容相关的经贸理论与实践知识。
二、本章知识点
1. Coca-Cola and Pepsi Cola’s Strategy for Their Market Expansion
2. The Reasons for Their Turning to Non-Coal Market for Expansion
3. The Obstacles Coca-Cola Met in Entering Non-Cola Market
4. The Various Tactics Used by Coca-Cola to Enter New Markets
三、考核要求
识记：本章涉及的与企业市场竞争相关的基本概念
理解领会：经贸文章文体写作风格与特点
四、重点、难点
重点：基本概念，如market competition, test market, exclusive contract, franchise 等。
难点：微观经济学市场竞争理论基础知识
Lesson 13 Market Analysis
一、学习目的与要求
本课是一篇关于香港鸡蛋市场结构和竞争程度的经济类分析，要求学生在学习的过程中初步理解类似文献的写作风格，掌握涉及的相关词汇，领会与课文内容相关的经济理论与实践知识。
二、本章知识点
1. The Hong Kong Market for Eggs
2. The Taste of Chinese Consumers
3. The Failure of US Brown Eggs
4. The Market Structure in Hong Kong
5. The Intensified Competition in the Market
三、考核要求
识记：本章涉及的与宏观经贸形势相关联的基本概念
理解领会：有关具体市场竞争程度与结构的经贸文章的文体写作风格与特点
四、重点、难点
重点：基本概念，如market competition, wholesaler, retailer等
难点：微观经济学关于市场竞争的基础知识
Lesson 14 Commodities Market
一、学习目的与要求
本课主要围绕世界农产品的生产和贸易展开描述和评论，要求学生在学习的过程中初步理解外刊相关经贸文献的写作风格，掌握涉及的相关词汇，领会与课文内容相关的经贸理论与实践知识。
二、本章知识点
1. The Price Decline in Agricultural Products and Its Consequences
2. The Changed Trade Terms and Its Dollar-denominated Prices
3. Its Effect on Developing Countries
4. The Differentiated Coffee Market etc
5. The Several Common Features Identified
6. The Future Trend
三、考核要求
识记：本章涉及的与市场分析相关联的基本概念
理解领会：经贸文章文体写作风格与特点
四、重点、难点
重点：基本概念，如soft commodity, inventory, market distortion等
难点：微观经济学关于市场分析的基础知识
Lesson 15 Reports on Commodities Exchange in Telex
一、学习目的与要求
本课的电传报告时伦敦商品交易所一周变化的周末综述，要求学生在学习的过程中理解并学习电传文告的写作风格，掌握涉及的相关词汇，领会与课文内容相关的经贸理论与实践知识。
二、本章知识点
1. The Factors May Affect the Price Movement of Relevant Commodities
2. The Fundamental Reasons for Price Changes
3. The Features of Specific Commodity Market
4. The Commonly-Used Vocabulary in Telexes
三、考核要求
识记：本章涉及的与具体市场价格走势相关联的基本词汇
理解领会：描述具体商品市场价格走势的文章的文体写作风格与特点
四、重点、难点
重点：基本概念，如budget trade, spot market, futures market等
难点：具体市场分析及语言运用
第二部分章节学时分配
本课程共计4个学分，72个课时，各章教学参考学时分配如下：
第三部分考试命题原则及相关要求
根据《高等教育自学考试课程命题大纲》的相关要求，对《外刊经贸知识选读》课程命题原则及相关要求做如下说明。
1.命题标准
本课程以普通高等学校本专业、本课程结业水平为命题参考标准。
2．命题目标
(1)客观、公正、有效地检验考生掌握英语技能和经贸知识的状况。
(2)有利于提高自学考试的信度和效度，有助于促进自学考试标准化、规范化。
3．命题依据和原则
命题以课程考试大纲为依据，以《外刊经贸知识选读》(史天陆主编，中国人民大学出版社2000年6月第一版)教材为取材范围。
根据自学考试大纲规定的考试内容和考核目标确定考试范围和考核标准，经贸知识和英语技能并重，试题不截然分开。试题的难度相当于课文和练习，分为易、较易、中等难度、较难四个等级，其中易、较易、中等难度、较难约分别占20﹪、30﹪、30﹪和20﹪。考试材料60﹪以上出自教科书(包括课文、注释、练习)。
4．题型及分数分配
（1）选择题(30﹪)
（2）英译汉(10﹪)
（3）汉译英(10﹪)
（4）阅读答问(24﹪)
（5）阅读、判断对错(15﹪)
（6）翻译(11﹪)
5. 题型举例
请参阅“《外刊经贸知识选读》(史天陆主编，中国人民大学出版社2000年6月第一版”附录Ⅱ(样题)。
6.其他
本考试为闭卷考试，时间共150分钟。采用百分制评分，60分为及格分；
考生不得在考场使用任何书本、词典或其它参考资料。
《外刊经贸知识选读》复习资料 Lesson One China in the Market Place 一、术语： manufactured goods 制成品 capital equipment 资本货物 balance of payments 国际收支 current account 经常项目 visible trade account 有形贸易项目 invisible trade account 无形贸易项目 trade surplus 贸易顺差 trade deficit 贸易逆差 barter 易货贸易 compensation trade 补偿贸易 counter-trade 反向贸易 assembly manufacturing 组装生产 industrial and commercial consolidated tax 工商统一税 joint venture 合资企业 deferred payment 延期付款 buyer credit 买方信贷 supplier credit 卖方信贷 soft loan 软贷款（低息贷款） MFN treatment: Most Favored Nation treatment 最惠国待遇 PNTR: Permanent Normal Trading Relations 永久性正常贸易关系 NI: National Income 国民收入 GNP: Gross National Product 国民生产总值 GDP: Gross Domestic Product 国内生产总值 IBRD: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 国际复兴和开发银行 IDA: International Development Association 国际开发协会 IFC: International Finance Corporation 国际金融公司 OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 经济合作和发展组织 BIS: Bank for International Settlement 国际清算银行 EEC: European Economic Community 欧洲经济共同体 EU: European Union 欧洲联盟 FDI: Foreign Direct Investment 外商直接投资 二、词语释义： exacerbate: deteriorate 恶化 disrupt: interrupt 中断 in the wake of: following 继┉之后 breakdown: analysis by classification 分类分析 buoyant: brisk 上扬的，增产的 run-down: reduction
旺旺英语 Lesson 15 Weekly Commodities (telex) 每周商品行情 Commodities 1商品行情（-） econews by Kate Kavanagh Oil prices seesaw to three-month low in “big bang week London”, Oct. 31 (afp)—the attention of commodities dealers was last week captured initially by events on the stock exchange, where Monday’s big bang was muffled by computer failures, but turned later to the troubled oil market. （法新社）10月31日电：在“伦敦大爆炸改革周”中，石油价格起伏不定，跌至三个月来的最低点。——上周商品交易者们的注意力先是被股票交易所发生的事情吸引，那里的计算机出了故障从而抑制了周一的“大爆炸改革”；但随后，交易者们的注意力又转向了混乱的石油市场。 The unexpected departure of sheik ahmed zaki yamani from his post as Saudi Arabian oil minister aggravated existing uncertainty concerning the future direction of oil prices in view of severe world oversupply. 在国际市场严重供大于求的情况下，沙特阿拉伯石油部长亚马尼的突然离职使本来就起伏不定的油价变得更加难以预料。 Unstable crude prices in turn prompted falls in platinum and gold, the latter to its lowest since early September, aggravated by the withdrawal of investment support as the dollar regained ground. 动荡的原油价格反过来又加速了白金和黄金的降价，而且由于美元重收失地，投资者纷纷撤回投资，黄金还降到了九月初以来的最低点。 Sterling’s decline lent some support to the base metal sector, where lead and zinc rallied on the continuing lack of a solution to the labour dispute affecting australia’s broken hill mines. 英镑的贬值使贱金属的价格有所上升。由于影响到澳大利亚Broken Hill矿山的劳工纠纷迟迟得不到解决，贱金属里的铅和锌的价格止跌回升。 Coffee fluctuated wildly on uncertainty over brazil’s role in the market but sugar and cocoa kept to a narrow range in quiet conditions. 咖啡的价格由于巴西在市场上的角色不稳定而疯狂波动，可是糖和可可的价格在平静中起伏不大。 The grain sector was dulled by the prospect of lower-than-expected soviet imports this season, despite improved british export figures. 本季度，尽管英国的出口量增加了，谷物市场还是因为苏联的进口比预想的低而显得清淡。 Commodities 2 商品行情2 Econews(London) Gold: lower. After coming in for early support on news of strike action affecting mines belonging to gold fields of south Africa, values declined in line with platinum and new york advices as miners were encouraged to return to work by management promises of negotiation. The fall in oil prices also brought pressure to bear but good resistance at around the 400 dollars per ounce level permitted a brief rally. However, values suffered a late decline to below 400 dollars per ounce in line with new york as the dollar strengthened on news of a decline in the u.s. budget trade and a cut in the bank of japan’s discount rate. 黄金：跌了。由于南非金矿受到罢工影响，黄金的价格上升，但随后资方承诺谈判，矿工复工，使得其价值又随着白金的贬值和纽约交易所的行情报告跌了下来。油价的下降同样给市场带来了压力，但在每盎司大约400美元的水平上的强力支撑使金价短时止跌。然而，美国国家预算批准的海外采购的减少和日本削减银行贴现率的消息使美元变得坚挺，金价随后下降到每盎司400美元以下，和纽约交易所标明的价格一样。 Latest figures from the south African chamber of mines showed a 4.6 per cent drop in gold production during the first nine months of 1986 to 488,854 kilos against 504,996 during the same 1985 period. 南非矿业协会的最新数字表明，1986年前9个月的黄金产量与1985年同期相比，下降了4. 6％，由504,996公斤减少到481,854公斤。
第14课初级商品市场 Soft Commodities非耐用商品 Many prices are at historic lows, and the IMF expects further falls.Yet there are signs that the worse may be over.One key commodity, sugar, has recovered. 许多商品的价格处于历史最低点，虽然国际货币基金组织预计价格还会进一步下跌。但是，有迹象表明，最糟的局面已经结束了。因为“糖”这种关键性商品的价格已经回升了。 Markets Have Lost Their Allure 市场已失去吸引力 For Most people involved in the production and trading of “soft” or agricultural commodities, this is proving to be a grim decade. 对于大多数生产并买卖非耐用商品或农业品的人来说，这十年无疑是阴暗的十年。 Prices are in many cases at, or near, historic lows in real terms as markets struggle to cope with floods of surplus produce.And—with most soothsayers forecasting flat, or still lower, prices—the markets themselves have lost much of their allure. 许多情况下，产品的价格都在实际意义上处于或接近历史最低价，这是因为市场要应付泛滥成灾的过剩的农产品。同时，大多数预言家预测价格将会持平，或者更低。市场自身已经失去了很多的魅力。 Speculators who profited handsomely from the price volatility of the 1970s have deserted soft commodities for the newer excitement of financial futures or the security and big yields afforded by the equity and money markets. 从20世纪70年代的价格不稳中大笔获益的投机者们已经放弃了非耐用商品而寻求金融期货或有价证券带来的新的刺激以及股票和货币市场提供的巨额利润。The contrast with the “resources decade” of the 1970s could hardly be more marked.It is strange, indeed, to observe that only 10 years have elapsed since spiraling commodity prices were the focus of major international concern, and many respected forecasters were warning of impending global shortages of basic raw materials and foodstuffs. 这和70年代的“资源十年”之间的对比是再明显不过的了。确实很奇怪，仅仅十年前，国际上关心的焦点还是不断盘旋上升的价格，许多受人尊重的预言家们一直在警告全球性的基础原材料和食品短缺即将到来。 The shortages never came, and the terms of trade have now shifted dramatically against the commodity producers.Agricultural commodities have been particularly badly https://www.doczj.com/doc/cb536808.html,st year alone, the International Monetary Fund’s indices of food prices and of agricultural raw material prices fell by 15 per cent and 12 per cent https://www.doczj.com/doc/cb536808.html,modity prices in general were about 35 per cent below their 1980 average in 1985 according to the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). 然而，短缺从未出现，现在的贸易条件已经转为对商品生产者大为不利，特别是农产品遭到了严重的打击。仅仅去年一年，国际货币基金组织的食品和农业原材料的价格指数就分别下跌了15％和12％。联合国贸易和发展会议（贸发会）的
自考《外刊经贸知识选读》复习资料 Lesson One China in the Market Place 一、术语： manufactured goods 制成品 capital equipment 资本货物 balance of payments 国际收支 current account 经常项目 visible trade account 有形贸易项目 invisible trade account 无形贸易项目 trade surplus 贸易顺差 trade deficit 贸易逆差 barter 易货贸易 compensation trade 补偿贸易 counter-trade 反向贸易 assembly manufacturing 组装生产 industrial and commercial consolidated tax 工商统一税 joint venture 合资企业 deferred payment 延期付款 buyer credit 买方信贷 supplier credit 卖方信贷 soft loan 软贷款（低息贷款） MFN treatment: Most Favored Nation treatment 最惠国待遇 PNTR: Permanent Normal Trading Relations 永久性正常贸易关系 NI: National Income 国民收入 GNP: Gross National Product 国民生产总值 GDP: Gross Domestic Product 国内生产总值 IBRD: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 国际复兴和开发银行IDA: International Development Association 国际开发协会 IFC: International Finance Corporation 国际金融公司 OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 经济合作和发展组织BIS: Bank for International Settlement 国际清算银行 EEC: European Economic Community 欧洲经济共同体 EU: European Union 欧洲联盟 FDI: Foreign Direct Investment 外商直接投资
第10课关于关贸总协定和世界贸易组织 Freer Trade, with Luck自由贸易，一路走好 1.In the past few days differences between the United States and the European Community on farm trade have narrowed almost to nothing. As a result the world is now close to concluding the Uruguay round of GATT talks. That deal is admittedly far from perfect, a series of messy compromises The cause of free trade will have many more battles to fight. Never mind. On a conservative estimate the Uruguay round would permanently raise global welfare by more than $100 billion a year, spur economic growth everywhere (especially in the world’s poorest countries) and extend competition to hither to sheltered, and therefore backward, parts off all economies. By any standards, it would be a hugely valuable achievement. Cause----aim, principle or movement that is strongly defended or supported 极力维护或支持的目标﹑原则或运动; 事业: a good cause, ie one that deserves to be supported, eg a charity 高尚的目标（应为之尽力的目标, 如慈善事业）* He fought for the republican cause in the civil war. 他在内战中为共和事业而战. * Her life was devoted to the cause of justice. 她为正义事业而献身. 在过去的几天中，美国同欧共体之间有关农产品贸易的分歧几乎荡然无存。因此，关贸总协议乌拉圭回合的谈判现已接近尾声。诚然，协议远不够完善，仅是对一系列棘手问题的妥协。争取自由贸易的事业还有许多仗要打。不过，不必担心。依据保守的估计，乌拉圭回合协议将持久地每年为全球增加1,000多亿美元的财富。而且，还会刺激各国的经济增长（尤其是世界上最贫困的国家）。同时，它将贸易竞争扩展到那些迄今仍坚持保护主义政策并因此而落后的国家。无论依据何种标准衡量，这都是一个价值巨大的成就。 2. Such opportunities come too rarely to be squandered. Yet this one still may be. In the most recent talks about farm trade, America has shown a new willingness to compromise on details, doubtless ref lecting George Bush’s need for an economic success to boast of in his election campaign. Whatever the motive a spirit of compromise makes sense for America, since it stands to gain a lot more from a successful round than any other country. But the EC continues to hesitate—because of France. French farmers are violently opposed to the reform of the common agricultural policy(CAP) that Europe’s government agreed to last May.In certain respects, the farmers claim, the GATT deal now in prospect would take reform further, damaging their interests even more. 这样的机会不容错过。然而，这次机会仍差点被错过。最近，在有关农产品贸易的谈判中，美方多次表示愿意在细节问题上做出妥协。这无疑反应了布什总统需要一个经济成果，以便在大选中吹嘘。不管动机如何，做出妥协这一主导思想对美国是有意义的，因为谈判的成功给美国带来的利益要远大于其他任何国家。但是，由于法国的原因，欧共体仍旧犹豫不决。法国农民强烈反对改革欧洲各国政府于去年五月通过的共同农业政策。他们声称，在某些方面，正在酝酿中的关贸
第12课市场竞争 Soft Drink Wars: the Next Battle 软饮料战：下一次战争 The reformulation of Coke has given the feuding cola giants a chance to go at each other again. 可口可乐的重新配方为长期不和的可乐巨头提供了一个新开战的机会。 But Coca-Cola and PepsiCo are spoiling for yet another f ight, and this time they’re picking on the little guys: non-cola makers like Seven-Up and Dr Pepper. By Monci Jo Williams 但是可口可乐和百事可乐一心想进行另一场战斗，这一次它们选中了小企业：“七喜”和“佩拍博士”。 In the U.S.soft drink industry, where 1% of the market is worth $ 300 million in retail sales, Coca-Cola and PepsiCo don’t wage mere market share battles.They fight holy wars.These days the fighting is on two fronts.One is on the vast plains of the cola business, where the reformulation of Coke has Pepsi on the defensive.The other is in the back alleys of the smaller, non-cola market.Until now these have been dominated by other companies.As growth of high-calorie colas slows, however, Coca-Cola and PepsiCo are invading new territory. 在美国的软饮料行业，1％的市场份额就意味着3亿美元的零售额，可口可乐公司和百事可乐公司进行的不仅仅是争夺市场份额的斗争，他们进行的是“圣战”。目前他们的斗争有两条战线。一条是可乐生意的广阔战场，在这儿可口可乐的重新配方使百事处于守势。另一条战线是在较小的非可乐市场的后巷里。迄今为止，这些市场仍被其他公司所支配。由于高热量可乐的增长缓慢，可口可乐公司和百事可乐公司计划入侵新的领域。 Coca-Cola is moving in with two new products: Cherry Coke, a canned version of the old soda fountain favorite, and Minute Maid Orange Soda, which contains orange juice.Pepsi’s new product is Slice, a lemon-lime soft drink that also contains fruit juice.If these products live up to their early performance in test markets—a big if—they could produce $ 3 billion a year in retail sales.The skirmishes between the cola giants will precipitate a battle for supermarket shelf space and for the loyalty of battlers.The big guys will press bottlers to drop competing brands to make way for their new products. 可口可乐凭着两种新产品投入了战斗：一种叫做“樱桃可乐”，是原来的冷饮柜的宠儿的罐装版，另一种叫做“小少女桔子汽水”，含有桔子汁。百事的新产品是“斯来思”，它也是一种包含果汁的柠檬——酸橙软饮料。如果这些产品能够达到早期在试销市场的表现—这是个值得疑问的“如果”—他们在零售方面每年就能产出30亿美元来。可乐巨人之间的小冲突就会升级为一场为争夺超市货架空间和瓶装商忠心的战役。这两个巨商将迫使瓶装商们放弃与之竞争的品牌，以便为他们的新产品让道。 It’s too early to tell how the reincarnated Coke is selling, sinc e many bottlers are still working off old inventories.But the company isn’t leaving much to chance.Coca-Cola will back new coke with more than $ 70 million of advertising this
Lesson 4 The Economic Scene: A Global Perspective (Excerpts) In 1991,for the second year in a row, the economies of low-income and middle-income countries virtually stagnated, as measured by an increase in per capita gross domestic product (GDP). Aggregate output for developing countries advanced by slightly less than 2 per cent during 1991 (similar to the weak performance of 1990), implying an easing in per capita income of 0.1 per cent. Aggregate statistics for 1991 were influenced by the sharp decline in output in Central and Eastern Europe, as well as by the adverse effects of the Gulf crisis on several economies in the Middle East. Excluding Central and Eastern Europe, growth in developing countries in 1991 was 3.4 per cent, compared with 3.8 per cent during the 1980s. Estimates of GDP growth by major geographic region show an acceleration in Latin America and in sub-Saharan Africa; an increase in China’s growth rate helped to sustain high rates of growth in the East Asia region. International conditions for growth in developing countries deteriorated in 1991. The seven major industrial countries (the G-7) experienced a significant slowdown in GDP growth—from 2.8 per cent in 1990 to 1.9 per cent during 1991 as recession gripped Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States and growth rates slowed in continental Europe and Japan. In important respects, the slowdown was different from those that occurred during the 1970s and 1980s. Rather than reflecting the effect of disinflationary policies, weakness in demand was more closely related to the loss of momentum that had built up during the long period of expansion that began in 1983. In addition, a common factor underlying the slowdown in many industrial countries was the cyclical deceleration in investment spending. Although the weakness in demand in the United States led to a sharp decline in short-term dollar interest rates—a positive development for many developing countries—it also contributed to a drop of over 6 per cent in non-oil commodity prices and to a slackening, to 3 per cent, in the growth of world trade. These trends were compounded by worsening economic conditions in the Soviet Union and its successor states, where a growing shortage of foreign exchange led to a compression of imports from Eastern Europe and an acceleration of certain commodity exports (aluminum, gold and lead, for instance) to earn hard currencies. Against this deteriorating global background, the improvement in economic performance in a few developing regions in 1991—which carried over in 1992—was especially noteworthy. This improvement is attributable, in part, to the implementation by many governments of measures to stabilize their economies and restructure incentives to encourage private initiative and international trade. Policy reforms in Latin America helped to moderate inflation and domestic demand; East Asian economics, supported by growth in export volume in the range of 10 per cent and by robust domestic demand, continued to grow rapidly. Sub-Saharan Africa raised its real GDP growth rate from 1.3 per cent in 1990 to 2.4 per cent in 1991. Also noteworthy was the implementation by the Paris Club of a new menu of enhanced concessions in debt reschedulings for the severely indebted, low-income countries. The menu was introduced in agreements with Benin and Nicaragua, and was subsequently applied in agreements with Bolivia and Tanzania. Nonconcessional but special extended rescheduling terms were also
Lesson 1 China in the Market Place市场经济中的中国(Excerpts)（摘录） Barry Coulthurst examines the development of China’s trade policy and the present state of the overseas links --巴里库尔塞斯特对中国贸易政策的演变和当前与海外经济往来状况的研究 自从中华人民共和国成立以来，中国对外贸易的模式发生了巨大的变化。20世纪50年代，中国向苏联和东欧国家出口农产品换取制造品和资本设备，用于侧重于重工业发展所必须的工业化项目。1958~1959年的―大跃进‖最初在工农业生产上带来收益，但随后又导致了严重的经济平衡。三年自然灾害(1959-1961)加剧了经济问题，造成1960-1962年间的国民收入和对外贸易额的减少。 20世纪60年代，苏联经济和技术援助撤走，导致了中国与苏联及经互会成员国的贸易转向于日本和西欧国家的贸易。中国对外贸易政策的一贯宗旨是重视与第三世界国家发展贸易关系。 ―文化大革命‖期间（1966-1976）工农业生产一落千丈，交通运输限制更加严重，中国对外贸易的增长再次中断。 The Sino-USA agreement on trade relations, which came into force（解释：施行）in February 1980, accords China most-favoured nation treatment.（最惠国待遇） 在实现四个现代化中起着很大作用的对外贸易在近几年发展很快。1978年2月于日本签订了一个主要贸易协定，根据这个协定，中国向日本出口每盒石油换取工业设备和技术。1978年中国也与欧共体签订了长期贸易协定，继1979年初与美国的外交关系正常化以后，中美贸易发展迅速。美国遵照1980年1月25日生效的中美贸易关系协定给与中国最惠国待遇。 Breakdown分类A commodity breakdown of China’s trade shows that fuels （燃料）accounted for 24 per cent of total exports in 1982, 中国的贸易商品分类表明，1982年燃料占总出口的24%，食品占13%，纺织纤维和矿砂占7%，制造品占55%（最重要的产品是纺织品、化工产品、机械及运输设备）。自从新中国建立以来，中国一直重视进口资本设备已使加强工业部门。但是1982年进口的主要是食品，占进口总额的22%，轻工业产品占20%，机械和运输设备占17%。 During the past few years a major objective of the Chinese authorities（权威、权力）has been to reduce（减少）the proportion（比例）of agricultural exports, while increasing that of industrial and mineral products. A wide variety（多样性）of industrial goods are now exported and Chinese capital equipment has been used by a number of developing countries to establish projects in areas such as agriculture, forestry, light industry, food processing, water conservation and transport and communications. 过去几年，中国当局的主要贸易目标一直是减少农产品出口的比例，增加工业和矿产品的出口比例。中国现在出口种类繁多的工业品，许多发展中国家采用中国的资本设备，用于农业、林业、轻工业、食品加工业、水保护、交通和通信领域中的建设项目 The Balance Shifts 收支平衡变化The US dollar value of Chinese exports increased at an average rate of almost 18 per cent per annum between 1978 and 1983, while imports increased by approximately （大约）11 per cent per annum. As a result, the visible trade surplus （有形贸易顺差）rose sharply from US $ 1.4 billion in 1981 to US $ 4.4 billion in 1982 and US $ 3.7 billion in 1983. Exports grew much faster than imports during this period not only because of the strong emphasis placed on exporting by China’s economic planners, but also because a number of industrial projects were postponed in 1979. Official（官方）recognition（承认）that foreign technology could play a major role in modernising the Chinese economy had caused imports to rise by more than 50 per cent in 1978 placing undue strain on the national economy. Grain imports have fallen sharply over the past few years ---- China became a net grain exporter in 1984 ---- and in 1983 the country started to export soyabeans and cotton. 1978-1983年建，中国出口额按美元计算，平均每年增长率近18%，每年进口额增长率约是11%。因此有形贸易顺差从1981年的14亿美元猛增到1982年的44亿美元，1983年是37美元。同期的出口比进口增长快得多，这不仅是因为中国的经济决策者十分重视出口，还因为许多工业项目推迟到了1979年。官方认识到，在中国经济走向现代化的过程中外国技术起着主要作用，这种认识导致1978年进口增长50%以上，给国民经济造成了不应有的重负。在过去几年粮食进口急剧减少—1984年中国成为粮食净出口国---1983年中国开始出口大豆和棉花。